““Mobile Sources Control MeasuresMobile Sources Control Measures””

Presented by Ms.Manwipa KusonAir Pollution from Automotive Section

Air Quality and Noise Management BureauPollution Control Department

The Seminar on Development of Environmental and The Seminar on Development of Environmental and Emission Standard of Emission Standard of VOCsVOCs

29th February 200829th February 2008

Miracle Grand Convention Hotel, BangkokMiracle Grand Convention Hotel, Bangkok

ContentsContents

Background

Methodology for Estimating Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source

Emission Characteristics from Mobile Sources

The countermeasures of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source

BackgroundBackground

BackgroundBackground

Industrial combustion source, 6%

Gasoline storage and

transportation, 16%

other sources, 1%

Vehicle, 77%

Benzene EmissionBenzene Emission

VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase II)

BackgroundBackground

Fuel burned0.1%

Vehicle68.4%

Fuel input31.5%

1,31,3--Butadiene EmissionButadiene Emission

VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase II)

BackgroundBackground

Ambient Air Quality Standard:

Benzene 1.7 μg/m3

1,3-Butadiene 0.33 μg/m3

Pollutant Number of Sites

Average Value

Range (μg/m3)

Benzene 5 8.2 3.9-11

1,3-Butadiene 5 0.62 0.24-0.94

Air Quality in BangkokAir Quality in Bangkok

Methodology for Estimating Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source

Estimation of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source

Correct vehicle population data by type of vehicle

Estimation of future vehicle population

Estimation of vehicle kilometer of traveled

Determine the emission rate from each type of vehicle

Calculation the emission loading from mobile sources

29

Automotive Emission LaboratoryAutomotive Emission LaboratoryPollution Control DepartmentPollution Control Department

Motorcycle Laboratory Motorcycle Laboratory

Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle Laboratory

Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Light Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory

Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Laboratory Laboratory

Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Laboratory Laboratory

Vehicle Testing Vehicle Testing

Testing RoomTesting Room

Schematic of Vehicle Testing Room Schematic of Vehicle Testing Room

Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing

Test Vehicles3 passenger vehicle3 light duty diesel vehicle3 heavy duty diesel vehicle3 heavy duty vehicle (used CNG as fuel)6 motorcycles

Test FuelsGasoline 91Gasohol 95High speed normal dieselB5 Diesel (Bio-diesel)Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing

Target CompoundsTarget CompoundsCriteria Pollutant:

CO, HC, NOx and PMHydrocarbon compounds:

Benzene, 1,3 ButadieneCarbonyl Compounds:

Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde

Scope of Vehicle TestingScope of Vehicle Testing

Test procedureTest procedureThe vehicle will be run on chassis dynamometer in the control roomBangkok driving cycle

Emission Characteristics from Mobile Sources

Emission Characteristics from Mobile SourceEmission Characteristics from Mobile Source

Emission (mg/km)Type Fuel Mode

Benzene 1,3-Butadiene

Passenger Car Gasoline Hot 4.1 0.45

Passenger Car Gasohol Hot 3.1 0.22

Light Duty Diesel (Level 3) Diesel Hot 200 70

Light Duty Diesel (Level 6) Diesel Hot 25 10

Heavy Duty Diesel Diesel Hot 160 5.4

Motorcycle Gasoline Hot 33 7.5

Emission Factor From Mobile SourcesEmission Factor From Mobile Sources

Estimation of EmissionEstimation of Emission

1. Vehicle Population

(vehicle)2. Vehicle Km of Traveled

per Vehicle per Year

(Km/vehicle/year)

3. Vehicle Km of Traveled

(Km/year)4. EF of Hot cycle

(mg/km)

5. Annual emission

(ton/year)

Vehicle PopulationVehicle Population

Old Type New Type

GasolinePC≤6 seat

PC>6 seat

Before 1994

Before 1994

950,814

215,844Since 1995

Since 1995

2,362,127

179,474

DieselLight Duty

Heavy Duty

Before 1997

Before 1992

2,303,815

269,083Since 1998

Since 1993

1,869,762

579,760

Motorcycle 15,650,267

Source: Department of Land Transport, 2006

Vehicle Km of Traveled per VehicleVehicle Km of Traveled per Vehicle--YearYear

Type of Vehicle Traveled (km)

