AP Chap. 6 Theme 1608-1763The Duel for North America

• As part of their worldwide rivalry, Great Britain and France engaged in a great struggle for colonial control of North America, culminating in the British victory in the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) that drove France from the continent with the Treaty of Paris of 1763. The French defeat created conditions for a growing conflict between Britain and its American colonies, as the colonists increasingly resented Britain’s authority, presence, and taxation over them.

• St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572– Protestant Huguenots butchered by Catholics

• Edict of Nantes, 1598 – tolerate Protestants• King Louis XIV – interested in colonies• 1608 – French settlement at Quebec• Slow population growth in New France=Canada• Samuel de Champlain - “Father of New France”

– Friendly with Huron Indians and together battled with Iroquois, who will retaliate

French government autocratic

Slow population growth -= by 1750, only 60,000

• Beaver valuable• Coureurs de bois, Voyageurs• French Catholic missionaries

– Zealous to convert Indians, little success• Antoine Cadillac– Detroit 1701

- To keep British out of protect Ohio Valley • Robert de La Salle - Mississippi,

“Louisiana,” settle New Orleans* (1718)- to keep Spanish out

• Also into Illinois valley – very fertile, much grain

• 1688 – 1783: England, France, and Spain fighting in Europe which spread to 4 wars in New World colonies

• King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War– British colonists v. French and Indian allies, and then

Spain, and they lost– Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 – Britain gets Acadia,

Newfoundland, Hudson Bay– Britain gets trading rights in Spanish America, but

friction over smuggling• War of Jenkins’ Ear – 1739, Caribbean and Georgia

• King George’s War 1744 – 1748– France allied with Spain against New England colonists

and captured Ft. Louisbourg, but treaty gave it back to French; colonists were furious

• Ohio Valley – Both French and British wanted it

• French build forts, English colonists claim land

• George Washington - Sent to Ohio Valley, confronts French at Ft.

Duquesne, colonists win, build Ft. Necessity, the French counterattack and capture Washington and his men, but they’re allowed to leave

• British uproot French Acadians in Nova Scotia– Many go to Louisiana = Cajuns

• First 3 wars had started in Europe• French and Indian War ( Seven Year’s War) starts here

with battle of Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh) in 1754• Fought in West Indies, Philippines, Europe (England and

Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia), Africa, and on oceans.

• British call for inter-colonial Congress – Albany, NY– 7 of 13 colonies sent representatives

• To keep Iroquois on their side• To inspire colonial unity • Benjamin Franklin – inspirational

at this Albany Congress; cartoon– He proposed colonial home rule, but not given

• General Braddock sent to America– Not effective– Defeated by Indians– Braddock killed

• Indians go on the warpath – with much scalping

• British now launch invasion of Canada in 1756– Tried to attack too much, ratherthan just Quebec and Montreal

• William Pitt –becomes leader of British government– “The Great Commoner”

• British capture Louisbourg – 1st victory!Battle of Quebec in 1759

– Brit. Wolfe vs. Fr. Montcalm– Battle of Plains of Abraham

• Both Wolfe and Montcalm killed• But French were defeated

• Montreal – last battle in 1760• Treaty of Paris of 1763*

French lose all land in North America but keep a few Caribbean islandsFrench cede Louisiana to Spanish to pay

debt to them for their helpSpain gives Florida to England for Cuba

• War increased the colonists’ confidence• It also shattered the myth of British invincibility• British had been arrogant toward colonial soldiers• British concerned that all the colonists weren’t fully

supporting the war (smuggling)• Colonists refused to provide troops

and money• Colonial barriers began to disappear.

• Acadians – first French settlers to leave Canada from Nova Scotia New Brunswick, Prince Edward

Island, and part of Maine.

• Acadians left in 1755 ( Britain expelled them in La Grand Derangement).

• Fled to Louisiana.• Cajuns• Another group fled in 1763 when

Quebec fell, most to New England• Maintained Roman Catholic religion

• French and Indian War ended menace of France, Spanish, and Indians

• Ottawa Chief Pontiac– Leads tribes against British in Ohio Valley

- Killed 2,000 rural settlers in 1763.- Small pox infected blankets.- convinces British they need to keep

troops in colonies • Americans – land hungry (like Daniel Boone)

– Expect to be able to settle west of Appalachians• But…Proclamation of 1763 , but that doesn’t stop

the colonists, who settle anyway• Not only can’t they settle westward, but the British are going to expect them to pay

for the costs of the war!

Who said this?

• It was impossible to know this country without having wintered here, for on arriving in summer, everything is very pleasant owing to the woods, the fair landscape, the good fishing…but winter in this country lasts six months!

• Samuel de Champlain

– 1610

– Founder of Acadia (Nova Scotia) and then Quebec

Who said this?• I have chosen a life more suited to my

solitary disposition, which nevertheless does not make me harsh to my people; though joined to a life among savages, it makes me, perhaps, less polished and compliant than the atmosphere of Paris requires.

• Robert de La Salle

– Letter to France, 1683

– Discovered the mouth

of the Mississippi

Who said this?

• The Virginia Companies behaved like men and died like soldiers…The English soldiers exposed all those who were inclined to do their duty to almost certain death, and at length, they broke and ran as sheep before the hounds.

• George Washington

– Letter to Gov. Dinwiddie on the Battle of Ft. Duquesne, 1755

AP Question #1

What was the first French settlement in the North America?

A. Jamestown

B. Montreal

C. Quebec

D. New Orleans

E. Ohio Valley

AP Question #2

All of the following are true about the Treaty of Paris of 1763 EXCEPT

a. Spain gained Cuba

b. Britain gained Canada and Florida

c. France kept some Caribbean islands

d. Spain gained Louisiana

e. Britain gained New Orleans

AP Question #3

Whose leadership proved to be the turning point in the French and Indian War?

a. George Washington

b. William Pitt

c. General Braddock

d. General Wolfe

e. Benjamin Franklin

AP Question #4 Whose actions directly began the French and

Indian War?

A. Robert de La Salle

B. King Louis XIV

C. John Wolfe

D. William Jenkins

E. George Washington

AP Question #5 All of the following were aspects of the French and

Indian War EXCEPT:

A. British invincibility was shattered.

B. British forbade exports of all supplies from

New England.

C. British refused to recognize American militia

above the rank of captain.

D. Expansion of colonial settlements.

E. Complete inter-colonial unity.