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“EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC
FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND YEILD OF GREEN
GRAM (Vigna radiata L. Wilezek) UNDER GUAVA (Psidium guajava) BASED AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM”
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD TO THE DEGREE OF
Master of Science (Agriculture)
IN
Agro forestry
Submitted by
Twinkle Kumari Krishnan
Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Dr. V. K. Srivastava Dr. Sant Prasad
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
VARANASI (UP) – 221005
INDIA
I.D. No. AGF 14193 2016 Enrolment No. 363893
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
VARANASI – 221005
Dr. V. K. Srivastava : +9415819900(M)
Professor (Agronomy) Email:[email protected]
Ref No :……………………… Dated : …………………
To,
The Registrar Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (UP) - 221005 (India).
Through: The Head, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi- 221005.
Dear Sir,
I have great pleasure in forwarding the thesis entitled “Effect of Inorganic and
organic fertilizer on growth and yield of mungbean under guava based Agri
horticulture system’’ submitted by Miss Twinkle Kumari Krishnan, I.D. No. AGF-
14193, Enrolment No: 363893 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Science (Agriculture) in Agroforestry.
I certified that the work has been carried out under my guidance and the data forming
on the basis of this thesis, to the best of our knowledge are original and genuine and no part
of the work has been submitted for any other degree or dissertation.
Thanking you.
Yours faithfully
FORWARDED BY
(V. K. Srivastava)
Supervisor
HEAD
“EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND YEILD OF
GREEN GRAM (Vigna radiata L. Wilezek) UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM”
By
Twinkle Kumari Krishnan
Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award to degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)
IN AGROFORESTRY
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY VARANASI - 221005
2016
I.D.No. AGF-14193 Enrolment No. – 363893
APPROVED BY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Supervisor: Dr. V. K Srivastava
Professor
Department of Agronomy, I.A.S., (B.H.U), Varanasi.
Co-Supervisor: Dr. Sant Prasad
Professor,
R.G.S.C., Department of Agronomy, K.V.K, ( B.H.U) , Barkaccha, Mirzapur
Member: Dr. Triyugi Nath
Assistant Professor
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, R.G.S.C., (B.H.U.),
Mirzapur
Member: Dr. Saurabh Kumar Pandey
Assistant Professor
Department of Agronomy, R.G.S.C., (B.H.U.), Mirzapur
External Examiner:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All the outset being the student of this great institution, I bow my head with great
reverence to the lotus feet of Mahamana Pandit Mohan Malviya Ji, the founder of the
Banaras Hindu University, whose everlasting desire was to serve mankind.
At this special moment, I would like to express my profound sense of reverence of
respect, gratitude and indebtness towards my honorable Supervisor Prof. V. K.
Srivastava, Department of Agronomy, B.H.U. for his meticulous guidance ,commendable
supervision but also for, congenial discussions, and constant encouragement that assisted me
to overcome every problem coming in the way of this investigation and preparation of this
manuscript for what I will remain ever grateful to him.
I offer my heartfelt gratitude to my co-supervisor Prof. Sant Prasad,
Department of Agronomy, K.V.K, Banaras Hindu University for their constant
encouragement, critical suggestions and inspiration during entire period of investigation.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Bhalendra Singh Rajput, Dr.
Mahendra Singh, Dr. Saurabh Kumar Pandey, Dr. Amitesh Singh and all the respected
teachers of the Department of Agronomy, Dr. T. Nath, Assistant Professor, Department of
Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Sciences.
I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Avijit Sen, Professor and Head of Department of
Agronomy, IAS, BHU, for inspiring guidance.
I express my sincere thanks to non-teaching staff, RGSC, Barkachha and research
scholars, Department of Agronomy, for their helping hands, encouragement and cooperation
during the tenure of my studies and research work.
Words with me are insufficient to express my feelings of my heart to acknowledge and
gratitude to my beloved father Shri Krishna Bihari, mother Smt. Kalpana, grandfather
Late Ram Nandan and grandmother Late Parvati Devi. I want to thank them for their
encouragement and blessings.
I would like to thank my sister Dolly Krishnan brother Robin Krishnan for their inspiration,
encouragement and also for their blessings and special thanks to my younger brother late
Ronit Krishnan.
The success story is incomplete without mentioning the contributions of my friends Miss.
Seema Patel, Miss. Vinita Raghuvanshi, Miss. Sneha Rai, Miss. Deepti Kajaria and Mr.
Ravi Krishna Singh, and I am extremely thankful to my junior Miss Rashmi Shweta
Hembrom, without her inspiration ,this thesis would have been not completed.
I would like to extend my sincere thanks to Shri. Nandu Ram Yadav, Vijay and
Tripathi lab attendant Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras
Hindu University for their noble suggestion and help.
We are extremely thankful to Sita Ram lab attendant tissue culture R.G.S.C. BHU,
Barkachha, Mirzapur.
Last but not least, I would like to sincere thanks to Respected Mr. Saurabh K.
Pandey for helping me a lot, for inspiration and encouragement in completing this thesis.
Without his effort and hard work, this thesis would have been not completed on time.
Thanks to all beloved and respected people who helped and could not find separate
mentions, soliciting their good wishes for my future.
It’s like drop in the ocean by my all regards to Maa Durga, Maa Saraswati and Baba
Vishwanath and Shani Dev, for providing me energy and patience without which I would
have been none.
Date: (Twinkle kumari Krishnan)
Varanasi - 221005
Department of Agronomy
Institute of Agricultural Science
Banaras Hindu University ,
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1-5
CHAPTER2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6-13
CHAPTER3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 14-35
CHAPTER 4: EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS 36-65
CHAPTER 5: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 66-72
CHAPTER 6: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 73-76
BIBLIOGRAPHY i-viii
APPENDICES
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED
@ : At the rate of
et al. : and others
Cm : Centimeter
CD : Critical difference
cv. : Cultivar
DAP : Diammonium Phosphate
DAS : Days After Sowing
d.f. : Degree of freedom
oC : Degree Celsius
Fig. : Figure
Gm : Gram
Ha : Hectare
Kg : Kilogram
M : Meter
Mg : Milligram
Mha : million hectares
Mm : Millimeter
N : Nitrogen
P : Phosphorus
K : Potassium
Viz. : Namely
SEm± : Standard error Mean
i.e. : that is
NS : Non Significant
Max. : Maximum
Min. : Minimum
SW : Standard week
T : Tonnes
VAM : Mycorrhiza
PSB : Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
RHZ : Rhizobium
VC : Vermicompost
FYM : Farmyard manure
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
3.1
Mean weather data: 10 years mean (2006-2015)
17
3.2 Mean week-wise meteorological data during rainy crop
season (kharif), 2015
20
3.3 Mechanical and physico-chemical analyses of soil of the experimental field
22
3.4
Cropping history of the experimental field
23
3.5
Treatment details
25
3.6
The layout plan of experimental field as follows
26
3.7
Schedule of field operations
28
4.1 Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on plant height plant
-
1 (cm) of greengram under agri-horti system.
37
4.2 Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on number of root
nodules per plant of green gram under agri-horti system
42
4.3 Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on number
of trifoliate leaves per plant of green gram under agri-horti system.
44
4.4 Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on number
of primary branches per plant of green gram under agri-horti system.
46
4.5 Effects o f organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on secondary
branches per plant of greengram under agri-horti system.
49
4.6 Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on dry
matter accumulation per plant of greengram under agri-horti system
51
4.7 Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on yield attributes of
greengram under guava based agri horticulture system.
55
4.8
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on grain, straw yield (kg ha-1
) and harvest index (%) of greengram under guava based agri- horti system.
58
4.9
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on available N P K after post harvest in soil of greengram under guava based agri-horti system.
61
4.10
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on available N P K on relative economics of greengram under guava based agri-horti system.
64
# MAP
The map of India as well as district map of Mirzapur (vindhyan region,
R.G.S.C, B.H.U, Barkaccha)
18-19
LIST OF
FIGURES
TABLE NO.
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
4.1
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on plant height plant
-1 (cm) of greengram under agri-horti
system.
39
4.2
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on
number of root nodules per plant of green gram under agri-
horti system
43
4.3
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on number of trifoliate leaves per plant of green gram under agri-horti system.
45
4.4
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on number of Primary branches per plant of green gram under agri-horti system.
47
4.5
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on secondary branches per plant of greengram under agri-horti system.
50
4.6
Effects of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer on dry matter accumulation per plant of greengram under agri-horti system
52
4.7
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on yield attributes of greengram under guava based agri horticulture system.
56
4.8
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on grain, straw
yeild (kg ha-1
) and harvest index (%) of greengram under guava based agri-horti system.
59
4.9
Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on available N P K after post harvest in soil of greengram under guava based agri-horti system.
62
4.10 Effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer on available N P K on relative economics of greengram under guava based agri-horti system.
65
#
PICTURE
General view of experimental field
38
~ 1 ~
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Scarcity and limited food resources, have created burden and pressure for the survival
of human need unless certain measures are taken to, overcome this pressure .Accordingly by
some technology based system are introduced to enhance the productivity of crops to meet
the ever increasing requirement of food and to improve the economy of the nation. By and
large Floras and faunas are the most incredible part of this earth. Our whole ecosystem is
based on the unpredictable activity of these beautiful parts and play significant role to
maintain the dignity and greenery of the system and capable to run the whole cycle
maintaining balances of the ecosystem. Tress and forest are extremely advantageous for our
survival. However, due to harmful anthropogenic activities these valuable ingredients are
degraded at great extend and will continue to decrease unless it is conserved and protected
through proper management. To, improve this critical situation; one of the important systems
is agro forestry system.
Agro forestry consists of both trees as well as crops cultivation together without
affecting each component. It is aimed to select those trees that have the capacity to provide
the enough nutrient and organic matter to the crops. In this system, both are benefitted
together and provide enough quality of food, fuel, timber, resins, etc. at a same time. Latest
findings have shown favour after effect of this system in drastic improvement of produce
quality based food and also enhanced quality crops including improvement of soil conditions.
Now a days, agro forestry multiple use system, are highly recommended and encouraged.
Among Agro forestry system Agri-horticulture system (fruit based agro forestry
system) is most important and an improved indigenous cropping system in India facilitating
full utilization of the growing season and have shown markedly increased the return per unit
area per unit time. Output can be increased by incorporating mainly short duration crops
within the alleys of such fruit crops. Tree based cropping system have proved to be very
successful in areas receiving less than 1000 mm rainfall coupled with nine months of dry
season.(Singh, 1987).
~ 2 ~
Agroforestry system is recognized as most diversified sustainable system to support
farmers as well as play prominent role in balancing environment and is improving of our
economy. It integrates farmland and rangeland to sustain production. The benefits are
compatible and complementary seek to emulate natural recycling mechanisms and other
ecosystem services found in forests, promoting soil health and biodiversity that enhance
productivity capacity. Agro forestry produces nutrients browse which can alleviate pressure
on cover crops. Agro forestry system complement conservation agriculture systems with
the provision of soil cover, animal feed, nutrient, household fuel and hillside protection
against soil erosion due to wind erosion control through shelter belts.
Agri-horticulture systems conceptually mean intentionally and simultaneously
growing of fruits tress with crops on same unit of land. This system increases the return per
unit of land mainly during early stage of horticultural fruit trees. Thus, it forms the
association of annual or perennial crops with perennial fruits- producing tress on the same
land.
The relatively short juvenile (pre- production) phase of fruit trees, high market
value of products and the contribution of fruits to household dietary needs, fruit -tree
based agro forestry is the most popular system among producers worldwide.
Pulses are indisputably considered as life blood of agriculture because of their
unique position in every known system of farming. It can even be grown under soil moisture
stress condition and as low input. Pulses are the cheapest and main source of quality protein
which contain 20-25 percent. India is a major pulse growing country in the world, currently
producing 18.5 million tonnes with an imports of 3-5.4 million tonnes and a consumption of
about 22 million tonnes. The major pulse growing states are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Uttarpradesh and Andhra Pradesh with together account for about 82 percent of
the production from an area of about 74 percent. Green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is a
self-pollinated leguminous crop which is grown during zaid as well as kharif seasons in arid
and semi-arid regions of India.
It is grown on a variety of soil like sandy to black cotton soils, but the most ideal one
are the well-drained loamy to sandy loam soil. It does not grow well on saline and alkaline
soil or waterlogged soils. The center of origin of green gram is India (Vavilov).
