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The Eighteenth The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Century: An Age of
EnlightenmentEnlightenmentAP European HistoryAP European History
Chapter 17 Chapter 17
04/13/23 1John 3:16
OverviewOverview The Scientific The Scientific
Revolution’s “natural Revolution’s “natural philosophers” effected philosophers” effected but a small elitebut a small elite
But a group of But a group of intellectuals used the intellectuals used the discoveries to discoveries to examine all aspects of examine all aspects of lifelife
VoltaireVoltaire
04/13/23 2John 3:16
VoltaireVoltaire
OverviewOverview
Paris was the Paris was the cultural capital of cultural capital of EuropeEurope
Parisian women Parisian women took a lead in took a lead in bringing together bringing together thinkers of many thinkers of many disciplines to cross-disciplines to cross-talk discoveries and talk discoveries and new philosophiesnew philosophies
04/13/23 3John 3:16
OverviewOverview
Marie-Therese de Geoffrin hosted Marie-Therese de Geoffrin hosted distinguished foreigners, distinguished foreigners, philosophers, and artistsphilosophers, and artists These gatherings stimulated wide-These gatherings stimulated wide-
ranging discussions and ideasranging discussions and ideas Ideas generated were so significant that Ideas generated were so significant that
historians refer to the 18historians refer to the 18thth century as century as the Age of Enlightenmentthe Age of Enlightenment
04/13/23 4John 3:16
Overview Overview
““Enlightenment” Enlightenment” included a included a rejection of rejection of traditional traditional ChristianityChristianity
Religious wars and Religious wars and intolerance of 16intolerance of 16thth and 17and 17thth centuries centuries alienated alienated intellectualsintellectuals
04/13/23 5John 3:16
OverviewOverview
Intellectuals and scientists of the 17Intellectuals and scientists of the 17thth century were open to new ideas of century were open to new ideas of science. Both saw science as exalting science. Both saw science as exalting God God
The 18The 18thth century intellectuals saw it century intellectuals saw it differentlydifferently Rejected Christian orthodoxy Rejected Christian orthodoxy and and
secularism emerged as dominant secularism emerged as dominant mentality in Western mentality ever since mentality in Western mentality ever since
04/13/23 6John 3:16
Overview Overview Reason and Reason and
materialism were materialism were beginning to replace beginning to replace faith and reasonfaith and reason
Although, there was Although, there was an outburst of an outburst of religious sensibility religious sensibility manifested in art and manifested in art and musicmusic Not all artistic and Not all artistic and
intellectual hearts were intellectual hearts were captured by secularismcaptured by secularism
04/13/23 7John 3:16
MontesquieuMontesquieu
Focus QuestionsFocus Questions
Who were the Who were the leading figures of leading figures of the Enlightenment, the Enlightenment, and what were and what were their main their main contributions? contributions?
04/13/23 8John 3:16
Diderot Diderot
Focus QuestionsFocus Questions
In what type of In what type of social environment social environment did the did the philosophes thrive, philosophes thrive, and what role did and what role did women play in that women play in that environment?environment?
04/13/23 9John 3:16
Rousseau Rousseau
Focus QuestionFocus Question
What innovations What innovations in art, music, and in art, music, and literature occurred literature occurred in the 18in the 18thth century? century?
04/13/23 10John 3:16
WollstonecraftWollstonecraft
Focus QuestionFocus Question
How did popular culture differ form How did popular culture differ form high culture in the 18high culture in the 18thth century? century?
04/13/23 11John 3:16
Focus QuestionFocus Question
How did popular religion differ from How did popular religion differ from institutional religion in the 18institutional religion in the 18thth century?century?
04/13/23 12John 3:16
Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Question Question
What is the What is the relationship relationship between the between the Scientific Scientific Revolution and the Revolution and the Enlightenment?Enlightenment?
04/13/23 13John 3:16
LockeLocke
The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment
OverviewOverview
04/13/23 14John 3:16
OverviewOverview
German philosopher German philosopher Emmanuel Kant Emmanuel Kant defined defined Enlightenment as Enlightenment as “man’s leaving his “man’s leaving his self-caused self-caused immaturity”immaturity”
Kant: “Dare to Kant: “Dare to know! Have the know! Have the courage to use your courage to use your own intelligence.”own intelligence.”
04/13/23 15John 3:16
Emmanuel Kant Emmanuel Kant
OverviewOverview
As laws were As laws were discovered discovered regulating nature, regulating nature, then laws could be then laws could be found to regulate found to regulate human societyhuman society
Buzz words: Buzz words: reason, natural reason, natural law, hope, law, hope, progressprogress
04/13/23 16John 3:16
OverviewOverview
Philosophes and Philosophes and scientists thought scientists thought that if only people that if only people could throw off the could throw off the shackles of old shackles of old beliefs, beliefs, particularly particularly religious, the religious, the world be a better world be a better placeplace
04/13/23 17John 3:16
OverviewOverview
If Newton can If Newton can discover the discover the natural laws of natural laws of science that science that govern the govern the universe, the laws universe, the laws of how to govern a of how to govern a society could be society could be discovered as welldiscovered as well
04/13/23 18John 3:16
The Paths to The Paths to EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Influenced by 17Influenced by 17thth century century thinkers, what changes occurred thinkers, what changes occurred with 18with 18thth century thinkers that century thinkers that
culminated in the Enlightenment?culminated in the Enlightenment?
04/13/23 19John 3:16
The Popularization of The Popularization of ScienceScience
Spread of scientific information was Spread of scientific information was not direct from scientist to people. not direct from scientist to people. Books were tough to read—written by Books were tough to read—written by
the best brains of the time—and tough the best brains of the time—and tough to get (no Borders)to get (no Borders)
Much was done through education by Much was done through education by “popularizers” or philosophes “popularizers” or philosophes themselvesthemselves
The link to the people of the The link to the people of the scientific discoveries the philosophesscientific discoveries the philosophes
04/13/23 20John 3:16
The Popularization of The Popularization of ScienceScience
Bernard de Bernard de Fontenelle, Fontenelle, Secretary of the Secretary of the French Royal French Royal Academy from 1691 Academy from 1691 to 1741, wrote books to 1741, wrote books on discoverieson discoveries
Fontenelle Fontenelle possessed vast possessed vast knowledge of knowledge of discoveriesdiscoveries
Bernard de Bernard de FontenelleFontenelle04/13/23 21John 3:16
The Popularization of The Popularization of ScienceScience
Fontenelle was very Fontenelle was very witty and witty and scientifically wisescientifically wise
His book, His book, Plurality of Plurality of Worlds, Worlds, two people two people discussing discussing discoveries discoveries Conversation Conversation
between lady between lady aristocrat and loveraristocrat and lover
““Tell me”, she Tell me”, she exclaims, “about exclaims, “about these stars of yours” these stars of yours”
04/13/23 22John 3:16
The Popularization of The Popularization of Science Science
Fontenelle showed that Fontenelle showed that science need not be the science need not be the monopoly of experts, monopoly of experts, but part of literaturebut part of literature
He downplayed the He downplayed the religious side of religious side of scientistsscientists
He was a “skeptic” He was a “skeptic” about religion and about religion and portrayed churches as portrayed churches as enemies of scientific enemies of scientific progressprogress
04/13/23 23John 3:16
A New SkepticismA New Skepticism As scientific As scientific
discoveries spread, discoveries spread, more men and more men and women questioned women questioned long-held religious long-held religious truths and valuestruths and values
04/13/23 24John 3:16
A New SkepticismA New Skepticism Skepticism and Skepticism and
secularism was secularism was evident in the works evident in the works of Pierre Bayle of Pierre Bayle (1647-1706)(1647-1706) Attacked religious Attacked religious
intolerance, intolerance, superstition, and superstition, and dogmatismdogmatism
Compelling people to Compelling people to believe a certain set believe a certain set of religious ideas was of religious ideas was wrong—as Louis XIV wrong—as Louis XIV was doing at that time was doing at that time Pierre Bayle Pierre Bayle
04/13/23 25John 3:16
A New Skepticism (cont)A New Skepticism (cont) Bayle believed Bayle believed
that individual that individual conscious should conscious should determine one’s determine one’s actionaction
the existence of the existence of many religions many religions would benefit would benefit rather than harm a rather than harm a statestate
the Bible should not the Bible should not be exempt from be exempt from criticism criticism Pierre BaylePierre Bayle
04/13/23 26John 3:16
A New SkepticismA New Skepticism In Bayle’s most famous work, In Bayle’s most famous work, Historical Historical
and Critical Dictionary, and Critical Dictionary, he wrote of King he wrote of King David in a very different wayDavid in a very different way David was portrayed as a sensual, cruel, David was portrayed as a sensual, cruel,
treacherous, and evil mantreacherous, and evil man The “Dictionary” attacked traditional religious The “Dictionary” attacked traditional religious
practices and heroespractices and heroes One critic of One critic of Dictionary Dictionary called it the called it the
“Bible of the eighteenth century”“Bible of the eighteenth century”
04/13/23 27John 3:16
The Impact of Travel The Impact of Travel LiteratureLiterature
Skepticism about religion and Skepticism about religion and European culture was nourished by European culture was nourished by travel reportstravel reports Traders, missionaries, medical Traders, missionaries, medical
practitioner, and explorers—all wrote practitioner, and explorers—all wrote travel bookstravel books
Geographical discoveries, e.g. Tahiti, Geographical discoveries, e.g. Tahiti, New Zealand, and Australia by James New Zealand, and Australia by James CookCook
Aroused much enthusiasmAroused much enthusiasm04/13/23 28John 3:16
The Impact of Travel The Impact of Travel Literature Literature
Exotic peoples, Exotic peoples, such as natives such as natives from Tahiti, from Tahiti, presented an presented an image of “natural image of “natural man”man”
The idea of the The idea of the “noble savage” “noble savage” would impact the would impact the work of some work of some philosophesphilosophes
04/13/23 29John 3:16
The Impact of Travel The Impact of Travel LiteratureLiterature
The literature also The literature also demonstrated there demonstrated there were highly were highly developed cultures developed cultures in other parts of the in other parts of the worldworld China and China and
