AP United States History September 2015 Period 2: 1607-1754 Classroom Notes Mr. Agan Main Idea: Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged. Unit 1: Colonial America Chapter 2 Transplantations and Borderlands The Early Chesapeake

o Colonists and Natives Early Problems

First settlers came looking for gold, did not expect to have to farm and work to survive.

No motivation to settle - no women - no families Many settlers died because of lack of preparedness and

willingness to work Jamestown

1607, first permanent English settlement Charter colony of the Virginia Company: group of individuals

shared in profits and losses of colony John Smith

Helped save Jamestown from starvation Organized colony and forced people to work Made deals with Indians and stole from them to survive

o Created up and down relationship with Indians o Reorganization and Expansion

The Starving Time Winter 1609 – 1610, fevers, deaths, etc.

De La Warr’s Harsh Discipline Harsh work practices imposed on settlers in areas of settlement

above and below Jamestown. Helped lead to increased expansion in mainland areas.

o Tobacco

Emergence of the Tobacco Economy Leads to profits from investors in colony, expansion into the

mainland, reason for more settlements Soil exhaustion

o Soil is exhausted after 2-3 years, forces settlers to move further inland away from the coast. Causes more conflicts with American Indians

o Expansion

The Headright System A way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor

shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed. New settlers who paid their way to Virginia received 50 acres of land.

Women purchased for colonists’ wives – you were given more land

House of Burgesses o Assembly of elected representatives from Virginia that met

from 1643 to 1776. This democratically elected legislative body was the first of its kind in English North America.

o Early signs of colonist self-government o Only landowners could vote

o Tended to ignore problems of backcountry people and only focus on coastal elites

Birth of American slavery o 1619 first group of Africans arrive o After 1660 shortage of indentured servants leads to

implementation of African Slavery o Slavery formally established by the House of Burgesses in

1670 with law declaring "all servants not being Christians imported into this colony by shipping shall be slaves for their lives."

o By 1700 there were 25,000 slaves in the American colonies and by 1750 there were 100,000 slaves in Virginia, far outnumbering indentured servants.

Suppression of the Powhatan Indians Conflicts between English settlers and the tribes of the

Powhatan Confederacy existed but as settler population increase Indians gave up offensive attacks and moved westward inland.

Demise of the Virginia Company Virginia Company doesn’t make enough money to cover its

losses – James I revokes the company’s charter and the colony comes under control of the crown until 1776.

o Exchanges of Agricultural Technology Without the exchange of Native agricultural techniques with early

settlers Jamestown would have never survived. Indian Agricultural Techniques

Corn, Beans, “Girdling” the soil o Maryland and the Calverts

George Calvert Proprietary Rule

Land grants given to supporters by the king for loyalty. Religious Toleration

“Act Concerning Religion” Toleration Act – Freedom of worship for all Christians

Turbulent Virginia o Virginia’s Westward Expansion

Former indentured servants after giving their freedom would settle in the west because that was the only land available.

o Berkeley’s Autocratic Rule Lack of representation for backcountry settlers

Bacon’s Rebellion o Backcountry Grievances

Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line In the “west” many farmers were underrepresented in the House of

Burgesses Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like Bacon Bacon almost took control, died suddenly

o Significance of Bacon’s Rebellion Movement towards slaves for labor Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West

The Growth of New England

o Religious Repression

Separatists or Puritans wanted religious freedom from the Anglican Church – let for the new world

Plymouth Plantation

Pilgrims were Separatists – wanted to break away from the Anglican Church

Mayflower Compact – established a government led by majority rule, example of self-government

Relations with Natives – many Natives died a few years before from disease; Natives taught colonists to farm and hunt

William Bradford – governor of Plymouth

The Puritan Experiment

Massachusetts Bay Company

King Charles I (early 17th century) began to target Puritans (wanted to purify the Church of England, not break away)

1629 – led by John Winthrop, they received a charter and eventually settled in Massachusetts Bay

o “City upon a hill”

Godly people were sober, hardworking, and responsible.

English society had been corrupted by foreign influences and by disorder and needed to be purified.

Catholicism had undermined the relationship between God and the individual

o Election & predestination

The congregation of saints chooses its members, hires and fires its ministers, and recognizes no other religious authority.

Theocratic Society

Worship should be plain, be focused on God.

o Value of education

The Bible should be read by everyone.

Publicly supported schools needed to oppose Satan.

