LOGOS AP English

STANDARDS

  2.6 Expository Critique: critique the power, validity, and truthfulness of arguments set forth in public documents; their appeal to both friendly and hostile audiences; and the extent to which the arguments anticipate and address reader concerns and counterclaims (e.g., appeal to reason, to authority, to pathos and emotion)

 Objectives:   analyze appeals to logos   Review for test on Thursday

DO NOW

Think of your favorite song or poem.

1.  How is your song/poem organized? Some possible answers are…. o  Cause and effect o  A general claim with examples to support it o  An anecdotal story about personal experience o  A definition or claim about the meaning of something

2.  Also, What kind of evidence does your song/poem use? Some possible answers are….

o  Facts/statistics/logical reasons o  Personal experience o  Testimonial evidence (someone else’s personal experience) o  Evidence by comparison to a similar idea/thing

LECTURE: LOGOS AND EVIDENCE

 Evidence   Anything used to support the claim

  Evidence, to be useful and persuasive, must be relevant and verifiable by the audience   A literary critic must cite the works discussed

and quote from the texts to prove a claim.   A historian must carefully note the artifactual

or documentary evidence basic to the argument being made.

  A scientist must explain the nature of observations or experiments, the collection of data, the conditions, so that the study can be replicated.

LECTURE: LOGOS AND EVIDENCE

  Anecdote

  Statistic

  Analogies/Comparison

  Testimonial

  Personal stories   This is like that time when I was…

  Numbers, facts, data, etc.   5 out of 10…..   In 1992, the L.A. riots…

  Using a comparison to a similar situation

  This is similar to ….

  Using a source of ethos/credibility   Michael Jordan endorses Nike shoes

because he uses them.

Evidence Types

LECTURE: LOGOS (TYPES OF ORGANIZATION)

  ARRR Thesis/Essay   Begins with a general claim,

and has specific evidence and reasons to support it

  Venn Diagrams, Double-Bubbles

  Shows how A is better/worse by juxtaposing it next to B

Hourglass Essay: Inductive Reasoning

Comparison/Contrast Essay

LECTURE: LOGOS (TYPES OF ORGANIZATION)

  If ______________ occurs, then __________ will occur.

  A claim about the meaning or nature of something.

Cause and Effect: Deductive Logic Narration/Definition

SUMMARY

  If the evidence given is not necessarily logical or factual, but persuades the audience, is it convincing?

 What does it mean to look at the order in which evidence appears?

 Challenge: Why in an academic setting (school) might we force you to commonly use ARRR?

ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS

SUMMARY CONTINUED

LOGOS ANALYSIS

  Identify each section from “Virginia Convention on Page..)

  Past experiences of wrongs committed by the British

  Resolution to war.

  Past attempts to correct the situation

  Counterargument to America’s weakness as a nation

  Purpose: to discuss freedom from or slavery to Britain

LOGOS ANALYSIS

Evidence Say

Analysis Mean

Analysis Matter

STATIONS

 Tone  Diction  Philosophy  Purpose  Sentence Types

TONE DIRECTIONS

1.  Read each paragraph for “Speech in the Virginia Convention” by Patrick Henry on page 187.

2.  For each paragraph, state Henry’s tone for a specific subject.

1.  For example, in paragraph 1, Henry’s attitude is ___________ toward ___________.

3.  Then answer the multiple choice question, and explain your answer in writing.

TONE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION (2.6)

 Overall, Patrick Henry’s attitude toward the act of going to war conveys a)  strong anxiety b)  some disapproval c)  ambivalence d)  strong approval

TONE ANSWERS (2.6)

 Overall, Patrick Henry’s attitude toward the act of going to war conveys   strong approval

  Patrick Henry has strong approval for this course of action because he believes war is the only option, even though it may “give offense”, and is an opinion “opposite of theirs.”

  His tone shifts from strong approval about the war to vehement anger toward the King and his acts against the colonies. There are resonances of hope as well mixed in.

DICTION DIRECTIONS

1.  Read the last paragraph for “Speech in the Virginia Convention” by Patrick Henry on page 190. It begins with “It is in vain…give me death!”

2.  For the following words, try to define their meaning in context.

1.  For example, “extenuate” might mean “to draw out further”

2.  Words: 1.   Cry from “Gentlemen may cry” 2.   Gale from “The next gale that sweeps from the north” 3.   Brethren from “Our brethren are already in the field!” 4.   Dear from “Is life so dear?”

