AP Biology Summer Assignment 2014 - Liberty Union High ...ca01001129.schoolwires.net/cms/lib7/CA01001129/Centricity/Domain...Welcome to AP biology! I know the words “summer assignment”

Welcome to AP Biology Boot Camp 2014 Welcome to AP biology! I know the words “summer assignment” tends to send chills down any high school

student’s spine but I think that you will find that this summer will delve into the world of biology like you never thought you would in those hot months! We will explore many topics to whet your appetite for the coming year

of hard work.

This summer assignment has been designed for several purposes: 1. To get you to think about AP Biology & to keep your mind sharp, because I will expect a lot out of it. 2. To get you outside and look more closely at nature. 3. To expand your vocabulary by familiarizing you with terms that we will be using in class. 4. To introduce you to major concepts from AP Biology through non-classroom methods of learning. 5. To have you earn some strong grades to help you begin the first quarter with confidence. 6. To decrease the amount of new material that you will have to learn during the school year.

# TIMELINE DATE COMPLETED ASSIGNED TASK

1 Due by

Fri. June 6th

Email Mrs. Peddie at [email protected] Due by

Fri. June 6th

Have your Parents Email [email protected]

2 Due by Fri. June 6th

Upload Introduction letter to www.dropitto.me/mspeddie pw: mspeddie


Visit Mrs. Peddie’s website http://libertyunion.schoolwires.net/mspeddie o Register for a schoolwires account if you don’t have one o Complete the AP Biology Survey


Visit EduactionPlanner.org and take the Learning Styles Quiz so you can figure out how you learn and so you can study smart!!! http://www.educationplanner.org/students/self-assessments/learning-styles.shtml £ Print out or write down the suggestions for in your notebook


REMIND 101: Text @APpeddie14 to (210) 598-5152 (text reminders)

6 Ongoing Login to YouTube and Subscribe to Bozeman Biology

7 Ongoing Login to Mrs. Peddie’s Webpage and download the AP Biology Animation List and save it to

your computer… Use it often

8 First Week of summer

Set up a Wolf Pack to study with… Just like most animals AP students do better when “hunting” for knowledge together.

9 First Week of summer

Get required materials for class £ College Ruled 5 subject Mead 5 star Spiral notebook (9 x11) w/ pockets £ Colored Pencils, Red Pen, Blue Pen, Highlighters, Glue Sticks

10A Due 2nd day of School

Complete the experimental design activity after reviewing experiential design http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench

10B Due 2nd day of School

Start reviewing the Graphing 101 PowerPoint £ Complete the attached graphing assignment £ ALL GRAPHS must be hand drawn on graph paper in AP Biology

11 Due 2nd day of School

Its’ All Greek to Me : Words and Science Meanings Assignment Answers must be hand written


Start your Digital Collection (no real specimens, photos only!)


Start reading Survival of the Sickest and doing the reading guide posted on the class website: http://libertyunion.schoolwires.net/mspeddie

14 Ongoing

Pre-Read the Evolution Unit in your Review Book Barron’s (4th edition) or Cliffnotes AP Biology (4th edition)


Start reviewing the Evolution Unit PowerPoints and use the attached templates to take Cornell Notes for Chapters 20,17,18,19 PowerPoint’s are on my website **** All work must be handwritten*****http://libertyunion.schoolwires.net/mspeddie.


Start reviewing the Evolution Unit PowerPoints or Cornell notes and answer the guide notes pages. Most answers to the guided notes can be found in PPT’s. **** All work must be handwritten*****


After you have completed the Cornell Notes and Guided Notes for Evolution Write your 1st Evolution Free Response Question (Essay) ¨ Use the attached paper to Brainstorm… ¨ Type final draft and do work cited (MLA)

18 Ongoing Check your e-mail regularly for messages from Ms. Peddie

ASSIGNMENT #2: LETTER OF INTRODUCTION Welcome to AP Biology! We are going to spend a lot of time together next year, so it’s best if I get a head start on learning a bit about you. Also we will use the Internet and the Web a lot next year for this course, so let’s get you used to communicating with me via e-mail. Your first digital assignment is to successfully send me an e-mail. Due date: Friday, June 6, 2014

Draft a letter to me following these rules:

1. Use clearly written, full sentences. Do not abbreviate words like you are on AIM with a friend.

2. Use spell check! This is a professional communication like you would have with a college professor, so let’s practice for your rapidly nearing future!

