AP GovernmentAP GovernmentPolicy Makingy g

T t Ch t 15Text Chapter 15

Policy Making and Public Policy 5-15%

A. Policy making in a federal system B. Formation of policy agendas C Role of institutions in policy enactment C. Role of institutions in policy enactment D. Role of bureaucracy and courts in policy implementation

and interpretation E. Linkages between policy processes and: political

institutions and federalism political parties interest groupsinstitutions and federalism, political parties, interest groups, public opinion, elections, and policy enactment

F. Public policy making in the following areas: Foreign and Defense Policy, Health Care Policy, Economic Polic En ironmental Polic and Social Welfare PolicPolicy, Environmental Policy, and Social Welfare Policy, including, for each, the background, major players, key policy initiatives, and current policy issues.

What is Policy Making?What is Policy Making?

An intentional course of action followed by the government in dealing with some problem or matter of concern.

Public policies are governmental policies based on law, authoritative,

d bi di land binding on people. PASS OUT NOTES 2 sets and 1 quiz

Theories on Public Policy

Elite Theory-The chosen few or elite make the important decisions on society.

The elite have the power and the masses

Theories on Public PolicyTheories on Public Policy

Bureaucratic Theory all institutions have fallen under the control of a large and ever growing bureaucracy that carries out policy using t d di d dstandardized procedures.

Theories on Public PolicyTheories on Public Policy

Interest Group theory- Interest groups control the governmental process, NOT government or the bureaucracy.

There are so many potential pressure points in the 3 branches as well as at the state level, that Interest groups

t i i b fcan step in in any number of competing sides.

Theories on Public PolicyTheories on Public Policy

Pluralist theory contends that the political resources are scattered so widely that no single elite group couldwidely that no single elite group could ever gain a monopoly control over any substantial area of policy.substantial area of policy.

The notes on the next slides are 7 The notes on the next slides are 7 steps that are in the first packet of notes

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 1. Problem Recognition and

Definition Identification of an issue that disturbs

the people and leads them to call for governmental intervention.

EXAMPLE Public officials and environment groups identify acid rain as a problem

Problem Recognition and Definition

** A finding that the policy is ineffective will lik l t t th lilikely restart the policy process.

For a condition to become a problem, there must be some criterion- a standard ormust be some criterion- a standard or value- that leads people to believe that the condition does not have to be accepted and the government can deal with it effectively and appropriately.

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 2. Agenda Setting Government recognition that a g

problem is worthy of consideration for governmental intervention

EXAMPLE Action by the president, members of Congress, and interest groups put acid rain on the national policy agenda.

What is an Agenda?What is an Agenda?

An agenda is a set of issues to be discussed or given attention. Every political community, national, state and local has a systematic agenda.

Systematic agenda is a discussions agenda

A governmental or Institutional agenda Only problems to which legislators or

other public officials feel obliged to devote active and serious attention

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 3. Policy Formulation Identification of alternative

h t dd i thapproaches to addressing the problems placed on government’s agendaagenda

EXAMPLE The White House, executive agencies, and interestexecutive agencies, and interest groups develop proposed courses of action for controlling acid rain.

Policy FormationPolicy Formation

The crafting of appropriate and acceptable proposed courses of action to resolve public problems

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 4. Policy Adoption The formal selection of public policies p p

through legislative, executive, judicial or bureaucratic means.

EXAMPLE Provisions for an emissions trading system to reduce acid rain are included in the Clean Air Act of 1990

Policy AdoptionPolicy Adoption

The approval of a policy proposal by the people with requisite authority such as a legislature or chief executive

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 5. Budgeting The allocation of resources to provide p

for the proper implementation of public policies.

EXAMPLE Funds are appropriated so that the Environmental Protection Agency can put the acid rain control system into effect

BudgetingBudgeting

Most policies require money in order to be carried out. Appropriations. Some policies such as those providing income security essentially i l th t f f finvolve the transfer of money from taxpayers to the government and back to the individual beneficiariesto the individual beneficiaries.

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 6. Policy Implementation The actual administration or

li ti f bli li i t th iapplication of public policies to their targets

EXAMPLE An emissions trading system was created and in 1993 thesystem was created , and in 1993 the first sales of allowances for the discharge of sulfur dioxide were held.g

Policy ImplementationPolicy Implementation

The process of carrying out public policies that were implemented by administrative agencies

A Model of the Policy-Making Process 7. Policy Evaluation The determination of a policy’s

accomplishments consequences and shortaccomplishments, consequences and short comings.

EXAMPLE In time there will be evaluation of the emissions trading system to determine its effectiveness in reducing acid rain

** A finding that the policy is ineffective will likely restart the policy process.

Policy EvaluationPolicy Evaluation

Practitioners of policy evaluation seek to determine what a policy is actually accomplishing. Is it fair? Is it efficient?