3.  Then answer the multiple choice questions, and explain your answer in writing.

DICTION

  (2.2) In paragraph , line 5, “entertaining” most nearly means…

  interesting   occupying   considering   charming   receiving

 (2.2) In paragraph 1, line 6, “sentiments” most nearly means:

 emotions  thoughts  teachings  orders  faults

DICTION ANSWERS (2.2) 1.   Cry from “Gentlemen may cry” means “to cry out” 2.   Gale from “The next gale that sweeps from the north” means “storm” 3.   Brethren from “Our brethren are already in the field!” means “brothers” 4.   Dear from “Is life so dear?” means “precious”

  (2.2) In paragraph , line 5, “entertaining” most nearly means…   Considering

This is the correct answer because in context, the sentence reads “I hope I will not be thought disrespectful if I entertain opinions opposite their own.”

Entertain here then does not mean to occupy or keep entertained, but to think through.

  (2.2) In paragraph 1, line 6, “sentiments” most nearly means:

 Thoughts

Sentiments is a synonym to opinion in this context, and thus “thoughts” is the closest answer.

PHILOSOPHY DIRECTIONS

1.  Read the last paragraph for “Speech in the Virginia Convention” by Patrick Henry on page 189. It begins with “They tell us, sir, that we are weak--”

2.  Fill out the chart.

3.  Answer the multiple choice questions and explain your answers.

How does his audience feel about the American Colonists’ strength?

How does he feel about the American Colonists’ strength?

PHILOSOPHY MULTIPLE CHOICE

  (2.5) The reader can infer from the speech that the author believes the majority of Americans   Are weak and cannot stand up to fight   Will be stronger in the future   Are strong because liberty is on their side   Are strong because God will fight the entire battle for them

  (2.5) In the middle of the paragraph, the author implies that God will protect the Colonists when he says   “But when will we be stronger?”   “Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those

means which the God of nature hath placed in our power”   “There is a just God who presides over the destinies of

nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us”

  “The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone”

PHILOSOPHY MULTIPLE CHOICE ANSWERS   (2.5) The reader can infer from the speech that the author

believes the majority of Americans   Are strong because liberty is on their side

He states this when he says “Three million people, armed in the holy cause of liberty”

  (2.5) In the middle of the paragraph, the author implies that God will protect the Colonists when he says   “There is a just God who presides over the destinies of

nations and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us”

While another answer choice mentions God, this quotation shows God looking over the Colonists and helping them in battle.

PURPOSE DIRECTIONS

1.  Read the first paragraph for “Speech in the Virginia Convention” by Patrick Henry on page 187. It begins with “Mr. President: No man thinks more highly”

2.  Complete the rhetorical triangle. 3.  Look at what you labeled for the subject and

tone. How are those tow related? 4.  Answer the multiple choice question and

explain your answers.

PURPOSE (SUBJECT)

 (2.6) The author addresses his speech toward the President because in his day:   the president had complete authority

over the men drafting the Constitution   the president had political power to influence other

men’s opinions   the president was weak and needed help making

decisions   anybody could get their voice heard by speaking to

the President   Patrick Henry disliked the President

PURPOSE (SUBJECT)

 (2.6) The author addresses his speech toward the President because in his day:   the president had political power to influence other

men’s opinions

Patrick Henry needed to sway the President to sway the men. His subject is war with Britain, and he is very passionate and forceful when discussing it. Therefore, Patrick Henry must need to persuade the President to go to war to help convince the other men.

SENTENCE TYPES DIRECTIONS

1.  Read the last paragraph for “Speech in the Virginia Convention” by Patrick Henry on page 188. It begins with “And what have we to oppose them?”

2.  Identify the following items: 1.  1 simple sentence 2.  1 fragment 3.  1 compound sentence

3.  State the effect on the audience of each sentence type

SENTENCE TYPE ANSWERS 1.  1 simple sentence

1.  Shall we try argument? 2.  Sir we have been trying that for the last ten years. 3.  Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? 4.   EFFECT: the effect of these simple sentences is to create a direct

and forceful tone to the President and other men assembled. The simple sentence drives home the point that there is no other course of action but war.

2.  1 fragment 1.  Nothing. 2.   EFFECT: Because this is not a complete sentence, it emphasizes

that there is nothing to do but war. All their other efforts have come to nothing, and the incomplete sentence displays this futility.

3.  1 compound sentence 1.  We have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but

it has been all in vain. 2.   EFFECT: In a coupound sentence, both parts are equal. Since the

author uses the conjunction “but”, he sets up a contrast between the two parts. The colonists’ attempts at reconciliation are equal to vanity, which in this context meant uselessness.