Mung bean is one of the most important pulse crops for protein supplement in
subtropical zones of the world. Mainly grown in India, Burma, Ceylon, Pakistan, china, Fiji,
~ 3 ~
Africa. It is widely grown in Indian subcontinent as a short duration cash crop between two
principle crops. Mung bean contains 51 percent carbohydrate, 24-26 percent protein, 4 percent
mineral, and 3 percent vitamins. Besides providing protein in the diet, Green gram has the
remarkable quality of helping the symbiotic root rhizobia to fix atmospheric nitrogen and
hence to enrich soil fertility. It has been reported that the crop produces equivalent to
22.10 kg of N ha-1
, which has been estimated to supplement 59 thousand tons of urea
annually. In India, green gram occupies 3.44 million hectares and contributes to 1.40 million
tons in pulse production (Anonymous, 2012). The important green gram growing states
are Orissa, Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan , Bihar. Guava (Psidium
guajava) is widely distributed throughout the tropics and is predominantly a fruit, normally
eaten fresh. It is quite hardy and prolific bearer. It is commercially highly remunerative crop
even without much care. It contains vitamin C and pectin. It is also good source of calcium
and phosphorus, which is appreciable and rich in vitamins and minerals. Nutrient value of
thiamine, potassium and dietary fibre is also significant. Guava tree is a good source of
firewood, its sapwood and hardwood both are soft, light in weight and are strong. These trees
also have some medicinal properties. It can be planted as shade tree and also suitable for
growing with short duration arable crops.
Current trends in agriculture are centered on reducing the use of inorganic
fertilizers by organic manure and the application of bio fertilizers such as vermicompost
(Gyaneshwar et al., 2002; and Darzi et al., 2011).
Vermicompost and farmyard manure both are beneficial in nitrogen fixation in
legume and has been found beneficial in maintaining the proper health of the crop.
Vermicomposts are the products of the degradation of organic matter through interactions
between earthworms and microorganisms. Vermicomposts are finely divided peat-like
materials with high porosity, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity and usually
contain most nutrients in the available forms such as nitrates, phosphates, exchangeable
calcium and soluble potassium (Atiyeh et al., 2002; and Arancon et al., 2004). Some
biofertilizer Phosphate solubilising microorganisms such as; bacteria and fungi, are effective
in releasing P from inorganic and organic pools of total soil P through solubilisation and
mineralization (Chen et al., 2006).
~ 4 ~
Vermicompost, with high water-holding capacity and proper supply of macro- and
micro- nutrients (Edwards and Burrows, 1988; Atiyeh et al., 2002; Arancon et al.,
2004), has positive effect on biomass production and subsequently enhanced plant height .
Improved growth, development and height of plants and other crops have previously been
reported due to the presence of optimal amounts of vermicompost (Vadiraj et al. 1998).
The results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of vermicompost in increasing the
biological yield. Vermicompost increases the growth rate because of water and mineral
uptake such as; nitrogen and phosphorus, which lead to the biological yield improvement
(Atiyeh et al., 2002; and Arancon et al., 2004). This finding is in accordance with the
previous observations (Anwar et al., 2005; and Darzi et al., 2008). Effect of phosphate
solubilising bacteria on the biological yield was due to increased phosphorus uptake (Ratti
et al., 2001; Shaalan, 2005a, b). The result of the present work are in agreement with the
reports of Omar (1998) on Triticum aestivum, Ratti et al. (2001) on Cymbopogon martini,
Rashmi et al. (2008) on Ocimum gratissimum and Darzi et al. (2011) on Pimpinella anisum.
All the earlier reports have supported the fact of positive and synergistic effect on interaction
between two factors which was highly dependent on the effect of organic matter, containing
vermicompost, on the activity of phosphate solubilising bacteria. Many reports have shown
that the interaction between bio fertilizers can be beneficial for plant growth and yield
(Hazarika et al., 2000; Ratti et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2002; Darzi et al., 2008; and
Padmapriya and Chezhiyan, 2009).
Fertilizer alone cannot sustain productivity of land in modern farming. Similarly
nutrient supply through organic manures and bio fertilizer can hardly fulfil the need of the
crop and also reduces the cost of cultivation. Accordingly integration of organic and
inorganic sources may sustain the productivity and may improve the soil properties. Nitrogen
requirement of pulses is very low than other crops because nitrogen is needed only for
establishment of plant, later on plants have their own potentiality to fulfil their requirement
through symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Phosphorus is an important plant nutrient which is referred to as the “master key”
element in crop production (pierre,1938) it is associated with several vital functions
like seed germination, cell division , flowering ,fruiting , synthesis of fat , starch , and in
almost every biochemical activities. It also induces root proliferation and nodulation.
~ 5 ~
Phosphorus has novel function of special importance in the process of energy storage and
transfer. Most of the grain legumes have responded well due to its favourable effects on roots
proliferating nodules development, bacterial activity and nitrogen fixation.
Among the various factors responsible for maximization of yield of this crop ,
integration of NPK (20:40:20 Kg ha-1
) with vermicompost is most important factor, for
maximizing the yield , it is essential that green gram should not suffer due to inadequate
mineral nutrient especially nitrogen and phosphorus . Since chemical fertilizers are scare and
costly, it is necessary to use them economically and in combination with organic
fertilizer, as green gram shows high response to organic fertilizer.
Keeping the significance of organic and inorganic facts into consideration the present
investigation entitled Effect of vermicompost, farmyard manure, Rhizobium, Phosphate
solubilising bacteria, VAM, and fertility levels on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna
radiata L wilezek) under guava based agri-horti system was and conducted with following
objectives.
1. To study the effect of organic manure on yield of green gram.
2. To study the effect of inorganic fertilizer on yield of green gram.
3. To study the combination of inorganic and organic fertilizer on growth and yield
of green gram.
4. To work out relative economics of the treatments.
~ 6 ~
Chapter-2
REVIEW AND LITERATURE
The present study was conducted to find out the effect of inorganic and organic
fertilizer on growth, yield and nodulation of Mung bean under guava based Agri-
horticulture system.
2.1 EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GREEN GRAM
Use of organic fertilizer are an Eco friendly approach in the effective fe r t i l i z e r
management for proper growth, yield and diseases of crop by secretion of different hydrolytic
enzymes. Thus organic fertilizer like farmyard manure and vermicompost at great level
maintain the water moisture and retention of nutrient available in soil to improve yield of
several pulses crop. It also helps to maintain fertility and sustainability and yield with better
quality of seed.
2.1.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS
Vermicompost, with high water-holding capacity containing proper amount of macro-
and micro-nutrients (Edwards and Burrows, 1988; Atiyeh et al., 2002; and Arancon et al.,
2004) is well known for its, positive effect on biomass production due to proper growth, and
enhanced plant height. Subsequent Improvement in growth, development and height of
crops have proved instrumental in enhancing productivity of crops i n the presence of
optimal amounts of vermicompost. The interaction of vermicompost and phosphatic
biofertilizer, on the biological yield, revealed that the application of 5 and 10 ton/ha
vermicompost successively increased the levels of phosphatic biofertilizer, which resulted in a
significant increase in biological yield.
To meet the demand of qualitative higher production of vegetables some chemical
fertilizers are repeatedly used. Repeated use of chemical fertilizers leads to the hazardous
effects on human health and soil health. Inorganic fertilizer application has always been
proved a dilemma for a farmer. Therefore, use of biological fertilizers especially in cluster
~ 7 ~
bean as it is a leguminous crop will definitely give significant results. Bio-fertilizers have the
ability to mobilize the nutritionally important elements from non-usable to usable form
through biological processes and known to increase yield in several vegetables (Kumar et
al., 2001). Bio-fertilizers play a vital role in maintaining long term soil fertility and
sustainability. It may increase yield of crops by 10-30 percent (Khandelwal et al., 2012).
Among the organisms living in soil, the earthworms are recognized for their
important role in the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics of soil, and thus
increasing its fertility (Aina, 1984; Edwards and Bohlen 1996; and Abdul Rida and Bouché
1997). One of the agro technical events permitted in biological production is the use of
products obtained as a result of composting of organic waste with the help of various types of
earthworms. (Clive et al. 2006, Gutiérrez-Miceli et al. 2007 and Singh et al. 2008).
The Green gram (Vigna radiata), alternatively known as Mung bean. It is a plant
species in the legume family. Green gram is mainly cultivated today in India, China, and
Southeast Asia. It is used as an ingredient in both savory and sweet dishes. (Fuller and
Harvey, 2006). Perionyx ceylanensis is a purple red coloured earthworm, mainly found
in biogas slurry, dung pats, composting heaps and decomposing leaf litter heaps. Perionyx
ceyalnensis is the standard test organism used in terrestrial ecotoxicology, because it can be
easily bred on a variety of organic wastes with short generation times (Prakash and
Hemalatha, 2013.) Perionyx ceylanensis is an earthworm species with a short life cycle,
recently explored for its potential in vermicomposting and has shown favourable effect on
plant growth and yield. (Gopinathan and Prakash, 2013).
Adverse effects of agro-chemicals (like cancer, offspring’s with neural tube defects
and limb anomalies, harm nervous system and Blue baby syndrome) on the health of
farmers consuming the chemically grown food by the society have now started to become
more evident all over the world. Provision of a sustainable environment in the soil by
amending with organic inputs can improve the quality and acceptability of crop. Earthworms
serve as “nature’s plowman” and form nature’s gift to produce good humus, which is the
most precious material to fulfil the nutritional needs of crops. (Karmegam and Daniel, 2009).
Vermicompost provides all nutrients in readily available form and also enhances
uptake of nutrients by plants. The objectives of this research are to determine the growth
and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata) as affected by organic manures, chemical fertilizer
and vermiculture of P. ceylanensis.
~ 8 ~
Growth parameters have generally been reported with the application of
Azospirillum bacteria (also kind of biofertilizer). The increment may be considered due
to the primary factor affecting the crop role of inoculation in nitrogen fixation. They
reported that due to application of organic and bio fertilizer in various crops increased the
growth parameters, and these are efficient, economically beneficial and environmentally less
pollutant and have good effect on genetic factors, also in dry matter and are eco-friendly.
The results of the present study indicate that it is advantageous to apply various soil
amendments. Productivity of soil can be increased by adding various amendments such as
chemical fertilizer, bio-compost, vermicompost, bio-fertilizer and fly ash in appropriate
combination as they stimulate the microbial activity, which provides the nutrients (NPK) and
organic carbon to soil and maintains a healthy positive nutrient balance. Top soil is an
essential component for land reclamation in mining areas.
Stock piling should systematically handle and store the top soil so that its
physical and biological characteristics can be protected. Productive topsoil substitutes can be
generated from hard rock overburden of fresh soil, but care must be taken in selection and
placement. From the field experiment results, it can be concluded that the successful growth
of Vigna radiata accelerated the rate of natural plant succession at these barren recalcitrant
overburden dumps. The findings of this study can be utilized by the mine managements in the
large scale re vegetation of several adjacent coal mining overburden dumps for eco-friendly
mining.
When seeds treated with biofertilizer (Azotobactor spp.) showed significant increase
in growth parameter of plant Mung bean (Vigna radiata).Their morphological parameters
such as Number of leaves, length of leaves, breath of leaves, length of plants, shoot length,
root length and Total length of plant showed significant increase. The effect was also seen on
the bio-chemical parameter such as carbohydrate content, protein content and chlorophyll
content, the Results proved that plants treated with experimental Azotobacter spp showed
excellent growth in both the morphological as well as biochemical parameters. Hence, the
use of bio fertilizer should be encouraged by the government of Maharashtra & India because
it is cost effective and ecofriendly (Fernandez and Bhalerao, 2015).
2.1.2 YEILD ATTRIBUTES AND YEILD
Vermiculture has received considerable attention in recent years internationally for its
immense potential in recycling biodegradable waste in popularizing organic farming. Certain
species have been identified to be very useful in degradation of organic wastes, viz., Eisenia
~ 9 ~
fetida, Dendrobaena venata and Lumbricus rubellus from temperate areas and Eudrillus
eugeniae and Perionyx excavates from the tropics (Edwards, 1998).
