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Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009
A Project Sponsored by the
IP Academy (Singapore)
Poh-Kam WONG
January 2011
1
January 2011
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Notes on Methodology
• Uses data on patents granted by the US Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO) between 1976 and 2009
• The national affiliation(s) of a patent is determined by the nation(s) of residency of its inventor(s).
• To define Asia Pacific patents, the “at least one inventor”convention is adopted. Under this convention, a patent is attributed to an Asia Pacific economy if at least one inventor is resident in that
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 2
convention is adopted. Under this convention, a patent is attributed to an Asia Pacific economy if at least one inventor is resident in that economy.
• “Forward Citations” are used to construct proxy indicators of patent quality. Forward Citations are citations received by a patent from other patents issued by the USPTO, as at January 2010.
• “Backward Citations” are used to construct proxy indicators of the sources of scientific and technological knowledge embodied in patents. Backward Citations are the references cited in a patent as “prior arts”, including both citations to other patents and to non patent references such as publications
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Overview• Patenting Output
– Share of Asia Pacific-invented patents in total USPTO patents granted
– Patenting Propensity (patents per million population)
– Growth in Patents Output
– Share of Indigenously-owned patents in Asia Pacific invented patents
• Quality of Patenting
– Average citations received
– Relative citations ratio
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 3
– Relative citations ratio
• Scientific content of Patents
– Bibliographic citations ratio
– Share of science-based patents in patents portfolio
• Technological composition of Patents
– Degree of concentration
– Change in technological composition
• Assignees of Singapore-invented patents
– Top assignees with cumulative portfolios of Singapore patents
– Prolific assignees in recent years
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patent Output
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 4
Patent Output
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patenting Output in Asia Pacific Economies, 1980-2009
40000
50000
60000
70000
Other Asia Pacific Japan
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 5
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Share of AsiaPac invented patents in the world has increased between 2005 & 2009
• In 2009, patents invented in Asia Pacific economies account for one third of world’s total patents granted by the USPTO9.42
13.3225
30
35
40
Rest of Asia
AP Total =
29.86%
AP Total =
33.44%
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 6
the USPTO
• Japan produces one fifth of the world’s patents, a figure maintained since 2005
• Patent output from other Asia Pacific economies has increased from 9% in 2005 to 13% in 2009
20.44 20.12
9.4213.32
0
5
10
15
20
25
2005 2009
Rest of AsiaPacific
Japan
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patent Output in non-Japan Asia Pacific Economies, 2005 and 2009
2.98
3.91
0.61
0.74
0.33
5.1
4.29
1.62
0.91
0.51
South Korea
Taiwan
China
Australia
India
• In terms of absolute number of patents, Singapore ranks 7th in the Asia Pacific in 2009, contributing 0.32% of total patents in the world (Singapore’s ranking in 2005 was 8th)
• China has registered the
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 7
0.3
0.31
0.1
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.51
0.32
0.26
0.12
0.12
0.03
0.02
0.02
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Singapore
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Malaysia
Thailand
Philippines
Indonesia
2005 2009
Share of world total (%)
• China has registered the largest jump in patents output, contributing 1.6% of total patents in 2009 (ranking 4th), compared to only 0.6% in 2005 (ranking 5th).
• Expansion of patenting in Asia Pacific economies is largely in East Asia; minimal contribution by the developing ASEAN economies
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patenting Propensity in the East Asian economies has
increased substantially in the last 5 years
269.6
253.1
96.5
105.3
57.7
70.9
358.7
303.9
201.7
133.5
82
Taiwan
Japan
South Korea
Singapore
Australia
Hong Kong
• Patenting Propensity is measured as the number of patents invented in an economy per million population. It normalizes for different levels of patenting output in economies of varying sizes.
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 8
70.9
40.1
5.4
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.1
69.9
56.2
8.3
2.3
0.9
0.8
0.4
0.1
0 100 200 300 400
Hong Kong
New Zealand
Malaysia
China
Thailand
India
Philippines
Indonesia
2005 2009
Patents per million population
sizes.
