AP Review Session # 1Units I and II

Chapters 13-16

The Bubonic Plague

• First emerged in the 14th century (1347)• Dispute as to where it originated, but most

likely from Asia• Brought to Western Europe via merchant ships

carrying infected rats• A.K.A. Black Plague, Black Death

Background

• Europe was overpopulated in the 14th century • There was a shortage in food, therefore much

of Europe was malnourished• Where’s the food?... Bad weather and poor

harvests led to famine

How it is Contracted/Spread

1. Flea carries bacteria, catches a ride on the rat2. Bacteria multiply in flea’s stomach3. Flea bites human and spreads bacteria4. Infected human spreads bacteria to another

human

Symptoms• Develop a large growth

(called a buba) on your neck, groin or armpit

• You could have the buba lanced (cut off), but there were no guarantees of survival

• Extreme pain• Black spots or blotches due

to internal bleeding• Violent coughing of blood• Death comes within 1 week.

No cure at that time

2 Forms of the Plague

• Bubonic- flea was the transmitter of the bacteria.

• Pneumonic- human to human transmission of the disease.

• 14th century Europe did make attempts at some sanitation & hygiene, but to no avail.

• Closeness was a factor… 6-8 people often slept in one room.

Impact on Population• Estimates range from 1/3 to 1/2 of Europe’s

population depleted (75 million worldwide)• Villages destroyed and survivors moved to cities for

jobs• Cities hit the hardest due to overcrowding &

sanitation problems• All social classes affected, but mainly the lower class• The Plague continued throughout the 18th century

(1700’s)• Cure is discovered in 1947 by an American

Social & Economic Impact

• No one knew what to do or how it spread.• Less people in Europe meant more food and

jobs to go around. Good thing!• However, an inflation did occur due to lack of

production. Food more costly• Workers fought for better wages & standard of

living. Rebellions occured• The Hundred Years’ War would produce more

destruction

Impact on the Church

• Population lost faith in clergy members who claimed they could cure victims

• Theories emerged that God was punishing the Europeans, Christians blamed the Jews

• Extreme groups formed like the flagellants who would beat themselves as punishment for society’s sins

• The church lost much of its clergy, church reforms would soon emerge

Cultural Impact• European society grew very

pessimistic about life in general

• Angry about their losses• Literature, art, and music

emphasize death and the plague

• New universities formed at this time due to the “decay of learning” during the plague

The Babylonian Captivity, the Great Schism, and the

Hundred Years’ War

The “Babylonian Captivity” 1309-1376

* The Catholic Church and the monarchies of Europe were at odds since the 13th century

- They would fight over land, policies, and control

• Philip the Fair of France pressured Pope Clement V to relocate the papal residence to an area called Avignon (SE France) so that he could control the church and its policies.

- About 70 years

• Called the “Babylonian Captivity” to make reference to the ancient Hebrews and their captivity in Mesopotamian Babylon

Problems….• Many Christians were opposed to the papacy’s

distance from its roots in Rome• Many felt the Church was too focused on policies and

not enough on spiritual matters• Rome became poor over the absence of the pope

and the tourist trade• Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome in

1377, but died shortly after• The Roman citizens demanded that an Italian pope

become Gregory’s successor• This led to…..

….The Great Schism1378-1417

• The College of Cardinals felt great pressure to elect an Italian to be the next pope

• They elect Pope Urban VI in 1378• Pope Urban planned to reform the Church of its

abuses• Brought the papal seat back to Rome• While Urban had good intentions, he went about it

the wrong way by threatening many people!

More Problems…• Pope Urban’s actions brought about disaster as many

French cardinals disputed his legitimacy as pope• They elected Pope Clement VII, a relative of King

Charles V of France who would live in Avignon• There are now 2 popes, hence the “Great Schism”- or

division• Many countries threw their support for one pope or

the other based on political motivations• The schism weakened the faith of many Christians

and they questioned the Church

The Conciliar Movement

• The schism of the Catholic Church led many Christians to question its authority.

• Many called for reform in the Church.• The Conciliarists believed that the pope should gain

his political power from the people, not from a king (democratic thought)

• Scholars like John Wyclif & Jan Hus believed that the Church should only be concerned with the Scriptures and Christian teachings

An End to the Schism• In 1409, the Council of Pisa, consisting of cardinals

from both Rome and Avignon deposed the 2 reigning popes and elected a new one

• The 2 previous popes would not step down, there were now 3 popes!

• The Council of Constance was then called (1414-1418) and all 3 popes were deposed. Martin V, a Roman, became pope.