“Organic fertilizer” produced by earthworm are well digested organic waste rich in
NKP, micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes-nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilising
bacteria and actinomycets. They are proving as excellent growth promoter and protector. The
changes in physical and biological properties of the parent soil could also be responsible for
observed differences which are brought by earthworms. Consistent application of organic
fertilizer inputs satisfy the plants demands for growth and yield by enriching the soil.
(Sharma and Agarwal, 2014).
Experiment conducted by Gopinathan and Prakash (2015) observed that at sampling
periods, the seedlings of Green gram (Vigna radiata) Root length was measured from the
base to the tip of the lengthiest root after the completion of the experiment and were found to
be increased. The total numbers of nodules were counted numerically to find out the
influence of plant growth promoting bacteria and organics on the root growth. The total
number of flowers, number of pods and number of seeds present in the each pod were
counted numerically to find out the Green gram yield as influenced by microorganisms and
organic substrates and showed that in all respect the result indicated marked
improvement in all parameters.
Observations conducted by Jadhav (1997) showed better affectivity of vermiculture to
increase the rate of plant growth, thereby reducing the cost of crop production, improving
soil fertility and saving the environment from the ill effects of chemical compounds. The
results clearly indicate that vermiculture by using P. ceylanensis can be used in sustainable
agricultural practices. Fuller and Harvey (2006) observed that there was increase in the yield
of crop used with vermicompost composition and the fertility level of soil were also
maintained and yield obtained were healthy and were free from all diseases.
Experiment conducted by Deshmukh (2014) showed significantly increase in the
yield parameters like pod yield per plant (107.77g), pod yield per plot (2.69 kg), pod yield per
hectare (49.87q ha-1). Similar findings were also observed by Ganie et al. (2010) in garden
pea, Sajitha (2007) in garden bean and Naagar (2004) in cluster bean. From the above results
it is evident that due to better assimilation of photosythates and added bio fertilizers might
have resulted in the improvement of soil physical, chemical and biological properties,
which in turn helped in better nutrient absorption by the plant, resulted in better yield. The
highest net profit (66190.30 Rs per hectare) in T18 i.e. NPK (20:40:20 kg per hectare with
vermicompost) and highest B: C ratio (3.78) was observed in (N2 PSB) validating the opinion
~ 10 ~
that these bio fertilizers are complimentary in improving the yield of legumes. The similar
results were also observed by Sammauria et al. (2009) in cluster bean.
2.2 EFFECT OF INORGANIC FERTILIZER (NPK)
2.2.1 GROWTH PARAMETRS
Some experiment on Inorganic fertilizer reported the effect of various phosphorus
level on two green gram cultivars NM-92 and NM-54 and revealed that all the yield
contributing factors were significantly affected by the application of P2O5 from 60-90 kg ha-
1 and maybe recommended for realizing better yield of Mungbean. Application of 90 and 120
kg P2O5 ha-1
resulted highest number of per plant however, they remained at par with
each other. Maximum number of pods per plant was recorded in 120 per kg P2O5 ha-1
as against minimum in control plots where no phosphorus was applied.
Baboo and Mishra (2004) observed that plant height and number of leaves per
plant of cowpea significantly increased with each increase in N levels. Obviously, dry matter
and number of nodules markedly increased with nodulation plus 20 kg nitrogen per hectare
over their individual application through .Each increase in P level up to 90 kg per hectare
showed marked increase in growth parameters over the control.
On the loamy sand soil at the Bikaner (Rajasthan), Sammauria et al. (2009) reported
that plant height, branches per plant and leaf area index (LAI) of cluster bean significantly
increased with increasing RDF up to 75 percent. However, plant height during 2004 and LAI
in 2005 increased significantly up to 100 percent RDF. Increased availability of N and P
through fertilizers might have influenced the growth of the crop. Singh and Singh, (1989)
have also reported positive response of cluster bean to the application of these nutrients.
Singh et al. (1983) observed the significant effect of potassium on the growth
character like plant height, number of primary branch per plant, number of leaf per plant of
chick pea.
2.2.2 YEILD ATTRIBUTES AND YEILD
Shukla and Dixit (1996 a) reported that number of pods per plant and number of grains
per pod significantly increased with the application of potassium up to 40 kg per hectare.
Higher dry- matter accumulation and proper development of various attributes contributed to
~ 11 ~
higher seed yield at higher dose of phosphorus. The results confirmed the findings of Akhtar
et al. (1986) and Patel and Parmer (1986).
2.3 EFFECT OF INTEGRATION OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC
FERTILIZERS
2.3.1 GROWTH PARAMETRS
Jain et al. (2003) observed the effect of organic and phosphorus fertilizer on the
growth and nutrition of chickpea. The organic treatments produced higher yield through
improved plant height, dry matter accumulation and number of branches per plant
respectively compared to the control treatment. Application of P at 50 kg per hectare showed
9.99, 34.33 and 16.46 per cent higher values for these growth parameters respectively,
compared to the control.
2.3.2 YEILD ATTRIBUTES AND YEILD
Srinivas et al. (2002) observed the effects of N (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg per hectare) and P
(0, 25, 50 and 75 kg per hectare), along with seed inoculation with rhizobium culture on the
growth, yield and yield components of green gram. Plant height, number of seed per pods,
number of pods per plant, phytomass per plant etc, generally increased with increasing rates
of P as well as N up to 40 kg per hectare further increase in N decreased the yield.
2.4 EFFECT OF AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM ON ARABLE CROPS
2.4.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS
Ram and Kumar (2009) conducted an experiment at Indian Grassland and Fodder
Research Institute, Jhansi on sandy loam soil in 6 year old established Annona orchard and
observed that the plant height and number of branches per plant of legumes significantly
increased with the application of phosphorus and potash @ 60 and 45 kg per hectare over
their lower levels and the control. Similar findings were also reported by Bhattacharya et al.
(2004). Growth parameters of Annona were remained unaffected due to two legumes
intercropping. However, significant increase in height (3.5 m) collar diameter (6.3cm)
and canopy spared(3.9 cm) of Psidium guajava was recorded with the application of 40 kg
phosphorus and 30 kg potassium than the control.
~ 12 ~
2.4.2 YEILD ATTRIBUTES AND YIELD
Malik and Sharma (1990) reported reduction of yield when 30 percent of the crops
grown at the distance of less than 10 m from the tree line. Thus, despite the use of drought
-adopted plants, water competition is likely to play a major role in the productivity of agro
forestry system, especially in dry areas.
Yadav et al. (1993) reported that the plant density in mustard crop declined with
increasing tree canopy spread or by decreasing the crop distance from the tree stem in alley
cropping system. Increasing the spacing and crop distance resulted co-operatively higher
yield in plants, maximum yield was found in various tree and crop interaction (Chauhan et
al., 1995). Sharma et al. (1996) also reported crop yield with increasing the crop distance
from the base.
2.5 INTERACTION BETWEEN CROPS AND TRESS COMPONENTS
Wannawong et al. (1991) revealed after 3 year experimentation that early
supplementary and complementary relationships between some system components can
simply synergistic financial gains. Although these biological interactions turn
competitive over time. Accordingly the gains should be sufficient enough to make early
adopters consider the Agro forestry systems financially preferable to traditional Monocrops.
2.5.1 COMPETITION FOR LIGHT
Investigation on light interception and competition in Agro forestry systems are
generally scare. An additional problem is the difficulty to compare the available results
because of the differences in methodologies used in the investigations.
2.5.2 ROOT AND WATER COMPETITION AND THEIR EFFECT IN
ALLEY CROPPING
Singh et al. (1989) reported that under alley-cropping trial of leucaena with cowpea,
castor, and sorghum in semiarid condition of India, competition for water appeared more
important than shading effects.
2.6 RELATIVE ECONOMICS
Ram and Kumar (2009) observed the maximum net returns (Rs 13710 per hectare) as
well as net return investigated (1.52) were obtained by intercropping of S. hamata with
baffale grass under Annona tress mainly due to higher forage yield.
~ 13 ~
Beg and Singh (2009) reported that the interaction of dual inoculation with Rhizobium
and PSB under moderate fertility level (20 kg N and 45 kg phosphorus per hectare) proved
beneficial for boosting seed yield (11820 kg per hectare) and recorded maximum net income
(Rs 21941 per hectare) and benefit: cost ratio (2:10).
~ 14 ~
Chapter-3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation entitled “Effect of different levels of inorganic and organic
fertilizer on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under guava based
agri-horti system’’ was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at agricultural
research farm of Rajiv Gandhi south campus, Barkaccha (BHU), Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.
Materials and techniques implemented in conducting the experiment with edaphic and
climatic condition of location under which crop was raised are described briefly in this
chapter.
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SITE
The experiment was carried out at the agricultural research farm of Rajiv Gandhi
south campus, Barkaccha (BHU), Mirzapur, which is situated in vindhyan region of district
Mirzapur (25018’N latitude, 88
018’E longitude and altitude of 125.93 meters above mean sea
level)occupying over an area of more than 1000ha. The Soil of Barkaccha is red lateritic
comes under Rain fed condition with invariably poor fertility status. This region comes under
Agro-climatic zone 3rd
(A semi-arid eastern plain zone)
3.2 CLIMATE AND WEATHER
The climatic condition of Barkaccha is typically semi-arid, characterized by extremes
of temperature both in summer and winter with low rainfall and moderate humidity.
Maximum temperature in summer is as high at 450
c and minimum temperature in winter
falls below 100c. The annual rainfall of Barkaccha was 1081.1mm in 2015 of which nearly
90 percent is contributed by south-west monsoon) between July to September.
The data on the weather condition during crop season of present investigation with
respect to maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine duration
and evaporation recorded at metrological observatory of Krishi Bhawan, Mirzapur are
presented in table 3.1 and shown in fig.3.1
~ 15 ~
The total rainfall during the period of investigation in the year 2015 (2 august to 10
October) was 118.0 mm. Major Part of rainfall received in the month of August during the
experimentation. The maximum rainfall of 53 mm was recorded during 38th
standard week
of 2015 while the minimum was 4 mm in week 40th
standard week of 2015. The weekly
mean maximum and minimum temperature during the experimentation ranged from 38o
C
(September) to 23o c (October) respectively.
The temperature begins to rise from the month of February and reaches its maximum
in May. The mean minimum and maximum relative humidity in this region ranged between
94.83% to 86.16 %and 94 per cent from June to September (table 3.2 and graphically
presented in fig.3.2). The map of India as well as district map of Mirzapur (Vindhyan region,
R.G.S.C, B.H.U, BARKACCHA) is included in next page, where experimental trial
conducted in the year 2016.
~ 16 ~
TABLE 3.1 : MEAN WEATHER DATA: 10 YEARS MEAN (2006-2015)
MONTH
RAINFALL
(mm)
TEMPERATURE
(0C)
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY (%)
SUNSHINE
(HOURS)
EVAPORATION
(mm)
MAX. MIN. MAX. MIN.
JANUARY 2.60 19.90 8.20 85.21 41.00 6.04 1.72
FEBRUARY 1.20 26.80 12.30 84.50 43.00 8.43 2.55
MARCH 0.67 32.30 16.10 73.30 29.00 8.90 4.13
APRIL 1.40 35.86 20.72 58.40 23.50 9.38 5.70
MAY 2.75 38.65 25.45 64.30 26.70 9.08 8.30
JUNE 58.10 35.60 27.20 71.80 50.00 6.88 7.20
JULY 50.40 32.60 27.30 84.20 70.40 4.70 3.88
AUGUST 73.80 31.17 26.65 88.50 76.00 5.35 3.30
SEPTEMBER 75.15 30.80 26.45 89.25 80.60 6.20 2.92
OCTOBER 00.70 31.66 20.72 84.60 45.60 7.75 2.90
NOVEMBER 00.20 28.97 15.10 90.75 39.75 8.00 2.60
DECEMBER 00.30 21.77 9.75 94.00 54.75 6.48 1.42
ANNUAL 30.66 19.73 80.81 47.90 7.20 3.88
SOURCE: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ALL-INDIA CO-ORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ON
DRYLAND AGRICULTURAL, (BHU 2015)
~ 18 ~
~ 19 ~
~ 20 ~
TABLE 3.2: MEAN WEEK-WISE METEROLOCAL DATA DURING RAINY CROP SEASON (KHARIF), 2015
STANDARD
WEEK No.
MONTHS
DATE
RAINFALL
(mm)
TEMPERATURE
0 ( C)
RELATIVE
HUMIDITY
(%)
Max. Min. Max. Min.