• In terms of absolute number of patents, Singapore ranks 4th in the Asia Pacific in 2009, producing 134 patents per million people, an increase from 105 patents in 2005
• Apart from Hong Kong, all the East Asian economies registered large increases in patenting propensity.
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
China is the fastest-growing patents producer in the Asia Pacific, averaging 36% growth annually over the last five years
20.2
5.2
-9.6
6.4
23.1
11.9
35.9
20.7
19.0
18.7
17.6
China
South Korea
Thailand
Philippines
India
Global Average = 5.6% • China leads as the fastest growing patents producer in the Asia Pacific, with a five-year growth trend averaging 36% p.a., up from 20% p.a. in 2005
• India, previously ranked first in terms of five-year growth trend has slipped to 5th place overall, but still
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 9
11.9
0.6
-2.7
-1.5
6.7
-2.1
18.1
-4.4
17.4
12.4
10.5
8.5
8.1
5.3
3.9
2.3
-20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0
Malaysia
Australia
New Zealand
Taiwan
Singapore
Japan
Indonesia
Hong Kong
2001-2005
2005-2009
Annual Average Growth (%)
growth trend has slipped to 5th place overall, but still registers very strong growth in patents output (18% growth p.a.)
• Singapore’s patents output grew at 8% p.a. in the last five years, up from 7% in the previous five year period.
• Many of the small ASEAN economies register strong growth performance as they begin from relatively small bases
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Domestic Ownership of Patents invented in the Asia Pacific (excluding Japan) has increased since the 1980s
81.1
56.6
89.491.1
57.5
62
90.1
60.8
65.5
94.2
74.773.0
60
70
80
90
100
1986-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2009
Share of Domestically Owned Patents (%)• Domestic Ownership
of locally invented patents indicates the extent to which foreign versus indigenous interests control the inventions emerging from an economy.
• Across the Asia Pacific economies as
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 10
23.9 25.322
46.347.244.1
23.3
41.7
51.0
46.5
26.6
50.347.1
44.4
36.1
29.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
South
Korea
Taiwan Hong Kong Singapore China India Asia Pacific
Ex Japan
Pacific economies as a whole, domestic ownership of local patents has increased subtantially.
• Domestic ownership of Singapore-invented patents increased substantially in the mid 1990s and has stabilized at around 45%.
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
The surge in patenting in China in the last few years is the result of a large increase in patenting by indigenous organizations
96.0
90.1
60.8
58.8
51.3
51.0
96.2
94.2
74.7
66.7
51.6
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Australia
New Zealand
• One third of China’s patents invented in the last 4 years are assigned to domestic firms and organizations (ranking 8th), up from 27% in the previous 4-year period (ranking 10th)
• In contrast, domestic ownership of India invented
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 11
51.0
46.5
26.6
50.3
17.6
45.6
18.9
2.3
47.1
44.4
36.1
29.9
25.1
24.0
13.6
3.7
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Hong Kong
Singapore
China
India
Thailand
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
2001-2005
2006-2009
Share of Domestically Owned Patents (%)
ownership of India invented patents in recent years has dropped to 30%, down from 50% in the early to mid 2000’s
• Domestic ownership of patents invented in Singapore maintains at slightly lower than 50%
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patent Quality
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 12
Patent Quality
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Patents invented in Singapore in the last 10 years have the highest number of citations on average among the Asia Pacific economies
3.65
3.06
1.71
3.11
3.46
3.58
3.31
2.87
2.84
2.78
Singapore
Hong Kong
India
Taiwan
Japan
World Averages
4.92 (00-09)
• Average citations per patent is the most basic measure of patent quality and is obtained by taking the number of citations received by patents divided by the total number of patents in a time period.
• Singapore continues to lead the other Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 13
2.21
2.86
2.45
2.72
2.81
1.77
3.33
2.78
2.52
2.49
2.29
2.05
1.93
1.78
2.74
1 2 3 4 5
New Zealand
South Korea
Thailand
Australia
Malaysia
China
Asia Pacific
1996-2005
2000-2009
Citation received per patent
4.0.3 (96-05)
• Singapore continues to lead the other Asia Pacific economies with highest average number of citations received for patents invented in the last 10 years.
