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1/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
“It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...... it takes money to make money”
Michel LEBOEUFHead of Major High Speed Rail ProjectsSNCF VoyagesParis
2/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Introduction:
Three received wisdoms about trains running faster:
- they are more energy consuming,- they are more harmful for the environment- they are more expensive.
So ... What’s the point with increasing the commercial speed?
3/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Demonstration
1 – Carbon balance of a rail high speed line
How to assess it?
2 – Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance
“ It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...”
3 – The cost of speed
“... it takes money to make money.”
4/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Morcenx
Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy
Lyon
Avignon Centre
BrestMorlaix Guingamp
LamballeLanderneau
Dol
Rennes
RedonVannes
AurayLorient
Savenay
Nantes
Vitré
Laval Le Mans
Sablé
Angers
La Rochelle
Niort
Arcachon
BordeauxLibourne
Brive
Dax
BayonnePau
Tarbes
Toulouse
CarcassonneNarbonne
Béziers
Montpellier
Montauban
Agen
Angoulême
Poitiers
St-Étienne
Châtellerault
Ruffec
Châteauroux
Vierzon
St-Omer
Béthune
Hazebrouck
BoulogneCalais-Frethun
Valence Ville
Nîmes
ArlesMiramas
Marseille
Orange
Hyères
Toulon
Les Arcs-Draguignan
St-Raphaël
Cannes
Grenoble
Montélimar
St-Michel-Valloire
Aix-les-Bains
Culoz
MâconTGV
Mâcon
Mouchard
Sens
Laroche-Migennes
Dijon
Vitry-le-François
Nancy
Besançon
Épinal
Beaune DoleFrasne
LyonSaint ExupéryTGV
Agde
Sète
Orthez
St-Maixent
AncenisSt-Nazaire
Le Croisic
RospordenQuimperlé
St-Malo
Chambéry
Chalon/Saône
Quimper
Lannion
La Baule
Aix-en-ProvenceTGV
Facture
Futuroscope
vers Londres
Arras
Lens Douai
SedanRethel
Forbach
Châlons-en-Champagne
Metz
Lille Fl.
TGVHaute-Picardie
vers BruxellesAmsterdamCologne
Valenciennes
Luxembourg
vers Francfort
Annecy
Annemasse
Lunéville
Belfort
Strasbourg
Colmar
Montbéliard
Pontarlier
Bâle
Sarrebourg
St Dié
Remiremont
Thonon-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains
vers Berne
vers Lausanne
versStuttgartMunich
vers Zürich
St-Avre-la-Chambre
ModaneSt-Jean-de-Maurienne
Albertville
Moutiers-Salins
Bourg-St-Maurice
vers TurinMilan
St-Gervais-les-Bains
Cluses
Lons-le-Saunier
Perpignan
Hendaye
Biarritz
Dunkerque
Genève
Antibes
NiceMonaco
Lourdes
Lorraine TGV
Meuse TGV
Champagne-Ardenne
Saverne
Saarbrücken
Le Havre Rouen
Mantes-la-Jolie
Melun
Versailles
MassyTGV
Paris
Reims
AéroportCharles-de-Gaulle TGV
Charleville-Mézières
Thionville
Mulhouse
Le CreusotTGV
Bellegarde
Valence TGV
Avignon TGV
Vendôme-Villiers
Tours
SaumurSt-Pierre-des-Corps
Bourg-en-B.