31
AUGUST
30-05
16
33
26
88.33
79.53
32
06-12
01
37
27
90.60
80,43
33
13-19
53
35
25
94.83
82.65
34
20-26
22
35
26
92.50
80.65
35
SEPTEMBER
27-02
04
35
26
93.14
78.45
36
03-09
00
37
27
90.57
78.25
37
10-16
09
27
26
91.57
85 .64
38
17-23
13
38
25
92.10
79.54
39
24-30
00
36
23
91.22
80.34
40
OCTOBER
01-07
00
37
23
87.12
75.65
41
08-14
00
32
24
86.16
78.76
SOURCE: OBSERVATORY, KRISHI BHAWAN, MIRZAPUR.
~ 21 ~
3.3 SOIL AND SOIL ANALYSES
Soil samples were drawn before implementation of experiment from a depth of 0-
20cm, taking all the possible precautions prescribed for soil sampling. The samples were
brought to the laboratory, air dried and crushed to pass through 2.0mm mesh sieve. The
processed samples were further subjected to appropriate mechanical and chemical analyses.
The results thus obtained are presented in table 3.3
3.4 CROPPING HISTORY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
The crop sequences followed in the experimental field during the past five years have
been presented in table 3.4.The cropping history of the experimental site clearly indicates
that the field was not cropped continuously and kept fallow during three consecutive kharif
seasons (2008-2010) followed by Rabi during 2009-10 to 2010-11.During 2011-12,
green gram- Mustard sequence was taken and same was followed in the year 2013-14 and
also 2014-15 however, with green gram cultivation the fertility setup was not disturbed and
ideally suitable for the experiment.
TABLE 3.3 : MECHANICAL AND PHYSIO-CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SOIL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
Particulars Value Rating Method Reference
1. MECHANICAL ANALAYSIS
Sand (%)
51.7
Hydrometer
Bouyoucos(1962) Silt (%) 39.6
Clay (%)
14.6
Textural class
Sandy loam
Textural Triangle
Black et al.(1965)
2. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Bulk density (Mg m-3)
2.46
Core sampler
Black et al.(1965)
Particle Density
(Mg m-3)
3.64
Pycnometer
3. CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Organic Carbon (%)
0.35
Low
Wet digestion
Method
Walkley and Black’s
(1934)
Available N (Kg ha-1)
168.51
Low
Alkaline
Potassium
Permanganate
Subbiah & Asija
(1956)
Available P2O5 (Kg ha-1)
18.00
Low
0.5 MNaHCO3
Extractable
Olsen et al.(1934)
Available K2O (Kg ha-1
)
162.00
Low
1 N ammonium
acetate extractable
Jackson (1973)
Ph (1:2:5 soil: water suspension)
6.48
Slightly
Acidic
Glass electrode
digital pH meter
Sparks (1996)
Electrical Conductivity (1:2.0 soil: water
suspension)dSm-1 at 25 0C)
0.30
Normal
Systronics
electrical
conductivity meter
Sparks (1996)
~ 22 ~
TABLE 3.4: CROPPING HISTORY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD
YEAR
SEASON
RAINY (Kharif) Winter (Rabi)
2008-09
Fallow
Fallow
2009-10
Fallow
Fallow
2010-11
Green gram
Fallow
2011-12
Black gram
Musturd
2012-13
Green gram
Fallow
2013-14
Green gram
Fallow
2014-15
Experimental crop
……………….
~ 23 ~
3.5 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The field experiment was laid out during rainy season (kharif) of 2015 in 9 years old
guava tree which was planted in august 2007 at a spacing of 5.4×5.4 meter. Green gram was
sown as an alley crop under guava based agri-horti system. The experiment was conducted in
factorial randomized block design having two levels of inorganic fertilizer i.e., N+P+K, first
level is N,P,K (10:20:10) kg per hectare & second level is N,P,K (20:40:20 kg per hectare)
and six levels of Organic fertilizer i.e., farmyard manure (6 t ha-1
), vermicompost, bio
fertilizer i.e. Seed inoculated by strain rhizobium (MOR-1) 8 gram per kg of seed and
phosphate solubilising bacteria (bacillus subtilis) 8gram per kg of seed, mycorrizhae (VAM)
of green gram (Vigna radiata L.wilczek) 20 gram for each plot spread with soil in seed area
with 3 replication including control treatment. The inoculants were obtained from the
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. The treatments were
randomized as per statistical procedure. Experiment consisted of total 18 treatment
combinations replicated three times table (3.5)
~ 24 ~
TABLE 3.5: TREATMENT DETAILS
Serial
No.
TREATMENTS
Symbol
Used
T1
No inorganic or organic fertilizer (control)
C1C2
T2
Mycorrhizae
VAM
T3
Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria
PSB
T4
Rhizobium
RHZ
T5
N(10 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(20 kg ha
-1) + K2O(10 Kg ha
-1)
N1
T6
Farmyard manure
FYM
T7
Vermicompost
VC
T8
N(20 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(40 kg ha
-1) + K2O(20 Kg ha
-1)
N2
T9
N(10 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(20 kg ha
-1) + K2O(10 Kg ha
-1) + Mycorrhizae
N1VAM
T10
N(10 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(20 kg ha
-1) + K2O(10 Kg ha
-1) + phosphate solubilising
bacteria
N1PSB
T11
N(10 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(20 kg ha
-1) + K2O(10 Kg ha
-1) + Rhizobium
N1RHZ
T12
N(20 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(40 kg ha
-1) + K2O(20 Kg ha
-1) + Mycorrhizae (VAM)
N2VAM
T13
N(20 kg ha-1
) + P2O5(40 kg ha-1
) + K2O(20 Kg ha-1
) + phosphate solubilising
bacteria
N2PSB
T14
N(20 kg ha-1
) + P2O5(40 kg ha-1
) + K2O(20 Kg ha-1
) + Rhizobium
N2RHZ
T15
N(10 kg ha
-1) + P2O5(20 kg ha
-1) + K2O(10 Kg ha
-1) + Farmyard Manure
N1FYM
T16
N(10 kg ha-1
) + P2O5(20 kg ha-1
) + K2O(10 Kg ha-1
) + Vermicompost
N1VC
T17
N(20 kg ha-1
) + P2O5(40 kg ha-1
) + K2O(20 Kg ha-1
) + Farmyard Manure
N2FYM
T18
N(20 kg ha-1
) + P2O5(40 kg ha-1
) + K2O(20 Kg ha-1
) + Vermicompost
N2VC
~ 25 ~
~ 26 ~
TABLE 3.6: THE LAYOUT PLAN OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD AS FOLLOWS.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN
Number of Treatment 18
Number of Replication 3
Total Number of Plots 18*3=54
Block Border 1.0 m
Gross Plot Size (4.5×2.5m)
Net Plot Size 10.5 m2 (4.0 ×2.0m)
Plot Border 0.5m
Row to Row Distance 30 cm
Plant to Plant distance 10 cm
3.6 AGRONOMIC PRACTICES
The detail of cultural operations done starting from field preparation to harvesting of
the crop are given in table 3.7
3.6.1 LAND PREPARATION
At first field was ploughed with the help of disc plough and harrowing was done
followed by planking. After the completion of the above task explained, the experimentation
was laid out as per plan and design.
~ 27 ~
3.6.2 FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Total quantity of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as per treatments in the form of
urea (46%N), diammonium phosphate (18%N and 46% P2O5), triple super phosphate (48%
P2O5), Murate of potash (60%) respectively were applied below the seeds at the time of
sowing of the crops.
Organic fertilizer farmyard manure and vermicompost were applied on allotted
treatment or plot before sowing the seed. Some seeds were taken and treated with Rhizobium
and PSB culture .Mycorrhiza (vam) mixed with soil and were sown at the place where
seeds were sown (20gram for one plot) as per treatment and all were applied as per plot
allotted.
3.6.3 SEED INOCULATION
In two 500ml beakers, water was boiled and to each beaker 60g molasses were mixed
and dissolved and then cooled. In one beaker Rhizobium inoculant was mixed and to another
beaker phosphate solubilising bacteria inoculants was mixed to obtain their slurries. On the
tarpaulin sheets the seeds were heaped. Seeds were inoculated with both Rhizobium and
phosphate solubilising bacteria. The inoculated seeds after uniformly inoculated were spread
and dried under shade and were sown immediately after drying.
3.6.4 SEED RATE AND SOWING
With the help of kudal seeds were sown manually in the row at a row distance of 30
cm as per treatment. Variety of HUM-16 was selected for the experiment. For the
maintenance of plant population relatively higher seed rate (20 kg ha-1
) were used. A plant
spacing of 10cm within the row was maintained by thinning done about 15 days after sowing.
TABLE 3.7: SCHEDULE OF FIELD OPERATIONS
S.NO Operation
Date (A). Pre-sowing operations
1.
Land preparation
* First plough
* Second plough
04.08.2015
06.08.2015
2. Layout and experiment 08.08.2015
3. Seed inoculation with bio fertilizers 07.08.2015
(B). Sowing operations
1. Fertilizer application and sowing 08.08.2015
(C). Post-sowing operations
1. Thinning of crop 23.08.2015
2. Weeding and hoeing 10.09.2015
3. Harvesting 26.09.2015
4. Threshing 10.10.2015
5. Cleaning 12.10.2015
~ 28 ~
~ 29 ~
3.6.5 VARIETY: MALAVIYAJANKALYANI (HUM-16)
Variety developed showed adoptable quality to cultivate during the zaid as well as in
kharif season and it is also short duration crop that matures in 55-66 days. These variety
shows the character like plant height is of 40-48 cm with semi-erect growth habit, pod
shape is bold, long in size with average of 10.0cm and 9.90 number of seedspod-1
.Hundred
grains weight is 5.73 g. It has green bold seeds and a yield potential of about 14-16 q ha-1
.
3.6.6 THINNING AND INTERCULTURAL OPERATION
Extra plants were thinned to maintain the desired plant population at 15 days after
sowing. After sowing to control weeds, weeding were done manually by khurpi at 18 days
after sowing.
3.6.7 HARVESTING AND THRESING
Crop was harvested at complete maturity as judged by visual observations. The border
rows were harvested first and kept aside. Thereafter, the net plots were harvested by hand
picking of the pods when nearly 80 percent pods were matured and harvested crop was
left in the field for drying for a period of 3-4 days. Thereafter, small bundles were made
and taken to the threshing floor. Bundle weight (grain and straw) was recorded before
threshing which was done by beating the plant material with stick.
3.7. BIOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS ON GREEN GRAM (ALLEYCROP)
Five plants from each plot were randomly selected and tagged for recording the
biometric observations at different growth stages. The observations on growth attributes were
recorded at an interval of 20 days i.e. 40th
and at harvest after sowing and at maturity. Yield
attributes and yield were studied before and after harvesting as per investigation
required.
~ 30 ~
3.7.1 GROWTH ATTRIBUTES:
3.7.1.1 PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
Height of randomly selected and marked plants from each plot was measured from
base of the plants up to growing tip of main stem. The average plant height was calculated
by taking the mean of observation of five plants and was expressed in cm.
3.7.1.2 NUMBER OF TRIFOLIATE LEAF PLANT-1
(No.)
The number of green trifoliate leaves plant-1
of green gram was counted at different
stages of the crop growth from the selected tagged plants per plot and mean of
observation of five plants were computed.
3.7.1.3 PRIMARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(No.)
Primary branches having at least two fully developed trifoliate leaves were considered
for recording of number of primary branch.
3.7.1.4 SECONDARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(No.)
The numbers of secondary branches of five randomly Representative plant-1
in each
plot were counted and average numbers of secondary branches plant-1
were worked out.
3.7.1.5 DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION-1
(g)
For recording dry matter accumulation, 5 plants from border row each plot were cut
from the ground level. Sampled plants were sun dried first then dried in an oven for 24 hours
to get constant dry weight. Thereafter, the average dry weight was recorded in g plant -1
.
~ 31 ~
3.7.1.6 NUMBER OF ROOT NODULES PLANT-1
(No.)
Five plants were randomly uprooted along with soil from the penultimate rows from
each plot. Nodules excised from the roots with a scalpel were counted and expressed as
number plant-1
.