• While the quality of China’s patents has increased only very slightly, there has been a great increase in the average citations received by India-invented patents
*excludes economies
with small # of patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Relative to output, the quality of patents invented in Singapore is higher than in other Asia Pacific economies, maintaining Singapore’s leading position from 2005
0.91
0.76
0.43
0.77
0.86
0.64
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.73Singapore
Hong Kong
India
Taiwan
Japan
• Relative Citation Index (RCI) compares economy’s citation frequency relative to its patenting output. It is obtained by dividing the share of citations received with the share in total patents. Higher values of the Relative Citation Index
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 14
0.71
0.68
0.61
0.55
0.44
0.70
0.56
0.53
0.52
0.45
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Japan
South Korea
Australia
Thailand
New Zealand
China
Malaysia
1996-2005
2000-2009
Relative citation index
Relative Citation Index indicate higher quality.
• Singapore’s patents invented in the last ten years have the highest Relative Citation Index value among all the Asia Pacific economies. This maintains Singapore’s number 1 ranking from 2005.
• While most Asia Pacific economies registered declining RCI values, Indian patents have increased their relative quality
*excludes economies with small #
of patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Scientific Content of Patents
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 15
Scientific Content of Patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
The scientific content of patents invented in Asia Pacific economies has increased since 2005 but is lower than patents from outside this region
14.6
13.92
8.66
9.76
8.55
12.73
11.82
11.31
11.06
18.12New Zealand
Australia
Singapore
Japan
India
15.7% (06-09)
16.7% (01-05)
• The scientific intensity of patents indicates the degree to which there is a scientific base for inventions. It is conjectured that patents which rely on scientific sources that are publications directed are more science-intense, and hence more cutting-edge, than patents that rely on technological knowledge sources
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 16
8.55
6.98
6.68
5.34
6.92
5.11
2.43
8
11.06
10.48
8.22
6.78
6.37
6.26
8.82
3.29
0 5 10 15 20
India
South Korea
China
Malaysia
Thailand
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Asia Pacific
2001-2005
2006-2009
Bibliographic Citations ratio (%)
World Averages
knowledge sources• Bibliographic Citations Ratio
(BCR) is a proxy measure of science intensity and measures the ratio of non-patents references (NPRs) to total backward citations reflecting a patent’s “prior arts”
• Singapore’s BCR value has risen from 8.7% in 2005 (ranking 4th) to 11.8% in 2009 (ranking 3rd)
• Across most Asia Pacific economies, scientific content has increased in the last 5 years, although the region overall lags the global average*excludes economies with small #
of patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
24.7
11.7
10.7
4.1
4.1
4.9
15.8
8.6
6.8
5.5
17.6India
New Zealand
Australia
Singapore
Thailand
China
• A Bibliographic Citations Ratio value of 50% or greater is indicative of a science-based patent which is more reliant on science-based Non Patent References than technology-based citations to patents
• Share of Science Based Patents indicates the
Science-based patents form an increasingly large share of patents invented in Asia Pacific economies
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 17
4.9
5.5
3.7
3.1
2.6
1.2
5.4
5.5
5.2
4.6
3.9
2.4
6.4
1.7
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
China
Japan
South Korea
Hong Kong
Malaysia
Taiwan
Asia Pacific
2001-2005
2006-2009
Science-Based patents as share of total patents(%)
Patents indicates the proportion of an economy’s patents that have high scientific content, with BCR value of 50% or higher.
• India and the Oceania economies have the highest proportions of science-based patents in the stock of recently invented patents
• Singapore’s share of science-based patents has risen from 4.1% in 2005 (ranking 6th) to 6.8% in 2009 (ranking 4th)
*excludes economies with
small # of patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Technological Composition of Patents
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 18
Technological Composition of Patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
In many Asia Pacific economies, patenting
has become more specialized in recent years
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
1976-2000 2001-2005 2006-2009
Herfindahl Index of Concentration
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 19
0
0.05
0.1
Au
str
alia
Ch
ina
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
Ind
on
es
ia
Ind
ia
Ja
pa
n
Ko
rea
Ma
lay
sia
Ne
w
Ze
ala
nd
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Sin
ga
po
re
Ta
iwa
n
Th
aila
nd
• Herfindahl Index of Technological Concentration measures the degree to which patents are evenly distributed in different technological areas. Higher values of the Herfindahl Index indicate a greater degree of concentration of patents in a small number of patent classes.
