AP English Language and Composition Short Story and …nienaber108.wikispaces.com/file/view/AP+Language+booklet.pdf · AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection

AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection

1

Theme vs Motif

Theme provides a unifying point around which the plot characters setting point of

view symbols and other elements of a work of literature are organized The theme provides an answer to the question ldquoWhat is the work aboutrdquo There are too many possible themes to recite them all but each literary work carries its own theme(s) The theme of Robert Frosts Acquainted with the Night is the power of loneliness Shakespeares King Lear contains many themes among which are the impact of blindness and madness Unlike plot which deals with the action of a work theme concerns itself with a works message or contains the general idea of a work Although theme is sometimes used in the same sense as motif to signify recurring concepts in literature the term mainly refers to the argument or general idea expressed by a literary work whether implied or explicitly stated Milton explicitly declares that the theme of Paradise Lost is to assert Eternal Providence And justify the ways of God to men But even where a single theme is stated others can be seen as variations on a central idea For instance some other themes in Paradise Lost are those of pride and the fall from Grace the psychology of temptation and the limited nature of human freedom Generally it is more accurate to refer to a theme than to the theme especially in the majority of works in which no theme is stated

Motif is a recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work It includes concepts

such as types of incidents or situations such as the aubade or parting of lovers at dawn plot devices such as the ladys love token which inspires courage in her lover or the recognition tokens in plots of mistaken identity or plot formulas such as the loathly lady who later becomes a beautiful princess or the femme fatale whose attraction proves deadly and character types such as the despairing lover conquering hero or wicked stepmother as well as other archetypal characters In short motif is a tool that aides the development of theme Consider the major themes of The Great Gatsby What motifs helped to further each theme

Theme Motif


2

Tone ldquoThe writerrsquos or speakerrsquos attitude toward the subject the

audience or herself or himself the emotional coloring or

emotional meaning of a workrdquo

Source Arp Thomas R and Greg Johnson Perrinersquos Literature Structure Sound and Sense eighth edition Boston Heinle amp Heinle

2002

Tone Words

List 5 distinct words that may describe the tone or attitude of a piece of writing

1 4

2 5

3

Now letrsquos see how many tone words we have discovered Stand up Each person will give the

first tone word on hisher list that has not yet been stated If your tone word has been used put a

check mark next to it Once either you or another student has said all five of your tone words sit

down

SHORT PASSAGES FOR DISCUSSION

Letrsquos begin to practice the analysis of tone by using short passages that use a specific device

such as Diction Images Details Language or Sentence Structure to convey tone Suggest

what tone words you would use to describe the speakers attitude

1 In his A Rose for Emily William Faulkner has created clear tone Identify the tone then

examine and provide examples of diction details imagery and syntax that create the tone

They rose when she entered--a small fat woman in black with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head Her skeleton was small and spare perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water and of that pallid hue Her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand She did not ask them to sit She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain

William Faulkner from ldquoA Rose for Emilyrdquo


3

Happy New Year Russell Baker

New Yearrsquos Day is always a depressing holiday and for good reason For one thing it

comes in January and to those who ask ldquoIf January comes can spring be far behindrdquo my

answer is yes two months and three weeks behind including February a month that never fails

to last at least nine years

For another thing New Yearrsquos Day is when the annual hike in Social Security taxes

always starts to erode your standard of living For a third thing the day is a nightmare of

football

All right nobody has to watch football orgies but suppose you donrsquot Without any

television narcotic to paralyze the brain you are vulnerable to the fourth horror of New Yearrsquos

Day This is the irresistible impulse to think about your bad habits

I suppose people would think about their bad habits on New Yearrsquos Day no matter what

day it was held on The very idea of a ldquonew yearrdquo makes our calendar-ridden minds dwell upon

the past and how our missteps back there can be corrected to improve the future It is this

impulse that accounts for New Yearrsquos resolutions at least among the young who are too

inexperienced to realize that habitrsquos iron grip is unbreakable by an oath taken on a dark day in