3.7.2 YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS:
The following observations on yield attributes and yield studies were recorded during
the experimentation
3.7.2.1 NUMBER OF PODS PLANT-1
Total number of pods on the tagged plants was counted and average number of pods
plant-1
was recorded.
3.7.2.2 POD LENGTH (cm)
Length of five randomly selected pods was measured from five tagged plants and
average was worked out to get the pod length.
3.7.2.3 NUMBER OF GRAINS POD-1
(No.)
The ten randomly selected pods from each five tagged plants plot-1
were taken out and
total numbers of grains were counted. Average number of grains pod-1
were then calculated
and recorded.
3.7.2.4 TEST WEIGHT (g)
Randomly selected 1000 grains from the grain yield samples of crop were counted from
each plot and their combined weight was recorded to get the test weight.
3.7.2.5 GRAIN AND STRAW YIELD
The plants from the net plot area were harvested, bundled and weighed after sun drying.
Thereafter, the material was transferred to threshing floor, threshed, cleaned and grain yield
(kg plot-1
) was recorded. The difference of the bundle weight and the grain yield gave
~ 32 ~
straw yield of crop. Yield obtained in kg plot-1
were converted to yield in kg ha-1
by
multiplying with appropriate conversion factor.
3.7.2.6 HARVEST INDEX
The harvest index was calculated by dividing the economic yield by the biological
yield and multiplying by 100.
Economic yield (kg ha-1
)
Harvest index =
Biological yield (kg ha-1
)
100
3.8 OBSRVATIONS ON GUAVA (FRUIT TREE)
3.8.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS OF GUAVA
The following growth parameters of guava, situated at border of the plot, were recorded
at the scheduled dates.
3.8.1.1 HEIGHT
The height of Guava was measured from base of the plants up to growing tip of main
stem. The plant height was measured and expressed in meter.
HEIGHT (m)
At sowing
40 DAS
At harvest
4.78
4.90
4.98
3.8.1.2 CANOPY
The canopy area of guava was recorded with the help of meter tape and it was recorded
from the highest canopy diameter in meter.
~ 33 ~
CANOPY DIAMETER (m)
At sowing
40 DAS
At harvest
5.50
5.61
5.73
3.8.1.3 STEM GIRTH
The stem girth of guava was recorded from base of the plant in cm which was situated at
the plot of the crops.
STEM GIRTH (cm)
At sowing
40 DAS
At harvest
23.30
24.60
24.93
3.8.1.4 SHADING
The shading area of the guava was recorded with the help of meter tape and
measured as width and length in meter.
SHADING
AREA (m)
At
sowing
40
DAS
At
harvest
Length
width
Length
width
length
Width
4.8
8
4.1
5
4.8
5
4.5
5
5.9
2
4.5
8
~ 34 ~
3.8.2 YIELD (Kg ha-1
)
The guava has the advantage of cropping in late winter and spring when the
preferred members of the genus are not in season. It is picked when it is completely
matured and slightly yellow in colour, so that it is readily sold in local markets. Inferior
quality are not picked if in touch hard in nature. The tree is naturally a heavy bearer. The
average yield was noticed 800 kg ha-1
Rajiv Gandhi south campus, Mirzapur.
3.9 SOIL ANALYSES AFTER HARVEST OF CROP
Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from each plot in all the replications
treatment wise after harvesting of crop and analysed for available nitrogen and phosphorus as
per methods given in table 3.3.
3.10 ECONOMICS
The cost of cultivation was worked out by taking into consideration all the expenses
incurred. Gross income was worked out by multiplying grain and straw yields of the crop
with their prevailing market prices. Calculations were made as per normal rates
prevalent at the Research Farm, R.G.S.C. (B.H.U.), Barkachha, Mirzapur. The cost of
fertilizers, manure, and seed etc. were taken as per prevailing market prices. Net return (Rs
ha-1
) and benefit: cost ratio was calculated with the help of the following formula:
Net return (Rs ha-1)
= Gross return (Rs ha-1
) – Cost of cultivation (Rs ha-1
)
~ 35 ~
Net return (Rs ha-1
)
Benefit: cost ratio =
Cost of cultivation (Rs ha -1
)
GROSS RETURN (RS ha-1
)
The yield of Mung bean crop was converted into gross return in rupees per hectare
on the basis of current price of the produce.
3.11 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
For determining the significance between the treatment means and to draw valid
conclusion, statistical analysis were made. Data obtained from various observations were
subjected to statistical analysis by adopting appropriate method of “Analysis of Variance”.
The significance of the treatment effect was judged with the help of ‘F’ test (Variance ratio).
The differences of the treatments mean were tested using critical difference (C. D.) / L.S.D
(least significant difference) at 5% level of probability (Gomez and Gomez, 1976).
If the variance ratio (F test) was found significant at 5% level of significance, the
standard error of mean (S.Em±) and critical differences (CD)/L.S.D (least significant
difference) were calculated for further treatment comparisons.
S.Em Error sum of square
n
Where, n= number of observations.
L.S.D at 5% = S.Em 2 t value at 5% of Error degree of freedom
Co-efficient of variation =Standard Deviation of observation/Mean of observation ×100. (C.V)
~ 36 ~
Chapter-4
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
The summary of experimental findings recorded during the course of study is
presented in this chapter. Data recorded during the conduct of experiment were statistically
analyzed and significant variation has been discussed. While representing the response
trend, suitable illustrations have been adopted as and where ever necessary.
4.1 GROWTH PARAMETERS
4.1.1 PLANT HEIGHT (cm)
The data on plant height as affected by different treatments recorded at 20, 40, days
after sowing (DAS) and at harvest are presented in table 4.1. The mean maximum plant
height of green gram recorded under combination of Vermicompost + NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
)
at 20, 40 and at harvest was 29.48, 44.98, 44.28 cm respectively. The lowest plant height was
recorded at all stages of crop growth in the control treatment.
Increasing level of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1)
increased the plant height at each
level of nutrient application at all stages of crop growth except where organic manure are
not used, i.e., T1 treatment. The fertility treatment with T2 and T3 were at par with control
treatment at 40 days after sowing (DAS) similarly T2 and control treatment also remained at
par at harvest stage. The increasing rate of N, P, and K in combination with vermicompost
significantly increased the plant height. Subsequent rate of elongation remained slower
particularly between 40 DAS and at harvest. Further analysis of data indicated that at
20,40, and at harvest stage, T18,T17,T16 were at par and, lowest height observed under T1,
T2 ,T4 which proved at par in which only separate bio fertilizer were applied.
~ 37 ~
TABLE: 4.1 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON PLANT
HEIGHT PLANT-1
(cm) OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
PLANT HEIGHT PLANT
-1 (cm)
DAYS AFTER SOWING
20
40
AT HARVEST
T1(C1C2)
14.28
34.28
34.02
T2(C1VAM) 14.36 34.98 34.46
T3(C1PSB) 15.98 35.66 34.82
T4(C1RHZ) 16.41 35.23 34.96
T5(N1C2) 16.94 35.99 35.41
T6(C1FYM) 17.83 36.78 35.68
T7(C1VC) 20.22 36.43 35.94
T8(N2C2) 21.23 36.97 36.32
T9(N1VAM) 22.24 36.94 36.69
T10(N1PSB) 23.26 37.77 36.97
T11(N1RHZ) 23.96 41.48 40.20
T12(N2VAM) 23.98 41.72 40.94
T13(N2PSB) 25.96 41.96 41.68
T14(N2RHZ)
26.48
42.24
42.07
T15(N1FYM) 27.92 43.26 42.86
T16(N1VC) 28.57 43.96 43.48
T17(N2FYM)
28.87
44.23
43.94
T18(N2VC) 29.48 44.98 44.28
SEm±
0.76
0.92
0.73
CD (P=0.05)
2.18
2.66
2.10
C.V
2.10
4.10
3.28
~ 38 ~
GENERAL VIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELD SHOWING GREENGRAM CROP UNDER GUAVA BASED
AGRI-HORTICULTURE SYSTEM (R.G.S.C , B.H.U, MIRZAPUR)
REPLICATION I REPLICATION II
REPLICATION III (gap in between plant is due to scarcity of water)
~ 39 ~
PR
IMA
RY
BR
AN
CH
ES
PE
R P
LA
NT
(N
o.)
PLANT HEIGHT PLANT-1 (cm) OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TREATMENTS
20 DAS
40 DAS
AT HARVEST
FIGURE: 4.1 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER OF PRIMARY BRANCHES
PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
~ 40 ~
4.1.2 ROOT NODULES PLANT-1
The data presented in table (4.2) revealed that root nodules plant-1
increased with the
advancement of crop growth from 20 to 40 DAS irrespective of the effect treatment.
Data in the table 4.2 revealed that application of varying inorganic and organic
fertilizer significantly enhanced the number of root nodules plant over control treatme nt at
20 and 40 DAS of the crop. Application of vermicompost with combination NPK doses
(20:40:20 kg ha-1
) significantly increased the highest number of root nodules plant over
control and other treatments
4.1.3 TRIFOLIATE LEAVES PLANT-1
(No.)
It is evident from the data presented in table 4.3 that number of functional trifoliate
leaves per plant increased with the advancement of crop growth up to harvest,
Maximum rate of increase was observed between 20 to 40 DAS whereas decrease in
functional trifoliate per plant was noticed at harvest stage.
An analysis of data indicated that there was significant variation in number of
functional trifoliate leaves per plant was due to different combination of treatment i.e. NPK
(20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost and with farmyard manure. The maximum trifoliate
leaves were recorded at 20, 40 and at harvest stage of the crop growth. In corporation of
NPK with vermicompost proved significantly superior over the control at all the stages of
observations. However, maximum trifoliate leaves were recorded under T18 in comparison to
control treatment.
4.1.4. PRIMARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(No.)
Data on primary branches per plant showed significant variation as influenced by
different organic levels with inorganic levels and presented in ,Table 4.4 scanning of data
showed the value of extreme and low both and depicted graphically also in Fig.4.4.1
Marked effect of different organic levels i.e. farmyard manure and vermicompost with
NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) fertilizer was recorded on the primary branches per plant at 40 DAS,
and at harvest. Increasing fertility levels with organic manures significantly increased the
number of primary branches plant-1
at both the above stages of crop growth. The maximum
values were recorded with the application of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with
vermicompost and farmyard manure at all the stages of observation. Further analysis of
~ 41 ~
data clearly indicated that the treatment NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost and
treatment NPK (20:40:20) kg ha-1
with farm yard manure was at par at 40 DAS.
The result clearly revealed that the number of primary branches per plant of greengram
were significantly increased under dual treatment of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with
vermicompost over the control and other treatments respectively. The lowest value of
primary branches per plant of mungbean was recorded under control. Separate treatment of
Inorganic and organic fertilizer are also in Fig.4.4.1 in which response of organic manure was
good.
~ 42 ~
TABLE: 4.2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER
OF ROOT NODULES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
ROOT NODULES PLANT-1
DAYS AFTER SOWING
20
40
T1(C1C2)
4.02
10.02
T2(C1VAM) 4.16 10.66
T3(C1PSB) 4.31 10.99
T4(C1RHZ) 5.24 11.27
T5(N1C2) 5.31 11.68
T6(C1FYM) 5.75 11.9
T7(C1VC) 6.27 12.42
T8(N2C2) 6.65 12.93
T9(N1VAM) 6.93 13.36
T10(N1PSB) 7.32 13.67
T11(N1RHZ) 7.72 13.96
T12(N2VAM)
7.94
14.32
T13(N2PSB) 8.26 14.94
t14(N2RHZ)
8.63
15.42
t15(N1FYM) 8.67 15.96
t16(N1VC) 9.19 16.58
t17(N2FYM)
9.21
17.76
t18(N2VC)
9.94
18.72
SEm± 0.24
0.25
CD (P=0.05)
0.68
0.71
C.V
5.86 3.10
RO
OT
NO
DU
LE
S
PE
R P
LA
NT
(N
o.)
ROOT NODULES PLANT-1 (cm) OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM 20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
TREATMENTS
20 DAS
40 DAS
FIGURE: 4.2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER OF ROOT NODULES PER
PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
.