3. Upload the letter to www.dropitto.me/mspeddie pw: mspeddie

4. Save the files as a PDF or .DOC and name it AP Bio: Introduction to <Insert Your Name Here>” A. (Do not include the quote marks or the brackets, just the words)

5. Begin the letter with a formal salutation, like “Mrs. Peddie,” or “Dear Mrs. Peddie,”

6. Now introduce yourself (your name) and tell me a little bit about yourself, like:

A. What do you like to do (hobbies, sports, music, interests, etc.)?

B. Do you have a job?

C. Tell me a little bit about your family (Mom? Dad? Guardian? Siblings? Pets?)

D. What do your parents do for a living?

E. What did you liked about your last biology class?

F. What did you disliked about your last biology class?

G. What was science type thing you did for fun?

H. What are you looking forward to the most in AP Biology?

I. What are you most anxious about in AP Biology?

J. How well do you think that you were prepared for your AP Biology in your last science class?

K. What is your motivation for taking AP Biology?

L. What do you want to do when you graduate high school?

M. Are there any special circumstances I should know about you or your life?

7. End the letter with a formal closing: “Cordially”, “Sincerely”, “Warm regards”, etc. and add your name as if you signed a letter.

8. Be forewarned I am assessing how well you can follow instructions, as well as leaning more about you!

9. Letter must be received on time to receive full credit.

ASSIGNMENT #10: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND GRAPHING (Due the 2nd day of AP Biology.) The College Board requires that we complete 12 labs. We will use many different sources to help us such as http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench I would like to give you’re the opportunity to review and practice your experimental design skills prior to entering the class. This assignment is to be word processed, incorporate all the components of a lab protocol and in addition must include all the following:

Background (Answer Questions #1-8 on a separate sheet of paper) 1. What is a hypothesis?

2. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?

3. Why is it vital to work with large sample sizes of organisms in an experiment?

4. What is an independent variable (IV),

5. What is a dependent variable (DV)?

6. What are controlled variables (constants) (CVs)?

7. Why is it important to have a limited number of independent variables?

8. Given the above scenario a. Create a hypothesis b. Identify the variables (IV, DV, CVs) c. Calculate the percent mass change for each plant/each day d. Graph the Data (must be hand done on graph paper)

Scenario:

Dr. Verdant recently noticed that our rainfall in the summer is declining. She also noticed that many people in her neighborhood are watering their lawns nightly. She is concerned about the increased demand on the local water supply and decides to find more drought-tolerant grass to plant in her yard. Drought-tolerant plants grow well even if they are not given a large amount of water. She is trying to study the water lose of plants under different environmental conditions so she places her favorite pansies in (5) different conditions… Normal, In front of a constant fan, in a plastic bag, constant dark, and lastly constant light. The following data was collected ( all measurements are in grams )

Initial (Day 1) Day 2 Day 3 Day 4

Normal (window) 178.27 168.58 156.47 141.6 Dry (constant fan) 83.69 78.4 76.24 65.78

Wet (inside plastic bag) 163.98 164.68 157.21 157.44 Constant Light 136.1 124.29 100.8 92.94 Constant Dark 142.49 135.95 135.71 132.66

9. Design an experiment to test that hypothesis. Do not actually set up and perform the experiment. Make sure to include:

a. Background section b. Purpose c. Constants d. Materials e. Detailed Procedures f. Data section (for data if they were to do the experiment)