Confucian morality Confucian morality were singled outwere singled out
Europeans began to Europeans began to evaluate their evaluate their culture compared to culture compared to othersothers ConfuciusConfucius
04/13/23 30John 3:16
The Impact of Travel The Impact of Travel Literature Literature
Certainties about European Certainties about European practices gave way to “cultural practices gave way to “cultural relativism”relativism” Accompanied by religious skepticismAccompanied by religious skepticism The Christian perception of God was The Christian perception of God was
one of manyone of many “…“…Every day they see a new religion, Every day they see a new religion,
new customs, and new ritesnew customs, and new rites
04/13/23 31John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and NewtonNewton
The intellectual inspiration for the The intellectual inspiration for the Enlightenment were Locke and Enlightenment were Locke and NewtonNewton
Intellectuals believed that by Intellectuals believed that by following Newton’s laws of following Newton’s laws of reasoning, they could discover the reasoning, they could discover the natural laws that governed politics, natural laws that governed politics, economics, justice, religion, and arteconomics, justice, religion, and art
04/13/23 32John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and NewtonNewton
Newton frequently singled outNewton frequently singled out ““the greatest and rarest genius that the greatest and rarest genius that
ever rose for the ornament and ever rose for the ornament and instruction of the species”instruction of the species”
“ “God said, ‘Let Newton be, and all is God said, ‘Let Newton be, and all is light’”light’”
Philosophes enchanted by Newton’s Philosophes enchanted by Newton’s world machineworld machine
04/13/23 33John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and Newton Newton
John Locke’s theory John Locke’s theory of knowledge of knowledge especially influenced especially influenced the philosophesthe philosophes Wrote, Wrote, Essay Essay
Concerning Human Concerning Human Understanding Understanding (1690)(1690)
Denied Descates Denied Descates belief in innate ideas belief in innate ideas
John Locke John Locke
04/13/23 34John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and NewtonNewton
Lock denied Lock denied Descartes’ belief in Descartes’ belief in innate ideas. innate ideas. Locke argued that Locke argued that every person was every person was born with a tabula born with a tabula rasa, a blank mindrasa, a blank mind
04/13/23 35John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and NewtonNewton
Our mind is Our mind is developed from our developed from our environment, not environment, not from heredity; from from heredity; from reason, not from faithreason, not from faith
People molded People molded through experiences through experiences they received they received through their senses through their senses from their from their surrounding worldsurrounding world John LockeJohn Locke
04/13/23 36John 3:16
The Legacy of Locke and The Legacy of Locke and Newton Newton
By changing the environment, peoples By changing the environment, peoples and societies can be changedand societies can be changed
Reason enabled enlightened people to Reason enabled enlightened people to discover natural laws to which all discover natural laws to which all institutions should conforminstitutions should conform
The philosophes were enamored with The philosophes were enamored with Locke and Newton. Taken together, Locke and Newton. Taken together, their ideas seem to offer the hope of a their ideas seem to offer the hope of a “brave new world” built on reason“brave new world” built on reason
04/13/23 37John 3:16
The Philosophes and The Philosophes and Their IdeasTheir Ideas
Philosophes were intellectuals and not all Philosophes were intellectuals and not all philosophersphilosophers Literary people, professors, journalists, Literary people, professors, journalists,
statesmen, economists, political scientists, and statesmen, economists, political scientists, and social reformerssocial reformers
Came from the nobility and middle class, some Came from the nobility and middle class, some poorpoor
International and cosmopolitan movementInternational and cosmopolitan movement Dominated by French culture and Paris Dominated by French culture and Paris
considered the capital of the Enlightenment considered the capital of the Enlightenment
04/13/23 38John 3:16
The Philosophes and Their The Philosophes and Their Ideas Ideas
Philosophes had different Philosophes had different circumstances, but the many common circumstances, but the many common threadsthreads The role of philosophy was the change The role of philosophy was the change
the world, not just discuss itthe world, not just discuss it Reason was scientific method, an appeal Reason was scientific method, an appeal
to facts and experiencesto facts and experiences Rational criticism was to be applied to Rational criticism was to be applied to
everything, including religion and politicseverything, including religion and politics
04/13/23 39John 3:16
The Philosophes and Their The Philosophes and Their Ideas Ideas
Philosophes worked in environment Philosophes worked in environment where they were not free to write where they were not free to write anythinganything
State censors were ever presentState censors were ever present Seizure of books and imprisonment Seizure of books and imprisonment
of authors, publishers and sellers of authors, publishers and sellers was very possible was very possible
04/13/23 40John 3:16
The Philosophes and Their The Philosophes and Their Ideas (cont)Ideas (cont)
Philosophes found ways around Philosophes found ways around censorshipcensorship Pseudonyms, anonymously, or abroadPseudonyms, anonymously, or abroad Double meanings, e.g., talk about Double meanings, e.g., talk about
Persians and mean FrenchPersians and mean French Publish secretly or in manuscript form Publish secretly or in manuscript form
to avoid censorsto avoid censors Burned books often made them more Burned books often made them more
popularpopular
04/13/23 41John 3:16
The Philosophes and Their The Philosophes and Their Ideas (cont)Ideas (cont)
Although bound together by common Although bound together by common bonds, philosophes often disagreedbonds, philosophes often disagreed Each succeeding generation became Each succeeding generation became
more radicalmore radical A few people tended to dominate the A few people tended to dominate the
landscapelandscape Three French giants stood outThree French giants stood out
Montesquieu, Voltaire, and DiderotMontesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot
04/13/23 42John 3:16
Montesquieu and Political Montesquieu and Political ThoughtThought
Charles de Secondat, the Baron de Charles de Secondat, the Baron de MontesquieuMontesquieu From French nobilityFrom French nobility Received a classical education then studied Received a classical education then studied
lawlaw His first book, “Persian Letters”His first book, “Persian Letters”
Two Persians traveling in Paris and Two Persians traveling in Paris and criticizing French institutions, especially criticizing French institutions, especially Catholic Church and French monarchyCatholic Church and French monarchy
Much of French Enlightenment: attack on Much of French Enlightenment: attack on traditional religion, advocating religious traditional religion, advocating religious toleration, denunciation of slavery, use of toleration, denunciation of slavery, use of reason to liberate humans beingsreason to liberate humans beings
04/13/23 43John 3:16
Montesquieu and Political Montesquieu and Political Thought (cont)Thought (cont)
Montesquieu’s most famous work, Montesquieu’s most famous work, “The Spirit of the Laws”“The Spirit of the Laws” Published in 1748Published in 1748 Comparative study of governments in Comparative study of governments in
which he attempted to apply the which he attempted to apply the scientific method to the social and scientific method to the social and political arena to ascertain the “natural political arena to ascertain the “natural laws” governing the social relationships laws” governing the social relationships of human beings of human beings
04/13/23 44John 3:16
Montesquieu and Political Montesquieu and Political Thought Thought
““The Spirit of the Laws” distinguished three The Spirit of the Laws” distinguished three basic kinds of governmentsbasic kinds of governments Republics, suitable for small states and based on Republics, suitable for small states and based on
citizen involvementcitizen involvement Monarchy, appropriate for the middle-size states Monarchy, appropriate for the middle-size states
and grounded in the ruling class’s adherence to and grounded in the ruling class’s adherence to lawlaw
Despotism, apt for large empires and dependent Despotism, apt for large empires and dependent on fear to inspire obedienceon fear to inspire obedience
04/13/23 45John 3:16
Montesquieu and Political Montesquieu and Political Thought (cont)Thought (cont)
Praised England’s constitution which led to Praised England’s constitution which led to his most lasting contribution to political his most lasting contribution to political thought, the importance of checks and thought, the importance of checks and balances created through the “separation of balances created through the “separation of Powers”Powers” England had separate executive, legislative, and England had separate executive, legislative, and
judicial powersjudicial powers Limited control of each otherLimited control of each other Served as greatest freedom and security for a stateServed as greatest freedom and security for a state
He wanted the nobility of France to play and He wanted the nobility of France to play and active role in the running of the French active role in the running of the French governmentgovernment
04/13/23 46John 3:16
Montesquieu and Political Montesquieu and Political Thought (cont)Thought (cont)
Translation of Montesquieu’s work Translation of Montesquieu’s work ensured it was read by American ensured it was read by American philosophes who incorporated much philosophes who incorporated much into the U.S. Constitution into the U.S. Constitution Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin James MadisonJames Madison John AdamsJohn Adams Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson
04/13/23 47John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Francois-Marie Arouet known as Francois-Marie Arouet known as VoltaireVoltaire
Greatest figure of the EnlightenmentGreatest figure of the Enlightenment Classical education in Jesuit schoolClassical education in Jesuit school Hailed as successor to Racine for his Hailed as successor to Racine for his
tragedy CEdipe and his epic on King IVtragedy CEdipe and his epic on King IV Well liked by Parisian intellectuals, a Well liked by Parisian intellectuals, a
quarrel with a nobleman forced him quarrel with a nobleman forced him abroad to England for 2 years abroad to England for 2 years
04/13/23 48John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Very impressed with EnglandVery impressed with England His “Philosophic Letters on the English” His “Philosophic Letters on the English”