~ 43 ~
TABLE: 4.3 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER
OF TRIFOLIATE LEAVES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI
SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
TRIFOLIATE LEAVES PLANT-1
(cm)
DAYS AFTER SOWING
20
40
AT HARVEST
T1(C1C2)
3.28
6.23
3.68
T2(C1VAM) 4.15 6.53 4.38
T3(C1PSB) 4.37 6.72 4.93
T4(C1RHZ) 5.44 7.27 5.24
T5(N1C2) 5.47 7.66 5.58
T6(C1FYM) 5.48 7.97 5.93
T7(C1VC) 6.32 8.37 6.32
T8(N2C2) 6.57 8.69 6.53
T9(N1VAM) 6.94 9.84 6.93
T10(N1PSB) 7.13 9.66 7.36
T11(N1RHZ) 7.15 10.41 7.94
T12(N2VAM) 7.17 10.69 8.23
T13(N2PSB) 7.56 10.97 8.96
T14(N2RHZ)
7.97
11.34
9.56
T15(N1FYM) 9.22 11.94 10.96
T16(N1VC) 8.72 12.78 11.5
T17(N2FYM)
9.44
13.98
12.96
T18(N2VC)
10.15
14.64
13.78
SEm± 0.27
0.44
0.24
CD (P=0.05) 0.77 1.27 0.68
C.V 6.86 7.86 5.25
~ 44 ~
TR
IFO
LIA
TE
LE
AV
ES
PL
AN
T-1
(cm
)
16 TRIFOLIATE LEAVES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM.
14
12
10
8 20 DAS 6 40 DAS
4 AT HARVEST
2
0
TREATMENTS
FIGURE: 4.3 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER OF TRIFOLIATE
LEAVES PER PLANT SOF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM
~ 45 ~
TABLE: 4.4 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER
OF PRIMARY BRANCHES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI
SYSTEM
TREATMENT
PRIMARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(cm)
DAYS AFTER SOWING
40
AT HARVEST
T1(C1C2) 4.02 10.03
T2(C1VAM) 4.98 10.78
T3(C1PSB) 5.29 10.99
T4(C1RHZ) 5.93 11.34
T5(N1C2) 6.36 11.73
T6(C1FYM) 6.72 12.74
T7(C1VC) 6.97 12.98
T8(N2C2) 7.32 12.64
T9(N1VAM) 7.56 13.48
T10(N1PSB) 7.65 13.94
T11(N1RHZ) 8.77 14.36
T12(N2VAM)
8.99
14.78
T13(N2PSB) 9.56 15.44
T14(N2RHZ)
9.56
15.93
T15(N1FYM) 9.92 16.50
T16(N1VC) 10.24 17.78
T17(N2FYM)
11.68
18.52
T18(N2VC)
12.98
18.96
SEm±
0.32
0.37
CD (P=0.05) 0.92 1.06
. CV
6.94
4.56
~ 46 ~
PR
IMA
RY
BR
AN
CH
ES
PE
R P
LA
NT
PRIMARY BRANCHES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM 20 18 16 14 12 10
8 6 4 2 0
TREATMENTS
40 DAS
AT HARVEST
FIGURE: 4.4 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON NUMBER OF PRIMARY
BRANCHES PER PLANT OF GREEN GRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM
~ 47 ~
~ 48 ~
4.1.5 SECONDARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(No.)
It is quite evident from the data presented in table 4.5 and depicted graphically in
fig.4.5. Data revealed that the number of secondary branches per plant were increased
with the advancement of crop growth however the maximum rate of an increase were
observed during 40 DAS to harvest stage of the crop growth, Critical examination of data
clearly indicated that the number of secondary branches per plant due to combination of NPK
(20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost markedly increase. The highest number of
secondary branches per plant was recorded under NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with
vermicompost (T18) treatment which proved significantly superior over the control and other
treatments at all the dates of observations.
The number of secondary branches per plant was recorded more in the treatment
NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost over the control at 40 DAS and at the harvest
stage, respectively.
4.1.6. DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION (g plant-1
)
The data on dry matter accumulation (DMA) in crop plant as influenced by treatment
combination NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost application are presented in table
4.6 and depicted graphically in fig. 4.6.
It is clear from the data that dry matter accumulation significantly influenced by
combined treatment of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost at 20, 40 DAS and at
harvest stages, and proved significantly superior to control treatment.
~ 49 ~
TABLE: 4.5 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON
SECONDARY BRANCHES PER PLANT OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI
SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
SECONDARY BRANCHES PLANT-1
(cm)
DAYS AFTER SOWING
40
AT HARVEST
T1(C1C2)
1.02
4.02
T2(C1VAM) 1.36 4.26
T3(C1PSB) 1.72 4.26
T4(C1RHZ) 1.72 5.58
T5(N1C2) 2.23 6.62
T6(C1FYM) 2.44 7.72
T7(C1VC) 2.68 8.64
T8(N2C2) 2.97 9.58
T9(N1VAM) 3.32 10.48
T10(N1PSB) 3.55 11.64
T11(N1RHZ) 3.68 12.72
T12(N2VAM)
3.96
13.60
T13(N2PSB) 4.65 14.62
T14(N2RHZ)
5.38
15.74
T15(N1FYM) 5.93 15.96
T16(N1VC) 6.38 16.55
T17(N2FYM)
6.78
17.68
T18(N2VC)
6.68
18.93
SEm±
0.27
0.27
CD (P=0.05)
0.76
0.79
C.V
12.47
4.30
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y B
RA
NC
HE
S P
ER
PL
AN
T
SECONDARY BRANCHES PER PLANT OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM 20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
TREATMENTS
40 DAS
AT HARVEST
FIGURE: 4.5 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON SECONDARY BRANCHES PER PLANT OF
GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM
~ 50 ~
TABLE: 4.6 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON DRY
MATTER ACCUMULATION PER PLANT OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI
SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION-1
(g)
DAYS AFTER SOWING
20
40
AT HARVEST
T1(C1C2)
0.48
3.34
1.93
T2(C1VAM) 0.59 3.57 2.06
T3(C1PSB) 1.28 3.64 2.53
T4(C1RHZ) 1.31 4.56 3.08
T5(N1C2) 1.67 5.79 3.13
T6(C1FYM) 1.82 6.06 3.46
T7(C1VC) 1.83 6.31 3.78
T8(N2C2) 1.89 6.14 3.97
T9(N1VAM) 1.91 6.20 4.03
T10(N1PSB) 2.12 6.81 4.21
T11(N1RHZ) 2.28 6.84 4.18
T12(N2VAM)
2.63
6.83
4.28
T13(N2PSB) 2.71 6.90 4.78
T14(N2RHZ)
2.99
7.05
5.72
T15(N1FYM) 3.21 7.38 5.94
T16(N1VC) 3.09 7.45 7.84
T17(N2FYM)
2.95
7.48
8.54
T18(N2VC)
3.56
8.50
8.96
SEm±
0.15
0.29
0.55
CD (P=0.05)
0.42
0.83
1.57
CV
11.99
8.10
20.66
~ 51 ~
DR
Y M
AT
TE
R A
CC
UM
UL
AT
ION
PE
R P
LA
NT
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION PER PLANT OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
TREATMENTS
20 DAS
40 DAS
AT HARVEST
FIGURE: 4.6 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND INORGANIC FERILIZER ON DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION PER PLANT
OF GREENGRAM UNDER AGRI-HORTI SYSTEM
~ 52 ~
~ 53 ~
4.2 YIELD ATTRIBUTES
The data pertaining to yield attributes , viz. number of pods per plant, number of
grains per pod, pod length (cm) and 1000 grain weight (g) as influenced by different
treatment of combination NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost and farm yard
manure were presented in table 4.7 and depicted graphically in fig.4.7.
4.2.1. PODS PLANT-1
(No.)
A critical analysis of the data clearly indicated (table 4.7) significant variation in
pod per plant due to the combination of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost and
farm yard manure and registered significant improvement over the control treatment.
However the maximum number of pods per plant were recorded with the application of NPK
(20:40:20)kg ha-1
combined with vermicompost.
Lowest number of pods per plant were recorded under control treatment. The fertility
levels of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost recorded more percent that is 50
-60% enhancement in number of pods per plant as compared to control treatment.
4.2.2. LENGTH OF PODS (cm)
The data on variation in pod length (cm) are presented in table 4.7 and depicted
graphically in fig. 4.7 Combined treatment of NPK (20:40:20kg ha-1
) with
vermicompost and NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with farm yard manure produced maximum
pod length (cm). Fertility levels with organic manure also proved significant over control.
4.2.3 GRAIN POD-1
(No.)
Close examination of the data on no. of grains pod-1
as affected by different organic
levels with inorganic levels are presented in table 4.7
The variation in number of grain per pod due to different organic manure, bio fertilizer
with inorganic levels were found to be significant.
The maximum number of grains per pod were recorded due to NPK (20:40:20) kg ha-1
with vermicompost level followed by treatment NPK (20:40:20) kg ha-1
with farm yard
manure. However, the minimum of grains per pod were registered under control treatment.
~ 54 ~
Further, examination of the data revealed that the number of per pod production
showed significant superior due to varying combination treatment of organic over inorganic
levels significantly increased the grain per pod compared to all the treatment combination.
4.2.4 1000 GRAIN WEIGHT (g)
A critical analysis of data clearly indicated significant variation in 1000 grains weight
due to different combination of organic manure with inorganic levels.
The maximum 1000 grains weight were recorded under NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with
vermicompost which proved significantly superior over the control and other treatments. The
data indicated that the test weight increased significantly due to the application of graded
level of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost over the control treatment and the
magnitude of increase over the control was around 20-30 percent.
~ 55 ~
TREATMENT
-1
PODS PLANT (No.)
POD LENGTH
(cm)
- GRAINS POD
1(No.)
TEST WEIGHT
(gm)
T1(C1C2)
10.83
4.96
7.23
28.51
T2(C1VAM) 10.95 5.49 8.67 28.66
T3(C1PSB) 11.61 5.91 9.22 29.38
T4(C1RHZ) 12.00 5.97 9.25 29.74
T5(N1C2) 12.19 5.91 9.33 29.81
T6(C1FYM) 13.05 6.79 9.60 29.85
T7(C1VC) 13.51 6.91 9.67 30.26
T8(N2C2) 13.91 8.88 10.00 30.29
T9(N1VAM) 14.53 9.06 10.67 30.56
T10(N1PSB)
16.44
9.33
11.44
30.67
T11(N1RHZ) 14.68 9.66 11.62 30.69
T12(N2VAM)
17.42
10.00
11.82
30.93
T13(N2PSB)
17.94
10.19
12.17
31.22
T14(N2RHZ)
18.58
10.44
10.45
31.53
T15(N1FYM)
19.68
10.75
11.33
31.76
T16(N1VC)
20.58
10.94
11.69
32.18
T17(N2FYM)
21.96
10.99
12.33
38.94
T18(N2VC)
22.93
11.46
13.33
39.50
SEm±
0.92
0.421 0.28 1.39
CD (P=0.05)
2.66 1.21 0.81 4.01
CV
10.19 8.54 4.63 7.70
TABLE 4.7 EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON YEILD ATTRIBUTES
OF MUNGBEAN UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM.
YE
ILD
AT
TR
IBU
TE
S O
F M
UN
GB
EA
N
YEILD ATTRIBUTES OF MUNGBEAN UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM
40
35
30
25 PODS PER PLANT
20 POD LENGTH (cm)
15 GRAINS PER POD(No.)
10 TEST WEIGHT(gm)
5
0
TREATMENTS
FIGURE 4.7 EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON YEILD ATTRIBUTES OF MUNGBEAN UNDER
GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM
Pods per plant in (No.) , Pod length (cm) , Grains per pod (No.) ,Test Weight (gm)
~ 56 ~
~ 57 ~
4.3 YIELD STUDIES
The mean data on grain yield, straw yield (kg ha-1
) and harvest index (%) as
influenced by inorganic level combined with organic manure have been depicted graphically
in the figure.
4.8.
4.3.1 GRAIN YEILD (kg ha-1
)
It is quite clear from the data presented in Table 4.8, that treatment (N2vc),i.e.,
NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost and farm yard manure , (N2fym) proved
equally effective on production of grain yield.
An examination of data revealed a significant variation in grain yield due to different
combination of organic and inorganic levels. The combined treatment of NPK (20:40:20 kg
ha-1
) with vermicompost recorded the maximum grain yield , followed by NPK (20:40:20 kg
per hectare)The data indicated that the grain yield increased significantly due to the
application of different levels of inorganic and organic levels i.e. NPK (20:40:20 kg
ha-1
) with vermicompost and the magnitude increase over the control was 45- 50 percent.