10. Write an analysis of the graph from the data above to analyze how plants in different conditions

react to water loss .The analysis should include the following: A. Results, Evidence and Explanation (Ree) give the answer to the purpose question (results) with numerical

data, if possible, as evidence. Then, explain whether the data support or refute the hypothesis and why. Give specific examples.

a. Possible Errors (Pe) identify the sources of experimental design errors that would lead to fallacious (false or misleading) data, and explain the possible implications from making such errors; give recommendations to improve the experiment to minimize these sources of errors

b. Practical Applications (Pa) discuss the meaning or value of the experimental results in the short term and in the long term. How are the findings valuable to the scientist, the company, or the scientific community? What recommendations can be made about using the data or for planning future

Cornell notes — Graphing 101 Questions? Summary:

GRAPHING PRACTICE 1. Baby chickens, like all baby birds, require a constant source of food. As chick grow, more energy is required for daily

activities, and their food requirements increase. The following data table reports the average food eaten by a group of 10 chickens over a 5-day period.

Baby Chicken Food Consumption Questions Day Food Consumed (g)

1. Identify the independent: 2. Identify the dependent variables: 3. How much grain did the chicks eat on day 3?

0 0.0 1 1.0 2 3.2 3 --- 4 10.6 5 15.4

2. Elodea, a water plant commonly found in aquariums, gives off bubbles of oxygen when placed in bright light. Students

in a biology class noted that if a light were placed at different distances from the plant in an aquarium, the rate of bubble production varied. The following data table shows the average results from several trials.

Elodea Bubble Production Questions

Distance from Light (cm)

Bubble Production Rate (bubbles per min)

1. Identify the independent: 2. Identify the dependent variables:

3. What is the best light distance for optimal oxygen production?

10 40 20 20 30 10 40 6

50 3

3. The data below summarizes the results of a scientific experiment on the effects of a growth hormone (gibberellic acid) on plant height. A 0.1 molar solution was used in all experiments.

Gibberellic Acid and Plant Height Questions

Gibberellic Acid (0.1 M) (mL)

Plant Height at 1 Week (cm)

1. Identify the independent variable:

2. Identify the dependent variable:

3. Estimate the plant height at 10 mL gibberellic acid.

4. Estimate the plant height at 25 mL?

5. Explain why the plant height at 60 mL is not consistent with the rest of the data.

20 18.5 30 20.7 40 45.2 50 62.3 60 10.6

4. A team of scientists wanted to test the effects of temperature on the germination rate of pinto beans. They placed

three sets of 100 pinto bean seeds in temperature-controlled chambers: Chamber A was set at 15o C, chamber B at 20oC, and chamber C at 25oC. Their results are shown in Table 1 below:

Germination Rates of Pinto Beans Questions

Day % Germination

(15o C) % Germination

(20o C) % Germination

(25o C) 1. Identify the independent variable:

2. Identify the dependent variable:

3. Compare and contrast the growth rate of pinto beans at the different temperatures.

4. Summarize the experimental results.

0 0 0 0 2 2 10 10 4 10 30 50 6 20 40 80 8 20 60 90

10 35 70 90

ASSIGNMENT #11: IT’S ALL GREEK TO ME: One of the major challenges in the class is the amount of vocabulary that you will need to learn. To help you get a jump-start on the vocabulary requirements for the course, your summer assignment is to learn the various prefixes, suffixes, and roots that will help you this year. Having a good working understanding of common word parts used in science will make most of the year easier. Being able to interpret a biological term will increase your scores on the multiple-choice parts of the AP exams. (Due the 2nd day of AP Biology) *****ALL ANSWERS MUST BE HANDWRITTEN***** Suggested Resources:

1. Any dictionary (regular or medical). 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffix 3. http://www.virtualsalt.com/roots.htm 4. http://biology.about.com/library/prefix/blprefix.htm 5. http://www.m-w.com/ 6. http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zool250/Roots/RootsMain.htm 7. Any others? E-mail me and I’ll pass them on.