Governments and Economic Markets Philosophies on the role of

governmentL i f i H d ff TAFT Laissez-faire Hands off TAFT

Intervention-active involvement-CARTERCARTER

Market Structures• Free- no interferenceFree no interference• Mixed- some interference• Controlled- Total regulation

Reasons for interventionReasons for intervention

Efficiency of production and distribution of goods

Redistribution of goods Redistribution of goods Creation/production of public goods Regulation of monopolies Regulation of monopolies Preparation of information on designated topics

Types of government intervention SUBSIDY TOOLS List and see

outline notes. REGULATORY TOOLS List and see

outline notes TOOLS OF REGULATORY

AGENCIES List and see outline notes

Political influences on regulation Regulatory capture hypothesis

Congressional choice hypothesis

Obama- Wall Street and banking industryindustry

Political Influences on deregulation Carter Reagang Bush sr.

Government control of the economy Monetary policy Theory

• Manipulate supply of money• Control Inflation and deflation

Federal Reserve Board

Government control of the economy Fiscal policy Theory Manipulate federal taxation

spending and borrowing Obstacles to government control of

the economy See notes for listthe economy. See notes for list. Areas for government’s economic

policy making LIST in Notespolicy making LIST in Notes Pass out Ch. 16 review packet and

quiz

Government control of welfare Debate Conservatives vs. Liberals Entitlement programs EVERYONE

List Means tested-determination by prescribed

measures List Pass out the Ch 17 packet of notes and Pass out the Ch. 17 packet of notes and

quiz and the Aiding Victims of society packetp

Government control of Health care Current problems

Costs rising gDISCUSS

Government control of energy and the environment NOTES See previous packet of notes and quizp p q As well as Alternative Energy.

DISCUSS Obama campaign and p ggoing green

Government control of Foreign Policy Makers– President and Congress Pass out the Ch. 18 Foreign and g

Military policy notes and quiz Pass out the Defining the National g

Interest packet

Foreign Policy DefinedForeign Policy Defined

A i ’ f i li i d A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of itsnation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries.

The President, the nation’s chief di l t d d i hi f fdiplomat and commander in chief of its armed forces, has traditionally carried the major responsibility for j p yboth the making and conduct of foreign policy.

The State DepartmentThe State Department

Th S D i h d d b h The State Department is headed by the secretary of state, who ranks first among the members of the President’s Cabinet.

An ambassador is a personal representative An ambassador is a personal representative appointed by the President to represent the nation in matters of diplomacy.

The State Department issues passports The State Department issues passports, certificates issued to citizens who travel or live abroad.

Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to ambassadors and means that they are not subject to the laws of state to which they are accredited.

The Defense DepartmentThe Defense DepartmentThis chart shows the chain of command of the American

military servicesmilitary services.

The Military DepartmentsThe Military Departments

The Department of the Air Force The air force is the youngest branch y g

of the armed services. The air force’s main responsibility is to p y

serve as the nation’s first line of defense.

The Military DepartmentsThe Military Departments

The Department of the Army The army is the largest and the oldest y g

of the armed services. The army consists of standing troops, y g p ,

or the Regular Army, and its reserve units—the Army National Guard and Army Reserve.

The Military DepartmentsThe Military Departments

The Department of the Navy The navy’s major responsibilities are y j p

for sea warfare and defense. The U.S. Marine Corps, a combat-p ,

ready land force, are under the auspices of navy command.

Foreign Policy From Independence Through WorldIndependence Through World War I

A d i G W hi ’ F ll Add f h As stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address, for the next 150 years the United States practiced a policy of isolationism.

The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of ff f Sthe affairs of North and South America and established the

United States as the hegemonic power of the Western Hemisphere.

Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded across the North American continent through both land purchases and acquisitions through war.

As the United States expanded commercially in the late nineteenth century, so did the reach of its foreign policy, as y g p yseen in the Good Neighbor policy in effect in Latin America during the early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China during the same time.

World War I and World War IIWorld War I and World War II

World War I• The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions

of American commerce due to German submarine warfare.• After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation

retreated to a policy of isolationism.World War II

• The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the United States entry in World War II, joining the Allies (Russia, Great Britain, and China) fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy, Japan, and Germany)and Germany).

• World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an increased role in global affairs by the United States.

Two New PrinciplesTwo New Principles

CCollective security,approached by the United St t f ll i W ld WStates following World War II, involves a world

it i hi h tcommunity in which most nations would agree to act t th i t titogether against any nation that threatened the peace.

Two New PrinciplesTwo New Principles

DeterrenceDeterrence is the policy ofDeterrence is the policy of

making America and its allies so militarily strong that theirso militarily strong that their very strength will deter—didiscourage, or even prevent—any attack.