• The “Great Schism” was over. Future popes would never again have the power of those before them.

The Hundred Years’ War1337-1453

• #1 Cause: Succession to the throne of France. Edward III vs. Philip VI

• Edward III of England’s uncle in France died childless• Edward had the right to the French throne, but the

French nobles gave the throne to a distant relative, Philip VI

• Edward III and Philip VI dispute became the basis for the Hundred Years’ War

• England and France have been historic enemies

England’s Victories

• England gained early victories:– Led by Edward III and his son, the Black Prince– Won important battles at Crecy (1346), Poitiers

(1356), Agincourt (1415)– Formed an alliance with the Burgundians

France’s Victories

• France will officially win the war in 1453• Joan of Arc (1412-1431) emerges during this period– She is given command of an army & lifts the morale– Believed she was chosen by God for this mission– Dresses like a man in battle. Scandalous!– Burned at the stake by the English in 1431 for being a

“witch”

Results of the War• Added death and destruction (aside from what the

Black Plague did)• Heavy taxes led to peasant revolts• England lost £5 million to the war• Representative democracies emerge throughout

Europe during this time period. The English Parliament grows stronger. Not in France

• Nationalism develops: Feelings of unity and pride in your country

• The rise of intelligent thought through the upcoming Renaissance time period

The Renaissance

Renaissance defined:• Used to describe a movement that

sought to imitate and understand the culture of antiquity (the time period before the Middle Ages)

• “rebirth” of Greek and Roman classics

• Applies to art, politics, and science• Praises individual achievement

Background/ Possible causes

• Emerged in central Italy in the 14th century– No exact beginning or ending date– Florence

• The Medici Family– Wealthy and influential Florentine family– Patronage allowed for the advancement of

artwork

Possible causes (continued)

• The Great Man argument– Leans on the belief that the Ren grew out of the

intelligence great men– Fails to explain the different aspects of the

Renaissance

Possible causes (cont.)

• The Black Death theory– The breakdown of trust in the Church led people

to think more about life rather than the afterlife• Invention of the printing press– Gutenberg (1450s)

Characteristics

• Classicalism– Admiration and imitation of the Classical Age– Shown in architecture, literature, art

• Humanism– Faith in human intelligence and rationality– Reverence for inherent human beauty– Shown by the idealization of the human body

Characteristics (cont.)

• Individualism – Appreciation of the individual worth of each

human being– Shown in the detail given to each individual in

artwork• Secularism– Celebration in the everyday life– Shown in art placing importance on fine clothing,

money or anything acquired through wealth

Characteristics (cont.)

• Realism– Attention to detail made through observance of

the real world– Shown through the use of new art techniques and

the attention to detail• Rationalism– Development and use of the human mind– Shown through references to learning

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance

Italian Renaissance– attempted to merge the pagan Classical Age with

the Christian Middle Ages– Emphasizes Greece and Rome– Emphasizes wealthy upper class– Religious and mythological– Portraits are formal and reserved– Base art on theory

Italian Renaissance vs. Northern Renaissance

Northern Renaissance– Art is more infused with religion and religious

piety (devotion)– Focuses on early Christianity in Rome and Greece– Emphasized the life of commoners and the rising

middle class– Appreciation of nature– Oil paint used more = brighter colors

Early Renaissance in Italy

• Began in Florence soon after 1400

• Main artists: Filippo Brunelleschi, Donatello, and Masaccio

• Main task: to merge Classical form with Christian content in creating a new style

Architecture• Influenced greatly by Filippo

Brunellechi• Studied Roman architect:

domes instead of Gothic spires

• Utilized a new style called linear, or scientific perspective– Vanishing point– Allowed for three

dimensional space

Painting: Masaccio

• Utilizes linear/scientific perspective– The Holy Trinity

Painting: Masaccio (cont.)

• The Expulsion from Paradise– Religious theme

• Displays human body in motion, as well as human emotion

Central and Northern Italy1450-1500

• Built upon the practices of early Ren artists– Intermingles classical themes with religion

Botticelli, Primavera. c. 1482

High Renaissance

• Culmination of the Early Renaissance• Early Ren. = imitated nature• High Ren. = interpreted nature through art• Key artists:– Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

• 1500-1527• Centered in Rome

Leonardo da Vinci

• 1452-1519• Trained in Florence• Contributed to the idea

that an artists is an original thinker and a scientist in one– A true “Renaissance Man”

