AP Macroeconomics

AP Macroeconomics

Unit 3

AP Macroeconomics

Unit 3Lesson 1

Aggregate Demand

Schedule showing quantity demanded for all goods/services (measured as Real GDP) in the economy at each price level (measured with a price index).

Aggregate Demand Why is the aggregate

demand curve downward sloping?

Wealth Effect: “If price levels go down, the money I have has more purchasing power, so I buy more stuff.”

Aggregate Demand Why downward sloping? Interest-Rate Effect:**

“As price levels rise, bank acct. balances fall, and interest rates…

rise, which lowers investment, causing Real GDP to…

FALL!”

Aggregate Demand Why downward sloping? Foreign Purchases

Effect: “As U.S. price levels rise relative to other countries, they demand less of our stuff, causing real GDP to fall.”

Aggregate Demand

The components of aggregate demand are the variables from the GDP expenditure model: GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)

What causes AD to shift?

Changes in C,I,G, or Nx

Consumer Spending consumer expectations wealth(change in stock P’s) debt affect DI taxes (fiscal policy) interest rates (monetary policy)


Investment Spending interest rates (monetary) profit expectations business taxes technology production capacity (excess

causes I , AD shifts left)


Interest rates are correlated inversely with Investment.

Sketch this out! So, ceteris

paribus, when i goes up, I goes down, bringing AD down also.

Investment Demand Curve


What causes AD to shift? Changes in Gov’t Spending

ceteris paribus, if G increases, AD increases

Aggregate Demand What causes AD to shift? Changes in Net Exports

an increase in foreign income will cause their demand for our stuff to increase, Nx , AD shifts right

exchange rates: if the value of USD falls relative to other currencies, Nx , AD shifts right

a23b

AP Macroeconomics

Unit 3Lesson 2

Aggregate Supply

Schedule showing the amount of goods/services firms will produce at various price levels.

Aggregate Supply

Three Views of A.S.:

The vertical area represents full employment (Classical range).

The flat area represents unused resources (Keynesian range).

Aggregate Supply

In the short-run, wages and prices are “sticky”.

Examples: Even if prices are falling, workers are

usually not very open to having their wages cut.

Many businesses try to keep their prices stable. Frequently changing prices can make consumers mad.

Aggregate Supply

Long-run aggregate-supply is vertical b/c, in the long-run, wages/prices are flexible (Classical).

Also, in the long-run, a country’s production depends on its supplies of productive resources & technology; not price levels!

LRAS represents full employment. Can production

occur beyond LRAS? How?

Aggregate Supply

Economic growth shifts LRAS rightward.

From this point on we will use a “regular” AS curve.

Aggregate Supply

What causes AS to shift? Changes in:

Input costs Productivity Producer expectations Gov’t involvement

Regulations Business Taxes Subsidies

a24b

AP Macroeconomics

Unit 3Lesson 3

Macroeconomic Equilibrium

-is where short-run aggregate supply and aggregate demand meet.


Remember, business taxes cause AD to shift. Why?

So, how would an increase in business taxes affect AD? AS? PL? RGDP?

A25 b,c


Long-run macroeconomic equilibrium

-is where short-run aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and long-run aggregate supply meet.


In the long run, the economy always (and naturally) gravitates towards full employment levels of real GDP.

SRAS (eventually) naturally shifts to bring equilibrium to full employment levels.

But sometimes, we don’t want to wait around for this to occur!

Inflation Revisited

Demand-Pull Inflation: an increase in AD “pulls” up the price level.

Cost-Push Inflation: a decrease in AS “pushes” up the price level.

Fiscal Policy

Taxing/Spending for the purposes of affecting the economy. Typically, this results in a shift in the AD curve. expansionary: more spending, less taxes contractionary: less spending, more taxes discretionary: deliberate changes made by

congress & president (i.e. stimulus bill) automatic: “built-in” stabilizers that are

expansionary during recessions and/or contractionary during inflation (unemployment compensation)

a28 a30b(fiscal policy), a31 (1 page) hw: ch20pa (1,2,)

AP Macroeconomics

Unit 3Lesson 4

“Multiplier” and “Crowding Out” Effects

Disposable income has a big effect on AD. Higher disposable income = higher AD... ...because the biggest determinant of

consumption is disposable income. Q: What do people do with their income? A: Spend it or save it


Gross Domestic Product - Consumption of fixed capital Net Domestic Product + Net American income earned abroad - Indirect business taxes (sales taxes) National Income (Income Earned) - Social Security Contributions - Corporate Income Taxes - Undistributed corporate profits + Transfer payments Personal Income (Income Received) - Personal Taxes Disposable Income


Consumption (C) + Savings (S) = Disposable Income (DI)

The relationship between C, S & Y goes like this: As Y increases, C & S increase, but C increases at a slower rate and S increases at a faster rate Dissaving if C > DI. (S is negative)


Average Propensity to Consume (APC)=C/Y This is the fraction of total income consumed

Average Propensity to Save (APS)= S/Y This is the fraction of total income that is saved.

APC + APS = 1 Marginal Prop. to Cons. -the fraction of additional Y consumed rather than saved.

MPC = C/ Y MPS = S/ Y MPC + MPS = 1


Consumption Schedules link

Search for: consumption schedule graph Things other than income affect

consumption, and shift the consumption line up or down. i wealth/indebtedness consumer confidence/expectations PL


Consumption Schedules assignment When the consumption schedule shifts upward,

what happens to the savings schedule? Why? When the slope of the consumption line

increases (becomes more steep), what happens to the slope of the savings schedule?

What terms do we use for these two slopes?


The Multiplier Effect Individual components of AD have a

multiplier effect on AD; when one increases by a $, AD increases by > $.

Who benefits when the gov’t buys $20 billion in planes from Boeing?

Multiplier = 1 / (1-MPC) When C, I, G, or Nx change by X, AD

changes by X [1/(1-MPC)]


The Multiplier Effect Taxes have a different multiplier, b/c taxes

affect income. Tax multiplier: -MPC/(1-MPC)

Balanced budget multiplier What happens when the gov’t spends the same

amount as it taxes?

“Multiplier” & “Crowding Out” Effects

A new graph (sort of)! The Money Market shows

how the “price” of money, the interest rate, adjusts to balance the supply of and demand for money.

The money supply is fixed at any one point in time, and therefore is represented by a vertical line.

The Money Market


Remember the interest-rate effect?

Can it be explained through the money market?

The Money Market


Several things can cause Dm to shift, but for now we’ll just focus on one; G.

Q: If gov’t increases spending but doesn’t collect enough taxes to cover the spending, where does it get the money?

A: By borrowing (mostly)

The Money Market


Q: When the government borrows, what happens in the money market?

A: Dm shifts right, and interest rates rise.

The Money Market


Q: Are there portions of output (RGDP) that are influenced by interest rates?

A: I, and to a lesser extent, C

We call these “interest rate-sensitive investment and consumption.”

The Money Market


The Crowding Out Effect Gov’t spending “crowds

out” i-sensitive I & C . Implications for AD? GDP = C+I+G+Xn The crowding out effect

partially offsets the impact of the increase in G.

“Net Export” Effect

If the government enters the money market to finance the deficit, interest rates will rise. The higher interest rate causes the dollar to appreciate. Therefore, net exports decline, and aggregate demand decreases, which offsets the effects of expansionary fiscal policy.

Done!

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AP Macroeconomics