Surgères
St Brieuc
Plouaret
CalaisVille
Lille Europe
MentonVintimille
Irun
St-Jean-de-Luz
LandryAime - La Plagne
Sallanches
Limoges
Les Aubrais-Orléans
La Souterraine
Juvisy
Bar-le-Duc Commercy
Les Sables-d'Olonne
La Roche/Yon
Cherbourg
CaenLisieux
Évreux
HSL commisioned in June 2001
250 km from Valence to Marseille
22 million passengersValence
Marseille
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
5/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Calculationboundaries
1. ConceptionEnergy in offices
PaperInformatic and Electronic materials
2. ConstructionEarthwork
Transport of construction materialsStructures (Bridges, Tunnels, etc.)Tracks with Ballast, Rail & Sleeper
Equipments for Signaling & Electricty transportRailway Stations & Maintenance Centers
Rolling Stock Construction
3. OperationEnergy Consumptions for Rolling Stock
(traction, air conditioning, recovery braking energy)Maintenance of Rolling Stock
4. DisposalDisposal of Rolling Stock
“Rolling Stock + line equipments”
“Stations”
“Structures”
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
6/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Mediterranean HSLinfrastructure
carbon footprint
Conception 250 km 100 years
Railway equipments 250 km 50 years
Rail 250 km 30 years
Tunnels 12.8 km 100 years
Viaducts 11.km 100 years
Earthworks 191.4 km 100 years
Main Stations 2 stations 100 years
Secondary stations 2 stations 100 years
Total 2,200,000 tons of CO2over the whole infrastructure life period
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
<1
<22
<150
<28
<4<12
tCO2/km/year
7/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Train construction,maintenance and cleaning
- 90 t of aluminium- 322 t of steel- 155 t of Fiber reinforced plastic- 34 t of copper- 50 of glass
- average lifespan: 30 years- 670 seats per train (average)
- revision: every 4 years : 45 t of iron and 0.25 t of copper- maintenance and cleaning every second day: 7.7 t of water, 0.125 t of waste, +1,555 kWh
- asumption for disposal: all metals may be recycled into other products
Rolling Stockcarbon footprint
0.0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
tCO2/trainset over its life period
Manufacturing Maintenance + cleaning Periodic revisions Disposal
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
8/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Operationscarbon footprint T CO2/year
100,000
50,000
-50,000
-100,000
-150,000
-200,000
-250,000
-300,000
Trainoperations
Savingscomingfrom the
operation ofconventional
trains
Savingsfrom road
traffic
Savingsfrom
airtraffic
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
9/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
N years of operations
N=?
CO2 emissions (tons)
Time (years)1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Calculation principle
Starting pointof construction
CO2 emissions
for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction
for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals
Projectcommisioning
for High speed train operations
annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail
annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
10/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Netinvestmentsin CO2emissions
Annual savings in CO2emissions
Annual savings in CO2
emissions“Pay back period” = Net
investmentsin CO2
emissions
Calculation principle
CO2 emissions
for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock construction
for Infrastructure & Rolling Stock renewals
for High speed train operations
annually saved by traffic shifts from air to rail
annually saved by traffic shifts from road to rail
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
11/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Morcenx
Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy
Lyon
Avignon Centre
BrestMorlaix Guingamp
LamballeLanderneau
Dol
Rennes
RedonVannes
AurayLorient
Savenay
Nantes
Vitré
Laval Le Mans
Sablé
Angers
La Rochelle
Niort
Arcachon
BordeauxLibourne
Brive
Dax
BayonnePau
Tarbes
Toulouse
CarcassonneNarbonne
Béziers
Montpellier
Montauban
Agen
Angoulême
Poitiers
St-Étienne
Châtellerault
Ruffec
Châteauroux
Vierzon
St-Omer
Béthune
Hazebrouck
BoulogneCalais-Frethun
Valence Ville
Nîmes
ArlesMiramas
Marseille
Orange
Hyères
Toulon
Les Arcs-Draguignan
St-Raphaël
Cannes
Grenoble
Montélimar
St-Michel-Valloire
Aix-les-Bains
Culoz
MâconTGV
Mâcon
Mouchard
Sens
Laroche-Migennes
Dijon
Vitry-le-François
Nancy
Besançon
Épinal
Beaune DoleFrasne
LyonSaint ExupéryTGV
Agde
Sète
Orthez
St-Maixent
AncenisSt-Nazaire
Le Croisic
RospordenQuimperlé
St-Malo
Chambéry
Chalon/Saône
Quimper
Lannion
La Baule
Aix-en-ProvenceTGV
Facture
Futuroscope
vers Londres
Arras
Lens Douai
SedanRethel
Forbach
Châlons-en-Champagne
Metz
Lille Fl.