January

With age each new yearrsquos arrival merely mocks you with the memory of all the bad

habits yoursquove failed to break and forces you to concede that you are among other things the sum

of your bad habits

One of my bad habits for example is cutting my fingernails in the living room Because

my fingernails are extremely hard they snap off like flying pellets when the clipper jaws are

applied zoom through the air and end up scattered all over the rug

Socially this creates hardship Many times I have caught guests glancing at the rug and

exchanging meaningful glances that said ldquoWhat are we doing trafficking with people who have

fingernail clippings all over the rugrdquo

After years of futile effort to break the habit I decided to make the most of it Would I

after all still be the authentic individual I am without a rug bearing fingernail clippings Of

course not I would be an eccentric who went outside and sat on the curb every time I wanted to

cut my nails

And yet every New Yearrsquos Day dwelling on the bad habits out of ancient instinct I am

depressed by the realization that this habit has beaten

Humans are the only creatures who allow themselves to be made morose by the turning

of the calendar Some years ago when I yearned to hold dominion over beasts I maintained a cat

whose habits were far from impeccable

Among many idiosyncrasies which made that cat unique was the habit of getting into the

salad bowl and shedding cat hair in it It was an unbreakable compulsion and the cat accepted it

as such and lived with it

Did the cat on New Yearrsquos Day sit around the hearth looking miserable because she

faced another year in which she would be unable to stop shedding hair in the salad bowl Neither

on New Yearrsquos Day nor any other day of the year did that cat ever show one instant of

depression about her evil habits


4

Well of course the cat didnrsquot know New Yearrsquos Day from a July afternoon in Key West

Lacking the slightest understanding of the solar systemrsquos mechanics she was not emotionally

enslaved to the dictates of a calendar

Humans treat time as a map and always know where they are located on it and respond

with the appropriate emotion If itrsquos the Fourth of July we are happy to eat hot dogs and if itrsquos

Thanksgiving we are unhappy to eat hot dogs If itrsquos May we are saddened by the sight of a

lovely tree chopped down and if itrsquos December we gather in delighted merriment around a

lovely tree chopped off in the bloom of youth

If itrsquos New Yearrsquos Day we feel the depressing weight of the new rising tax and lurch

toward despair at thoughts of the frigid Sahara separating us from spring We sit in the parlor

powerless to stop ourselves from clipping fingernails into the rug our spirit soured with envy of

the cat shedding hair into the salad without the slightest twinge of self-loathing

These are the curses of our intellectual superiority to all other creatures whose

intelligence is as dim as though their brains had been marinated in sixteen hours of televised

football This is why I usually spend sixteen hours of New Yearrsquos Day in front of the television

set watching the football

Tone is often the byproduct of diction That is a writerrsquos choice of words frequently indicates

his or her attitude toward the subject at hand In ldquoHappy New Yearrdquo you should be able to

find several instances of this phenomenon ndash Bakerrsquos word choice revealing his attitude If you

consider alternatives to Bakerrsquos diction you will probably change the tone of the passage

