AP BIOLOGY NAME:____________________________________DATE:__________________________PER:______

CH. 25/26Phylogeny, Systematics &

The Tree of Life: Biological Diversity, OH MY! PHYLOGENY: ("phylon"=__________; "genesis"=___________)

the evolutionary history of a ____________ or group of ____________. Based on ______________ _______________ inferred from fossil. ________________,

and molecular evidence.

SYSTEMATICS: the method of understanding the _____________ & relationships of organisms of morphologically, biochemically & genetically similarities, both present day & _____________.

Recall, homologous structures & embryonic similarities

MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS: compares ________, ________ & other molecules to infer evolutionary __________________ between individual genes and even between entire genomes.

HOMOLOGY vs. ANALOGY: HOMOLOGY : adaptations that have

the ________ origin; common _____________. results from DIVERGENT EVOLUTION (same origin)

ANALOGY : adaptations that have the ________ function, but different origins; _____ common ancestor. results from CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

(different ___________, BUT evolve similar structures/adaptations with similar ____________ because of similar ______________!

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TAXONOMY: the ordered division of organisms into _________________ based on similarities & _______________.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: o "Latinized"o either _____________ or underlined.

1st part = _____________ (always _____________) 2nd part = _____________

HEIRARCHIAL CLASSIFICATION: D___________ K____________ P____________ C________ O________ F__________ G_________ S__________

PHYLOGENIC TREES: depicts evolutionary ____________________ among species.

CLADOGRAM: ("klados" = __________)~ a diagram depicting patterns of shared __________________

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K_______P_________C________O_______F_______G___________S_________

Hierarchical _______________

The Universal TREE of __________! o consists of ___ great DOMAINS:

_____________, ___________, & ______________

How to READ a PHYLOGENIC TREE: Each BRANCH POINT represents the

_______________ of 2 evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.

SISTER TAXA are groups of organisms that share an immediate ______________ ______________, & thus, are each other’s closest relatives.

The originating BRANCH POINT represents the _________ common ancestor of all the ________ in the ________________ tree.

A POLYTOMY is a __________ __________ from which more than ____ descendant groups emerge.

o A POLYTOMY indicates that evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are not yet clear…

PHYLOGENIC TREES do ______ necessarily indicate the __________ ages of the particular species. However, it does show the most recent ____________ _____________.

The taxa next to each other on a phylogenic tree did not necessarily evolve from each other, however, their branching from the same origin indicates a ___________ ______________.

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The Universal TREE of __________! o consists of ___ great DOMAINS:

______________, ____________, & ______________

TREE of LIFE 3 DOMAINS:

________________ ________________ ________________

~ (incl. Protists, ___________, _____________ & ______________)

Are HUMANS more closely related to FUNGUS or PLANTS?~ HOW can you tell?

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o As Earth changed, __________ FORMS also changed…

…and vice versa…

o "PRE-LIFE"!: very simple cells were produced through 4 main stages:1) the abiotic/_______________ synthesis of small ______________ molecules, such

as ____________ ___________ & __________________.2) the joining of these small molecules/_______________ into polymers, incl.

______________ & ____________ ___________.3) the packaging of these molecules into "PROTOBIONTS".

PROTOBIONTS : aggregates of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane; exhibit some of the properties associated with life, incl. simple re[production, metabolism and maintaining internal environmental conditions different than their surroundings.

4) the origin of self-replicating molecules that eventually made inheritance possible.

o 1st life forms: _______________________o 1st genetic material was probably _________ (not _________)

RIBOZYMES : an enzyme-like ________ molecule that _______________ reactions during RNA splicing.

A VERY important possible contributor to evolution are MASS EXTINCTIONS! MASS EXTINCTIONS: a large-____________ extinction that includes many

____________ due to a widespread drastic change in the _________________. results in the "freeing up" up ____________!

NICHE (ECOLOGICAL NICHE): The total of a species'/organism's use of the living (___________) & non-living (_____________) resources within the _________________ they inhabit.

o Ex: ____________________________________________________________________

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EUKARYOTES evolved through ______________________!!! [see Fig.26.13 pg.524]o ENDOSYMBIOSIS : "endo" = __________; "symbiosis" =

____________________________ __________________ engulfing other _________________ Evidence: ___________________ & CHLOROPLASTS/PLASTIDS having their own

_________ & double ________________.

MULTI-CELLULAR EUKARYOTES evolved first as ______________ of cells, that later became ________________ for different functions.

o “CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION”: a period of time when most of the major phyla of animals suddenly appear.

o ____________ & FUNGI first colonized land, followed by ______________.o CONTINENTAL DRIFT & ______________!

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PHYLOGENIC TREES: depicts evolutionary ____________________ among species.

CLADOGRAM: ("klados" = __________)~ a diagram depicting patterns of shared __________________

Differentiate PHYLOGENIC TREES & CLADOGRAMS: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Which should come “first”? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A CLADOGRAM by itself, does _______ imply ________________ history; but simply shows patterns of similar ________________/_________________. However, IF the shared characteristics are due to ______________ ______________, then the characteristics are __________________, and that particular CLADOGRAM forms the basis for a ___________________ __________. Within the CLADOGRAM, a CLADE is a group of ____________ that includes an

ancestral ____________ & all its _______________.o MONOPHYLETIC GROUP: a group consisting of onlyo PARAPHYLETIC GROUP : a group that consists of an ancestral species & only

__________, but not all, of its descendants.o POLYPHYLETIC GROUP : a group that includes taxa from more than one

ancestral species.

SHARED ANCESTRAL CHARACTER (aka SHARED PRIMITIVE CHARACTER): These are traits/characters in a group that _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SHARED DERIVED CHARACTER: These are traits/______________ in a group that _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________