“Enabling the Future through Bottom-Up Synthetic Bulk ...“Graphene” differs considerably in production process, geometry or size, number of layers, chemistry and purity and weight

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“Enabling the Future through Bottom-Up Synthetic Bulk Graphene”

SPE ACCE Presentation Jon Myers, CEO and Founder

Graphene Technologies Novato, CA

Graphene Technologies Overview July 2012

•  Graphene is a promising material – the literature is in ‘violent’ agreement

•  Yet:

•  Graphene is so new that there are virtually no products in the market.

•  All graphene is not the same. “Graphene” differs considerably in production process, geometry or size, number of layers, chemistry and purity and weight vs. performance

•  The market lacks comparative data on polymer performance for different forms of graphene type carbon nano-material

•  This presentation postulates that should graphene prove valuable, as expected, in applications such as polymers for strength, conductivity, the market will also need a scalable, natural resource independent, efficient source of graphene.

2 Graphene Technologies Overview July 2012

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One Widely Available Infinitely-Scalable

Low-Cost Input

Proprietary Highly Efficient

& Scalable Graphene Synthesis

Industrial Volumes of 99%+ Pure 5 to 100 nm 750+m2/gm Graphene

Strength

Electrical Conductivity

Thermal Conductivity

Offering Break-

Through Attributes

Light Auto Frames

LED Heat Sink

Computing Heat Sink

Conductive Inks

TCMs

Bio & Chem Sensors

Solar Power

Smart Windows

Enabling Dramatic Product

Improvements in Many

Industries

Funcitonalization


CO2 + Mg Extremely

Exothermic Reaction

over 3100 oC

Resulting in Atom-by-Atom Self-Assembly

of Single Molecules

Into Crystalline Structures

Rapid Expansion Encounters

Steep Thermal Gradient

All Molecules Form as

Extremely Small, Thin

Nano-Crystals

Proprietary Separation

of Nano

Products

UNIQUELY SMALL

Graphene 20 to 60 nm

and 1-3 Layers

MgO

C

* Patents applied for Graphene Technologies Overview July 2012

Group I & II Metals and also

Aluminum

in Reaction with

Carbon-Oxygen Molecules

and also other Carbon bearing

Gases

Yields

Graphene And More…

5 * Synthesis Process is GT Intellectual Property – patents

applied for Graphene Technologies Overview July 2012

•  Concept: Pay for what you use with few layer graphene •  Exposed basal planes in graphene deliver most of the sought after

performance for at least some popularly sought after applications •  Higher numbers of layers may have dual disadvantage of higher effective cost

and higher resultant ‘weight-in-application’

•  Both smaller basal plane (x-y geometry) size and fewer layers may be important •  Potential benefits of fewer layers

•  Lower weight vs. performance •  Lower effective cost •  Transparency •  Higher surface area

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•  Potential benefits of smaller basal plane •  Superior dispersion & percolation •  Superior spray or jet printability •  Greater polymer ‘zone of influence’ •  Greater edge functionality


•  A graphene synthesis process that is independent of natural resource and import risks is strategically important •  Eliminate geo-political risks •  Eliminate price volatility •  Eliminate variance in quality and chemistry

•  Recent serious problems with Rare Earths have taught an important lesson:

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CONFIDENTIAL

“Beware of building a high technology that is dependent on a foreign, mined resource.”


•  Carbon-Dioxide is cheap and plentiful

•  Small scale commercial price < $0.33 per pound ($1.21 per pound C)

•  Large scale commercial price < $0.15 per pound ($0.55 per pound C)

•  Can be reduced to zero ($0.00) or less by utilizing captured CO2 from power plants

•  Magnesium is recycled

•  Market for magnesium is dominated by China. Under $5 per pound at scale.

•  Simple electrolytic process will produce an effective cost for Mg of less than one-half the market price

•  Electricity is used but constitutes less than 15% of total cost of production

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CONFIDENTIAL


•  Manufacturing process based on well-known industrial methods and processes

1.  Production of materials by beneficial combustion

2.  Separation of materials by use of chemical reactions, acids, water, precipitation, centrifuge, sonication and other well-known methods

3.  Purification of nano-materials by heat, plasma and chemical reactions

4.  Recycling of Mg by electrolytic reduction or other well known methods

•  All methods used are well-established, large scale industrial systems. Comparable systems in nano-materials, materials and chemicals industry

•  At large scale, cost can be driven lower than any currently advertised as possible

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CONFIDENTIAL


•  Characterization: Data as of June 2012

•  High Surface Area: Measurements from ~750 to 2000 m2/gram

•  Two-Dimensional: XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) indicates, two-dimensional, single-phase crystallinity, C dominance

•  Extremely Small: Dominant basal plane dimension from 20 to 60 nm

•  High Purity: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) test confirms up to 99.5% carbon. TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) confirms virtually 0% amorphous carbon, 100% graphitic carbon

•  Note on Raman: Tests to date by EAG and U. of Swansea. Results indicative of graphene but a Raman spectrum for extremely small 20 to 60 nm x-y, pre-dominantly single layer to triple layer material has yet to be fully established and understood.


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GT Process can produce highly pure graphene



•  Surface Area

•  BET: 757.1761m2/gram

•  Langmuir: 1026.7057 m2/gram

•  Pore Volume

•  BJH Adsorption: 1.327 cm2/gram


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!