• Generally, patents invented in the Asia Pacific have become more concentrated over the years.
• In the last 4 years up to 2009, Singapore ranked 2nd in the Asia Pacific in terms of technological concentration. This maintains Singapore’s position from the period 2001-2005, when Singapore also ranked second.
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Technological composition of China’s and India’s
patents has changed considerably in recent years
7%
5%
33%
23%
25%
19%
2%
5%
27%
51%
50%
11%
11%
9%
5%
6%
6%
5%
Singapore 2001-2005
Singapore 2006-2009
India 2001-2005
• In India, there has been a large shift away from Chemical and Drugs & Medical patents towards patents in the Computer & Communications field. 43% of recent patents in India are in this area
• In China, more than one third of patents are in Electrical &
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 20
18%
11%
7%
43%
12%
24%
15%
8%
5%
16%
33%
35%
4%
13%
10%
22%
18%
3%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
India 2006-2009
China 2001-2005
China 2006-2009
Chemical Computers & Communications
Drugs & Medical Electrical & Electronic
Mechanical Others
of patents are in Electrical & Electronics. However, since the early part of the decade, Chinese patents have made a significant shift towards the field of Computer & Communications.
• In Singapore, there has been a slight increase in the share of Drugs & Medical patents in recent inventions. Patents in the area of Electrical & Electronics continue to dominate the patents portfolio
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Ownership of Singapore Patents
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 21
Ownership of Singapore Patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Top 20 Assignees of Singapore Invented Patents (Cumulative 1976-2009)� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � �� ������������ ���� ��� �������� �� ��� ��� �� ���� �������� ������� ����������� � �� ��� �� ��� !�"����#$� %���������� ����������� � �� ��� � ���� &� ����� �������'� ����������� � � � � �� � �� (����������)�������*�������� �������� �� � ��� �� ���� +,�+- �������� � � �� ��� ���� ������)��� ������� �������� � � �� �� � �� .����%��/%�$������0�� ����� � (���������� �� �� � � ���
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 22
� .����%��/%�$������0�� ����� � (���������� �� �� � � ���� &�������'� ����������� �� �� � �� ����� ��1��'���������� ����������� �� �� � � ���� &���������0�� ��� '�����������2 3���� �� �� � ���� �&� ����� ����� � '����45��� � � �� � �� ��� �+����6��������)� �� �������� � � �� � ���� '�*������� ��������� 7������ � � �� �� ���� '���������*&� ����� ����� � �������� � �� �� � ���� &��)���'������������ ����������� � � �� �� ���� ���������� �������� � � � �� � �� +&'������������(8 (���������� � � �� �� ���� +�)�� ��&� ��9�)� �� ����������� � � � � ���� ������� ���������� ����������� �� � � ��
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
The pattern of institutional ownership of Singapore
invented patents has changed in recent years
• A*STAR has emerged in the last 3 years as the top patenting organization in Singapore, overtaking Chartered Semiconductor which had held the top position since the mid 1990s
Organization Country
Patent Count
2007-2009
Rank for
2007-2009
Rank for
2001-2006
A*STAR Singapore 100 1 9
Micron Technology Inc USA 96 2 4
Top 10 Assignees of Singapore Patents 2007-2009
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 23
position since the mid 1990s
• In the 3 year period 2006-2009, three of the top 5 patent assignees are local organizations, breaking the dominance of USA companies observed in earlier periods
• This recent period saw the emergence of Stats Chippac, a Singapore headquartered company, as a prolific patenting organization
Micron Technology Inc USA 96 2 4
Chartered Semiconductor Singapore 95 3 1
Creative Technology Singapore 84 4 11
Seagate Technology USA 71 5 2
Marvell International USA 70 6 -
Stats Chippac Singapore 66 7 -
National University of
SingaporeSingapore 50 8 5
Infineon Technologies Germany 44 9 13
Hewlett-Packard Company USA 43 10 3
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Summary of Key Findings
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 24
Summary of Key Findings
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Summary of key findings
• The contribution of Asia Pacific economies to world patenting is increasing in significance
– Including Japan, the region contributes one third of the world’s patent output in 2009 (13% if Japan is excluded)
• There is still wide divergence in patenting propensity across the region:
– Japan and Taiwan produce over 300 patents for every million persons in their populations
– The comparable figures for India and the ASEAN economies (except for Malaysia) show fewer than 1 patent invented per million population
• There has been a large surge in patenting in China in the last few years
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 25
• There has been a large surge in patenting in China in the last few years
– This is attributable in part to a great jump in patenting activities by indigenous Chinese firms and organizations
– While India has also experienced substantial growth in patenting output, its growth trajectory is overshadowed by China
• Other than China, there has been an increase in indigenous ownership of patents in a number of other Asia Pac economies (Taiwan, Korea, Australia, Thailand),
– However, foreign organizations are growing in importance in India, Malaysia and Indonesia.