TGVHaute-Picardie
vers BruxellesAmsterdamCologne
Valenciennes
Luxembourg
vers Francfort
Annecy
Annemasse
Lunéville
Belfort
Strasbourg
Colmar
Montbéliard
Pontarlier
Bâle
Sarrebourg
St Dié
Remiremont
Thonon-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains
vers Berne
vers Lausanne
versStuttgartMunich
vers Zürich
St-Avre-la-Chambre
ModaneSt-Jean-de-Maurienne
Albertville
Moutiers-Salins
Bourg-St-Maurice
vers TurinMilan
St-Gervais-les-Bains
Cluses
Lons-le-Saunier
Perpignan
Hendaye
Biarritz
Dunkerque
Genève
Antibes
NiceMonaco
Lourdes
Lorraine TGV
Meuse TGV
Champagne-Ardenne
Saverne
Saarbrücken
Le Havre Rouen
Mantes-la-Jolie
Melun
Versailles
MassyTGV
Paris
Reims
AéroportCharles-de-Gaulle TGV
Charleville-Mézières
Thionville
Mulhouse
Le CreusotTGV
Bellegarde
Valence TGV
Avignon TGV
Vendôme-Villiers
Tours
SaumurSt-Pierre-des-Corps
Bourg-en-B.
Surgères
St Brieuc
Plouaret
CalaisVille
Lille Europe
MentonVintimille
Irun
St-Jean-de-Luz
LandryAime - La Plagne
Sallanches
Limoges
Les Aubrais-Orléans
La Souterraine
Juvisy
Bar-le-Duc Commercy
Les Sables-d'Olonne
La Roche/Yon
Cherbourg
CaenLisieux
Évreux
Net operationt CO2
savings“Pay back period” = Net t CO2
investment
= 8 years
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
12/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Biomass
Nuclear
Hydropower
Wind
Photovoltaic
Other
Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation
91 g CO2 per kWh in France
A favourablepoint
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
13/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Carbon Footprint of Electricity Generation(2007)*
France
91
Spain
486
Germany
596
Italy
617
GreatBritain
665
Taiwan
747
China
856
* EIA 2008 sources
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
14/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Infrastructure Mix
France
ValenceMarseille
Spain
MadridLlieda
Taiwan
TaipeiKaohshuing
China
BeijingTianjin
100%
France
ParisLyon
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
Earthworks
Bridges
Tunnels
15/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Energy efficiency:
Orders of magnitudeof passenger-kilometers
carried per unit of energy (1 Kwh)
High SpeedTrain
180
Bus
60
Privatecar
35/40
Plane
20
1. Carbon balanceof a High Speed Line
16/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Demonstration
1 – Carbon balance of a rail high speed line
How to assess it?
2 – Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance
“ It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...”
3 – The cost of speed
“... it takes money to make money.”
17/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
?