(1733) (1733) Expressed deep admiration for EnglishExpressed deep admiration for English Liked freedom of press, political freedom, and Liked freedom of press, political freedom, and
religious toleration….”there are thirty religious toleration….”there are thirty religions and they live together peacefully and religions and they live together peacefully and happilyhappily
Indirectly, he criticized France, especially Indirectly, he criticized France, especially absolute royalty, lack of religious toleration, absolute royalty, lack of religious toleration, and freedom of thought and freedom of thought
04/13/23 49John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Voltaire returned to France but, at Voltaire returned to France but, at this point, had to live near the this point, had to live near the eastern border for securityeastern border for security
Lived with his mistress the marquise Lived with his mistress the marquise de Chateletde Chatelet An early philosophe, she had published An early philosophe, she had published
a translation of Newton’s “Principia”a translation of Newton’s “Principia” The two collaborated about a book on The two collaborated about a book on
the natural philosophy of Newton the natural philosophy of Newton
04/13/23 50John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Eventually settled on magnificent estate Eventually settled on magnificent estate in Ferney, in France near the Swiss in Ferney, in France near the Swiss borderborder Had become wealthy through writing, Had become wealthy through writing,
investments, and inheritanceinvestments, and inheritance Had the leisure time to write pamphlets, Had the leisure time to write pamphlets,
novels, plays, letters, and historiesnovels, plays, letters, and histories He was especially well known for his He was especially well known for his
criticism of traditional religion and criticism of traditional religion and strong support of religious toleration strong support of religious toleration
04/13/23 51John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Used prestige and skills as a polemicist Used prestige and skills as a polemicist to fight cases of intolerance in Franceto fight cases of intolerance in France
Most famous case: Jean CalasMost famous case: Jean Calas Accused of murdering his son to stop him Accused of murdering his son to stop him
from becoming Catholicfrom becoming Catholic Tortured to confess, he soon diedTortured to confess, he soon died Voltaire, through his writings, forced a Voltaire, through his writings, forced a
retrial in which Calas was exonerated. His retrial in which Calas was exonerated. His son had committed suicide son had committed suicide
04/13/23 52John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Calas’ family paid an indemnity and Calas’ family paid an indemnity and Voltaire’s appeals for moderation seemed Voltaire’s appeals for moderation seemed more reasonablemore reasonable
He wrote, “Treatise of Toleration”He wrote, “Treatise of Toleration” Reminded people that religious toleration had Reminded people that religious toleration had
created no problems for England or Hollandcreated no problems for England or Holland Reminded governments “all men are brothers Reminded governments “all men are brothers
under God” under God” Voltaire, “Crush the infamous thing.”Voltaire, “Crush the infamous thing.”
Religious intolerance, fanaticism, and Religious intolerance, fanaticism, and superstition superstition
04/13/23 53John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Accepted DeismAccepted Deism Accepted by most philosophesAccepted by most philosophes Built on the Newtonian world machine theoryBuilt on the Newtonian world machine theory The mechanic—God—created the universe The mechanic—God—created the universe God had no direct involvement in the world God had no direct involvement in the world
and let it run according to its own natural and let it run according to its own natural lawslaws
God did not extend grace nor answer prayersGod did not extend grace nor answer prayers Jesus might be a “good fellow,” as Voltaire Jesus might be a “good fellow,” as Voltaire
called Him but he was not divine as called Him but he was not divine as Christianity claimedChristianity claimed
04/13/23 54John 3:16
Voltaire and the Voltaire and the Enlightenment Enlightenment
Voltaire said, “In Voltaire said, “In the opinion that the opinion that there is a God, there is a God, there are there are difficulties, but in difficulties, but in the contrary the contrary opinion there are opinion there are absurdities.” absurdities.”
04/13/23 55John 3:16
VoltaireVoltaire
Diderot and the Diderot and the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Son of skilled Son of skilled craftsman form craftsman form eastern Franceeastern France
Freelance writer—Freelance writer—many languages many languages and subjectsand subjects
04/13/23 56John 3:16
DiderotDiderot
Diderot and the Diderot and the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Condemned Condemned Christianity as Christianity as fanatical and fanatical and unreasonable—unreasonable—considered it the considered it the worst religionworst religion ““the most absurd the most absurd
and…atrocious in and…atrocious in its dogma” its dogma”
04/13/23 57John 3:16
DiderotDiderot
Diderot and the Diderot and the EncyclopediaEncyclopedia
Most famous work Most famous work was his was his “Encyclopedia” or “Encyclopedia” or “Classified “Classified Dictionary of the Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Sciences, Arts, and Trades.” Called it, Trades.” Called it, “the great work of “the great work of his life”his life”
Diderot Diderot
04/13/23 58John 3:16
DiderotDiderot
Diderot and the Diderot and the Encyclopedia (cont)Encyclopedia (cont)
The purpose of the encyclopedia was to The purpose of the encyclopedia was to “change the general way of thinking”“change the general way of thinking” Became a weapon against the old French Became a weapon against the old French
societysociety Attacked religious superstition and promoted Attacked religious superstition and promoted
tolerationtoleration Sought social, legal, and political Sought social, legal, and political
improvementsimprovements Sought more cosmopolitan, tolerant, humane, Sought more cosmopolitan, tolerant, humane,
and reasonable societyand reasonable society Ideas of the Enlightenment spread even Ideas of the Enlightenment spread even
further further 04/13/23 59John 3:16
The New “Science of The New “Science of Man”Man”
Newton’s scientific methods were thought Newton’s scientific methods were thought to be useful to address the natural laws of to be useful to address the natural laws of social man social man
Could the scientific process be used to Could the scientific process be used to solve the inherent problems and solve the inherent problems and challenges of society?challenges of society?
Eighteenth century movement called the Eighteenth century movement called the “science of man” or the “social sciences”“science of man” or the “social sciences”
Philosophes arrived at natural laws they Philosophes arrived at natural laws they believed to be universal believed to be universal
04/13/23 60John 3:16
The New “Science of Man” The New “Science of Man” (cont)(cont)
Scottish philosopher David Hume Scottish philosopher David Hume thought that a science of man was thought that a science of man was possiblepossible
““A Pioneering social scientist”A Pioneering social scientist” Wrote Wrote “Treatise on Human Nature”“Treatise on Human Nature”
Experimental method of reasoning with Experimental method of reasoning with reference to moral subjectsreference to moral subjects
Observation and reflection grounded in Observation and reflection grounded in “systemized common sense” made “systemized common sense” made conceivable a science of man conceivable a science of man
04/13/23 61John 3:16
The New The New “Science of Man”“Science of Man” The Physiocrats and Adam SmithThe Physiocrats and Adam Smith
Founders of economicsFounders of economics Physiocrat leader was Francois Quesnay, French court Physiocrat leader was Francois Quesnay, French court
physicianphysician Claimed they could discover natural economic lawsClaimed they could discover natural economic laws LandLand constituted only source of wealth, constituted only source of wealth, their first their first
principleprinciple Agriculture was only means to increase wealth—all Agriculture was only means to increase wealth—all
other activities were sterile and unproductiveother activities were sterile and unproductive Revenues should come from a single tax on the landRevenues should come from a single tax on the land Rejected mercantilismRejected mercantilism, , their second principletheir second principle, and , and
the idea of money—gold and silverthe idea of money—gold and silver
04/13/23 62John 3:16
The New “Science of Man” The New “Science of Man” The The second principlesecond principle of the physiocrats of the physiocrats
was the rejection of mercantilismwas the rejection of mercantilism Emphasized the natural economic forces Emphasized the natural economic forces
of the of the supply and demandsupply and demand Individuals should pursue their own Individuals should pursue their own
economic self interests—all society will economic self interests—all society will benefitbenefit
Government should leave the system alone. Government should leave the system alone. Don’t regulateDon’t regulate
Doctrine became known as Doctrine became known as laissez-fairelaissez-faire (noninterference—let people do as they (noninterference—let people do as they choose)choose)
04/13/23 63John 3:16
The New “Science of Man” The New “Science of Man”
Scottish Scottish philosopher philosopher Adam Adam SmithSmith Best statement of Best statement of
laissez-fairelaissez-faire Made in 1776Made in 1776
04/13/23 64John 3:16
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The New “Science of The New “Science of Man”Man”
Wrote Wrote The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations Three basic principles of economics, Three basic principles of economics,
including an attack on mercantilismincluding an attack on mercantilism First principle--condemned the use of First principle--condemned the use of
tariffstariffs. Better to purchase a product . Better to purchase a product from another nation rather than try to from another nation rather than try to produce it if the other nation produces produce it if the other nation produces it cheaper it cheaper
04/13/23 65John 3:16
The New “Science of Man The New “Science of Man
Second principleSecond principle, , labor theory of labor theory of valuevalue Gold and silver do Gold and silver do
notnot constitute true constitute true wealthwealth
Labor of individualsLabor of individuals—farmers, artisans, —farmers, artisans, merchants, etc., merchants, etc., constitute the constitute the true true wealth wealth of nationsof nations
04/13/23 66John 3:16
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The New “Science of The New “Science of Man”Man”
Third Principle, Third Principle, Government Government should not should not interfere with interfere with economic economic managementmanagement
04/13/23 67John 3:16
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The New “Science of Man” The New “Science of Man”
Adam Smith Adam Smith Principle three (contPrinciple three (cont)—government )—government
only has three jobsonly has three jobs To protect society from invasionTo protect society from invasion To defend individuals from injustice and To defend individuals from injustice and