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa. c. 1503-1505

• Who is she? • Why is she smiling?• What do you notice

about the landscape?• Wife of a Florentine

merchant

Raphael (1483-1520)• School of Athens, 1510-

1511• Famous Greek

philosophers gather around Plato and Aristotle

• Careful attention to symmetry, motion, precision

Comparison: Gothic Art (1140-1550) vs. Renaissance Art

• Giotto. Madonna Enthroned. 1310• Raphael. Sistine Madonna. c. 1500s

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

• Sistine Chapel. 1508-1512 & 1534-1541

• Scenes depict the early history and the coming of Jesus– Creation, destruction, and

the salvation of humanity

The Ceiling

The Creation of Adam

The Last Judgment

Diagram of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling

More Renaissance Artwork

Pieter Brueghel: Battle Between Carnival and Lent, 1559

Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper. c. 1495-1498

The Reformation of the Catholic Church

Martin Luther and his 95 Theses, 1517

Martin Luther

Disorder in the Catholic Church• Priests not very religious and didn’t live the lifestyle

of Christ and the disciples. – Clerical immorality (mistresses, children, drunkenness,

gambling)– Clerical ignorance (most couldn’t read Latin, or at all)– Clerical pluralism (held many church jobs at once)– Clerical absenteeism (never at their job)– Indulgences (get into heaven for payment or pardon of

sin for payment)• Church jobs given to govt. officials

Martin Luther, 1483-1546• German friar of modest background• Attended college (rare for his upbringing)– Doctorate of Theology

• Served as professor at Wittemberg University• Became weary of religious rituals and disorder in

the church• After much study and consideration, he came to

believe that faith was a free gift and not based on works.

Indulgences• Pope Leo X allowed Archbishop Albert to sell

indulgences to repay a debt to a banking family (The Fuggers)

• Indulgences= the sale of forgiveness of sin or ticket into heaven

• Albert hired friar Tetzel to sell the indulgences in his behalf– Launched an advertising campaign– Problematic because people believed they didn’t have to

have a relationship with God.

The 95 Theses, 1517• Luther writes an attack on the church and its

corrupt practices in this “95 Theses”• Believed that indulgences:– Challenged the seriousness of the faith– Challenged the importance of a Christian lifestyle

• He rejected the idea that salvation comes from good deeds

• He challenged the authority of the Pope because Leo allowed indulgences to exist– Dangerous for Luther!

Reaction of the Church

• Luther went as far to say that the church was wrong in condemning Jan Hus at the Council of Constance (conciliar movement)

• Luther threatened with excommunication• Holy Roman Emperor (Germany was part of

this empire), Charles V called a meeting of the empire, the Diet of Worms, 1521– Luther asked to recant, but didn’t

Protestant Religion

• Comes from the word “protest”– Those who protested at the Diet of Speyer, 1521– Early protesters were called “Lutherans,” but later

the term was attached to all groups protesting the Catholic church

Confession of Augsburg, 1530

• Officially determined the Protestant religion, according to Luther:– Salvation comes from faith alone– Church authority comes from the Word of God

alone– The Church is a body of Christian believers– Everyone should serve according to their calling

The Sacraments

• Luther believed only 3 of the 7 sacraments were legitimate– Baptism (symbolic emersion into water)– Penance (forgiveness and actions)– Eucharist (the “Lord’s Supper”)• Differed in symbolism of the Eucharist• Followed consubstantiation- the bread and wine are

symbols of the body and blood of Christ.• Catholics followed transubstantiation- the bread and

wine ARE the body and blood of Christ.

Response

Please respond to the following prompt in your notebook:

What compelled Martin Luther to write his 95 Theses, specifically, and what was the response of the church?

The Response to Luther & The English Reformation

Response of the Church

• Needless to say, Pope Leo X was extremely angry with Luther’s ideas and popularity.– Luther burned a threatening letter from the Pope

in 1520– Luther excommunicated from Church

• We know that Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to Worms (aka Diet of Worms) to stand trial– Luther refused to recant

German Peasants’ Revolts

• Luther’s ideas on religious freedom were soon applied to society– Peasants wanted freedom from serfdom– Luther was outraged by the rebellions• Asked the princes of Germany to “show no mercy”• Thousands were murdered• Many felt betrayed by Luther

Protestants vs. Catholics• 1529, some German princes signed an allegiance to

the Pope. – Protestants signed their own allegiance against the Pope

and Charles V, effectively.• Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes.– Defeated them in 1547– Failed to force them back to Catholicism

• Tired of fighting, Charles allowed for the signing of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.– German princes could choose their territory’s religion

England’s Reformation

• Henry decided to adopt Protestantism for personal and political reasons– Wanted a male heir to the throne. – Only had 1 daughter, Mary, with Catholic wife,