Harvard College founded in 1636 to train ministers

Intolerance--error must be opposed and driven out

Puritans persecuted and expelled Baptists (opposed to child baptism) and killed Quakers (such as Mary Dyer) for preaching "inner light" doctrines and opposing any religious authority (no ministers or sermons)

o The Expansion of New England

Growing Religious Dissent

Thomas Hooker:

o Founded Connecticut; established a constitution, Fundamental Orders

Roger Williams

o Extreme Separatist, wanted MBC to completely break away from the Church

o Also advocated separation of church and state and payment to Natives for land

o Banished to RI

o All religions could worship

Anne Hutchinson:

o Challenged the power of clergy, and rights of women

o After her banishment, many churches restricted women’s rights further

o New Hampshire and Maine became an area for settlers to go to break away from strict Puritan teachings

o Settlers and Natives

Importance of Indian Assistance

Provided new agricultural crops and techniques and markets for European goods

By mid 1630s small native population began to extinguish further from European epidemics

o Shifting Attitudes

Whites wanted more land for farms, domesticated animals

Conflicts ensued between white settlers and larger native populations inland.

Shift from initial cooperation and admiration towards natives to viewing them as heathens and savages as violence ensues

o The Pequot War, King Philip’s War, and the Technology of Battle

The Pequot War

First major conflict in 1637 between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians.

Pequot tribe nearly wiped out

King Philip’s War

Started over land, lasted several years

Eventually the whites won, Wampanoag’s were weakened

Metacomet – King Philip

Flintlock Musket

o New musket – more efficient – made warfare against Native more effective

The Restoration Colonies

o The English Civil War

The English Civil War arose from a power struggle between King

Charles I and Parliament, which resulted in the king’s beheading and

Oliver Cromwell ruling as a virtual dictator over the new English

Commonwealth.

The Stuart Restoration

Reinstitutes King Charles II

o The Restoration Colonies

Lands given to supporters of Charles II reinstatement

The Carolinas

Established by King Charles II in 1663 – lands were a gift to 8

noblemen who had helped Charles II regains the throne.

Initial settlers were mostly planters who had migrated from

Barbados – they brought with them slavery and cane making the

Carolinas look more like Barbados than Virginia. – Grew and

Exported Rice.

South Carolina made a royal colony in 1719.

New York

Formally New Amsterdam – came under British control in 1664,

continued to be a commercial port like Boston and Philadelphia.

New York City held a central position in the trade of slavery in the

colony – On the eve of the American Revolution NY’s 3,000 slaves

made up 14 percent of its population.

New Jersey and Delaware

Both initially established by the Dutch – 1664 land is acquired by

Britain and split establishing New Jersey under the control of Lord

Berkeley of Stratton and Sir George Carteret .

Delaware was given to William Penn – It remained part of

Pennsylvania until 1704 when it developed its own representative

body and became independent of Pennsylvania.

The Quaker Colonies

The Society of Friends

William Penn

Pennsylvania Founded

Charter of Liberties

o Borderlands and Middle Grounds

Colonies that shared characteristics that set them apart from the rest of the British colonial America

West Indies, Caribbean, Barbados, South Carolina, Georgia

Longer growing season

Depended on the export of staple crops and the slave labor system

Population in the Deep South was less than in the upper south but enslaved Africans made up the majority of the population.

Barbados

o Settled by English colonies in the 1630s

o Most profitable colony in England’s New World Empire

o Sugarcane!!!!

o Developed an economy based on agriculture and slavery like the Chesapeake, but with a different model

Sugarcane favored wealthy planters

No small-scale yeoman-farmer class in Barbados, wealthy sugar planters were on average four times as wealthy as the tobacco planters of Virginia.

Slavery in the Deep South

By the end of the 17th century, slaves made up 75 percent of the population of Barbados

o Virginia – less than 25 percent

Average sugar grower owned 115 slaves – brutal plantation work – long hours under hot sun, much less likely to form families, men outnumbering women 2 to 1.

Slaves resisted brutality, humiliations and grueling work.

Fear of slave owners was overt resistance in the form of rebellion.

o Stono Rebellion, 1739, South Carolina

20 slaves obtain weaponry by attacking a country store – leads to the death of 20 slave owners and the plundering of half a dozen plantations.

Quickly put down – participants beheaded

Georgia

Created as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida

Charter granted to James Oglethorpe

Colony was created for the deserved poor, including imprisoned debtors – had to participate in the military – able to protect South Carolina from Spanish Florida

Unsuccessful as people from South Carolina wanting new lands for farming move into Georgia and bring slavery.