Prefix/Root/Suffix Meaning Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

a- without abiotic abiogenesis

annul-

archae-

auto-

amphibi-

anth-

antero-

arachn-

arbor-

arthro-

audi-

-blast

carn-

cata-

centr-

chem-

chym-

cnid-

cocc-

carcin-

chrom-

chlor-‐

-‐cide


contra-

cyano-

de-

dys-

-duct

ec-, ect-

eu-

-fer

fibr-

galact-, galax-

geno-

-gest

gli-, -a, -o

glyc-

-gen

gymn-

herba-

hetero-

hist-

-hybrid

inter-

-ism

kin-/ kinesis-

loc-

-logy

marc-, macro-

men-

mes-

mov- or mot-

mutat-


mycel-

necr-

nem-

nephr-

nom- or nomen-

omni-

para-

phil

-phore

-phyll

phys-

pino-

-plasm; -plast

proto-

-rhage; -rhea

rhin-

rhiz-

sacchari-

sapr-

stom-

sym- or syn-

-tic

troph

-us

-vore

zyg-

ASSIGNMENT #12: DIGITAL BIOLOGY COLLECTION For this part of your summer assignment, you will be familiarizing yourself with science terms that we will be using at different points throughout the year. Each item is worth 2 points. You must earn 70 points by

ü I strongly suggest that you post 5 each week: ü Earn 70 points by “collecting” 35 items from the list of terms. ü You will create your collection in Word or PPT. ü The final project must be printed out and turned in on the second day of class.

ü YOU CAN BE CREATIVE:

If you choose an item that is internal to a plant or animal, like the term “phloem”, you could submit a photograph of the whole organism or a close up of one part, and then explain on the blog what phloem is and specifically where phloem is in your specimen.

ü ORIGINAL PHOTOS ONLY: You cannot use an image from any publication or the Web. You must have taken the photograph yourself. The best way to prove that is to place an item in all of your photographs that only you could have added each time, something that you might usually have on you like a pen or a coin or a key or your cell phone, etc.

ü NATURAL ITEMS ONLY:

All items must be from something that you have found in nature. Take a walk around your yard, neighborhood, and town. DON’T SPEND ANY MONEY! Research what the term means and in what organisms it can be found... and then go out and find an example.

ü DESCRIPTIONS/ EXPLANATIONS: You should give a brief overview of the item explaining what the term/item means, and why it is an example EXAMPLE:

If you choose the term “phloem”, you could submit a photograph you have taken of a plant leaf or a plant stem and then explain on the blog what phloem is and specifically where phloem is in your specimen.

ü TEAM WORK:

You may work with other students in the class to complete this project, but each student must turn in his or her own project with a unique set of terms chosen. So working with other students’ means brainstorming, discussing, and going on collecting trips together. It doesn’t mean using the same items! There are almost 100 choices... probability says there is a very slim chance that any two students will have the same items chosen for their 100 points…and I believe in the statistics!

BIOLOGY COLLECTION TERMS Below are the items you are to “collect”. An individual organism can only be used once. Humans are acceptable for one category only. You must take all photos yourself; no Internet photos! Example:

Keratin is the key of structural protein making up the outer layer of human skin. Keratin molecules form bundles to form intermediate filaments, which form tough, insoluble and strong tissues found in many species such as birds, mammals and reptiles.

Examples: Hair and Nails

INDIVIDUAL ITEMS Each specimen is worth 2 points; you may have up to 2 examples of each item; submitting more than 2 will not add any additional points.

