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“TO ANY COUNT, TO ALL COUNTS, TO WHAT IS MAN”: FINDING PATTERNS OF GENDER IN EARLY MODERN PLAYS
HEATHER FROEHLICH UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE @HEATHERFRO
ALL’S WELL THAT ENDS WELL ACT II SCENE III 1096-1104
SLICING AND DICING SHAKESPEARE • Open Source Shakespeare • AntConc • Wordhoard • The OED • The Historical Thesaurus of the OED
COLLOCATION The likelihood of one lemma (word) to appear next to another lemma (word) in a corpus
COLLOCATION Dice coefficient test:
• mean of two conditional probabilities: P(w1,w2) and P(w2,w1)
• 2nd word in the bigram appears given the 1st word • 1st word in the bigram appears given the 2nd word
• computed on a scale from 0-1
GENDER & FORMALITY • Man/woman • Lord/lady • Knave/wench
MALE VS FEMALE IN CORPUS • 1012 male characters • 147 female characters • 63 unknown, mixed or otherwise ambiguous characters
MAN, WOMAN
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH Honest A Old No Any Poor Wise This What But These
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN
Young Proper
Good
Honorable
No
Poor Dead
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet
FALSE WOMEN? Falstaff (Merry Wives of Windsor)
The Witches (Macbeth) Viola (12th Night)
Portia (Merchant of Venice)…?
FALSE WOMEN?
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: WOMAN Fat False Foolish Mad Waxen Pernicious Wretched Weak Gentle Sweet
POTENTIAL COLLOCATES: MAN Old Honest Young Wise Proper Good Honorable No Poor Dead
PROPER MAN
PROPER MAN “O, Charles the Dauphin is a proper man; No shape but his can please your dainty eye.” (Richard Plantagenet, Henry VI, part 1 V.iii.249)
“You can play no part but Pyramus; for Pyramus is a sweet-faced man; a proper man, as one shall see in a summer's day; a most lovely gentleman-like man: therefore you must needs play Pyramus.” (Quince, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, I.ii.341)
“Cassio's a proper man: let me see now: To get his place and to plume up my will In double knavery—How, how? Let's see:— After some time, to abuse Othello's ear That he is too familiar with his wife.” (Iago, Othello, I.iii.740)
“No, unpin me here. This Lodovico is a proper man.” (Desdemona, Othello, IV.iii.3056)
“Think not I love him, though I ask for him; 'Tis but a peevish boy; yet he talks well. But what care I for words? Yet words do well When he that speaks them pleases those that hear. It is a pretty youth- not very pretty; But, sure, he's proud; and yet his pride becomes him. He'll make a proper man.” (Phebe, As You Like It, III.v.1764).
MASTER, WOMAN
MASTER, WOMAN
MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR
LORD, LADY
SOME POTENTIAL COLLOCATES FOR BOTH Good
Noble Gracious
Sweet
Young
…
LORD, MAN Good Of What The And Why That No For These Who Young
‘LORD’ FOR GOD
LADY, WOMAN Fair
Poor A
What
Face
No
LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES Sovereign
Beauteous Virtuous
Gallant
Honourable
LADY: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES Or
But Of
Do
Have
Will
Shall Be
In
LORD: LESS-LIKELY COLLOCATES Marquis
Anoint Entreat
Valiant
Fie
Receive
NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE WORDS • Latinate as more formal, Germanic as less formal
• Levin, Long & Schaffer (1981), Levin & Novak (1991), DeForest & Johnson (2001), Bar-Ilian & Berman (2007)
• Shakespeare avoids Latin! • Hope (2012: 260), Spevack (1985: ii. 343-61)
LADY: MORE-LIKELY COLLOCATES Sovereign
Beauteous Virtuous
Gallant
Honourable
CLOSE-READING “I will overglance the superscript: 'To the snow-white hand of the most beauteous Lady Rosaline’ ” (Holofernes, Love’s Labours Lost: IV.ii.1280)
“This man is Pyramus, if you would know; This beauteous lady Thisby is certain. This man, with lime and rough-cast, doth present Wall, that vile Wall which did these lovers sunder; And through Wall's chink, poor souls, they are content to whisper.” (Quince, Midsummer Night’s Dream: V.i.1970)
VIRTUOUS?
CLOSE READING
LORD
LADY
WENCH
KNAVE
KNAVE, WENCH Mad
A Good
Poor
How
Thou
As
KNAVE Lousy
Cuckoldly Lazy
Rascally
Cowardly
Drunken
Scurvy Honest
…and Ford
FORD + KNAVE
FORD + KNAVE
MAN, KNAVE Young
Honest A
Poor
These
This
As What
That
HONEST KNAVE
KNAVE, LORD You
WENCH Light
Kitchen Arm
KITCHEN WENCH Marry, sir, she's the kitchen wench and all grease; and I know not what use to put her to but to make a lamp of her and run from her by her own light. I warrant, her rags and the tallow in them will burn a Poland winter: if she lives till doomsday, she'll burn a week longer than the whole world. (Dromio of Syracuse, Comedy of Errors III.ii.857) Without his roe, like a dried herring: flesh, flesh, how art thou fishified! Now is he for the numbers that Petrarch flowed in: Laura to his lady was but a kitchen-wench; marry, she had a better love to be-rhyme her; Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy; Helen and Hero hildings and harlots; Thisbe a grey eye or so, but not to the purpose. Signior Romeo, bon jour! there's a French salutation to your French slop. You gave us the counterfeit fairly last night. (Mercutio, Romeo & Juliet, II.iv.1198)
LIGHT WENCH
WOMAN, WENCH Poor
No
LADY, WENCH Good
My Poor
The
IN CONCLUSION • A formality distinction emerges through an investigation
of words which are likely to appear next to each other
• But it’s not what we think it should be.
THANK YOU
3 WEIRD PLAYS • Love’s Labours Lost • Comedy of Errors • Merry Wives of Windsor