Becomes and royal colony in 1753

Evolution of Spanish America

The Evolution of the British Empire

o The Drive for Reorganization

Imperial reorganization some believed would increase colonial profits, power of govt, success of mercantilism.

Colonies= market for manufactured goods, source for raw materials, but foreigners had to be excluded

Gov’t sought to monopolize trade with its colonies,

but at times American colonists found it more profitable to trade w/ Spanish, French, Dutch. Trade developed btwn them and non-English markets

Navigation Acts - @ First gov’t made no effort to restrict, but during Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate in 1650 + 1651 passed laws to keep Dutch ships out of English colonies, Charlies II adopted three laws.

First 1660 allowed trade to occur only in British ships.

Second 1663 all goods to Eur had to pass thru England on way, taxable.

Third 1673 created duties on coastal trade and allowed customs officials to enforce Acts

o Laws advantage for England, but some for colonies as well: created important shipbuilding industry, encouraged and subsidized the development production of goods English needed

o The Dominion of New England

1679 Charles II tried to increase control over MA by making New Hampshire a royal colony, five years later after MA refused to enforce Navigation Acts Charles revoked Massachusetts corporation charter, became royal colony

James II 1686 created Dominion of New England, combined govts of MA w/ rest of NE colonies, 1688 NY and NJ as well.

Eliminated assemblies, appt a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros.

Rigid enforcement of Navigation Acts, dismissal of claims “rights of Englishmen”, strengthened Anglican church

o The “Glorious Revolution”

The Glorious Revolution

King James II offended many English people by disregarding Parliament, revoking town charters, prosecuting Anglican bishops, and practicing Catholicism.

Parliament invited James’ daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange, to claim the throne in what became known as the Glorious Revolution.

William and Mary allowed Rhode Island and Connecticut to resume their previous forms of government, but they merged Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Maine into the new royal colony of Massachusetts.

ADDITIONAL INFO NO NEED TO WRITE DOWN James II ruled autocratically, Cath. ministers, w/o Parliament,

1688 daughter Mary and husband William of Orange assumed throne= bloodless coup

Bostonians heard of overthrow of James II, unseated unpopular viceroy. Dominion of NE abolished, separate govts restored- except 1691 Plymouth + MA merged 2 royal colony, charter restored General Court but governor too, replaced church membership w/ property ownership as basis 4 voting + office

Adros governed NY thru Captain Francis Nicholson (supported by wealthy merchants and fur traders), dissidents were led by Jacob Leisler who raised militia and captured city fort, drove

Nicholson to exile. 1691 William and Mary appd new governor, Leisler charged with treason, rivalry btwn “Leislerians” and “anti-Laslerians” dominated NY poitics for years

Maryland ppl erroneously assumed Cath Lord Baltimore had sided with James II, so 1689 John Coode started revolt, drove out Lord Balt’s officials, thru elected convention chose committee to govern and applied for chater, 1691 William and Mary granted. Church of Eng. offical religion, Cath prevented to hold office, vote, practice religion in public. 1715 5th Lord Baltimore became proprietor after joining Anglican Church

Colonies revived rep assemblies, thwarted plan for colonial unification, asserted idea that colonists had some rights within the empire

Society and Culture in Provincial America

Chapter 3

The Colonial Population

o Indentured Servitude

Young men and women bound themselves to masters for a fixed term of servitude, in return received passage to America, food shelter, and males clothing, tools, and land at end—in reality left with nothing at all

Provided means of coping with severe labor shortage, masters received headrights, for servants hope to escape troubles, establish themselves

Most former servants formed large floating population of young single men, traveled from place to place, source of social unrest

1670s flow began to decline b/c of prosperity in England, decrease in birth rate

o Birth and Death

Inadequate food, frequent epidemics, large number early deaths.

But growth of population even after immigration, after 1650s natural increase= most growth

N= cool climate, relatively disease-free, clean water, no large population centers for epidemics= long lives.

S= mortality rates high (infants too), life expectancy low, disease and salt-contaminated water. growth b/c immigration

By late 17th cent ratio of males to females becoming more balanced, led to increase in natural growth

o Medicine in the Colonies

17th + 18th cent no concept of infection + sterilization, midwives in childbirth and recommended herbs

Humoralism led to purging, expulsion, bleeding. Most ppl treated themselves

o Women and families in the Chesapeake

B/c of sex ratio women married young, high mortality rates, premarital sex common. Life of childbearing, average of 8 children, 5 of which typically died in childhood or infancy. Had greater levels of freedom @ first b/c of ratio

