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8/12/2019 AP Chapter 12-Part 1
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The 2nd War for
Independence & the
Upsurge o f Nat ional ism
1812-1824
American Pageant Chapter 12
Part 1
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On to Canada over Land &
LakesAmerica: Army ill-trained & scattered Canada important battleground Poor 3 pronged offensive strategy
Detroit, Champlain, & Niagara All beaten back
But more success on the water
British: Energy & vitality Early victory at Fort Michilmackinac
Brilliant defensive campaign Rebuffed U.S. advances in Canada
several times in 1813
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On to Canada over Land &
Lakes
American craft More skill
Better gunners Angry at impressment Frigatesthicker sides&
heavier firepower I.E. The onst tut on Old
Ironsides
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On to Canada over Land &
Lakes
Control of Great Lakes--vital Oliver Hazard Perry victory
Lake Erie Infused new life into U.S. cause
Battle of the Thames Oct. 1813 British fleeing from Lake Erie battle
Defeated by General Harrison
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On to Canada over Land &
Lakes
Late 1814 U.S. defending own land
Napoleon defeatedBritish no longerdistracted
British try to take New York Through river/lake route Thomas Macdonough challenges bigger
British fleet Victory forces British retreat & saves N.Y.
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Washington ur s & New OrleansDefended
"Will you believe it my sister, wehave a battle or skirmish nearthe city. I am still within soundsof the cannons, Mr. Madison comesnot. May God protect us. Twomessengers come in and asked me
to leave the capitol, I must stayhere and wait for my husband."~Dolly Madison
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
Washington ur s: The 25th of August 1814, the British marched down Constitution
Avenue bearing a flag of truce and demanded a surrender. The flag of truce--fired upon from a house. The British troops rushed into the house, put all who were in it to the
sword & then reduced the house to ashes. British then burn and destroy every building connected to thegovernment.
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
Washington ur s continued: While Washington burned, the President and his cabinet fled westward
in to the hills of Virginia. At the White House, Mrs. Madison was persuaded to leave. British soldiers arrived at the President's house & found a dinner
prepared for 40 people. They first ate every bit of food and drank every bottle of wine, thendestroyed the White House
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
Fort McHenry & the Star Spangled Banner: Francis Scott Key
September 1814, Baltimore, an attorney Went aboard British ship to negotiate releaseof a prisoner
Not allowed to leave until after Britishattacked Fort Mc Henry
Had to watch heavy bombardment on his owncountry for 25 hours.
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
Fort McHenry & the Star Spangled Banner: Francis Scott Keys feelings are best described
in his own words, from a speech he deliveredyears later at Frederick, Md., before a home-town audience:
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
I saw the flag of my country waving over acitythe strength and pride of my nativeStatea city devoted to plunder and
desolation by its assailants. I witnessed thepreparation for its assaults, and I saw thearray of its enemies as they advanced to theattack. I heard the sound of battle; the noise ofthe conflict fell upon my listening ear, and toldme that the brave and the free had met theinvaders.
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
In the same speech, he described how his tense emotionswere suddenly released at the sight of the Americanflag still waving defiantly over the ramparts of Fort
McHenry at dawn on September 14:Through the clouds of the war the stars of that bannerstill shone in my view, and I saw the discomfited hostof its assailants driven back in ignominy to their
ships. Then, in that hour of deliverance and joyfultriumph, my heart spoke; and Does not such a countryand such defenders of their country deserve a song?was its question. With it came an inspiration not to beresisted...
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Washington Burns & New
Orleans Defended
Andrew Jackson (Battle of HorseshoeBend)
Battle of New Orleans: British superior in #, but Mistakenly attacked entrenched U.S. Victory occurred 2 weeks after Treaty of
Ghent Brought wave of nationalism British reaction--naval blockade
Hurt U.S. economy & bankrupt Treasury
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The Treaty o f Ghent
Tsar Alexander I offered to mediate Met in Ghent (in Belgium) in 1814
U.S. diplomats included John Quincy Adams &Henry Clay British made sweeping demands Americans rejected News of British losescompromise Signed Dec. 24, 1814 Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost
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Federal ist Grievances & the Hartfo rd
Convent ion
Defiant New England Worsened by Blockade Extremists Blue Light Federalists
Hartford Convention--1814 Minoritysuccession Majorityaddress grievances
Financial assistance, Amendment for embargoes, abolish 3/5Clause Single term presidents, no successive presidents from same state
Arrived in D.C. same time as news of New Orleans & Ghent
Envoys slunk away in disgrace and into obscurity
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The 2ndWar for American
Independence
War globally unimportant; huge consequence in U.S. New respect for U.S. forces & diplomats Sectionalism(temporarily) discredited Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison
War heroes & future presidents
Indian cede more land in treaties
Manufacturing prospered Rush-Bagot agreement 1817
Reduce naval arms in Great Lakes
Leads to longest unguarded border in world
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Nascen t National ism
By-product of warNationalism National literature
Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper
American scenes & themes American textbooks
ArtAmerican landscapes
Revived Bank of United Stated1816 Army expanded Navymore glory w/victories
sound beating to Barbary pirates
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The American System
After warBritish dumping manufactured goods Tariff of 1816sole purpose--protective tariff
American System
Henry Clay Strong Banking system Protective tariffs Network of roads & canals
Better transportation needed in west (& why Canada battles lost) Madison vetoes $1.5 million given to state for internal
improvements not Constitutional Individuals statesown construction programs
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The So-Cal led Era o f Good
Feelings
James Monroe Election of 1816
Won 183 to 34 in Electoral College
VA Dynasty Level headed & sober Goodwill tour
Received well even in Federalist New England Era of Good feelings--unity
Misnomersectionalism, etc. brewing
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The Pan ic o f 1819 & the Curse of
Hard Times
Panic of 1819 1st panic since Washington Over-speculation of frontier lands
Wildcat western banks Bank of United States forces them to foreclose
on farms Bank of U.S. financial devil to west
Poor classesmost severe Seeds of future Jacksonian Democracy Leads to remedial legislation for treatment of
debtors
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Grow ing Pains o f the West
1791-18199 new frontier statesFree or Slave? Westward movement Cheap land appealed to European immigrants
Land exhaustion in South Economic distress, i.e. embargo Building of highways, i.e. Cumberland Road Steamboat
Land Act of1820 80 acres for $1.25 an acre
West needs: cheap money & transportation
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Slavery & the Sect ional
Balance
Missouri applies for statehood1819 Tallmadge amendment
No more slaves brought in Gradual emancipation of next generation of slaves Southerners defeat law in the Senate Worrieddangerous precedent towards abolition?
Sectional Congress North more populousmajority in House Equal representation in Senate (11 slave/free each)
Slavery issue increases as a moral question
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The Uneasy Missour i
Compromise 1820Proposed by Henry Clay:
Missouri (slave) Maine (free) (kept even Senate)
No slavery north of the line 36 30exceptMissouri
Neither North or South pleased
Postponed sectional conflict James Monroeelection of 1820
Popularity overshadowed unpopular compromise
Received all E V but 1 (only GW unanimous)