AP Macro Economics Jacob Dilliplane, Jonathan Pait, Aiana Semper, Taylor Schuler, Zachary Rush,...
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Long Run Economic Growth AP Macro Economics Jacob Dilliplane, Jonathan Pait, Aiana Semper, Taylor Schuler, Zachary Rush, Andrew Ribaudo, Cortland Ziembo
AP Macro Economics Jacob Dilliplane, Jonathan Pait, Aiana Semper, Taylor Schuler, Zachary Rush, Andrew Ribaudo, Cortland Ziembo
AP Macro Economics Jacob Dilliplane, Jonathan Pait, Aiana
Semper, Taylor Schuler, Zachary Rush, Andrew Ribaudo, Cortland
Ziembo
Slide 2
Real GDP The key statistic used to measure economic growth is
real GDP per capita. Sound familiar? Real GDP per capita = real
GDP/population size
Slide 3
Real GDP Why do we use real GDP? GDP: the total value of all
final goods and services produced in a country in a given year Real
GDP: GDP calculated using the prices of a given base year We use
real GDP to separate changes in the quantity of goods from the
effects of a rising price level In other words, are we producing
more less per person than before?
Slide 4
Real GDP Why do we focus on real GDP per capita? We focus on
real GDP per capita because we want to isolate the effect of
changes in the population. We want to see the effects of long run
growth on the average Joe or Jolene For example: other things
equal, an increase in the population lowers the standard of living
for the average person there are now more people to share a given
amount of real GDP. (more mouths to feed = less to go around)
Slide 5
Real GDP An increase in real GDP that only matches an increase
in population leaves the average standard of living unchanged. So,
does that mean we need more people to die to improve our standard
of living? Maybe?
Slide 6
Economic Growth So where are we right now in terms of economic
growth? Well, lets put it in terms of how the rest of the world is
doing. In 1928, the U.S. economy already produced 144% as much per
person as it did in 1908. In 2008, it produced 684% as much per
person as it did in 1908. Alternatively, in 1908, the U.S. economy
produced only 15% as much per person as it did in 2008.
Slide 7
Economic Growth
Slide 8
China, on the other hand, had only just reached the standard of
living that the U.S. enjoyed in 1908. And much of the world today
is poorer than China or India. So no matter how much you think you
life sucks, it could be a lot worse.
Slide 9
Economic Growth
Slide 10
Moving on. The income of the typical family normally grows more
or less in proportion to per capita income. For example, a 1%
increase in real GDP per capita corresponds, roughly, to a 1%
increase in the income of the typical family a family at the center
of the income distribution. Also known as a median household.
Slide 11
Growth Rates So how did the United States manage to produce
nearly SEVEN times more per person in 2008 than in 1908? A little
bit at a time. Long- run economic growth is normally a gradual
process. Think about the tortoise and the hare. From 1908 to 2008,
real GDP per capita in the U,S, increased an average of 1.9% each
year.
Slide 12
Growth Rates
Slide 13
Rule of 70 Heres a little party trick when youre surrounded by
politicians. The rule of 70 is a mathematical formula that tells us
how long it takes real GDP per capita to double. The approximate
answer is: Number of years for variable to double = 70/annual
growth rate This also works for any variable that grows gradually
over time.
Slide 14
Sources of Long-Run Growth Long run economic growth depends
almost entirely on rising productivity. Sustained growth in real
GDP per capita occurs only when the amount of output produced by
the average worker increases steadily. The term labor productivity,
or productivity for short, is used to refer to either output per
worker or, in some cases, to output per hour.
Slide 15
Sources of Long-Run Growth In general, overall real GDP can
grow because of population growth, but any large increase in real
GDP per capita must be the result of increased output per worker.
PRODUCTIVITY! So, how do we increase productivity?
Slide 16
Increased Productivity Factors 1. Physical capital: This is
your buildings, tractors, and other machinery. Physical capital
makes workers more productive because its easier to dig a trench
using a backhoe as opposed to a shovel.
Slide 17
Increased Productivity Factors 2. Human capital: That backhoe
is no use if no one knows how to operate it. Human capital refers
to the improvements in labor created by the education and knowledge
of the workforce.
Slide 18
Increased Productivity Factors 3. Technology: You knew this one
was coming. Its probably the most important factor when it comes to
increasing productivity. Technology is defined broadly as the
technical means for the production of goods and services. Its
important to realize that economically important technological
progress need not be flashy or rely on cutting edge science.
Historians have noted that past economic growth has been driven not
only by major inventions like the railroad or semi conductor chip,
but also by thousands of modest inventions like the flat-bottomed
paper bag (patented in 1870) which made packing groceries and other
goods much easier.
Slide 19
Putting It All Together So, long-run economic growth happens
gradually over time. We measure it using real GDP per capita. Think
of it as the amount of a countrys GDP one person produces adjusted
for inflation. Ideally, to support positive growth in the economy,
population growth, employment, and GDP per capita should increase
at roughly similar rates. To make sure that happens, we need
productivity.