4.3.2 STRAW YEILD (kg ha-1
)
The data on straw yield of green gram as influenced by different levels of N, P ,
K and organic manure and biofertilizer are presented in Table 4.8 The data revealed treatment
NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost brought about significant improvement in straw
yield followed by NPK (20:40:20 kg per hectare) with farm yard manure. Increase in the
straw yield was up to 30- 40 percent in comparison to the control.
4.3.3 HARVEST INDEX (%)
A critical analysis of data clearly indicates that there was no significant variation in
harvest index due to different organic and inorganic levels. However, the maximum
harvest index was recorded under NPK (20:40:20 kg per hectare) i.e.,
T18 treatment.
~ 58 ~
TABLE 4.8: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GRAIN, STRAW YEILD
(Kg ha-1
) AND HARVEST INDEX (%) OF GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED
AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
YIELD (Kg ha
-1)
HARVEST INDEX (%)
GRAIN STRAW
T1(C1C2)
440.72
1428.26
23.50
T2(C1VAM) 560.68 1450.00 27.80
T3(C1PSB) 590.46 1492.28 28.30
T4(C1RHZ) 623.42 1528.42 28.90
T5(N1C2) 686.63 1568.46 30.40
T6(C1FYM) 698.72 1623.26 30.09
T7(C1VC) 726.68 1658.41 30.40
T8(N2C2) 737.59 1659.49 30.70
T9(N1VAM) 738.52 1662.67 30.70
T10(N1PSB) 779.81 1663.16 31.90
T11(N1RHZ)
780.26
1777.09
30.50
T12(N2VAM)
839.98
1959.16
30.00
T13(N2PSB)
856.38
2148.12
28.50
T14(N2RHZ)
868.36
2159.00
28.60
T15(N1FYM)
898.24
2209.67
28.90
T16(N1VC)
923.42
2248.00
29.10
T17(N2FYM)
948.28
2258.56
29.5
T18(N2VC)
968.42
2297.93
29.6
SEm±
12.21
67.17
0.42
CD(0.05)
35.07
193.03
1.26
CV
2.78
6.39
6.09
YIE
LD
(K
g P
er h
a)
&H
I(%
)
GRAIN, STRAW YEILD (Kg Per ha) AND HARVEST INDEX (%) OF GREENGRAM
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
TREATMENTS
GRAIN(Kg/ ha)
STRAW(kg/ha)
HARVEST INDEX (%)
FIGURE 4.8: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GRAIN, STRAW YEILD (Kg ha-1
) AND HARVEST
INDEX (%) OF GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM
~ 59 ~
~ 60 ~
4.4. AVAILABLE NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM
(kg ha-1)
IN SOIL.
Data regarding residual soil fertility status after harvest as influenced by different
treatments are presented in table 4.9. Available nitrogen and phosphorus showed
significant variation due to different fertility levels with organic manure and without organic
manure and separate treatment. However, significantly higher in NPK (20:40:20) kg ha-1
with
vermicompost was recorded over the control (C1C2) and other treatments.
4.5 RELATIVE ECONOMICS
Research finding may be useful from academic point of view but would not be useful
to the farmers unless these findings are economically feasible from the point of its adoption
by beneficiaries. The economic analysis includes the cost of cultivation, gross return, net
Return, and benefit: cost ratio for different treatment combination, and the data in
respect of economics have been summarized in table 4.10.
~ 61 ~
TABLE 4.9: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON AVAILABLE N P K AFTER POST
HARVEST IN SOIL OF GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE
SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
AVAILABLE NITROGEN (Kg Ha
-1)
AVAILABLE
PHOSPHORUS
(Kg Ha-1
)
AVAILABLE POTASSIUM
(Kg Ha-1
)
T1(C1C2)
135.00
9.98
146.63
T2(C1VAM) 140.67 10.33 146.83
T3(C1PSB) 143.00 10.66 146.85
T4(C1RHZ) 145.45 11 149.00
T5(N1C2) 149.07 11.22 149.57
T6(C1FYM) 151.55 11.33 149.83
T7(C1VC) 153.89 12 150.00
T8(N2C2) 155.63 12.26 151.00
T9(N1VAM) 159.00 12.48 151.30
T10(N1PSB) 159.44 12.63 163.50
T11(N1RHZ) 161.67 13.44 163.81
T12(N2VAM)
163.26
13.48
163.98
T13(N2PSB)
163.48
13.59
164.13
T14(N2RHZ)
169.96
13.84
164.82
T15(N1FYM)
172.48
14.33
165.33
T16(N1VC)
172.67
14.66
165.67
T17(N2FYM)
168.67
15
166.07
T18(N2VC)
178.46
17.33
170.33
SEm±
1.55 0.35 2.53
CD(0.05) 4.46 1.02 7.28
CV 1.70 4.84 2.79
AV
AIL
AB
LE
N
P K
AF
TE
R P
OS
T H
AR
VE
ST
IN
SO
IL
AVAILABLE N P K AFTER POST HARVEST IN SOIL (kg/ha) OF GREENGRAM
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
AVAILABLE NITROGEN (Kg/ ha)
AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS (Kg /ha)
AVAILABLE POTASSIUM (Kg/ ha)
TREATMENTS
FIGURE 4.9: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON AVAILABLE N P K AFTER POST HARVEST IN SOIL OF
GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM.
~ 62 ~
~ 63 ~
4.5.1 COST OF CULTIVATION (Rs ha-1
)
The common cost of cultivation of different treatment combination were work out,
considering all operation from land preparation to harvesting and input used . The treatment
cost was calculated separately and it was combined with common cost of cultivation to find
out the total cost of cultivation. Data revealed that the cost of cultivation was maximum of
Rs.19974.83 ha-1
for NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost, over the control and the
rest of the treatment. The total costs of cultivation were minimum of Rs.14779.75
under the control treatment (C1C2).
4.5.2 GROSS RETURN (Rs. ha-1
)
It is evident from the data that among different fertility levels and dual treatment of
organic fertilizer recorded maximum gross return in alley cropping was Rs. 66190.38 ha-1
due
to NPK (20:40:20kg ha-1
) with vermicompost. The minimum gross return of Rs. 44551.87 per
hectare was recorded in guava based cropping system under control treatment respectively.
4.5.3 NET RETURN (Rs. ha-1
)
The net return was markedly influenced due to different cost incurred and yield (grain
and straw) obtained under various treatments. The maximum and minimum net return was
recorded under application of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost (N2vr) and
minimum under control treatment i.e., (C1C2) treatment, respectively.
4.5.4 Benefit: cost ratio
The data on benefit: cost ratio indicated that the maximum benefit: cost ratio (3.78) was
recorded in combined application of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with PSB (N2 PSB). However,
the treatment under control guava based agri- horti system incurred the minimum benefit:
cost ratio (3.01).
~ 64 ~
4.10: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON AVAILABLE N P K ON RELATIVE
ECONOMMICS OF GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM.
TREATMENT
COST
OF
CULTIV
A
TION
GRAIN
(Rs/ ha)
STRAW
(Rs/ ha)
GUAVA
(FRUIT)
(Rs/ ha)
TOTAL
(Rs/ ha)
NET
RETURN
(Rs/ ha)
BENEFIT:COST
RATIO
T1(C1C2)
14779.75
19832.40
1785.32
37713.90
59331.63
44551.87
3.01
T2(C1VAM)
14799.75
25230.60
1812.50
37713.90
64757.00
49957.25
3.37
T3(C1PSB)
14794.75
26570.70
1865.35
37713.90
66149.95
51355.20
3.47
T4(C1RHZ)
14794.75
28053.90
1910.52
37713.90
67678.33
52883.57
3.57
T5(N1C2)
15766.13
30898.35
1960.57
37713.90
70572.83
54806.69
3.47
T6(C1FYM)
18979.75
31442.40
2029.07
37713.90
71185.38
52205.62
2.75
T7(C1VC)
16979.75
32700.60
2073.01
37713.90
72487.51
55507.76
3.26
T8(N2C2)
16652.62
33191.55
2074.363
37713.90
72979.81
56327.19
3.38
T9(N1VAM)
15786.13
33233.40
2078.33
37713.9
73025.64
57239.50
3.62
T10(N1PSB)
15781.13
35091.45
2078.95
37713.90
74884.30
59103.17
3.74
T11(N1RHZ)
15781.13
35111.70
2221.36
37713.90
75046.96
59265.83
3.75
T12(N2VAM)
16672.62
37799.10
2448.95
37713.90
77961.95
61289.33
3.67
T13(N2PSB)
16487.62
38537.10
2685.15
37713.90
78936.15
62448.53
3.78
T14(N2RHZ) 16667.62 39076.20 2698.75 37713.90 79488.85 62821.23 3.76
T15(N1FYM) 19966.13 40420.80 2761.25 37713.90 80895.95 60929.82 3.05
T16(N1VC) 17966.13 41553.90 2810.00 37713.90 82077.80 64111.67 3.56
T17(N2FYM) 19974.83 42672.60 2823.20 37713.90 83209.70 63234.87 3.16
T18(N2VC)
17974.83
43578.90
2872.41
37713.90
84165.21
66190.38
3.68
SEm±
395.64
1528.85
92.76
0.00
1615.59
1354.03
0.07
CD(0.05)
1186.93
4586.54
278.27
NS
4846.78
4062.10
0.21
CV
10.05
18.98
17.28
0.00
9.24
10.00
8.65
Product cost (Rs. per kg): Grain 45, Straw 1.25, fruits of guava 32 (No.) Seasonal costs was also included.
RE
LA
TIV
E E
CO
NO
MM
ICS
OF
GR
EE
NG
RA
M
RELATIVE ECONOMMICS OF GREENGRAM UNDER GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM
90000
80000 COST(Rs/ha)
70000
60000
GRAIN(Rs/ha)
50000
40000
STRAW(Rs/ha)
30000
20000
GUAVA (FRUIT)(Rs/ha)
10000 TOTAL(Rs/ha)
0
NET RETURN(Rs/ha)
BENEFIT:COST RATIO(Rs/ha)
TREATMENTS
FIGURE4.10: EFFECT OF INORGANIC AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON AVAILABLE N P K ON RELATIVE ECONOMICS OF GREENGRAM UNDER
GUAVA BASED AGRI HORTICULTURE SYSTEM
~ 65 ~
~ 66 ~
Chapter-5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The present investigation entitled “Effect of different levels of inorganic and
organic fertilizer on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.wilczek) under
guava based agri-horti system ’’ was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at
agricultural research farm of Rajiv Gandhi south campus, Barkaccha (BHU), Mirzapur,
Uttar Pradesh. The experimental findings have been described in the preceding chapter. An
attempt has been made to analyze the results critically in the light of causes of variation
in this chapter. Various influences due to the variation in treatment combination and their
influence on soil as well as crops have been described in this chapter.
The growth and yield potentiality of crop heavily depends upon its genetic characters
as well as the environmental factors to some extend physical and chemical nature of along
with some cultural practices also affects the performance of crop plant, the proper growth
and development of crops is also greatly influenced by the alley cropping system and have
shown fluctuation of indirect or direct effect on growth and development. The findings have
been discussed considering the weather situation during the crop period. The weather data
shows ample soil moisture supplementation at periodic intervals. The crop witnessed a
normal weather in terms of temperature, relative humidity sun shine hour’s etc., are
concerned. In alley cropping system, apart from all factors, fertility levels and bio fertilizer
combination as well as organic manure of the respective components crop and their
competitive relationship are of paramount important.
The findings of earlier workers on the subject have also been taken in to consideration
while discussing the result of present investigation. The discussion is presented under
various heads.
~ 67 ~
5.1 EFFECT OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON GROWTH AND
YIELD OF GREEN GRAM
Every crop requires a set of definite environmental condition for its proper
growth and development. In addition to alley cropping and weather parameters such as
temperature, rainfall, sun-shine duration, relative humidity and evaporation are the main
factor, which influenced crop growth and development. Green gram is generally grown as
summer and rainy season crop in northern India. Heavy rainfall during the flowering stage is
harmful and adversely affects the production. Such crops require hot and humid continuous
rains, but it is susceptible to hail damage at all stages of growth. Frost is also harmful to this
crop.
