AP LANGUAGE RHETORICAL

DEVICES

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Allusion

a reference to something from history, literature, pop culture, mythology, etc. either

directly or indirectly

*deepens and enriches meaning

*creates connections

*audience must understand/interpret

Allusion examples

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Antithesis

the placing of a sentence or one of its parts against another to which it is opposed to form

a balanced contrast of ideas

Ex. “Give me liberty or give me death.”

Hyperbole

the exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis

*be sure your intent to exaggerate is clear

*avoid overusing hyperbole (can weaken writing)

ex. “Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather / The multitudinous seas

incarnadine, / Making the green one red.” (Macbeth)

The most super-awesome examples of

hyperbole. Ever.

http://www.mywordwizard.com/hyperbole-poems.html

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Understatementa figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is

ex. “’I’ve got a nice place here,’ he said, his eyes flashing about restlessly.

Turning me around by one arm, he moved a broad flat hand along the front vista, including in its sweep a sunken Italian

garden, a half acre of deep, pungent roses, and a snub-nosed motor-boat that bumped the tide offshore.”

(The Great Gatsby)

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Metaphor

figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as

*not solely a stylistic device

*helps readers see something as you want them to see it—conveys not just literal truths but also emotional or psychological truths

[connotation]

ex. “But there are many mountains yet to climb. We will not rest until every American enjoys the fullness of freedom, dignity, and

opportunity as our birthright.” (Ronald Reagan, Inaugural Address)

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Jargon

the diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity

*especially common in an industry, such as in law, medicine, academia, or an art or sport

*People who are not a part of the group may not understand the jargon.

“The things they carried were largely determined by necessity. Among the necessities or near-necessities were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, heat tabs, wristwatches, dog tags,

mosquito repellent, chewing gum, candy, cigarettes, salt tablets, packets of Kool-Aid,

lighters, matches, sewing kits, Military Payment Certificates, C rations, and two or

three canteens of water. Together, these items weighed between 15 and 20 pounds,

depending upon a man’s habits or rate of metabolism. Henry Dobbins, who was a big man, carried extra rations; he was especially fond of canned peaches in heavy syrup over pound cake. Dave Jensen, who practiced field hygiene, carried a toothbrush, dental floss, and several hotel-sized bars of soap he’d stolen on R&R in Sydney, Australia. Ted

Lavender, who was scared, carried tranquilizers until he was shot in the head outside

the village of Than Khe in mid-April. By necessity, and because it was SOP, they all carried

steel helmets that weighed 5 pounds including the liner and camouflage cover. They carried the standard fatigue jackets and trousers. Very few carried underwear. On their feet they carried jungle boots—2.1 pounds—and Dave Jensen carried three pairs of socks and a can of Dr. Scholl’s foot powder as a precaution against trench foot.”

—Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried

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Anecdote

a very short story (usually a paragraph) used to illustrate a point

*usually contains action & dialogue and is longer than an example

*usually intended to illustrate or support a point

Juxtaposition

the placement of two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or

side by side for comparison or contrast*purpose is to highlight the contrast between the two and compare them *usually used for etching out a character in detail, creating suspense, or

lending a rhetorical effect

Juxtaposition can be used anywhere: prose, poetry, music, etc.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzQ172MRA4Y

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Parallel Structure

the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same (or similar) in

their construction, sound, meaning or meter*adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and

thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs

*usually intended to illustrate or support a point

"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.“ (John F. Kennedy,

Inaugural Address)

"...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.“ (Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address)

Rhetorical Device

a use of language that is intended to have an effect on its audience

*helps an author or speaker achieve a purpose (usually persuasion)

*usually intended to illustrate or support a point

*can also be a technique to evoke an emotion

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Anaphora

repetition of a word or phrase at the

beginning of multiple clauses or sentences*one of the oldest rhetorical devices with roots in the Biblical Psalms

*used to emphasize a word or phrase, often creating pathos

“To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted; A time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to

break down, and a time to build up…” (Ecclesiastes 3:2-3)

“…we shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall fight on our Island…”

(Winston Churchill before the House of Commons June 4, 1940)

Apostrophe

figure of speech in which some absent or nonexistent person or thing is addressed as

if present and capable of understanding*generally used for emotional effect

“O Death, where is thy sting? O grave, where is thy victory?”

(1 Corinthians 15:55)

“Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand? /

Come, let me clutch thee! / I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.”

(Shakespeare, Macbeth)

Chiasmus

form of parallelism in which phrases are inverted (crossed, shaped like an “x”)

http://www.middletownbiblechurch.org/egreek/

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*Look for ABBA structure

- You forget what you want to remember, and you remember what you want to forget.

- You can take the boy out of the country, but you can’t take the country out of the boy.

- “Fair is foul, and foul is fair.” (Shakespeare, Macbeth)

- “Do I love you because you’re beautiful, or are you beautiful because I love you?” (Oscar Hammersmith, “Do I Love You Because You’re

Beautiful?”)

Colloquialism

the use of informal or everyday language

*includes idioms, slang, informal words, phrases…*often geographic, belonging to a local or regional dialect

*provides a sense of realism – builds connection to audience

““I didn’t want to go back no more. I had stopped cussing, because the widow didn’t like it; but now I took to it again because pap hadn’t no

objections… But by-and-by pap got too handy with his hick’ry, and I could’tstand it. I was all over with welts. He got to going away so much, too, and

locking me in. Once he locked me in and was gone three days. It was dreadful lonesome.” (Mark Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn)

"Ah know exactly what I got to tell yuh, but it's hard to know where to start at." (Zora Neale Hurston, Their Eyes Were Watching God)

Invective

speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution

*abusive and negative use of language and tone*often used for political or satirical purposes

The moderator’s response to Billy Madison’s answer to the question is invective.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ec7rCsNFn30