High mortality rates led to many orphans, special courts and institutions to protect and control them. By 18th century life expectancy increasing, indentured servitude decreasing, more equal sex ratio, life easier for whites

o Women and Families in New England

Family structure more stable + traditional, women minority married young, children more likely to survive, much of life spent rearing and childbearing

Family relationships and women status dictated by religion. S established churches weak, NE power in men who created patriarchal view of society

o The Beginnings of Slavery in British America

Demand for black servants to supplement scarce southern labor supply, limited @ first b/c Atlantic slave trade did not serve American colonies- Portuguese to SA and Caribbean, by late 17th century came to America w/ French and Dutch

Sugar economies of Caribbean + Brazil demanded slaves, not until 1670s did traders import blacks directly 2 (b4 mostly W. Indies to America)

Mid 1690s Royal African Company’s monopoly broken, prices fell, number of Africans increased. Small number in NE, more in middle colonies, majority in S b/c flow of white laborers had all but stopped

Early 18th century rigid distinction established btwn blacks and whites, no necessity to free black workers, serve permanently, children= new work force

Assumptions of white superior race, applied like it had to natives. Slave codes limited rights of blacks in law, almost absolute authority of masters

o Changing Sources of European Immigration

BY early 18th century immigration from England in decline- result of better economic conditions and govt restrictions on emigration. French, German, Swiss, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Scandinavian immigration increased

French Huguenots, German Protestants (many from Palatinate)- settled in NY, PA (Dutch mispronunciation of Deutsch), around 1710 Scotch-Irish immigrated + pushed out to edges of Eur settlements- significant in NJ and PA, established Presbyterianism as important religion there

The Colonial Economies

o The Southern Economy

Chesapeake- tobacco basis of economy,

bust and boom pattern,

enabled some planters to grow enormously wealthy

South Carolina and Georgia staple was rice.

Arduous + unhealthful, whites refused to cultivate, dependent on African labor more than elsewhere.

Blacks showed greater resistance to disease, more adept at agricultural tasks than white

Early 1740s indigo contributed to SC economy, high demand in England

B/c of S dependence on cash crops developed less of a commercial or industrial economy,

few cities, no large local merchant communities

o Northern Economic and Technological Life

Agriculture dominated, more diverse but conditions less favorable,

hard to develop large-scale commercial farming, middle colonies more suited 4 wheat

Home industries, craftsmen and artisans, mills for grinding grain, large scale shipbuilding operations,

1640s MA metals industry w/ ironworks.

Metal became important part of colonial economy

Biggest obstacles for industrialization were inadequate labor supply small domestic market, inadequate transportation facilities and energy supplies

Natural resources- lumber, mining, fishing, important commodities to trade

o The Extent and Limits of Technology

People lacked guns, plows, lack of ownership of tools b/c of poverty, isolation

Few colonists self-sufficient in late 17th early 18th cent,

ability of people to acquire manufactured implements lagged behind capacity to produce them

o The Rise of Colonial Commerce

At first no commonly accepted medium of exchange, different forms of paper currency ineffective + could not be used for goods from abroad

Imposing order on trade difficult, production and markets of goods not guaranteed, small competitive companies made stabilization more difficult

Commerce eventually grew, large coastal trade w/ each other + W. Indies, expanding transatlantic trade w/ England, European continent, West Africa.

“Triangular trade”, trade in rum, slaves, sugar, manufactured goods

New merchant class developed in port cities (Boston, New York, Philadelphia), protected from competition by Navigation Acts,

access to market in England. Ignored and developed markets with other nations, higher profits, financed import of English manufactured goods

During 18th century commercial system stabilized, merchants expanded

o The Rise of Consumerism

Growing prosperity created new appetite and ability to satisfy, material goods

Increasing division of societies by class, ability to purchase and show goods important to demonstrate class, especially in cities w/o estate to prove wealth

Industrial Revolution allowed England and Europe to produce more affordable goods, increasingly commercial society created social climate where buying goods considered social good. Merchants and traders began advertising

Things once considered luxuries came to be seen as necessities once readily available, such as tea, linens. Quality of possessions associated with virtue + refinement, strive to become more educated

Growth of consumption and refinement led cities to plan growth and ensure elegant public squares, parks, boulevards, public stages for social display

Patterns of Society

o The Plantation

Some plantations enormous, but most 17th cent plantations were rough and small estates, work force seldom more than 30 people

Economy precarious- good years growers could earn great profit and expand, but couldn’t control markets, when prices fell faced ruin

Most plantations far from towns, forced to become self-contained communities, some larger ones approached size of town

Society highly stratified, wealthy landowner’s exercised greater social and economic influence.