� Adaptation of an animal � Altruistic behavior � Actin � Amniotic egg � Amylase � Angiosperm � Analogous structures � Animal with segmented body � Anther & filament of stamen � Archaebacteria � Arthropod � Asexual reproduction � ATP � Autotroph � Auxin producing area of a plant � Basidiomycete � Batesian mimicry � Bilateral symmetry � Biological magnification � Bryophyte � C3, c4 or cam plant � Calvin cycle � Cambium � Chitin � Cnidarian � Commensalism � Connective tissue � Cuticle layer of a plant � Deciduous leaf � Detritovore � Dominant vs. Recessive phenotype � Echinoderm � Ectotherm � Endosperm � Endotherm � Enzyme � Epithelial tissue � Ethylene � Eukaryote � Exoskeleton � Fermentation � Flower ovary � Frond � Fruit with a fleshy seed � Fruit with a dry seed � Gametophyte � Genetic variation within a population � Genetically modified organism � Gibberellins � Glycogen � Gymnosperm leaf � Hermaphrodite � Heterotroph

� Homologous structures � Invasive or introduced species � Keratin � K-strategist � Lichen � Lipid used for energy storage � Littoral zone organism � Long-day plant � Mating behavior (be careful!) � Meristem � Modified leaf of a plant � Modified root of a plant � Modified stem of a plant � Mollusk � Mullerian mimicry � Mutualism � Mycelium � Mycorrhizae � Myosin � Nematode � Niche � Parasitism � Parenchyma cells � Phloem � Pollen � Pollinator � Population � Predation � Phloem � Pine cone – female � Platyhelminthes � Pollen � Pollinator � Porifera � Protein – fibrous or globular � Protostome � Pteridophyte � R-strategist � Radial symmetry � Rhizome � Seed dispersal (animal, wind, water) � Stem: woody & herbaceous � Spore � Sporophyte � Stigma & style of carpel � Succession � Taxis � Tendril of a plant � Thorn of a plant � Territorial behavior � Tropism � Unicellular organism � Vestigial structure

ASSIGNMENT #13: SURVIVAL OF THE SICKEST: THE CONNECTION BETWEEN DISEASE AND LONGEVITY This is not textbook reading! Your summer reading is an exciting book about science. Yes, there are people who love science so much that they spend their time researching and writing books about it and there are people who love science even more that they spend their time reading these science books. You too may become one of these people, Young Grasshopper! The Book:

Survival of the Sickest reveals the answers to these and many other questions as it unravels the amazing connections between evolution, disease, and human health today.

This book turns our current understanding of illness on its head and challenges us to fundamentally change the way we think about our bodies, our health, and our relationship to just about every other living thing on earth - from plants and animals to insects and bacteria.

This revelatory book explains how, especially when you take the evolutionary long-view, many diseases are really complicated blessings, not simple curses. Survival of the Sickest answers the riddles behind many diseases that seem to be inexplicably wired into our genetic code, starting with the biggest riddle of them all: If natural selection is supposed to get rid of harmful genetic traits, why are hereditary diseases so common?

Through a fresh and engaging examination of our evolutionary history, Dr. Sharon Moalem reveals how many of the conditions that we think of as diseases today actually gave our ancestors a leg up in the survival sweepstakes. When the option is a long life with a disease or a short one without it, evolution opts for the long ball every time.

Survival of the Sickest explores earth, history, and the human genome to discover how environmental, cultural, and genetic differences shaped us through evolution and continue to play an active role in our health today

Everything from the climate our ancestors lived in, to the crops they planted and ate, to their beverage of choice can be seen in our genetic inheritance. But Survival of the Sickest doesn't stop there – it goes on to demonstrate just how little modern medicine really understands about human health, and offers a new way of thinking that can help all of us live longer, healthier lives.

Survival of the Sickest is filled with fascinating insights and cutting-edge research, presented in a way that is both accessible and utterly absorbing. This is a book about the interconnectedness of all life on earth – and, especially, what that means for us.

Read it. You're already living it.