Locate some examples of this writing technique and chart them below

Para-

graph

Bakerrsquos Word Choice Bakerrsquos Tone Alternative Word Choice Altered Tone

2

A nightmare of football

Critical sarcastic

An excess of football

Matter-of-fact

superior


5

On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni

A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of

reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this

didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor

Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor

doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an

organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how

hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some

politicians talk on and on about nothing

Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every

holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half

holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the

universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years

yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they

could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this

situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our

boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who

forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart

goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat

But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the

number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns

Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday

Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash

Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and

Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos

birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating

it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF

ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW

GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black

patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp

Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be

examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have

succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron

who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were

black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because

everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week

preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to

put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that

the heart of the American dream

I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the

shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam


6

Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject

here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here

And then provide some examples of her effective diction

Para-

graph

Words Technique Effect on Tone

1

Who wants to join an organization

that makes you work on the day it

designates as a day off

Irony Frustration Anger

Exasperation

Para-

graph

Diction Effect on Tone


7

A MODEST PROPOSAL

FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM

BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM

BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC

Jonathan Swift 1729

It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country

when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex

followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms

These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all

their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn

thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or

sell themselves to the Barbadoes

I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the

backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable

state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a

fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the

commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of

the nation

But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed

beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain

age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our

charity in the streets

As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and

maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly

mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by

her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which

the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it

is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being

a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives

they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many

thousands

There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary

abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent

among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame

which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast

The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I

calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from

which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children


8

although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but

this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract

fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease

within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents

annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for

which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all

the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we

neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a

livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts

although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however

be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman

in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances

under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in

that art

I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable

commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three

pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the

parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value

I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the

least objection

I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young

healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food

whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a

fricassee or a ragout

I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand

children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth

part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is

that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our

savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred

thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through

the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to

render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for

friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish

and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in

winter

I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year

if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds

I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they

have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children


9

Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little

before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a

prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after

Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more

glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom

and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists

among us

I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all

cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags

included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good

fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath

only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a

good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net

profit and be fit for work till she produces another child

Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of

which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine

gentlemen

As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient

parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend

buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs

A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately

pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many

gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of

venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen

years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready

to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or

otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so

deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American

acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean

like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them

would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission

be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is

not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although

indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with

me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended

But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the

famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above

twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person

happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime

dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt

to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great


10

mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I

deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one

single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and

assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the

worse

Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people

who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course

may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain

upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold

and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young

laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine

away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to

common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are

happily delivered from the evils to come

I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the

proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance

For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom

we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous

enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender

hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen

rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an

episcopal curate

Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be

made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already

seized and money a thing unknown

Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and

upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will

be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced

to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And

the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and

manufacture

Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale

of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year

Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly

be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have

their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their

knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will

contrive to make it as expensive as they please


11

Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either

encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and

tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the

poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We

should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest

child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy

as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to

farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage

Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand

carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement

in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too

frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown

fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or

any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity

After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise

men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of

that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the

author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how

they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs

And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom

whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of

pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers

and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians

who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first

ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to

have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a

perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords

the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with

neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most

inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever

I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to

promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by

advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the

rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine

years old and my wife past child-bearing


12

Literary Terms and Devices

TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE

1 allegory

story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning

ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode

2 alliteration

repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word

descending dew drops

luscious lemons 3 allusion

a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature

Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil

4 climax

The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story

The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd

5 connotation

Associations and implications that go beyond the written word

ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness

6 denotation

dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock

7 flashback

scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time

When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback

8 foreshadowing

use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story

Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book

9 gothic

se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events

Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion

10 hero

a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall

Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions

11 hyperbole

boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true

He ate everything in the house

12 lyric poem

a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion

ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak

13 metaphor

a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike

ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo

14 narrative poem

a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home

15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo


13

16 personification

a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept

The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees

17 plot

sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict

Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order

18 point of view

the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited

ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts

19 setting

the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story

Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories

20 simile

a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo

The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake

21 soliloquy

A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience

Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience

22 stanza

a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing

The whiskey on your breath

Could make a small boy dizzy

But I hung on like death

Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol

something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well

The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery

24 theme

an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work

One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery

25 thesis

the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion

ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo

26 tone

the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example

ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)

27 understatement litote

literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes

Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence


14

Rhetorical Terms and Devices

Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence

Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar

Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence

Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker

Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next

Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon

Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines

We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill

Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton

The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses

In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt

Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction

Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley


15

Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do

Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present

For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar

Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg

Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done

Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words

We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address

Cacophony harsh joining of sounds

We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill

Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere

I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)

Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur

Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next

One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses


16

Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant

When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff

Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea

It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116

Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect

My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress

Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important

I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks

Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar


17

Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)

A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)

Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it

Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill

Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests

He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread

Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another

I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it

What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series

He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill

Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing

England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought

No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born

Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses

I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm


18

Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy

Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent

Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as

My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock

Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently

We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)

Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)

Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon

For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6

Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence

With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural

Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them

Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory


19

AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric

The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style

High Score (8-9)

High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction

Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs

Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence

Medium-High Score (6-7)

Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written

Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea

Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources

Medium Score (5)

Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax

Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect


20

Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness

Medium-Low Score (3-4)

These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature

Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies

Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position

Low Score (1-2)

These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative

Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses

Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation

No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay

Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008

lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt


21

2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research

General Format

MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages

Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers

If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource

Paper Format

The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style

General Guidelines

Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper

Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt

Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)

Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides

Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times

Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)

Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis

If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)


22

Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested

In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text

Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters

Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking

Double space between the title and the first line of the text

Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)

Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The

entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font

Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources

The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification

Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be

listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor

or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes

If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics

Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format

For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition


23

Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is

Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication

Medium of Publication

Book with One Author

Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print

Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking

2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York

Columbia UP 1998 Print

Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print

A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print

Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc

Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month

Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication


24

Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print

Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24

May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and

Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette

IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print

Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007

82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health

Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print

An Article in a Scholarly Journal

Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication

Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis

Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print


25

Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web

It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable

Author andor editor names

Article name in quotation marks

Name of the database title of project book in italics

Any version numbers available

Date of version revision or posting

Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update

Date you accessed the material

Web Sources An Entire Web Site

Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of

institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of

publication Date of access

Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and

Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10

May 2006


26

A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing

An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given

Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of

Publication Date of Access

Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make

Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication

Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future

Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)

n pag Web 20 May 2009

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access


27

Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin

Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009

An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005

642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009

Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical

Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication

Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web

Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web

A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np

Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site

Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site

(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of

Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009


28

(Sample) Works Cited

Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health

Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis


Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and

Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make

Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24

May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007

82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future

Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009

Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10

May 2006

Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009


29

Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005

642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical

Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and

Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of

Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking

2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette

IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York

Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin



2

Tone ldquoThe writerrsquos or speakerrsquos attitude toward the subject the

audience or herself or himself the emotional coloring or

emotional meaning of a workrdquo

Source Arp Thomas R and Greg Johnson Perrinersquos Literature Structure Sound and Sense eighth edition Boston Heinle amp Heinle

2002

Tone Words

List 5 distinct words that may describe the tone or attitude of a piece of writing

1 4

2 5

3

Now letrsquos see how many tone words we have discovered Stand up Each person will give the

first tone word on hisher list that has not yet been stated If your tone word has been used put a

check mark next to it Once either you or another student has said all five of your tone words sit

down

SHORT PASSAGES FOR DISCUSSION

Letrsquos begin to practice the analysis of tone by using short passages that use a specific device

such as Diction Images Details Language or Sentence Structure to convey tone Suggest

what tone words you would use to describe the speakers attitude

1 In his A Rose for Emily William Faulkner has created clear tone Identify the tone then

examine and provide examples of diction details imagery and syntax that create the tone

They rose when she entered--a small fat woman in black with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head Her skeleton was small and spare perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water and of that pallid hue Her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand She did not ask them to sit She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain

William Faulkner from ldquoA Rose for Emilyrdquo


3








football









January



of your bad habits










cut my nails














4






















Para-

graph


2


Critical sarcastic


Matter-of-fact

superior


5











































6




Para-

graph


1





Exasperation

Para-

graph



7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















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May 2006



29











3








football









January



of your bad habits










cut my nails














4






















Para-

graph


2


Critical sarcastic


Matter-of-fact

superior


5











































6




Para-

graph


1





Exasperation

Para-

graph



7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











4






















Para-

graph


2


Critical sarcastic


Matter-of-fact

superior


5











































6




Para-

graph


1





Exasperation

Para-

graph



7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











5











































6




Para-

graph


1





Exasperation

Para-

graph



7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











6




Para-

graph


1





Exasperation

Para-

graph



7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











7

A MODEST PROPOSAL




Jonathan Swift 1729













the nation













thousands









8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











8














that art






least objection















winter






9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











9







among us










gentlemen


























10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











10





worse

















episcopal curate









manufacture









11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











11





































12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











12



1 allegory



2 alliteration






4 climax



5 connotation



6 denotation


7 flashback



8 foreshadowing



9 gothic



10 hero



11 hyperbole



12 lyric poem



13 metaphor



14 narrative poem




13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











13

16 personification



17 plot



18 point of view



19 setting



20 simile



21 soliloquy



22 stanza








24 theme



25 thesis



26 tone







14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











14

















15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











15
















16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











16












17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











17

















18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











18















19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














27

















28












May 2006



29











19



High Score (8-9)








Medium Score (5)




20






Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















23















24














25


















May 2006


26














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May 2006



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Low Score (1-2)








21


General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










22


















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May 2006


26














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May 2006



29











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General Format




Paper Format


General Guidelines










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May 2006


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May 2006



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Documents

AP English Language and Composition Short Story and …nienaber108.wikispaces.com/file/view/AP+Language+booklet.pdf · AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection