AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDECh. 3 - The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

1. How do the chemical characteristics of carbon affect the structure of organic molecules? (p.38-39)

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2. Fill in the functional group chart (Table 3.2)

3. Describe the difference between a monomer and polymer. (p. 40)

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4. Describe the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. (p. 40)

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Functional GroupsGroup Structure Significance

Hydroxyl

Carboxylzxdsd

Amino

Phosphate

AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE5. What two things do functional groups determine? (p. 40)

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6. Define the terms dehydration reaction and hydrolysis reaction. (p. 41)

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7. Label these two types of chemical reactions as either dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis. (p. 41)

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8. Define the following terms: (p. 42)

a. monosaccharide ____________________________________________________________

b. glucose ___________________________________________________________________

c. hexose ____________________________________________________________________

9. How is glucose transported? _______________ . What molecule is it converted into? ___________

10. Distinguish between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide. (p. 42-43)

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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE

11. Describe one structural difference between starch and glycogen. How are starch and glycogen and starch similar? Which is found in plants? Animals? (p. 43 and diagram below).

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12. What are two reasons polysaccharides cannot simply pass through the cell membrane? (p. 43)

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13. Distinguish between cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan? (p. 44)

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14. What are some unique characteristics about each of the 3 storage polysaccharides? (p. 44)

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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE15. What are some unique characteristics about each of the 3 storage polysaccharides? (p. 44)

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16. Why are lipids insoluble in water? ___________________________________________________

17. Why are lipids essential to living organisms?

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LipidsTypes Chemical subunits Function Examples

Phospholipids

Triglycerideszxdsd

Steroids

Waxes

AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE

18. Label the following lipids AND their subunits:

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19. What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane? (p. 46)

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20. Some functions of proteins include the following. Provide one example for each (p.49):

a. metabolism - _______________________________________________________________

b. support - __________________________________________________________________

c. transport - _________________________________________________________________

d. defense - __________________________________________________________________

e. regulation - ________________________________________________________________

f. motion - ___________________________________________________________________

21. Define peptide bond, peptide, and polypeptide (p. 50).

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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE

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22. Using figure 3.15, draw two amino acids joined by a peptide bond. Circle and label all functional groups. Label each amino acid and the peptide bond that connects them.

What type of chemical reaction is this? ________________________________ .

Which of these amino acids is water-soluble and how do you know? ____________________________

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23a. Describe the structures of these levels of protein organization: (p. 49)

a. primary - __________________________________________________________________

b. secondary - ________________________________________________________________

c. tertiary - ___________________________________________________________________

d. quaternary - ________________________________________________________________

23b. What types of chemical bonds are essential for creating the unique shape of each level of protein? (p. 52)

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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE

24. Look at figure 3.16. Label the levels of protein organization including hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, and disulfide bonds where necessary.

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AP BIOLOGY CHAPTER GUIDE

25. What circumstances can cause a protein to become denatured? (p. 53)

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26. What is the general role of a nucleic acid in the body? (p. 54)

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27. Describe the differences of DNA and RNA in the chart below.

28. Define a nucleotide. ______________________________________________________________

29. Label the parts of a nucleotide below using figure 3.18

30. Describe the structural change that occurs when ATP converts to ADP. What type of reaction is this? What is the end result of this reaction? (p. 56)

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DNA RNASugar

Bases

Strands

Helix