The Task: Read the book while completing the attached reading guide questions. Author : Dr. Sharon Moalem Published by Harper Perennial ISBN: 978-0060889661 **** I have some books to borrow if purchasing it is an issue*****

Name _____________________________________________ ASSIGNMENT #13: SURVIVAL OF THE SICKEST READING GUIDE *****ALL ANSWERS MUST BE HANDWRITTEN***** Task: The following questions should be answered on a separate and attached to this assignment page. All work is due at the end of the first week of school. Introduction 1. What is the “big” question the book will attempt to answer? Chapter I 2. The author points out many ways in which iron impacts life. Identify/describe at least five. 3. In the context of this chapter, explain the author’s reference to Bruce Lee and to the barber pole. Chapter II 4. Distinguish between each of the three types of diabetes. 5. What did the ice cores of 1989 reveal about the Younger Dryas? 6. Describe the body’s “arsenal of natural defenses” against cold. 7. Describe the connection between Rana sylvatica and diabetes. 8. In Chapters I and II several inherited disorders were discussed. Create and complete a chart with the following

information: Disease/Disorder, Symptoms, Evolutionary Advantage Chapter III 9. Why do we need Vitamin D? Cholesterol? Folic acid? 10. Briefly describe the connection between the two concepts:

a. tanning beds; birth defects

b. sunglasses; sunburn

c. hypertension; slave trade

d. Asian flush; drinking water

e. skull shape; climate

f. body hair; malaria

11. What’s so fishy about the Inuits skin color?

12. Explain the good and the bad of ApoE4.

Chapter IV 13. Explain the role of G6PO. 14. Briefly describe the connection between the two concepts:

a. European clover; Australian sheep breeding crisis of the 1940s

b. Capsaicin; birds and mammals

c. Malaria; air conditioning

d. Fauvism; fava beans

15. Explain the following statement found on page 87: “Life is such a compromise.” Chapter V: “Of Microbes and Men” 16. Complete Parasite Chart (go to end of assignment) 17. Identify 3 ways in which microbes/parasites move from host to host. 18. For each pathway listed in question #2, explain the relationship of the mode of transmission to the virulence of the

invader. 19. What is our advantage in the “survive-and-produce” race? Chapter VI: “Jump into the Gene Pool” 20. Briefly discuss the following terms/scientists:

a. Jenner

b. vaccine

c. antibodies

d. B-cells

e. “junk DNA”

f. Lamarck

g. McClintlock

h. retroviruses

21. What is the Weissman barrier? 22. Make connections between the following terms:

a. Transposons; viruses; evolution

b. Sunspots; flu epidemics

23. Humans have about 25,000 genes and more than a million different antibodies. How is this possible? 24. What is a persisting virus? Chapter VII: “Methyl Madness” 25. Make connections between the following terms:

a. vitamin supplement; agouti mice

b. snakes; long-tailed lizards

c. Barker Hypothesis; fathers who smoke

d. Smoking grandmothers; asthmatic children

e. Betel nut chewing; cancer

26. Epigenesist may be partially responsible for the childhood epidemic of obesity. Explain. 27. “Good times mean more boys. Tough times mean more girls.” Explain. Chapter VIII: “That’s Life: Why You and Your iPod Must Die” 28. Make connections between the following terms:

a. Progeria; lamina A

b. Hayflick limit; telomeres

c. Cancer cells; stem cells

d. Size; life expectancy

e. Risky child birth; big brains and bipedalism

29. Explain the author’s iPod and aging analogy. 30. Identify the 5 lines of cancer defense. 31. What are the two accomplishments of biogenic obsolescence? 32. Compare and contrast the Savanna and aquatic ape hypotheses. Conclusion 33. The author hopes that you will come away from this book with an appreciation of three things: ü Life is in a constant state of creation

ü Nothing in our world exists in isolation

ü Our relationship with disease is often much more complex than we may have previously realized.

ü On a personal note, what would you add to his list? 34. “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.” How does the book, Survival of the Sickest, support

this quote by Theodosius Dobzhansky, a noted evolutionary biologist?