oppressionoppression To keep up certain public works, such To keep up certain public works, such
as roads and canals, that private as roads and canals, that private individuals could not affordindividuals could not afford
04/13/23 68John 3:16
The New “Science of The New “Science of Man”Man”
Between the Between the Physiocrats and Physiocrats and Adam Smith, they Adam Smith, they laid the foundation laid the foundation of 19th century of 19th century economic economic liberalism liberalism Government: stay Government: stay
outout Economic liberty Economic liberty
04/13/23 69John 3:16
Adam SmithAdam Smith
The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment
By the 1760s, new By the 1760s, new group of group of philisophes philisophes emergedemerged Grew up in the Grew up in the
EnlightenmentEnlightenment Went beyond the Went beyond the
original grouporiginal group
04/13/23 70John 3:16
The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment Movement beyond the beliefs of Movement beyond the beliefs of
predecessorspredecessors Baron Paul d’ HolbackBaron Paul d’ Holback, German aristocrat , German aristocrat
who settled in Pariswho settled in Paris Doctrine of strict atheism and materialismDoctrine of strict atheism and materialism Wrote Wrote System of NatureSystem of Nature
Everything in universe is matter and motionEverything in universe is matter and motion Humans are machines and God is only in the mindHumans are machines and God is only in the mind People need only reason to live in the worldPeople need only reason to live in the world Please ourselves because we must live with each Please ourselves because we must live with each
otherother
04/13/23 71John 3:16
The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment
Baron Paul d’Holback…Baron Paul d’Holback… ““Let us persuade men to be just, Let us persuade men to be just,
beneficent, moderate, sociable; not beneficent, moderate, sociable; not because the gods demand it, but because the gods demand it, but because they must please men”because they must please men”
Most intellectuals remained deists, Most intellectuals remained deists, as they the effect of atheism on as they the effect of atheism on society society
04/13/23 72John 3:16
The Later EnlightenmentThe Later Enlightenment
Marie-Jean de Marie-Jean de CondorcetCondorcet, French , French philosophephilosophe Victim of turmoil of Victim of turmoil of
French RevolutionFrench Revolution Wrote his chief Wrote his chief
work while in work while in hiding during the hiding during the Reign of TerrorReign of Terror
04/13/23 73John 3:16
The later EnlightenmentThe later Enlightenment
Marie-Jean de Condorcet wrote Marie-Jean de Condorcet wrote The The Progress of the Human MindProgress of the Human Mind Humans had progressed through 9 historical Humans had progressed through 9 historical
stages stages With science and reason, humans will enter With science and reason, humans will enter
tenth tenth Tenth stage would be one of perfection. Tenth stage would be one of perfection.
“There is no limit to the perfecting of the “There is no limit to the perfecting of the powers of man”powers of man”
Shortly after composing his work, he died in Shortly after composing his work, he died in a French revolutionary prison a French revolutionary prison
04/13/23 74John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social ContractContract
Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques Rousseau, born in Rousseau, born in GenevaGeneva
As youth, As youth, wandered France wandered France and Italy doing and Italy doing jobsjobs
04/13/23 75John 3:16
Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques Rousseau Rousseau
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social ContractContract
Later, studied Later, studied classics and music classics and music A paid lover of an A paid lover of an
older womanolder woman Eventually made his Eventually made his
way to Parisway to Paris Introduced to Introduced to
philosophes in Parisphilosophes in Paris
04/13/23 76John 3:16
Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques Rousseau Rousseau
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
Rousseau’s Rousseau’s political beliefs in political beliefs in two major works, two major works, Discourse on theDiscourse on the Origins of the Origins of the Inequality of Inequality of MankindMankind and and The The Social ContractSocial Contract
04/13/23 77John 3:16
Jean-Jacques Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social ContractContract
Discourse…Discourse… Humans were happy in their primitive Humans were happy in their primitive
state—no laws, judges, equality--but state—no laws, judges, equality--but then they made changesthen they made changes
To preserve private property, people To preserve private property, people adopted laws and governmentsadopted laws and governments
“…“…rushed headlong not to liberty but rushed headlong not to liberty but into chains”into chains”
Government is an evil, but a necessary Government is an evil, but a necessary oneone
04/13/23 78John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
He wrote, He wrote, The Social ContractThe Social Contract Tried to harmonize Tried to harmonize individual libertyindividual liberty with with
government authoritygovernment authority Society agrees to be Society agrees to be governed by their governed by their
general will general will Individuals compelled to abide by the Individuals compelled to abide by the
general willgeneral will People should be forced to be freePeople should be forced to be free General will is community’s highest General will is community’s highest
aspirationsaspirations What is good for all is good for each individualWhat is good for all is good for each individual
04/13/23 79John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social ContractContract
““This means nothing less than that This means nothing less than that he will be forced to be free”he will be forced to be free” What was best for all was best for the What was best for all was best for the
individualindividual True freedom is True freedom is adherence to laws that adherence to laws that
one has imposed on oneself one has imposed on oneself
04/13/23 80John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
The creation of laws could never be The creation of laws could never be delegated to a parliamentary institution—delegated to a parliamentary institution—or legislatureor legislature
““Any law which the people has not Any law which the people has not ratified in person is void; it is not law at ratified in person is void; it is not law at all”all”
“…“…as soon as Members are elected, the as soon as Members are elected, the people is enslaved; it is nothing.”people is enslaved; it is nothing.”
The ultimate statement of The ultimate statement of participatory participatory democracy democracy
04/13/23 81John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
He wrote, He wrote, Emile Emile Important work on Important work on educationeducation Education should foster children’s Education should foster children’s natural natural
instinctsinstincts Saw a necessary balance between Saw a necessary balance between feelings feelings
and reasonand reason Importance of Importance of promptings of the heartpromptings of the heart Precursor of the intellectual movement called Precursor of the intellectual movement called
Romanticism—Romanticism—emphasis on the heart, that emphasis on the heart, that dominated Europe at the beginning of the dominated Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth centurynineteenth century
04/13/23 82John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
Rousseau: did he Rousseau: did he practice what he practice what he preaches?preaches? His children sent to His children sent to
foundling homesfoundling homes Viewed women as Viewed women as
naturally differentnaturally different
04/13/23 83John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social ContractContract
Rousseau…Rousseau… “…“…She needs a soft sedentary life to She needs a soft sedentary life to
suckle her babies.”suckle her babies.” In In EmileEmile, Sophie, Emile’s intended wife , Sophie, Emile’s intended wife
was educated to be a wife and mother by was educated to be a wife and mother by learning obedience and nurturing skills learning obedience and nurturing skills to provide loving care to her husband to provide loving care to her husband and childrenand children
Made ideas of gender an important Made ideas of gender an important issueissue
04/13/23 84John 3:16
Rousseau and the Social Rousseau and the Social Contract Contract
Rousseau was described in three Rousseau was described in three ways:ways: The father of The father of romanticismromanticism A prophet of A prophet of democracydemocracy An apologist for An apologist for totalitarianismtotalitarianism
Which was he? Which was he?
04/13/23 85John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” in The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment
Men framed debate of value and Men framed debate of value and nature of womennature of women
Many male intellectuals argued the Many male intellectuals argued the nature of women made them inferior nature of women made them inferior to mento men Based on “natural” biological Based on “natural” biological
differencesdifferences Some male writers critical of Some male writers critical of
women’s intellectwomen’s intellect
04/13/23 86John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenmentin the Enlightenment
Two intellectual Two intellectual men asserted men asserted women were “not women were “not all that different” all that different” (Diderot), and (Diderot), and “capable of all men “capable of all men are” intellectually are” intellectually (Voltaire) (Voltaire)
04/13/23 87John 3:16
Denis DiderotDenis Diderot
The “Woman’s Question” in The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment the Enlightenment
Some women writers made suggestions Some women writers made suggestions Mary Astell, daughter of wealthy Mary Astell, daughter of wealthy
English coal merchant, wrote, English coal merchant, wrote, A A Serious Proposal to the LadiesSerious Proposal to the Ladies Women needed to become better educatedWomen needed to become better educated (of critical men) “…excuse me, if I be as (of critical men) “…excuse me, if I be as
partial to my own sex as they are to partial to my own sex as they are to theirs….”theirs….”
04/13/23 88John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” in The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment the Enlightenment
Mary Astell Mary Astell She wrote, She wrote, Some Reflections upon Some Reflections upon
MarriageMarriage Argued for the equality of the sexes in Argued for the equality of the sexes in
marriagemarriage ““If absolute sovereignty be not If absolute sovereignty be not
necessary in a state, how comes it to be necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family”so in a family”
04/13/23 89John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenmentin the Enlightenment
Mary Astell: Mary Astell: Some Reflections Some Reflections Upon MarriageUpon Marriage “…“…if arbitrary power is evil…it ought if arbitrary power is evil…it ought
not be practiced anywhere”not be practiced anywhere” ……if all men are born free, how is it that if all men are born free, how is it that
all women are born slaves?”all women are born slaves?”