Catherine of Aragon– 1527, Wanted an annulment of his marriage (he

had married his brother’s wife)– Pope said no- Catherine was Charles V’s aunt

Henry Changes the Church

• 1529, Henry asked Parliament to pass laws to limit the pope’s power– Called the Reformation Parliament– Parliament legalized his divorce from Catherine

• Henry married Anne Boleyn (pregnant with Elizabeth I at the time)

• 1534, Parliament approved the Act of Supremacy, making the English King the head of the Church in England

Henry (Sort-Of) Gets His Wish

• Henry did not receive the male heir he desired with Anne.– Later had her beheaded at the Tower of London– Received a male heir with his 3rd wife (Jane

Seymour)- Edward VI, dies early– married 6 women in all (murdered 2, 1 died,

divorced 2)

Religious Struggle & Elizabeth I

• After Henry’s death in 1547, there was a bit of struggle over the crown– Edward VI was crowned at 9, but ruled for 6 years

before he died– Catholic daughter of Catherine, Mary I, killed

many Protestants– Elizabeth I, daughter of Anne Boleyn, inherited the

throne in 1558

Elizabeth I

• Elizabeth restored the Protestant Church to England in 1559– Called the Anglican Church– She was the supreme head of the Church– Allowed the services to be delivered in English– Anglican priests could marry– The English Book of Common Prayer was modified

to be similar to the Catholic version.

Henry and Elizabeth

Henry VIII Elizabeth I

ReligionPolitics

and War

16th & 17th centuries

France Adopts Catholicism

• France is broke due to Hapsburg-Valois Wars• Signs Concordat of Bologna– Gives pope authority in France– King (Francis I) got to appoint citizens to papal

positions– King would inherit money from the church– Explains why France didn’t adopt Protestantism- a

political & economic move

Francis I

Religious Discord in France

• Due to church corruption, Luther and Calvin’s ideas became popular in France– Calvin’s ideas were most popular, he wrote in French

• French monarchy was weak– Didn’t pay attention and allowed conversion

• Many French citizens converted out of rebellion and spite due to church corruption

• Violent clashes between Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) occurred often

French Violence Intensifies

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (8/24/1572)– Catholic attack/murder by Henry of Guise on

Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny– Led to the War of the Three Henrys, more

religious fighting• Henry of Guise (Catholic)• Henry of Navarre (Protestant, Bro-in-law to king)• Henry III (Catholic King of France, moderate)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

War of the 3 Henrys

Henry III

Henry of Navarre

(Henry IV)

Henry of Guise

Some Religious Peace• War of the Three Henrys ended with the murder of

Henry III and Henry of Guise– Henry of Navarre emerges as Henry IV

• Politique: religious moderate group formed during this time. – Hoping for restoration of a strong monarchy

• Henry IV appeals to Catholics (even though he’s Protestant)– Signed Edict of Nantes, allowing freedom of worship to

Huguenots– He restored religious peace

Charles V: “Ultimate Catholic”• Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556)• Inherited a large empire, too large to manage• Was ultra-Catholic, but did allow his territory of

Flanders (part Belgium) to freely practice Protestantism.– The Flemish citizens loved him

• Charles steped down (abdicated) to his Spanish son, Phillip II who inherits most of the H.R.E.– Spain is a strong Catholic country…You know where this is

going…

Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor

Religious War Under Phillip II of Spain

• The economy of Flanders suffered and riots emerged under Phillip’s reign– Many of the rioters were Calvinists who according to

doctrine, didn’t respect authority that was “wrong.”– Phillip sent soldiers to stop the riots, 10 years of fighting– Protestantism was eventually crushed in the southern

provinces (Flanders/Belgium)– Northern provinces (Netherlands/Holland) held out for

Protestantism. Signed Union of Utrecht in 1581 declaring independence from Spain. Phillip didn’t back down.

Phillip II of Spain

England Enters the Game

• The n. provinces asked for help from their Protestant neighbor, Elizabeth I of England– Remember: Elizabeth’s father (Henry VIII) started

the English Reformation in 1534 after being denied a divorce from the pope

– Elizabeth helped for a few reasons: English wool trade had declined, spread of Catholicism was bad, & fearful of a Spanish invasion of England

Elizabeth I of England

Defeat of the Spanish Armada• Phillip II knew he needed to get rid of the English if

he was going to control the northern provinces• He sent an “armada” or fleet of 130 ships to meet

the English in the English Channel. (5/9/1588)• The English brought 150 better ships– Smaller and faster– The Spanish were out-maneuvered and were defeated

• Significant because it stopped Phillip II from unifying his empire under Catholicism– Phillip recognized independence of the N. Provinces

Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588

Beginnings of the 30 Years’ War 1618-1648

• The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 tried to allow some religious freedom in Germany (part of the H.R.E.)