Parasites: Survive and Reproduce! Parasite Hosts Manipulative Adaptation Evolutionary Advantage

Dracunculus metinensis Guinea worm

Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga wasp

Dicrocoelium dentriticum Liver fluke

Spinochordodes tellinii Hairworm

Rabies virus

Toxoplasma gondii

Pin worms

Cholera

Plasmodium -Malaria

Inherited Genetic Disorders Disease/Disorder Symptoms Evolutionary Advantage

ASSIGNMENT #15: CORNELL NOTES: EVOLUTION Cornell notes — chapter 20: Origin of Life

Questions? Summary:

Cornell notes — Chapter 17: Darwin, Evolution and Evidence Questions? Summary:

Cornell notes — Chapter 18: The Evolution of Populations

Questions? Summary:

Cornell notes — Chapter 19: The Origin of Species

Questions? Summary:

ASSIGNMENT #16: Evolution Unit Guided Notes

Using the PPT’s located on my website http://libertyunion.schoolwires.net/mspeddie fill in the guided notes.

Chapter 20: Origin of Life 1. Identify the time frame, conditions, and evidence for each of the following steps leading to current life forms on

earth. a. Origin of the earth

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Prokaryotes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Oxidizing atmosphere ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. Eukaryotic cells ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e. Multicellular life ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What was significant about the discovery of the iron oxide bands in the sedimentary layers? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Describe the theory of endosymbiosis. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is special about chloroplasts and mitochondria? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Why did evolution seem to slow 750 to 570 million years ago? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What was special about the Cambrium Explosion? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe the hypothesized conditions on earth when life arose. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Based on the hypothesis about the origin of life, List the four events that are thought to be required for the formation of life.

a. _____________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________ d. ._____________________________________________________________________

9. What processes characterize in protobionts? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Why is RNA now thought to be the first genetic code? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. What did Oparin, Haldane, Miller and Urey do to support the various theories of life? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. What are some of the possible locations for the first life forms? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. What is the basis of the classification system developed by Linneaus? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Why is taxonomy considered a work in progress? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. What are two problems with the five kingdom system of classification? a. ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 16. How has the Domain System altered our view of taxonomy? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. Which prokaryote is closer to the eukaryotes? List several reasons for your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. Place the following metabolic processes in an order that fits this hypothesis for the origin of life: Photosynthesis, Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation, Nucleic Acid replication (RNA or DNA), Membrane transport

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Label the diagram to explain the Miller and Urey experiment to test the Abiotic Synthesis hypothesis.

20. Label the diagram to indicate the major events, the time frame, of the origin of life on Earth.

Chapter 17: Darwin, Evolution and Evidence 21. Identify the three significant historical themes that set the stage for Darwinian evolutionary theory. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

22. Identify the two principles of Lamarck’s theory of evolution. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

23. How did the observations during his voyage on the Beagle influence Darwin’s theories? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. What was so important about the Galápagos Islands in Darwin’s observations? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. What is the driving force behind the evolution of the 14 species of finches on the Galapagos? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

26. What were the five inferences Darwin made after visiting the Galapagos

a. _____________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________

27. How did Darwin’s experience with artificial selection influence his theories of evolution? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. What is the primary mechanism for evolutionary change? ______________________________________________________________________

29. What is another name for a successful trait? ____________________ 30. List 3 other species that Darwin observed in the Galapagos

a. _____________________________ b. _____________________________ c. _____________________________

31. What are the three conditions in nature that must be met to drive natural selection? a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________

32. Briefly discuss how artificial selection leads to new species __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

33. How is selective breeding different from artificial selection? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

34. What is a Homologous structure and how do they support the theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

35. What is an Analogous structure? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

36. What is parallel evolution, give an example __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

37. What other types of anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection. (3) a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________

38. Compare and Contracts Convergent and Divergent evolution, give an example of each. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

39. How does the molecular record support the theory of evolution by means of Natural Selection? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

40. For each of the following, indicate how it is used as evidence of evolution by natural selection. a. Paleontology

___________________________________________________________________________ b. Biogeography

___________________________________________________________________________ c. Homologous structures

___________________________________________________________________________ d. Vestigial organs

___________________________________________________________________________ e. Embryology

___________________________________________________________________________ f. Biochemical similarity

___________________________________________________________________________ 41. To Summarize this chapter, list the 4 major lines of evidence that support the theory of evolution by means of