Less energyconsumption
and CO2 emissionsfor
the line construction
The higherthe speed
The betterthe rolling stock
productivity
Less energyconsumption
and CO2 emissionsfor the RS construction
The shorterthe travel times
The moreattractivethe train
The more energy and CO2saved
from modal shifts
The morepowerful
and adheringthe trainset
The shorterthe line
The fewer and smaller
the structures(tunnels/bridges)
More energy and CO2for running the trains
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
18/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
500
400
300
200
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
distance ( en km )
altitude ( en m )
Lyon-PerracheParis
Vertical profile of the PARIS-DIJON-LYON conventional line
512
Milano
500
400
300
200
100
0 100 200 300 400
altitude ( en m )
distance ( en km )
Paris
Com
bs-la-Ville
SA
ÔN
E
Vertical profile of the Paris-Lyon high speed line
Lyon-Part-Dieu
42518
Zürich
Ventimiglia
St-Gervais-les-Bains
Bourg-St-Maurice
Argenton/Creuse
OloronBuzy
Marne-la-Vallée - ChessyBrestSt Brieuc
Rennes
Vannes
Nantes
Le Mans
Angers
La Rochelle
Bordeaux
Dax
PauTarbes
Toulouse
Perpignan
Montpellier
Agen
Angoulême
Poitiers
St-Étienne
Le Havre Rouen
Arras
Calais FrethunDunkerque
Valenciennes
Nîmes Nice
Grenoble
Le Creusot TGV
Avignon TGV
Valence TGV
Lille
Hendaye
TGV Haute-Picardie
St-Pierre-des-CorpsLa Baule
Lyon
Lausanne
Bern
London
Bruxelles
Antwerpen
Amsterdam
Köln
Torino
Liège
Rotterdam
Namur
Brig
Lorient
Le Croisic
Niort
Futuroscope
Tours
LibourneArcachon
Bayonne
Lourdes
Montauban
Carcassonne
BéziersArles
Montélimar
Valence Ville
Orange
Mâcon TGV
Vendôme TGV
Massy TGV Nancy
Besançon
Metz
DoleDijon
Chalonsur-S.
Montbard
Modane
Lignes à grande vitesseLignes à grande vitesse en constructionLignes classiques empruntéespar les TGV
Boulogne
Oostende
Lens
Paris
Sens
Melun
TGV
Aix-en-ProvenceTGV
Quimper
Lannion
Calais-V.
Meuse
Champagne-Ardenne
Avignon Centre
Den Haag
Lorraine
Belfort
SélestatColmar
Mulhouse
Montbéliard
Mouchard
Lons-le-Saunier
Bourgen-B. Genève
LyonSaint Exupéry
Marseille
ToulonNarbonne
Strasbourg
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
19/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
But what about the train energy consumption?
Energy rule:Is energy consumption in proportionwith the square of the speed?
Power rule:Does the train power increase with the cube of its speed?
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
20/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Mechanicalresistance
(K1+C)*(M/s)*V0
Air Intakeresistance
K2*V1
Aerodynamicresistance
K3(C:s) *V2
Deceleratbreakinglosses
K4*(M/s)*(1/SD)*V2*(1-RgC)
Downhillbreakinglosses
K5*(M/s)*V-1*(1-RgC)
Ancilaryservices
K6V-1
Train &infrastructure
losses
ρT * ρi
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
Load factor
Shorter Route
Less intermediate stops
21/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011Conventional train442 km – 175 min
High Speed Train442 km – 114 min
531 369
2,6284,509
1,203
855
3,367 1,438
2,761
1,913
1,077
1,150
Mechanical resistance
Aerodynamic drags
Ancilary services
Energy dissipatedin the brakes
Losses
Recovered byregenerative
breaking Recovered byregenerativebreaking
Net consumption9,412 kWh
Net consumption7,934 kWh
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
22/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
?