GT Material

•  Raman spectrum for extremely small graphene has not been established

•  Literature is indicative of substantial differences of smaller versus larger domains

•  Relative intensity of 2D to G band shown to decline inversely with domain size from 20 micron to 700 nm. May be inverted (as seen) at 20 to 60 nm range

•  Future G peak shift analysis required to confirm particle layers

•  Sub-1500 D band has been shown to result from ‘damage’ and may be caused by high ratio of edge to surface area in small particles

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Graphene Separated MgO Nano-crystals

20 nm 20 nm


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Graphene Showing C Lattice Structure Predominant 20 to 40 nm Graphene

20 nm 5 nm


• A Compelling Industrial Process

•  Bottoms Up Nano-Materials Assembly

• Natural Resource and Import Independence

•  Low-Cost Primary Inputs

• Highly Scalable Process

• Desirable Graphene Product


 Discovery, Proof of Concept, Initial Materials Characterization

 Key Manufacturing Concepts and Applications Identified

 Development and Demonstration of Technology at Bench Scale

 Optimization of Synthesis Process in Laboratory Environment.

 Graphene Product Characterized

 Prototype Systems Developed

 Pilot Systems – 1 Annual Tonne Capacity in Semi-Automated System Operational as of Mid-2012

 Functionalization Partnerships and Internal Skills Developed

o  Proto-type products under development


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Synthesis

Separation Purification

Beta Model Semi-Automated

Currently in Install Fully Automated

In Operation Fully Automated 24x7 Operation

1000 Kg’s per Year

Functionalization

Plasma & Chemical Functionalization

Plasma Functionalization by Haydale

Internal Apparatus


Not for Distribution Outside Momentive

•  Graphene is a platform for strategic delivery of a valuable service, not an industrial market-ready product

•  Like most nano-carbon structures, synthesized graphene is hydrophobic, inert and agglomerated (via Van der Waals force) and is not chemically optimized for the target application or product media

•  Graphene must be chemically and physically prepared for the target application environment and use. This activity is termed functionalization

•  GT has taken steps to ensure it has the resources and technology to functionalize GT synthesized graphene in industrially scalable, controllable processes


CONFIDENTIAL

•  Functionalization is a critical step in creating a successful graphene-based product – whether this is a master-batch, dispersion or final product

•  Objective is superior dispersibility, percolation and rheology

•  Physical functionalization includes de-agglomeration, de-layering

•  Chemical functionalization includes co-valent and non-co-valent bonding

•  Functionalization methods are known but not widely practiced.

•  Challenge is control of outcomes and efficiency/repeatability of process

•  Plasma functionalization is currently GT’s preferred method

•  GT believes it is important to partner with knowledgeable parties to obtain optimally functionalized product.


CONFIDENTIAL

•  Two-Pronged, Partner-Oriented Growth Strategy

•  Develop Intermediate Products

•  Work with partners to develop intermediate dispersions, master batches and integrated products for select large and/or high-value markets •  Currently in early development of proof-of-concept level proto-types for

several application areas

•  Access markets via partner’s established channel relationships

•  Retain a commercial interest in the solutions and products

•  License GT production process:

•  Engage in selective licensing to establish GT synthesis and product broadly in the marketplace.


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GT has begun to work with corporate, auto and aerospace companies for development of a wide range of products

Applications and GT GrapheneApplication Performace Target Graphene Benefit GT Graphene Advantage

Strength in Polymers

Reduced Weight, Stronger Materials for Autobody Frames

Low Weight, Ultra-Strong Material

Higher Surface Area, Fewer Layer Material, Lower Weight, Higher Relative Zone of Influence

Thermal Conductivity in Polymers

Conductive Polymers Enabling Heat Sink from LEDs

Very Thermally Conductive Material

Lower Weight, Higher Dispersive Material, Higher Relative Zone of Influence

Electrical Conductivity in Polymers

Conductive Polymers Enabling Electo-Painting

Very Electrically Conductive Material

Lower Weight, Higher Dispersive Material, Higher Relative Conductivity

Rust Inhibition

Longer Lasting Paints and Coatings, Lower Maintenance Cost

Nano-Scale Frustration of Oxygen Migration

Higher Dispersive Material, Smaller Particle Size

Water RepellanceFaster Water Shedding, Lower Permeability

Strong Hydrophobic Behavior

Transparency, Higher Dispersive Material, Smaller Particle Size

Static Charge DissipationReduction of Dangerous Static Build-Up

Very Electrically Conductive Material

Transparency, Higher Dispersive Material, Smaller Particle Size, Higher Relative Zone of Influence

Transparent Conductive Membranes

Transparent Sensors for Touch Screens

Highly Conductive Material, High Potential Transparency

Fewer Layer Material = High Transparency, Lower Dispersion Ratios, High conductivity


Potential

•  Proven, efficient, scalable synthesis technology for graphene and nano-materials production

•  Unique graphene product – extraordinarily small aspect and minimal layering, high purity and very high surface area – enabling users greater access to the performance promises of the material

•  Skills and partnerships for functionalization of graphene

•  Actively developing initial graphene-based products •  Dispersions •  Master batches •  Proof of Concept sensors, polymers for strength and thermal conduction

•  In discussions with prospective development partners in auto, aerospace and other industries


Documents

“Enabling the Future through Bottom-Up Synthetic Bulk ...“Graphene” differs considerably in production process, geometry or size, number of layers, chemistry and purity and weight