• Problem: Catholic and Protestant princes fought over territory– Alliances formed: Protestant Union (1608) &

Catholic League (1609)– Fighting first erupted in Bohemia (Poland) over

closed P. churches. 30 Years’ War Began!

4 Different Phases of War

• 1. Bohemian Phase: Catholic Victories• 2. Danish Phase: Catholic Victories• 3. Swedish Phase: Protestant Victories• 4. French Phase: Protestant Victories– French entered on the side of the Protestants– Help with $– Remember: The French are Catholic!– Again, the French would do anything to keep the

H.R.E. weak!

The War Ends (Finally!)

• Lasted 30 years because no one had enough resources to win a quick war

• Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended religious warfare.– Turning point event in history– N. Provinces (Netherlands) acknowledged – Church steps back and from here on out, has a limited role

in European politics• N. Germany emerges Protestant and S. Germany

Catholic

Europe

The Age of Exploration15th and 16th centuries

Technological Advancements

• Renaissance ideas were applied to exploration– Magnetic compass– Cannon– Caravel

• Smaller, wind-powered ship• Portuguese invention

– Astrolabe• Determined latitude, direction north or south of Equator

– Better Maps

Why Explore?• God

– Spread the Catholic religion, primarily• Gold

– Financial opportunities: gold, silver, spices– Leaders want more $ and support exploration (Henry the Navigator)

• Glory– The ability to brag or be the best Euro country.

• Gateway– Access to other markets

#1 motive: Material Profit…$, supplies

Portuguese Symbolism in Art

Portugal: 1st to Explore• Goals of exploration:

– Christianize– Gold– Access to spice markets in

India• Supported by Prince Henry

the Navigator, King Manuel I• Got in on gold trade in the

Mediterranean Sea– Made $ necessary for more

expeditions • Will own Brazil by 1500

– Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain Portugal

Manuelian Architecture

Portuguese Explorers• Bartholomew Diaz,

1478– Sailed to the Cape of

Good Hope (Africa)

• Vasco da Gama, 1497-1499– Sailed to India, returned

with spices & cloth

Lisbon, Portugal

Lisbon, PortugalEntrance Port to Europe

Christopher Columbus• An Italian who sailed for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of

Spain– Cristobal Columbo– Columbus begged K & Q for $ for exploration

• Spain had gone through the reconquista– Expulsion of the Muslim Moors from Granada

• Bad guy in history– Raped, killed, enslaved natives, – Hispaniola, 1496 (Dominican Republic)– Didn’t find America first– Had no idea where he was. India? – Can we judge him?

• Maybe not…no moral compass

Spanish Governing

• Established 4 viceroyalies or divisions of “new world” territory with 4 governors

• Mercantilism: colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country (Spain)

• Didn’t allow for self-rule or native industry– Perhaps a reason why much of S.A. and Mexico

are considered “3rd World” countries?

Moorish Influence

Ferdinand Magellan• Magellan, Spain 1519

– Sailed by order of Charles V (H.R.Emperor, Spanish Habsburg)

– Sailed around Cape Horn (South America)

– Explored Philippines (named after Philip II, H.R.E.)

– Proved earth was round, bigger than thought

Hernando Cortes

• Cortes, Spain 1519– Explored Mexico– Captured Aztec leader,

Montezuma• Montezuma’s revenge

– Made Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) the capital city of “New Spain”

Francisco Pizarro

• Pizarro, Spain 1531-1536– Explored Peru in S.

America– Destroyed the Incan

Empire– Lima became the capital

city

John Cabot

• Cabot, England 1497– An Italian (same area as

Columbus)– “Discovered”

Newfoundland when trying to get to Brazil (Portuguese land)

– No spices or gold for Henry VII, went back to England

Jacques Cartier

• Cartier, France 1534-1541– Explored the St.

Lawrence River & Canada

– Explored near Quebec• Quebec is a French

speaking province of Canada

Dutch East India Company

• Founded in 1602, The Netherlands• Government supported company• Explored solely for material gain

Impact of Exploration

• Columbian Exchange (Columbus)– Exchange of plants and animals:• Corn or maize, sugar cane• Horses, cows, sheep

– Exchange of disease:• Euros brought smallpox• Natives gave Syphilis• High death toll of natives

– Migration of people to “new world”