Less energyconsumption
and CO2 emissionsfor
the line construction
The higherthe speed
The betterthe rolling stock
productivity
Less energyconsumption
and CO2 emissionsfor the RS construction
The shorterthe travel times
The moreattractivethe train
The energy and CO2saved
from modal shifts
The morepowerful
and adheringthe trainset
The shorterthe line
The fewer and smaller
the structures(tunnels/bridges)
More energy and CO2for running the train
2 – Impact ofa speed increaseon the carbon balance
23/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
3. The cost of speed
Morcenx
Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy
Lyon
Avignon Centre
BrestMorlaix Guingamp
LamballeLanderneau
Dol
Rennes
RedonVannes
AurayLorient
Savenay
Nantes
Vitré
Laval Le Mans
Sablé
Angers
La Rochelle
Niort
Arcachon
BordeauxLibourne
Brive
Dax
BayonnePau
Tarbes
Toulouse
CarcassonneNarbonne
Béziers
Montpellier
Montauban
Agen
Angoulême
Poitiers
St-Étienne
Châtellerault
Ruffec
Châteauroux
Vierzon
St-Omer
Béthune
Hazebrouck
BoulogneCalais-Frethun
Valence Ville
Nîmes
ArlesMiramas
Marseille
Orange
Hyères
Toulon
Les Arcs-Draguignan
St-Raphaël
Cannes
Grenoble
Montélimar
St-Michel-Valloire
Aix-les-Bains
Culoz
MâconTGV
Mâcon
Mouchard
Sens
Laroche-Migennes
Dijon
Vitry-le-François
Nancy
Besançon
Épinal
Beaune DoleFrasne
LyonSaint ExupéryTGV
Agde
Sète
Orthez
St-Maixent
AncenisSt-Nazaire
Le Croisic
RospordenQuimperlé
St-Malo
Chambéry
Chalon/Saône
Quimper
Lannion
La Baule
Aix-en-ProvenceTGV
Facture
Futuroscope
vers Londres
Arras
Lens Douai
SedanRethel
Forbach
Châlons-en-Champagne
Metz
Lille Fl.
TGVHaute-Picardie
vers BruxellesAmsterdamCologne
Valenciennes
Luxembourg
vers Francfort
Annecy
Annemasse
Lunéville
Belfort
Strasbourg
Colmar
Montbéliard
Pontarlier
Bâle
Sarrebourg
St Dié
Remiremont
Thonon-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains
vers Berne
vers Lausanne
versStuttgartMunich
vers Zürich
St-Avre-la-Chambre
ModaneSt-Jean-de-Maurienne
Albertville
Moutiers-Salins
Bourg-St-Maurice
vers TurinMilan
St-Gervais-les-Bains
Cluses
Lons-le-Saunier
Perpignan
Hendaye
Biarritz
Dunkerque
Genève
Antibes
NiceMonaco
Lourdes
Lorraine TGV
Meuse TGV
Champagne-Ardenne
Saverne
Saarbrücken
Le Havre Rouen
Mantes-la-Jolie
Melun
Versailles
MassyTGV
Paris
Reims
AéroportCharles-de-Gaulle TGV
Charleville-Mézières
Thionville
Mulhouse
Le CreusotTGV
Bellegarde
Valence TGV
Avignon TGV
Vendôme-Villiers
Tours
SaumurSt-Pierre-des-Corps
Bourg-en-B.
Surgères
St Brieuc
Plouaret
CalaisVille
Lille Europe
MentonVintimille
Irun
St-Jean-de-Luz
LandryAime - La Plagne
Sallanches
Limoges
Les Aubrais-Orléans
La Souterraine
Juvisy
Bar-le-Duc Commercy
Les Sables-d'Olonne
La Roche/Yon
Cherbourg
CaenLisieux
Évreux
First Paris-Lyon High Speed Line Commisioned in 1981 & 1983
Speed:
260 km/h in 1981270 km/h in 1985300 km/h in 2000
Paris
LyonSecond Paris-Lyon High Speed Line planned for 2025
What Speed?
300 km/h 320 km/hor 360 km/h
24/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Demonstration
1 – Carbon balance of a rail high speed line
How to assess it?
2 – Impact of a speed increase on the carbon balance
“ It takes CO2 to save CO2 and ...”
3 – The cost of speed
“... it takes money to make money.”
25/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
OPEX increasing with speed
OPEX decreasing with speed
OPEX independent of speed
32%
100
8%
60%
25%
10%
65%
106
ΔOPEX= +6
Revenues
150150 (1+ 1.1*15/180)
ΔRevenues = +18.75
=168.75
ΔCAPEX# 0
3. The cost of speed
26/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
% Rail / Rail+Air
0
20
40
60
80
100
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 Hours
Two key factors:
-a large air market
-rail travel times in the 2 to 4h range
3. The cost of speed
27/27 “It take CO2 to save CO2” – Berkeley – May 2011
Thank you for your kind attention.