Natural Selection a. ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________

42. Compare Lamarck’s and Darwin’s explanations for Giraffe neck length ________________________________________________________________________________________

43. How is a breed different from a species? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

44. How are pesticide resistance and drug resistance evidence of Natural selection? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

45. List the different types of Natural selection and give an example of each a. ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________ 46. Discuss how a Lion’s Mane leads to great fitness.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 16: The Evolution Of Populations 47. What is another name for favorable traits? ______________________ 48. What are (3) sources of mutations?

a. ____________ b. ____________ c. ____________

49. What are the (5) agents of evolutionary change? a. ____________________________________ b. ____________________________________ c. ____________________________________ d. ____________________________________ e. ____________________________________

50. Describe in detail how mutation leads to a change in relative fitness. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

51. Why is genetic variation important to evolution? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

52. What is the role of mutations to forming variation? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

53. What factors of sexual reproduction lead to variations within a population? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

54. Population genetics puts a mathematical approach to the study of microevolution. Define each of the terms commonly used in population genetics. a. population: _______________________________________________________________ b. gene pool: _______________________________________________________________ c. allele frequency: __________________________________________________________

55. How does genetic drift apply to each of the following? Give an example of each. a. Gene Flow

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. Founders effect: __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Bottleneck effect __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

56. Discuss how Cheetahs have been affected by genetic drift. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

57. List the five conditions that must be met by populations to insure stability (no evolution). a. _____________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________ e. ____________________________________________________________

58. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg distribution of genes in a population, write the equation that describes genotype frequencies. ___________________________________

59. Define the following: a. p=___________________________________________________________ b. 2pq=_________________________________________________________ c. q=___________________________________________________________

60. How does Hardy Weinberg account for large numbers of people that are heterozygous for Sickle Cell? _____________________________________________________________________________________

a. What is that called? ______________________________________________________________ b. What do sickled cells provide an advantage?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

61. How are each of the following not in line with the Hardy Weinberg Principle a. natural selection: ______________________________________________________________________ b. gene flow: ___________________________________________________________________________ c. mutation: ___________________________________________________________________________ d. selective mating:

___________________________________________________________________________ 62. In a biological sense, what is fitness?

____________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 19: The Origin Of Species 63. Define the term species.

_____________________________________________________________________________________ 64. What conditions are thought to be essential for the formation of distinct species?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

65. Define and give an example for each of the following mechanisms that produce reproductive isolation. a) Geographic isolation

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Ecological isolation ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c) Temporal isolation ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d) Behavioral isolation ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e) Mechanical isolation ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f) Gamete isolation ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

g) Postzygotic Mechanisms ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

h) Hybrid inviability ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

i) Hybrid sterility ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

66. Define these modes of Speciation a. allopatric speciation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. sympatric speciation __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Define and compare gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. _________________________________________________________________________________

ASSIGNMENT #17: FRQ: EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION

Answers must be in essay form. Outline form is not acceptable. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement discussion, but in no case will the diagram alone suffice. It is important that you read each question completely before you begin to write. Write all answers in the space below. Bold Keywords, Italicizes definitions and underline examples. Use the pace below to BRAINSTORM, the final draft should be typed and have a works cites in MLA. Charles Darwin Proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in the similar organism as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. (2001:2)

1) Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by Darwin 2) Explain three of the following and how they relate to Darwin’s Theory

a) Convergent evolution in among separate species in similar biomes b) Speciation and Isolation c) Natural Selection and Heterozygote Advantage d) Homologous structures and comparative embryology.

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AP Biology Summer Assignment 2014 - Liberty Union High ...ca01001129.schoolwires.net/cms/lib7/CA01001129/Centricity/Domain...Welcome to AP biology! I know the words “summer assignment”