Slide 20
The most common measure to track long-run economic growth over
time and between nations is what? a. nominal GDP per capita b.
wealth distribution factor c. real GDP per capita d. real GDP e.
total population
Slide 21
The most common measure to track long-run economic growth over
time and between nations is what? a. nominal GDP per capita b.
wealth distribution factor c. real GDP per capita d. real GDP e.
total population
Slide 22
Short-run recovery is a movement from a point inside the PPC to
the limits of the PPC. Long run economic growth is a shift of what?
a. the entire PPC curve outward b. the entire PPC curve inward c.
the entire PPC curve leftward d. the entire PPC curve rightward e.
the entire PPC curve downward
Slide 23
Short-run recovery is a movement from a point inside the PPC to
the limits of the PPC. Long run economic growth is a shift of what?
a. the entire PPC curve outward b. the entire PPC curve inward c.
the entire PPC curve leftward d. the entire PPC curve rightward e.
the entire PPC curve downward
Slide 24
Physical capital, human capital, and technology cause an
increase in _______________. a. inflation b. productivity c.
unemployment d. aggregate demand e. aggregate supply
Slide 25
Physical capital, human capital, and technology cause an
increase in _______________. a. inflation b. productivity c.
unemployment d. aggregate demand e. aggregate supply
Slide 26
How is real GDP per capita calculated? a. GDP multiplied by
total population b. GDP divided by total population c. real GDP
multiplied by total population d. real GDP divided by the total
population e. real GDP plus the total population
Slide 27
How is real GDP per capita calculated? a. GDP multiplied by
total population b. GDP divided by total population c. real GDP
multiplied by total population d. real GDP divided by the total
population e. real GDP plus the total population
Slide 28
A(n) _______ in the _________ lowers the standard of living for
the average person. a. increase; population b. decrease; population
c. increase; amount of real GDP d. decrease; amount of real GDP e.
increase; amount of GDP
Slide 29
A(n) _______ in the _________ lowers the standard of living for
the average person. a. increase; population b. decrease; population
c. increase; amount of real GDP d. decrease; amount of real GDP e.
increase; amount of GDP
Slide 30
If a country has a population of 2,000 and its real GDP is
$8,000,000, then its GDP per capita is: a. $400,000 b. $40,000 c.
$4,000 d. $400 e. cannot be determined by the information
given
Slide 31
If a country has a population of 2,000 and its real GDP is
$8,000,000, then its GDP per capita is: a. $400,000 b. $40,000 c.
$4,000 d. $400 e. cannot be determined by the information
given
Slide 32
What is the real GDP of a country whose population is 10,000
and its real GDP per capita is $1,200, then its GDP per capita is:
a. $12,000,000 b. $1,200,000 c. $12,000 d. $1,200 e. cannot be
determined by the information given
Slide 33
What is the real GDP of a country whose population is 10,000
and its real GDP per capita is $1,200, then its GDP per capita is:
a. $12,000,000 b. $1,200,000 c. $12,000 d. $1,200 e. cannot be
determined by the information given
Slide 34
What is the mathematical formula used to determine how long it
would take for a countrys real GDP per capita to double? a. 70
divided by the annual growth rate b. 70 divided by the total
population c. 70 multiplied by the annual growth rate d. 70
multiplied by the total population e. none of the above
Slide 35
What is the mathematical formula used to determine how long it
would take for a countrys real GDP per capita to double? a. 70
divided by the annual growth rate b. 70 divided by the total
population c. 70 multiplied by the annual growth rate d. 70
multiplied by the total population e. none of the above
Slide 36
How many years would it take for potential output to double
when there is a 5% annual increase in the potential level of real
GDP? a. 9 b. 7 c. 14 d. 28 e. 35
Slide 37
How many years would it take for potential output to double
when there is a 5% annual increase in the potential level of real
GDP? a. 9 b. 7 c. 14 d. 28 e. 35
Slide 38
Cubas real GDP per capita grew at 2% last year, how many years
should it take to double? a. 35 b. 70 c. 2 d. 4 e. 20
Slide 39
Cubas real GDP per capita grew at 2% last year, how many years
should it take to double? a. 35 b. 70 c. 2 d. 4 e. 20
Slide 40
Which of the following is an example of human capital? a.
shovel b. 5 years of job experience c. college degree d. b and c e.
none of the above
Slide 41
Which of the following is an example of human capital? a.
shovel b. 5 years of job experience c. college degree d. b and c e.
none of the above
Slide 42
Which of the following is an example of physical capital? a.
knowledge of how to use a hammer b. leadership skills c. forklift
d. a and b e. none of the above
Slide 43
Which of the following is an example of physical capital? a.
knowledge of how to use a hammer b. leadership skills c. forklift
d. a and b e. none of the above
Slide 44
What are the three main reasons why the average U.S. worker
today produces more than their century old counterpart? a. physical
capital, strength capital, and technological process b. physical
capital, human capital, and technological process c. work ethic,
strength capital, and technological process d. human capital,
strength capital, and work ethic e. physical capital, strength
capital, and robots
Slide 45
What are the three main reasons why the average U.S. worker
today produces more than their century old counterpart? a. physical
capital, strength capital, and technological process b. physical
capital, human capital, and technological process c. work ethic,
strength capital, and technological process d. human capital,
strength capital, and work ethic e. physical capital, strength
capital, and robots
Slide 46
Sustained growth in ______________ occurs when the amount of
output produced by the average worker _________________. a. GDP;
decreases b. GDP; increases c. real GDP per capita; stays the same
d. real GDP per capita; increases steadily e. real GDP per capita;
decreases steadily
Slide 47
Sustained growth in ______________ occurs when the amount of
output produced by the average worker _________________. a. GDP;
decreases b. GDP; increases c. real GDP per capita; stays the same
d. real GDP per capita; increases steadily e. real GDP per capita;
decreases steadily