04/13/23 90John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” in The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenment the Enlightenment
Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft, an , an English writerEnglish writer Viewed by many as Viewed by many as
the founder of the founder of modern modern European European feminismfeminism
04/13/23 91John 3:16
Mary Mary WollstonecraftWollstonecraft
The Woman’s Question The Woman’s Question in the Enlightenmentin the Enlightenment
Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft Wrote,Wrote,Vindication of the Rights of Vindication of the Rights of
WomanWoman Subjection of women to men is as Subjection of women to men is as
wrong as the arbitrary power of wrong as the arbitrary power of monarchs over peoplemonarchs over people
Writers like Rousseau seen to Writers like Rousseau seen to contradict their own statements contradict their own statements about the power on monarchs over about the power on monarchs over people or slave owners over peoplepeople or slave owners over people
04/13/23 92John 3:16
The “Woman’s Question” The “Woman’s Question” in the Enlightenmentin the Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft: Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of Vindication of the Rights of Womenthe Rights of Women The Enlightenment appealed to reason. The Enlightenment appealed to reason.
If women have reason, then they are If women have reason, then they are entitled to the same rights as menentitled to the same rights as men
Women should have the same Women should have the same education, economic, and political education, economic, and political rightsrights
04/13/23 93John 3:16
The Social Environment of The Social Environment of the Philosophesthe Philosophes
Social background Social background of philosophes of philosophes variedvaried Aristocratic to Aristocratic to
lower middle classlower middle class Appeal of the Appeal of the
Enlightenment Enlightenment mostly aristocracymostly aristocracy
Common people Common people not effected muchnot effected much
04/13/23 94John 3:16
The Social Environment The Social Environment of the Philosophesof the Philosophes
Spread of ideas to Spread of ideas to literate elite in literate elite in European societyEuropean society The publication of The publication of
books and treatisebooks and treatise SalonsSalons, elegant , elegant
drawing rooms of the drawing rooms of the wealthy, brought wealthy, brought philosophes and other philosophes and other guests for witty and guests for witty and enlightened enlightened conversationsconversations
04/13/23 95John 3:16
Aristocratic woman Aristocratic woman 1818thth century century
The Social Environment of The Social Environment of the Philosophes the Philosophes
Hostesses of Hostesses of salons, women salons, women found themselves found themselves in a position to in a position to sway political and sway political and effect the decisions effect the decisions of kingsof kings
04/13/23 96John 3:16
Salon hostess, 18Salon hostess, 18thth centurycentury
The Social Environment The Social Environment of the Philosophesof the Philosophes
The reputation of a salon was based The reputation of a salon was based on the stature of the males attractedon the stature of the males attracted
Some complaints occurred that Some complaints occurred that females exerted undue influence on females exerted undue influence on political affairspolitical affairs Exaggerated, but Salons declined Exaggerated, but Salons declined
during the French Revolution during the French Revolution
04/13/23 97John 3:16
The Social Environment The Social Environment of the Philosophesof the Philosophes
The salons were The salons were important in important in promoting promoting conversation and conversation and Enlightenment Enlightenment thoughtthought
04/13/23 98John 3:16
The Social Environment of The Social Environment of the Philosophes the Philosophes
Coffeehouses, cafes, reading clubs, and Coffeehouses, cafes, reading clubs, and public lending libraries important in public lending libraries important in spreading ideasspreading ideas
Learned societies formed in Europe and Learned societies formed in Europe and AmericaAmerica Select Society of Edinburgh, Scotland, and Select Society of Edinburgh, Scotland, and
the American Philosophical Society in the American Philosophical Society in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia
Secret societies developed like the Secret societies developed like the Freemasons established in London in 1717Freemasons established in London in 1717
04/13/23 99John 3:16
Culture and Culture and Society in the Society in the
EnlightenmentEnlightenmentThe intellectual adventure The intellectual adventure
fostered by the philosophes was fostered by the philosophes was accompanied by both traditional accompanied by both traditional practices and important changes practices and important changes
in 18in 18thth century culture and society century culture and society
04/13/23 100John 3:16
Innovations in Art, Innovations in Art, Music, and LiteratureMusic, and Literature
Baroque and Baroque and Neoclassical styles Neoclassical styles gave way to gave way to RococoRococo Baroque and Baroque and
Neoclassical Neoclassical emphasized emphasized majesty, power, majesty, power, and movementand movement
Rococo brought Rococo brought change change
04/13/23 101John 3:16
RococoRococo
Innovations in Art, Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature Music, and Literature
RococoRococo, new style , new style of decoration and of decoration and architecture, architecture, entered 1730sentered 1730s Emphasized grace Emphasized grace
and gentle actionand gentle action Followed Followed
wandering lines of wandering lines of natural objects natural objects (seashells and (seashells and flowers)flowers)
04/13/23 102John 3:16
RococoRococo
Innovations in Art, Innovations in Art, Music, and LiteratureMusic, and Literature
Rococo…Rococo… Charm speaks to Charm speaks to
pleasure, love, and pleasure, love, and life (secular)life (secular)
Could be used with Could be used with BaroqueBaroque
Baroque-Rococo Baroque-Rococo architecture was architecture was popular style of 18popular style of 18thth centurycentury
Gold, delicate Gold, delicate contours, graceful contours, graceful curvescurves
04/13/23 103John 3:16
Innovations in Art, Music, Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature and Literature
Balthasar NeumannBalthasar Neumann, one of greatest , one of greatest architects of the 18architects of the 18thth century. Known century. Known for two masterpiecesfor two masterpieces Pilgrimmage church of the Viezehnheiligen, Pilgrimmage church of the Viezehnheiligen,
Germany (see text)Germany (see text) Bishop’s palace, known as the Residenz of Bishop’s palace, known as the Residenz of
WurzburgWurzburg Light, bright colors; elaborate and rich Light, bright colors; elaborate and rich
detail detail Mix of secular and spiritualMix of secular and spiritual
04/13/23 104John 3:16
Innovations in Art, Music, Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature (cont)and Literature (cont)
Neoclassicism continued to make Neoclassicism continued to make strong appeal in 18strong appeal in 18thth century France century France
Simplicity, dignity, and classical Simplicity, dignity, and classical style of ancient Greecestyle of ancient Greece
04/13/23 105John 3:16
Innovations in Art, Innovations in Art, Music, and LiteratureMusic, and Literature
Jacques-Louis DavidJacques-Louis David, re-created a , re-created a scene from Roman historyscene from Roman history Oath of the HoratiiOath of the Horatii Horatius brothers swore an oath before Horatius brothers swore an oath before
their father, proclaiming their their father, proclaiming their willingness to sacrifice their lives for willingness to sacrifice their lives for their country (see text) their country (see text)
04/13/23 106John 3:16
The Development of The Development of MusicMusic
The 17The 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries saw the rise of centuries saw the rise of the opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, and the opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, and symphonysymphony
Italians were the first to develop above Italians were the first to develop above formatsformats Germans, Austrians, and English followedGermans, Austrians, and English followed
Most musicians depended on a patron—Most musicians depended on a patron—perhaps a prince who would offer a court perhaps a prince who would offer a court and financial supportand financial support Helped make Italy and Germany music leadersHelped make Italy and Germany music leaders
04/13/23 107John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Bach and Handel—1600-1750 Bach and Handel—1600-1750 timeframetimeframe Composers, seen as geniuses Composers, seen as geniuses Baroque music styleBaroque music style
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Came from family of musiciansCame from family of musicians Became director of church music at the Became director of church music at the
Church of Saint Thomas in LeipzigChurch of Saint Thomas in Leipzig Composed his Mass in B Minor Composed his Mass in B Minor
04/13/23 108John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Bach Bach One of the greatest composers of all timeOne of the greatest composers of all time Music was a worship of GodMusic was a worship of God
“…“…well ordered music in the honor of God”well ordered music in the honor of God” George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)
Born in Germany the same year as BachBorn in Germany the same year as Bach Stormy international life and secular in Stormy international life and secular in
temperamenttemperament Moved to England attempting most of his Moved to England attempting most of his
life to run an opera companylife to run an opera company
04/13/23 109John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Handel Handel Wrote for large audiences, writing some Wrote for large audiences, writing some
huge, unusual sounding pieceshuge, unusual sounding pieces Band for his fireworks music was to be Band for his fireworks music was to be
accompanied by 101 canonaccompanied by 101 canon Wrote 40 operas, and moreWrote 40 operas, and more
Best known for his religious musicBest known for his religious music Messiah Messiah called “one of those rare works called “one of those rare works
that appealed immediately to everyone, and that appealed immediately to everyone, and yet…a masterpiece of the highest order”yet…a masterpiece of the highest order”
04/13/23 110John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Orchestra musicOrchestra music not until second half not until second half of 18of 18thth century century New instruments like the piano appearedNew instruments like the piano appeared Classical EraClassical Era, new musical period, (1750-, new musical period, (1750-
1830)1830) Representing this new the orchestra Representing this new the orchestra
music era are music era are Haydn and MozartHaydn and Mozart Their renown caused the musical center of Their renown caused the musical center of
Europe to shift from Italy and Germany to the Europe to shift from Italy and Germany to the Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire
04/13/23 111John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Franz Joseph HaydnFranz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) (1732-1809) Spent most of adult life as musical director Spent most of adult life as musical director
for wealthy Hungarian princes, the Esterhazy for wealthy Hungarian princes, the Esterhazy brothersbrothers
Composed 104 symphonies, plus numerous Composed 104 symphonies, plus numerous string quartets, concerti, songs, oratorios, string quartets, concerti, songs, oratorios, and Massesand Masses
Trip to England introduced him to Trip to England introduced him to writing for writing for publicpublic concerts rather than princes concerts rather than princes Wrote two oratorios, Wrote two oratorios, The CreationThe Creation and and The The
SeasonsSeasons, both , both dedicated to the common peoplededicated to the common people
04/13/23 112John 3:16
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Wolfgang Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus MozartMozart (1756- (1756-1791)1791) Child prodigy, Child prodigy,
started in Salzburgstarted in Salzburg Gave first concert Gave first concert
at age 6at age 6, , wrote first wrote first opera at 12opera at 12
04/13/23 113John 3:16
Mozart, age 6Mozart, age 6
The Development of The Development of MusicMusic
Mozart…Mozart… Moved to Vienna, Moved to Vienna,
unable to find a unable to find a permanent patron permanent patron which made his life which made his life miserablemiserable
Wrote music Wrote music prolifically and prolifically and passionately, but passionately, but died a debt-ridden died a debt-ridden pauper at 35pauper at 35
04/13/23 114John 3:16
MozartMozart
The Development of Music The Development of Music
Mozart Mozart Carried tradition of Carried tradition of
Italian comic opera to Italian comic opera to new heights. Three of new heights. Three of world’s greatest operasworld’s greatest operas
The Marriage of The Marriage of FigaroFigaro
The Magic FluteThe Magic Flute Don Giovanni Don Giovanni
Blended grace, Blended grace, precision, and emotion, precision, and emotion, arguably, no one has arguably, no one has excelled excelled
04/13/23 115John 3:16
Mozart Mozart
The Development of the The Development of the NovelNovel
The novel grew out of the medieval The novel grew out of the medieval romances and 16romances and 16thth century stories century stories
English credited with establishing the novel English credited with establishing the novel as main vehicle for fiction writingas main vehicle for fiction writing
Proved attractive to women readers and Proved attractive to women readers and writerswriters
Samuel Richardson, Samuel Richardson, printer, started writing printer, started writing at 50at 50 First novel, First novel, Pamela: or, Virtue RewardedPamela: or, Virtue Rewarded Appealed to sensibilitiesAppealed to sensibilities
04/13/23 116John 3:16
The Development of the The Development of the Novel Novel
Henry FieldingHenry Fielding (1707-1754) (1707-1754) Wrote novels abut people without Wrote novels abut people without
scruples who survived with their witsscruples who survived with their wits The History of Tom Jones, A The History of Tom Jones, A
Foundling, Foundling, was his bestwas his best Emphasized action rather than inner Emphasized action rather than inner
feelingfeeling However, he did attack the hypocrisy of However, he did attack the hypocrisy of
his agehis age
04/13/23 117John 3:16
The Writing of HistoryThe Writing of History
Philosophes Philosophes created revolution created revolution in history writingin history writing Secular orientationSecular orientation Eliminated role of Eliminated role of
GodGod in history in history Could focus on Could focus on
eventsevents
04/13/23 118John 3:16
VoltaireVoltaire
The Writing of HistoryThe Writing of History
History writing…History writing… for for causal relationshipscausal relationships in natural world in natural world Broadened the scopeBroadened the scope from just politics to from just politics to
economic, social, intellectual, and cultural economic, social, intellectual, and cultural developmentsdevelopments
The Age of Louis XIV The Age of Louis XIV by Voltaireby Voltaire was written was written not just to depict his life, but to depict the not just to depict his life, but to depict the “…spirit of men in the most enlightened age “…spirit of men in the most enlightened age the world has ever seen”the world has ever seen”
Voltaire initiated the modern ideal of social Voltaire initiated the modern ideal of social history history
04/13/23 119John 3:16
The Writing of History The Writing of History
Voltaire, as much as anyone, initiated Voltaire, as much as anyone, initiated the “modern ideal of social history”the “modern ideal of social history”
Weakness of philosophes stemmed Weakness of philosophes stemmed from their from their preoccupations as preoccupations as philosophesphilosophes Sought to instruct as well as entertainSought to instruct as well as entertain Goal was to help Goal was to help civilize their agecivilize their age History could play a role by revealing its History could play a role by revealing its
lessons lessons according to their visionaccording to their vision
04/13/23 120John 3:16
The Writing of History The Writing of History
Philosophes writing history (cont)Philosophes writing history (cont) Emphasized Emphasized reasonreason and and sciencescience Disliked ChristianityDisliked Christianity, making them less , making them less
sympathetic to the Middle Agessympathetic to the Middle Ages
04/13/23 121John 3:16
The Writing of HistoryThe Writing of History
Philosophes writing Philosophes writing history…history… Decline and Fall of Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empirethe Roman Empire, , by by Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon
Portrayed the Portrayed the growth growth of Christianityof Christianity as a as a major reason for major reason for Rome’s eventual Rome’s eventual collapsecollapse
Also thought the Also thought the decline had many decline had many causescauses
04/13/23 122John 3:16
Edward GibbonEdward Gibbon
The High Culture of the The High Culture of the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century
High Culture, High Culture, by 18by 18thth century century Literally and artistic world of educated and Literally and artistic world of educated and
wealthywealthy Latin as languageLatin as language Theologians, scientists, philosophes, poets, etc.Theologians, scientists, philosophes, poets, etc. Supported by wealthy and literate lay group, Supported by wealthy and literate lay group,
mostly landed aristocracy and rich upper mostly landed aristocracy and rich upper classed in citiesclassed in cities
Popular CulturePopular Culture Written and unwritten lore of the masses, most Written and unwritten lore of the masses, most
passed down orallypassed down orally
04/13/23 123John 3:16
The High Culture of the The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century Eighteenth Century
Expansion of reading public and Expansion of reading public and publishingpublishing
Authors making money, less dependent Authors making money, less dependent on patronson patrons
Development of magazines, Great Development of magazines, Great Britain leading the wayBritain leading the way Twenty five published in 1700, 158 in 1780 Twenty five published in 1700, 158 in 1780 Best known, Best known, SpectatorSpectator, by Joseph Addison , by Joseph Addison
and Richard Steele, started in 1711and Richard Steele, started in 1711
04/13/23 124John 3:16
The High Culture of the The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century Eighteenth Century
The Female SpectatorThe Female Spectator featured featured articles by female writersarticles by female writers
Newspapers began to appearNewspapers began to appear First newspaper printed on London in 1702First newspaper printed on London in 1702 By 1780, 37 other towns had newspapersBy 1780, 37 other towns had newspapers Cheap and provided free in coffeehousesCheap and provided free in coffeehouses
Books circulated more widelyBooks circulated more widely Public libraries and private circulating Public libraries and private circulating
libraries libraries
04/13/23 125John 3:16
Education and Education and UniversitiesUniversities
Large number of privately endowed Large number of privately endowed secondary schools by 18secondary schools by 18thth century century Tended to be elitist, meeting needs of Tended to be elitist, meeting needs of
upper classupper class Perpetuated class hierarchy instead of Perpetuated class hierarchy instead of
social mobilitysocial mobility
04/13/23 126John 3:16
Education and Education and UniversitiesUniversities
Privately endowed secondary Privately endowed secondary schools… schools… Philosophes reinforced idea to keep Philosophes reinforced idea to keep
people in their original social classpeople in their original social class ““Education should teach princes to reign, Education should teach princes to reign,
the ruling classes to distinguish themselves the ruling classes to distinguish themselves by their merit and virtue, the rich to use by their merit and virtue, the rich to use their riches well, the poor to live by honest their riches well, the poor to live by honest industry”…Baron d’Holbach industry”…Baron d’Holbach
04/13/23 127John 3:16
Education and Education and UniversitiesUniversities
Privately owned secondary schools…Privately owned secondary schools… Still largely concentrated on Greek and Still largely concentrated on Greek and
Latin classicsLatin classics Not much mathematics, science, or Not much mathematics, science, or
modern languages modern languages
04/13/23 128John 3:16
Education and Education and Universities Universities
Complaints by Complaints by philosophe-reformers philosophe-reformers led to attempt at led to attempt at more practical more practical curriculums—most curriculums—most common complaintscommon complaints Too much emphasis Too much emphasis
on classics and on classics and Aristotelian Aristotelian philosophyphilosophy
No training in No training in sciences and modern sciences and modern languageslanguages
04/13/23 129John 3:16
Education and Education and UniversitiesUniversities
In Germany, the In Germany, the Realschule Realschule opened opened 1747 and offered modern languages, 1747 and offered modern languages, geography, and bookkeeping to geography, and bookkeeping to prepare boys for businessprepare boys for business
New schools also opened for women, New schools also opened for women, but emphasized religions and but emphasized religions and domestic skillsdomestic skills
Few scientific discoveries of 18Few scientific discoveries of 18thth century occurred in universities century occurred in universities
04/13/23 130John 3:16
Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment
Most European countries had Most European countries had hierarchy of courts hierarchy of courts
Judicial torture was important means Judicial torture was important means of obtaining evidence for trialof obtaining evidence for trial
Punishments were cruel and Punishments were cruel and spectacularspectacular
Nobles executed by simple beheadingNobles executed by simple beheading Lower class criminals tortured—Lower class criminals tortured—
broken at the wheel, drawn and broken at the wheel, drawn and quartered, etc. quartered, etc.