Small farmers with few or no slaves formed majority

o Plantation Slavery

By mid-18th cent ¾ blacks lived on plantations with 10+ slaves, ½ lived w/ 50+

In larger establishments society and culture developed between slaves, attempts at nuclear families made but members could be sold at any time, led to extended families.

Developed own languages, religion w/ Christianity and African lore

Occasional acts of individual resistance, at least twice actual slave rebellions.

Stone Rebellion in SC 1739- 100 Africans rose up + attempted to flee to Florida, quickly crushed by whites. Other slaves tried to run away

Some slaves learned skills, set up own shops, some bought freedom

o The Puritan Community

Social unit of NE was town, “covenant” of members bound all in religious + social commitment to unity.

Arranged around a “common”, outlying fields divided by family size, social station. Little colonial interference, self-government

English primogeniture (passing of all to firstborn son) replaced by division amongst all sons

women more mobile than brothers b/c no inheritance

Tight knit community controlled by layout, power of church, town meeting.

Strayed by population increases, people began farming further lands, moved houses to be closer, applied for church of their own, eventually led to new town

Patriarchal society weakened by economic necessity, needed help w/ farm, ect.

o The Witchcraft Phenomenon

Gap between expectation of united community and reality of increasingly diverse and fluid one difficult for NEers to accept- led to tensions that produced hysteria such as witchcraft (Satanic powers) in the 1680s and 1690s

Salem, MA- accusations spread from W Indians to prominent people. This model would repeat itself, mostly middle-aged, childless widowed women who may have inherited property. Puritan society no tolerance for “independent women”

Reflection of highly religious character of society, witchcraft was mainstream

o Cities

Commercial centers emerged along Atlantic by 1770s- New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Charles Town, Newport (RI)

Trading centers for farmers, markets for international trade, leaders merchants w/ large estates, large social distinctions.

Center of industry such as ironworks and distilleries, advanced schools, cultural activities. Crime, vice, epidemics, ect.

Vulnerable to fluctuations in trade, countryside effects muted. Places where new ideas could circulate, regular newspapers, books from abroad= new ideas

Awakenings and Enlightenments

o The Pattern of Religions

Religious toleration flourished in America b/c of necessity. Church of England official religion for some colonies, ignored except in VA and MA. Protestants extended toleration more readily to each other than to Roman Catholics- persecuted in MA after 1691 overthrow of proprietors. NEers viewed Cath French agents of Rome

Early 18th cent some troubled w/ decline religious piety in society, movement west + scattered settlements= loss with organized religion, commercial success created more secular outlook in urban areas. jeremiads= sermon of despair

o The Great Awakening

Began in 1730s climax 1740s, new spirit of religious fervor, appeal to women and younger sons b/c of rhetoric of potential for every person to break away from constraints and renew relationship with God

Evangelists from England such as John and Charles Wesley, George Whitfield spread revival. Most famously NE Congregationalist Jonathan Edward

o The Enlightenment

Product of great scientific and intellectual discoveries in Eur in 17th cent, natural laws discovered that regulated nature, celebrated human reason + inquiry. Reason and not just faith create progress and knowledge

Ppl should look at themselves for guidance to live and shape society, not to God. Didn’t challenge religion, insisted rational inquiry supported Christianity

o Education

Even b4 Enlightenment colonists placed high value on education, MA 1647 law required each town to have a public school. Most white males were literate, women’s rate lagged, Africans virtually no access to education

Six colleges by 1763, most founded by religious groups: Harvard (Puritans) created to train ministers, William and Mary (Anglicans) Yale (Congregationalists). Despite religious basis, liberal education. Kings College (Columbia) and UPenn created as secular institutions

o The Spread of Science

Prominent members of society members of the Royal Society of London.

Value placed on scientific knowledge can be seen by rise of inoculation, spread by Cotton Mather and adopted in Boston 1720s, became common procedure

o Concepts of Law and Politics

Americans believed they were re-creating institutions of Europe but b/c of lack of lawyers before 1700 English legal system was simplified- rights to trial by jury maintained but pleading and procedure simpler, punishment different b/c of labor-scarce society, govt criticism not libel if accurate

Large degree of self-govt. Local communities ran own affairs, had delegates to colonial assemblies filed role of Parliament, apptd provincial governors powers were limited

Provincial govts accustomed to acting pretty independently, expectations about rights of colonists began to take hold in America that policymakers in England did not share. Few problems before 1760s b/c British did little to exert authority they believed they possessed