CONSIDERATIONS FOR LABORATORY-BASED SUPPLEMENTAL TEST PROCEDURE(S)

FOR CONTROL OF INDIAN REAL-WORLD DRIVING EMISSIONS

David P. GarrettGlobal Vehicle Emission Compliance

“Roadmap to Indian Real Driving Emissions” Workshop

ICAT, April 28-29, 2016

OU

TLIN

E US APPROACH TO CONTROL OF

REAL-WORLD DRIVING EMISSIONS

COMPARISON OF LABORATORY DRIVE CYCLES TO

REAL-WORLD DRIVING / OPERATING CONDITIONS

CONSIDERATIONS FOR LABORATORY-BASED

SUPPLEMENTAL TEST PROCEDURE(S)

APPROPRIATE FOR INDIA AS AN

ALTERNATIVE TO ON-ROAD PEMS

US DRIVE CYCLES

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HWFET

Highway Fuel Economy Test

FTP

Federal Test Procedure

Source: US EPA, Dynamometer Drive Schedules

https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-testing/dynamometer-drive-schedules

US SUPPLEMENTAL FEDERAL TEST PROCEDURES - SFTP

“FTP Revisions” rulemaking addressed Real-World Driving Emissions beyond FTP and HWFET regarding:

• aggressive driving behavior

• rapid speed fluctuations

• driving behavior following startup, and

• use of air conditioning

Final Rule published in 1996 included 2 new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) driving cycles:

• US06 high acceleration, aggressive driving

• SC03 hot, city traffic, Air Conditioning on 95F, 40% RH and 850 W/m2 solar load

4Source: US EPA, Dynamometer Drive Schedules

https://www.epa.gov/vehicle-and-fuel-emissions-testing/dynamometer-drive-schedules

“ORIGINAL” US EPA CYCLESUSED FOR EMISSION CERTIFICATION AND FE LABEL CALCULATION

5

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

FTP

HWFET

Continuity of

Emission

Performance

US EPA “5-CYCLES”USED FOR EMISSION CERTIFICATION AND FE LABEL CALCULATION

6

FTP

(EPA)

FTP

(CARB)

FTP

SC03

HWFET

US06

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

EU CYCLES - NEDCUSED FOR EMISSION CERTIFICATION AND FC CALCULATION THROUGH EURO 6B

7

Type I

NEDCType VI

NEDCURBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

WLTC COMPONENT PHASES

8

WLTC Extra High

WLTC HighWLTC MediumWLTC Low

Source: ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2016/3

Global Technical Regulation No. 15 on Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)

“Vehicle test procedures need to represent real driving conditions as much as possible to make the performance of vehicles at certification and in real life comparable.”

WLTC

Type I

NEDC AND WLTC

9

NEDC

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

Type VI

NEDC

DRIVE CYCLE COMPARISONS

Cycle NEDC WLTC FTP US06

Duration (s) 1180 1800 1874 596

Length (km) 11.07 23.26 17.77 12.86

Vmax (km/h) 120 131.6 91.2 129

Vmean (km/h) 31.6 46.3 34.2 77.2

Accelmax

(m/s2)

1.0 1.6 1.5 3.6

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NEDC AND “BHARAT CYCLE”BHARAT CYCLE ACKNOWLEDGES LIMITED MAX. SPEED IN INDIA

1 1

NEDC

Type IBHARAT

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

Type VI

NEDC

“BHARAT CYCLE”

1 2

BHARAT

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

DISTANCE DRIVEN AT VEHICLE SPEED

1 3Source: GM internal Product Usage Measurements and Applications data / analysis

WLTC COMPONENT PHASES

1 4

WLTC Extra High

WLTC HighWLTC MediumWLTC Low

Source: ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2016/3

Global Technical Regulation No. 15 on Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP)

“Vehicle test procedures need to represent real driving conditions as much as possible to make the performance of vehicles at certification and in real life comparable.”

Extra High phase does not represent Indian real-world driving

“At the option of the Contracting Party, the Extra High3 phase may be excluded.”

“BHARAT CYCLE” AND “SUPPLEMENTAL” WLTC (L+M+H)ACKNOWLEDGES REAL-WORLD DRIVING IN INDIA

1 5

Supplemental

WLTC

L + M + H

BHARAT

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

INDIA WEATHER CONDITIONS

1 6

“BHARAT CYCLE” AND “SUPPLEMENTAL” WLTC (L+M+H)ACKNOWLEDGES REAL-WORLD DRIVING AND TEMPERATURES IN INDIA

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Supplemental

WLTC

L + M + H

BHARAT

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

“BHARAT CYCLE” AND “SUPPLEMENTAL” WLTC (L+M+H)ACKNOWLEDGES REAL-WORLD DRIVING AND TEMPERATURES IN INDIA

1 8

Supplemental

WLTC

L + M + H

Supplemental

WLTC

L + M + H

BHARAT

Type I

URBAN /

CITY TRAFFIC

MIXED

URBAN+RURAL

RURAL HIGHWAY

LIMITED ACCESS

EXPRESSWAY

(high speed, high load)

THOUGHTS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR HARMONIZATION

Harmonization with UN ECE enables shortest leadtimeto implement new emission requirements

Enables re-using developed technologies, leveraging scale, and avoiding redundant development for multiple markets

Even in best case, adequate leadtime is necessaryfor localized implementation

Adopt established, “contemporary” test procedures and drive cycles:

• As Contracting Party, use harmonized protocols and test procedures from UN ECE gtr 15 WLTP as basis for emission certification and demonstrations of compliance during real-world driving

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CONSIDERATIONS ON FUTURE VEHICLE EMISSION REGULATIONS

• New future vehicle emission standards alone will not improve air quality, especially in the short term

• Existing vehicle fleet will remain significant contributor, as will non-vehicle sources

• Establish vehicle owner obligations to properly maintain vehicles

• Encourage fleet turnover … removing the oldest / highest-emitting vehicles

• Fuel specifications are an integral element of vehicle emission control systems and are critical to achieve effective vehicle emission performance

• Enforcement is important to be truly effective

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Supplemental Test Procedure(s) conducted in an emission laboratory provide a proven method for effective control of real-world driving emissions (~20 years in US)

Supplemental Test Procedure consisting of WLTC Low+Medium+High

representative of real-world driving in India

repeatable and reproducible when executed in emission lab

suitable as basis for certification/Type Approval and demonstration of in-service conformity and enforcement

Best method for smooth and rapid implementation of real-world driving emissions control in India

PEMS

may useful during development and verification; may also be useful for screening and evaluation of “real world” emissions

not suitable for certification/Type Approval or for in-service conformity and enforcement

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