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Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment
Public executions seen as necessary Public executions seen as necessary for deterrence for deterrence
Death penalty was commonly used—Death penalty was commonly used—more than 200 crimes earned the more than 200 crimes earned the death penaltydeath penalty
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Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment
There was forced labor in mines, There was forced labor in mines, forts, and naviesforts, and navies
Sent criminals as indentured Sent criminals as indentured servants to coloniesservants to colonies
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Crime and PunishmentCrime and Punishment
Italian philosophe, Cesare Beccaria, Italian philosophe, Cesare Beccaria, wrote, wrote, On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments Punishments should only serve as Punishments should only serve as
deterrent, not brutalitydeterrent, not brutality Against capital punishmentAgainst capital punishment
By end of 18By end of 18thth century, prisons century, prisons replaced much of capital punishment replaced much of capital punishment actions actions
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The World of MedicineThe World of Medicine University medical education University medical education
conducted in Latin and based on conducted in Latin and based on Galen medicine even to 17Galen medicine even to 17thth and 18 and 18thth centuries. Based hierarchy of centuries. Based hierarchy of positionspositions
Graduate with doctorate in medicine Graduate with doctorate in medicine needed for license to hold regular needed for license to hold regular patient consultationspatient consultations
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The World on MedicineThe World on Medicine
Below physicians were surgeons Below physicians were surgeons whose main jobs were to bleed whose main jobs were to bleed patients and perform surgerypatients and perform surgery Surgery often done without painkillers Surgery often done without painkillers
and under filthy conditionsand under filthy conditions Bleeding believed to combat variety of Bleeding believed to combat variety of
illnessesillnesses
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The World of Medicine The World of Medicine In 1740s, surgeons began to In 1740s, surgeons began to
separate themselves from the separate themselves from the barbers and organize into guildsbarbers and organize into guilds
Surgeons underwent more training Surgeons underwent more training in anatomyin anatomy Began to be licensedBegan to be licensed Began to see patientsBegan to see patients
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The World of MedicineThe World of Medicine
Apothecaries, midwives, and faith Apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers served the common peoplehealers served the common people
Hospitals were filthy and often Hospitals were filthy and often people would leave with diseases people would leave with diseases they didn’t have when they went inthey didn’t have when they went in
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Popular CulturePopular Culture
Social activities and other pursuits Social activities and other pursuits common to lives of most peoplecommon to lives of most people
Festivals—a variety of celebrationsFestivals—a variety of celebrations Christmas and EasterChristmas and Easter CarnivalsCarnivals People ate, drank, and celebrated to People ate, drank, and celebrated to
excessexcess
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CarnivalCarnival
Celebrated the weeks leading up to Celebrated the weeks leading up to LentLent
Time of great indulgenceTime of great indulgence Lots of foodLots of food Offensive songsOffensive songs Verbal and physical aggression through Verbal and physical aggression through
insults and pelting with eggs, apples, insults and pelting with eggs, apples, flour, etc.flour, etc.
Criticism of superiors OKCriticism of superiors OK
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Taverns and AlcoholTaverns and Alcohol People also gathered in taverns and People also gathered in taverns and
cabaretscabarets Social gatherings in neighborhoodsSocial gatherings in neighborhoods Cheap alcoholic beverages led to physical Cheap alcoholic beverages led to physical
and monetary problems for average peopleand monetary problems for average people The rich drank different beverages such as port The rich drank different beverages such as port
or brandy causing fewer physical problemsor brandy causing fewer physical problems The differences in drinking habits and the The differences in drinking habits and the
abandoning of festivals by the rich was abandoning of festivals by the rich was symbolic of abandoning the popular world symbolic of abandoning the popular world view as well view as well
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Taverns and Alcohol Taverns and Alcohol
Abandoning the world view Abandoning the world view Upper classes now viewed such things Upper classes now viewed such things
as witchcraft, faith healing, fortune as witchcraft, faith healing, fortune telling, and prophesy as the beliefs, telling, and prophesy as the beliefs, “such are of the weakest judgment and “such are of the weakest judgment and reason, as women, children, and reason, as women, children, and ignorant and superstitious persons.” ignorant and superstitious persons.”
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Literacy and Primary Literacy and Primary Education Education
Pop culture not entirely oralPop culture not entirely oral Chapbooks Chapbooks were short brochures sold were short brochures sold
by peddlers to lower classes containing by peddlers to lower classes containing spiritual and secular materialspiritual and secular material Lives of saints, adventure stories, etc.Lives of saints, adventure stories, etc. Promoted literacyPromoted literacy
While the wealthy and middle class While the wealthy and middle class artisans grew in literacy, women and artisans grew in literacy, women and peasants remained largely illiteratepeasants remained largely illiterate
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Literacy and Primary Literacy and Primary Education Education
Protestant reformationProtestant reformation and and bible bible readingreading led to more interest in literacy led to more interest in literacy
Some states, Germany, Swiss, Some states, Germany, Swiss, Scotland, etc., made an effort toward Scotland, etc., made an effort toward mass educationmass education
Efforts to teach the lower classes was Efforts to teach the lower classes was often thwarted by the upper class often thwarted by the upper class because they feared educating the because they feared educating the lower classes would lead to rebellionlower classes would lead to rebellion Teaching hard work and loyalty to Teaching hard work and loyalty to
superiors was seen as paramount superiors was seen as paramount 04/13/23 144John 3:16
Literacy and Primary Literacy and Primary Education Education
Hannah More, English writer, set up Hannah More, English writer, set up a network of Sunday schools, a network of Sunday schools, explains her philosophyexplains her philosophy ““They learn on weekdays such coarse They learn on weekdays such coarse
work as may befit them for work as may befit them for servantsservants. I . I allow of no writing for the poor. My allow of no writing for the poor. My object is to train up the lower classes in object is to train up the lower classes in habits of habits of industryindustry and and pietypiety.”.”
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Religion and the Religion and the ChurchesChurches
Life was becoming secularized and men Life was becoming secularized and men of reason attacked the churches. Yet of reason attacked the churches. Yet
much of the art and music was much of the art and music was religious. Most Europeans were religious. Most Europeans were
Christian. Accepted by most church Christian. Accepted by most church critics was that society could not critics was that society could not
function without faithfunction without faith
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The Institutional ChurchThe Institutional Church
Churches of 18Churches of 18thth century upheld century upheld society’s hierarchical structuresociety’s hierarchical structure No dramatic internal changesNo dramatic internal changes Church, run by priest or pastor, was Church, run by priest or pastor, was
center of religious practicecenter of religious practice Kept records of births, deaths, and Kept records of births, deaths, and
marriagesmarriages Provided charity for the poorProvided charity for the poor Supervised primary educationSupervised primary education Cared for orphansCared for orphans
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Church-State RelationsChurch-State Relations Protestant Reformation established Protestant Reformation established
state control over the churchesstate control over the churches Protestant state churches flourished Protestant state churches flourished
throughout throughout
Europe in 18Europe in 18thth century century Scandinavia, north German states, Scandinavia, north German states,
England, Scotland, etc. England, Scotland, etc.