– The share of foreign-owned patents in Singapore and Hong Kong has been maintained
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Summary of key findings (cont’d)
• The quality of Asia Pacific patents as measured by patent citations (proxies technological influence) varies considerably across the different economies– Relative to the level of patenting output, Singapore’s patents are of the highest
quality in the region, a position maintained since 2005– Patents invented in India have registered significant improvement in quality.
This is attributable to the increased concentration of ICT-related patents and the presence of highly-cited ICT patents in India’s patents portfolio
• The scientific content in Asia Pacific patents is on the rise– Patents from Oceania, India and Singapore have the highest scientific content
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 26
– Patents from Oceania, India and Singapore have the highest scientific content– Asia Pacific patents may be orientating towards more specialized, cutting-
edge or emerging technology areas where the technological influence of patents may be more limited in the short term (hence the decline in patents-based citations)
• Technological composition of Asia Pacific patents has become more concentrated over the years– Singapore has among the most technologically specialized patents portfolios
in the region (due to high concentration in the Electronics and ICT areas)– India’s patents have become increasingly dominated by Computers &
Communications patents, which now account for 43% of inventions– Over a third of China’s patents are in Electronics but there has been an
increase in Computers & Communications patents (now contributes 24%)
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
Summary of key findings (cont’d)
• The pattern of institutional ownership of Singapore invented patents has changed in the last 3 years:
– A*STAR is now the leading patenting organization in Singapore in terms of number of patents granted in the period 2007-2009
– Three of the top 5 assignees for patents granted in the last 3 years are local organizations (A*STAR, Chartered Semiconductor and Creative Technologies). This represents a change in the dominance of USA firms as the leading patent assignees of Singapore invented patents since the
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 27
as the leading patent assignees of Singapore invented patents since the 1990s.
• Singapore has generally maintained its position as among the top patent producing economies in the Asia Pacific IP Scorecard:
– 4th in the region in terms of number of patents produced per million population in 2009 (7th if not controlled for population size)
– However, Singapore’s short-term growth trend in patents production now lags behind several of the ASEAN economies that have small bases.
– 1st in the region in terms of quality of patents relative to output levels
– 3rd in the region in terms of scientific content of patents
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
THANK YOU
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 28
THANK YOU
NUS Entrepreneurship Centre
USPTO and EPO comparisonPATENT COUNT RANK
Cumulative
USPTO Patents
1980-2009
Cumulative
EPO Patents
1980-2009
Cumulative
USPTO Patents
1980-2009
Cumulative
EPO Patents
1980-2009
Japan 745924 23043 1 1
South Korea 74163 1831 3 2
Taiwan 97490 341 2 6
Hong Kong 9430 79 6 12
Singapore 6226 149 8 7
Asia Pacific IP Scorecard 2009 – A Project Sponsored by the IP Academy (Singapore) 29
Singapore 6226 149 8 7
Malaysia 1775 45 10 13
Thailand 765 134 11 8
Indonesia 353 95 13 11
Philippines 553 130 12 9
China 14297 354 5 5
India 6374 850 7 4
Australia 24310 901 4 3
New Zealand 3476 111 9 10