GasolinePC≤6 seat

PC>6 seat

9,822

44,621

DieselLight Duty

Heavy Duty

7,612

46,524

Motorcycle 9,000

Source: VOCs Emission Inventory Study (Phase 2)

Benzene Emission FactorBenzene Emission Factor

Old Type New Type

GasolinePC≤6 seat

PC>6 seat

Before 1994

Before 1994

97.4

97.4Since 1995

Since 1995

4.1

4.1

DieselLight Duty

Heavy Duty

Before 1997

Before 1992

200

160Since 1998

Since 1993

25.8

1.9

Motorcycle 33

mg/km

1,31,3--Butadiene Emission FactorButadiene Emission Factor

Old Type New Type

GasolinePC≤6 seat

PC>6 seat

Before 1994

Before 1994

1.85

1.85Since 1995

Since 1995

0.45

0.45

DieselLight Duty

Heavy Duty

Before 1997

Before 1992

70

5.4Since 1998

Since 1993

10.1

1.7

Motorcycle 7.5

mg/km

Annual Benzene EmissionAnnual Benzene Emission

Motorcycle, 4,648 ton, 37%

heavy duty diesel,

2,054 ton, 16%

light duty diesel,

3,874 ton, 31%

passenger car (>6 seat),

971 ton, 8%

passenger car (<6 seat),

1,005 ton, 8%

Total Benzene 12,552 ton/yearTotal Benzene 12,552 ton/year

Annual 1,3Annual 1,3--Butadiene EmissionButadiene Emission

Motorcycle, 1056, 40%

passenger car (<6 seat), 27 ton, 1%

passenger car (>6 seat), 22 ton, 1%

light duty diesel,

1,432 ton, 54%heavy duty

diesel, 114 ton, 4%

Total 1,3Total 1,3--Butadiene 2,591 ton/yearButadiene 2,591 ton/year

Benzene Emission EstimateBenzene Emission Estimate

2006 2012 2020

Gasoline PC (<= 6 seat) 1,001 388 214

Gasoline PC (> 6 seat) 967 266 87

Light Duty Diesel 3,877 2,010 1,400

Heavy Duty Diesel 2,054 512 116

Motorcycle 4,648 6,588 8,394

Total 12,548 9,763 10,211

Ton/year

1,31,3--Butadiene Emission EstimateButadiene Emission Estimate

2006 2012 2020

Gasoline PC (<= 6 seat) 27 26 24

Gasoline PC (> 6 seat) 21 12 10

Light Duty Diesel 1,370 749 538

Heavy Duty Diesel 113 113 104

Motorcycle 1,056 1,497 1,908

Total 2,588 2,397 2,583

Ton/year

The countermeasures of Benzene and 1,3 Butadiene from mobile source

List of CountermeasuresList of Countermeasures

Emission standard for new vehicle

(HC, Benzene, 1,3-Butadiene)

Promotion of Eco-cars

Inspection and Maintenance

Education

Fuel standard

Traffic control

The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures

Option 1More stringent standard for in-use passenger car and motorcycle

Type Registration Pollutant Standard Proposal

Diesel Vehicle Black smoke 50% 25%

Before 1993 600 ppm <300 ppm

After 1994 200 ppm

After 2005 100 ppm

Before 2006 10,000 ppm <2,000 ppmMotorcycle

After 2006 2,000 ppm

After 2009 1,000 ppm

HCPassenger car

The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures

Option 2Option 2Promotion of Inspection and Maintenance

Frequency of inspection

Option 3Option 3Promotion of roadside inspection

Increase if inspection site and inspection dayIncrease of penalty (fine)

Option 4Option 4Requirement to enterprise who use many vehicles to make I/M plan and implement I/M plan

The Proposed CountermeasuresThe Proposed Countermeasures

Option 5Option 5Promotion of changing high emission (old vehicle) vehicle to

low emission (new vehicle) vehicle Incentive by taxIncentive by subsidyStandard for in-use car

Option 6Option 6Promotion of education for drivers

Maintenance is useful for saving fuel costEco-drive

Stop urgent start, urgent accelerationDon’t pile unnecessary baggageStop idlingEtc.

Thank you Thank you

for your attentionfor your attention