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Church-State RelationsChurch-State Relations
Catholic church still exercised much Catholic church still exercised much control by 1700. Church had control by 1700. Church had enormous wealthenormous wealth In Spain, 3000 monastic institutions In Spain, 3000 monastic institutions
housing 100,000 men and women housing 100,000 men and women controlled enormous land estatescontrolled enormous land estates
Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Hapsburg empire, Poland, and Hapsburg empire, Poland, and southern Germany southern Germany
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Church-State Relations Church-State Relations
Catholic church remained on top of Catholic church remained on top of the hierarchy structurethe hierarchy structure Bishops, archbishops, abbots, and Bishops, archbishops, abbots, and
abbesses were members of the upper abbesses were members of the upper classesclasses
Received revenues from landed estates Received revenues from landed estates and faithful tithesand faithful tithes
Wide gulf between upper and lower clergyWide gulf between upper and lower clergy Bishop of Strasburg received 100,000 livres a Bishop of Strasburg received 100,000 livres a
year, parish priests paid 500year, parish priests paid 500
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Church-State Relations Church-State Relations States sought to control (nationalize) States sought to control (nationalize)
the Catholic churchesthe Catholic churches Meant controlling the papacy and Meant controlling the papacy and
Society of JesusSociety of Jesus Jesuits had created special enclaves Jesuits had created special enclaves
within states and French, Spanish, and within states and French, Spanish, and Portuguese coloniesPortuguese colonies Much political influenceMuch political influence Created many enemiesCreated many enemies Spain and France demanded the Society be Spain and France demanded the Society be
dissolved and Pope Clement XIV complieddissolved and Pope Clement XIV complied04/13/23 151John 3:16
Church-State RelationsChurch-State Relations
Jesuits had acquired much success Jesuits had acquired much success and powerand power
Monarchs distrust JesuitsMonarchs distrust Jesuits Portugal, Spain, France expelled the Portugal, Spain, France expelled the
JesuitsJesuits Spain and France asked Pope Clement Spain and France asked Pope Clement
XIV to dissolve the Jesuits—he XIV to dissolve the Jesuits—he reluctantly did reluctantly did
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Church-State Relations Church-State Relations
The termination of the Jesuits The termination of the Jesuits paralleled the decline in papal powerparalleled the decline in papal power
Mid-eighteenth century, papacy Mid-eighteenth century, papacy played only minor role in diplomacy played only minor role in diplomacy and international affairsand international affairs
The papacy could no longer appoint The papacy could no longer appoint high clerical officialshigh clerical officials
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Toleration and Religious Toleration and Religious Minorities Minorities
Philosophes had called for religious Philosophes had called for religious tolerationtoleration
Many rulers still found toleration difficult Many rulers still found toleration difficult to acceptto accept Louis XIV had suppressed the rights of Louis XIV had suppressed the rights of
HuguenotsHuguenots It was seen as true duty of ruler not to allow It was seen as true duty of ruler not to allow
subjects to be condemned to hell by being subjects to be condemned to hell by being hereticsheretics
Persecution continued and the last burning of Persecution continued and the last burning of heretics took place 1781heretics took place 1781
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Toleration and Religious Toleration and Religious Minorities Minorities
Some progress made toward religious Some progress made toward religious toleration through Joseph II of Austriatoleration through Joseph II of Austria Toleration Patent of 1781Toleration Patent of 1781 Granted Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek Granted Lutherans, Calvinists, and Greek
Orthodox the right to worship privatelyOrthodox the right to worship privately In all ways, all subjects were now equalIn all ways, all subjects were now equal
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Toleration and the JewsToleration and the Jews
Jews were the most despised Jews were the most despised religious minority of Europereligious minority of Europe
Largest number called Ashkenazic Largest number called Ashkenazic JewsJews
Except for Poland, they were Except for Poland, they were restricted in their movements, restricted in their movements, forbidden to own land or hold many forbidden to own land or hold many jobs, forced to pay special taxes, and jobs, forced to pay special taxes, and subject to outbursts of popular subject to outbursts of popular wrathwrath
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Toleration of the JewsToleration of the Jews
PogromsPogroms were were actions that saw actions that saw looting of Jewish looting of Jewish communities and communities and the massacre Jews the massacre Jews
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Toleration of the Jews Toleration of the Jews Sephardic Jews were another major Sephardic Jews were another major
groupgroup Lived in Amsterdam, Venice, London, Lived in Amsterdam, Venice, London,
Frankfurt, etc., relatively free to Frankfurt, etc., relatively free to practice banking and commercial practice banking and commercial activities, which they had done since activities, which they had done since the Middle Agesthe Middle Ages
Provided valuable services to courtsProvided valuable services to courts
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Toleration of the JewsToleration of the Jews
Treatment of Jews…Treatment of Jews… They were still set apart and They were still set apart and
socially resentedsocially resented Many philosophes denounced Many philosophes denounced
persecution of Jewspersecution of Jews Many Europeans favored Many Europeans favored
assimilation of Jews but only if assimilation of Jews but only if they converted to Christianity—not they converted to Christianity—not acceptable to most Jews acceptable to most Jews
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Toleration of the Jews Toleration of the Jews
Austrian emperor Joseph II tried new Austrian emperor Joseph II tried new policypolicy Too limitedToo limited Freed the Jews from nuisance taxesFreed the Jews from nuisance taxes Allowed more freedom of movement and jobsAllowed more freedom of movement and jobs Restricted from owning land Restricted from owning land Could not worship in publicCould not worship in public Encouraged them to learn GermanEncouraged them to learn German Encouraged greater assimilation into Encouraged greater assimilation into
German societyGerman society
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Popular Religion Popular Religion in the Eighteenth in the Eighteenth
CenturyCenturyDespite the rise of skepticism and Despite the rise of skepticism and the intellectuals’ belief in deism the intellectuals’ belief in deism and natural religion, religious and natural religion, religious
devotion remained strong in the devotion remained strong in the 1818thth century century
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Catholic PietyCatholic Piety European Catholic religiosity European Catholic religiosity
difficult to assessdifficult to assess Parish was important center for Parish was important center for
communitycommunity Hard to establish regular attendance Hard to establish regular attendance
figuresfigures Ninety-plus percent attended Mass on Ninety-plus percent attended Mass on
Easter SundayEaster Sunday
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Catholic PietyCatholic Piety
Catholic piety…Catholic piety… Much externalized form of worship, Much externalized form of worship,
e.g., prayers to saints, pilgrimages, and e.g., prayers to saints, pilgrimages, and devotion to relics and imagesdevotion to relics and images
Parishioners “more superstitious than Parishioners “more superstitious than devout”devout”
Feared witches and prayed to Virgin Feared witches and prayed to Virgin Mary to save them from personal Mary to save them from personal disasters caused by the devil disasters caused by the devil
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Protestant Revivalism: Protestant Revivalism: PietismPietism
Protestant state-run churches established Protestant state-run churches established good patterns and served by well-good patterns and served by well-educated clergyeducated clergy
Bureaucratic and bereft of religious Bureaucratic and bereft of religious enthusiasmenthusiasm In Germany and England, where there was In Germany and England, where there was
more “rational” Christianity, ordinary more “rational” Christianity, ordinary Protestants wanted a deeper religious Protestants wanted a deeper religious experience leading to new religious experience leading to new religious movementsmovements PietismPietism was one response to rationalism was one response to rationalism
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Protestant Revivalism: Protestant Revivalism: Pietism Pietism
Pietism Pietism Begun in 17Begun in 17thth century by German clerics century by German clerics Spread by teachings of Count Nikolaus Spread by teachings of Count Nikolaus
von Zinzwndorf and his Moravian von Zinzwndorf and his Moravian Brethren (sect)Brethren (sect)
““Personal experience of God”—true Personal experience of God”—true religious experiencereligious experience
Zinzedorf: “He who wishes to Zinzedorf: “He who wishes to comprehend God with his mind becomes comprehend God with his mind becomes an atheist”an atheist”
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Protestant Revivalism: Protestant Revivalism: Pietism (cont)Pietism (cont)
Protestant churches offered little Protestant churches offered little excitement in England as wellexcitement in England as well
Anglican church offered little Anglican church offered little excitementexcitement
Dissenting Protestants—Puritans, Dissenting Protestants—Puritans, Quakers, Baptists, were relatively Quakers, Baptists, were relatively subduedsubdued
Deeper spiritual experience gone Deeper spiritual experience gone unmet until John Wesleyunmet until John Wesley
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Wesley and MethodismWesley and Methodism
John Wesley, ordained Anglican minister John Wesley, ordained Anglican minister (1703-1791)(1703-1791) Experienced deep spiritual, mystical Experienced deep spiritual, mystical
experienceexperience “…“…an assurance was given me, that He had an assurance was given me, that He had
taken away my sins…saved me from the law taken away my sins…saved me from the law of sin and death”of sin and death”
““The gift of God’s grace” assured him of The gift of God’s grace” assured him of salvationsalvation
Criticized by Anglican church as emotional Criticized by Anglican church as emotional mysticism mysticism
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Wesley and Methodism Wesley and Methodism
To Wesley, all To Wesley, all could be saved by could be saved by experiencing God experiencing God and opening the and opening the doors to His gracedoors to His grace
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John WesleyJohn Wesley
Wesley and MethodismWesley and Methodism
Wesley…Wesley… Spoke to masses in Spoke to masses in
open fieldsopen fields Concentrated on Concentrated on
lower classes lower classes neglected by elitist neglected by elitist Anglicans Anglicans
Charismatic Charismatic preaching fostered preaching fostered highly-charged highly-charged conversion conversion experiencesexperiences
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John WesleyJohn Wesley
Wesley and MethodismWesley and Methodism
Wesley…Wesley… Converts organized into Methodist Converts organized into Methodist
societies for good workssocieties for good works Became separate religious sect Became separate religious sect
after Wesley’s death despite his after Wesley’s death despite his preference to keep Methodism preference to keep Methodism within Anglican churchwithin Anglican church
Proved need for spiritualism not Proved need for spiritualism not expunged by search for reasonexpunged by search for reason
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ConclusionConclusion
The 18The 18thth century was about change century was about change and, to some degree, traditionand, to some degree, tradition Influenced by Scientific Revolution and Influenced by Scientific Revolution and
particularly ideas of Locke and Newtonparticularly ideas of Locke and Newton Philosophes hoped they could create Philosophes hoped they could create
new society through natural laws, like new society through natural laws, like laws of sciencelaws of science
Believed education could produce Believed education could produce better human beings and better societybetter human beings and better society
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ConclusionConclusion
Attacking traditional religion and Attacking traditional religion and creating the “new science of man” in creating the “new science of man” in economics, politics, justice, and economics, politics, justice, and education, the philosophes laid the education, the philosophes laid the foundation for a modern worldview foundation for a modern worldview based on rationalism and secularismbased on rationalism and secularism
Despite secular thought, most Despite secular thought, most people still lived in God, religious people still lived in God, religious worship, and farming. worship, and farming.
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ConclusionConclusion
The most brilliant architecture and The most brilliant architecture and music of the age were religiousmusic of the age were religious
Yet, secular changes were underway Yet, secular changes were underway and would lead to both political and and would lead to both political and social upheavals before century’s social upheavals before century’s end end
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