Temperature is known to have strong effect on vegetative and reproductive phases. The
sub- optimal or supra-optimal temperature severely affects germination and plant stand.
The meteorological data (Table 3.2 and Fig 3.2) recorded during the crop season
showed that the average temperature remained 38oC (September) to 23
oC (October)
respectively, which was within the optimum range for growth of green gram.
5.2 EFFECT ON CROP
5.2.1 Effect on growth parameters
Result of the experiment revealed that growth parameters of green gram (table 4.1 to
4.10) showed marked variation due to the combined treatment of organic with inorganic and
due to biofertilizer. Individual response of organic manure over inorganic was recorded
higher. The combined treatment of NPK (20:40:20 Kg ha-1
) with vermicompost
showed great enhancement in maximum parameters of plant growth, followed by farm
yard manure and also biofertilizer. Due to the use of bio fertilizer in some treatment, it
showed remarkable growth in the production of new leaves as well as roots as it promotes
enough nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium level to the crops. Due to the combined treatment
of inorganic and organic levels i.e., NPK (20:40:10 Kg ha-1
) with vermicompost synthesis of
protein were high and yield was recorded high with good vegetative as well as yield attributes.
~ 68 ~
Vermicompost are the products of the degradation of organic matter through interactions
between earthworms and microorganisms. Vermicompost are finely divided peat -like
materials with high porosity, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity and usually
contain most nutrients in the available forms such as nitrates, phosphates, exchangeable
calcium and soluble potassium .Phosphate solubilising microorganisms such as; bacteria and
fungi, are effective in releasing P from inorganic and organic pools of total soil P through
solubilisation and mineralization (Chen et al., 2006). Vermicompost in combination with
NPK (20:40:20 kg per hectare enhanced the plant height and also caused positive changes in
the primary and secondary branches of the plant.
Vermicompost, with high water-holding capacity and proper supply of macro- and
micro- nutrients has a positive effect on biomass production and subsequently the enhanced
plant height. Improved growth, development and height of crops have previously been
reported in the presence of optimal amounts of vermicompost (Vadiraj etal., 1998; Arguello
et al., 2006; Darzi et al., 2007; Azizi et al., 2008). Vermicompost has significantly
influenced the flowering, trifoliate leaves per plant, secondary branches per plant and primary
branches per plant. On the other hand, vermicompost application through the improvement of
biological activities of soil and mineral element absorption (Arancon et al., 2004), caused
more biomass production along with grain and yield.
These earlier findings are in accordance with the results of present experiment,
and the observations on the Fragaria ananasa (Arancon et al., 2004). Similar, results were
also obtained for several other plants such as Artemisia pallens, Foeniculum vulgare
(Pandey 2005; Roy and Singh 2006; Darzi et al., 2007). Roy and Singh (2006) reported
a large number of productive tillers of barley in response to vermicompost application. They
have suggested that vermicompost affected the productive tillering through microbial
stimulation and gradual mineralization of soil. According to the present analysis,
vermicompost with npk (20:40:20 kg per hectare) that is T18 treatment have promoted
flowering and increased grain and yield per plant by enhancing the phosphorus content and
the rate of photosynthesis (Ratti et al., 2001). The present result were derived from the
improvement of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms’ activities in soil at the third
treatment level (inoculated seed + spraying on plant base at stem elongation stage), which are
in agreement with the previous studies carried out on the borage plant (Shaalan, 2005a).
~ 69 ~
The results clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of vermicompost in combination with
NPK level for increased biological yield. Vermicompost with NPK (20:40:20) kg per hectare
has increased the growth rate, because of water and mineral uptake such as; nitrogen and
phosphorus, which lead to the proper biological yield improvement (Atiyeh et al., 2002;
Arancon et al., 2004). This finding is in accordance with the previous observations (Anwar et
al., 2005; Darzi et al., 2008). Effect of phosphate solubilising bacteria on the biological yield
attributed due to increased phosphorus uptake (Ratti et al., 2001; Shaalan, 2005a, b). The
result of the present work are in agreement with the reports of Omar (1998) on Triticum
aestivum, Ratti et al. (2001) on Cymbopogon martini, Rashmi et al. (2008) on Ocimum
gratissimum and Darzi et al. (2011) on Pimpinella anisum. All the earlier reports and present
results supported the fact of positive and synergistic effect on interaction between two factors
which highly dependent on the effect of organic matter, containing vermicompost, on the
activity of phosphate solubilising bacteria. Many reports have shown that the interaction
between biofertilizers can be beneficial for plant growth and yield (Hazarika et al., 2000;
Ratti et al., 2001; Kumar et al., 2002; Darzi et al., 2008; Padmapriya and Chezhiyan, 2009).
Increased seed yield due to vermicompost treatments could be attributed to the improvement
of yield components such as; plant height, trifoliate leaves per plant,secondary branches per
plant, primary brancher per plant and biomass/biological yield. Findings are in accordance
with the observations of earlier researchers (Mba 1996; Vadiraj et al., 1998; Darzi et al.,
2007; Chand et al., 2007; Sanchez et al., 2008). Whilst, Roy and Singh (2006) demonstrated
that increased supply of mineral elements, through vermicompost application, resulted in
greater absorption and utilization of these elements, which resulted in better growth of barley
having direct effect on the yield attributes as well as the grain yield. Arguello et al. (2006)
have shown that the application of vermicompost on Allium sativum caused greater yield as
compared to the experimental plants with no vermicompost application due to an earlier start
of bulbification and lengthening of the bulb filling period. Phosphatic biofertilizer promoted
seed yield through the enhancement of yield attributes. These results are in agreement with
the earlier investigation on Vigna radiata, Borago officinalis, Nigella sativa and P. anisum
(Singh and Kapoor, 1998; Shaalan 2005a, b; Darzi et al., 2011).
~ 70 ~
Due to combination of inorganic level that is NPK (20:40:20) kg ha-1
with
vermicompost highest yield recorded as because due to vermicompost composition and also
due to the application of phosphorus which improved the nutrient availability status,
resulting into greater grain yield which might have increased the photosynthetic and then
translocated the synthate to different parts for promoting meristematic development in
potential apical buds and intercalary meristems and hence increased growth parameters of the
crop.
Potassium is one of the greatest investments in protecting a crop against disease. It has
ability to strengthen stalks and stems against disease, protecting the plant from lodging. It has
the ability to make plant cells thicker, making it more difficult for certain diseases to invade
the plant after heavy rain or other stressful conditions.
5.2.2 Effect on yield attributes and yield
The results have indicated that biological yields were affected by the application of
vermicompost Significant increase in biological yield was observed in two treatments i.e.,
combination with NPK level or as separate component as compared to the control experiment
(non-vermicompost). The highest biological yields were obtained with applying
vermicompost and NPK level (20:40:20 kg per hectare) Phosphate solubilising bacterium
showed significant effect on biological yield. The present results showed that the interaction
of vermicompost and NPK level was also significant. The use of vermicompost and
phosphatic bio fertilizer, on the biological yield, revealed that the application of 6 ton/ha
vermicompost successively increased the levels of phosphatic biofertilizer, which resulted in
a significant increase in biological yield.
The results presented revealed that vermicompost in combination with NPK level
(20:40:20 kg per hectare) had significant effects on the seed yield. It increased the root
nodulation and better root development and more nutrient availability, resulting in vigorous
plant growth and dry matter accumulation which resulted in better flowering, fruiting, and
pod formation and helped in reducing in p fixation by its effect and also solubilised the
unavailable form o f p leading to more removal of nutrients by the crop which reflected in
~ 71 ~
better growth parameters viz., pods plant-1
and grains pod-1
. The increase in grain, straw and
biological yield was due to the cumulative effect of increased growth and yield parameters.
Enhanced vegetative growth in term of dry matter production and branches plant -1
provided more sites for the translocation of photosynthates and ultimately resulted in
increased number of pods plant-1
, grain pod-1
, pod length and test weight were significantly
benefitted with the availability of nutrients.
As stated earlier, the adequate supply of nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium play a
vital role in metabolic process of photosynthesis that result in increased flowering and
fruiting thereby improving number of pods plant-1
grains pod-1
and test weight. The
increase in above parameters with the application of nitrogen and phosphorus in
appropriate level proved instrumental for effective removal and translocation of
nutrients, especially phosphorus, resulting in bold seed formation by increasing the size and
weight of grains, there results are in close accordance with findings of Kumar et al. (2003).
The better growth of plant in terms of height and dry matter accumulation are most
important factor in improving yield parameters and yield of green gram through better
translocation of food reserves to sink. The levels of phosphorus during this period regulate
the starch/sucrose ratio in the source leaves and the reproductive organs. It also
influences the stomatal resistance and activity of ribilose bi- phosphate partitioning of
photosynthates to sink development has led to increased number of pods plant-1
,gains pod-1
and test weight. It also helped in stimulating the cell division and root elongation in
meristematic tissues and constitute ADP and ATP in plant, which plays an important role in
energy storage.
Due to increased dry matter and photosynthetic products with efficient translocation,
plant produced more pods plant-1
with more number of grains pods-1
and higher test weight
and it is due to the combination of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1) with vermicompost. Rashmi KR,
Earanna N, Vasundhara M (2008). Influence of biofertilizers on growth, biomass and
biochemical constituents of Ocimum gratissimum. L. Biomed., 3(2): 123-130, also
observe the effect explained.
~ 72 ~
5.2.3 EFFECT ON TREE AND ITS FRUIT
Experiment laid out in guava based agri-hoticulture system has increased the fruit
yield, canopy, girth, stem and height of the plant. It showed positive response on guava. It is
highly perishable in nature. Shelf life under ambient conditions is 2 to 3 days on an
average, therefore, it should be marketed immediately after harvest. The yield is of about
1077.54 kg per hectare and gross income from fruit tree was Rs 37713.9 Kg per hectare.
5.2.4 AVAILABLE NPK IN THE SOIL
Combination of inorganic level of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost
significantly increased the residual available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil
over the control after harvest of crop. This can be attributed to higher level of fertility. Due
to this combination it brought about better aeration of soil moisturizer maintained on the
soil and also it increased the good transportation of necessary minerals and water.
Vermicompost, with high water-holding capacity and proper supply of macro- and micro-
nutrients has a positive effect on biomass production and subsequently enhanced plant height.
Improved growth, development and height of medicinal plants and other crops have
previously been reported in the presence of optimal amounts of vermicompost.
5.2.5 RELATIVE ECONOMICS
The maximum economy obtained from treatment that is T13 (N2PSB) .The practical
utility of any measure can be judged on the basis of net returns. In present study, all the
treatment with organic manure got more net returns than that of inorganic fertilizer.
Among fertilizer, application of NPK (20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost showed
highest value respectively. Highest grain and straw yield of green gram were in great number
in T18 treatment. Similar result was also reported by Kohli et al. (2006), Deore et al. (2007)
and Yadav et al. (2009).
~ 73 ~
Chapter-6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
In this chapter an attempt has been made to summarize the results presented in the
chapter experimental findings, and also to draw valid conclusion based on the significant
variation in the present investigation entitled “Effect of different levels of inorganic and
organic fertilizer on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under guava
based agri-horti system ’’ was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2015 at agricultural
research farm of Rajiv Gandhi south campus, barkaccha (BHU), Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.
The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam-silt in texture with low drainage i.e.
having PH 6.48. It was moderately fertile, being low in available organic carbon (0.35%)
available nitrogen (168.51 kg ha-1
), and medium in available phosphorus (18.00 kg ha-1
),
potassium (162.00 kg ha-1
).The experiment is laid out in factorial randomized block design
with three replication under agri-horti system. Treatments were replicated three times. The
experiment consist of 18 treatments viz. having two levels of Inorganic fertilizer i.e,
N+P+K, first level is N,P,K (10:20:10 kg per hectare) & second level is N,P,K (20:40:20 kg
per hectare )and six levels of Organic fertilizer i.e, farmyard manure (6 t ha-1
), vermicompost
(8 to 10 kg ha-1
), biofertilizer i.e Seed inoculated by strain rhizobium (MOR-1) 8 gram per
kg of seed and phosphate solubilising bacteria (bacillus subtilis) 8gram per kg of seed,
mycorrizha (vam) of green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) 20 gram for each plot spread
with soil in seed sowing area with 3 replication including control treatment. The inoculants
were obtained from the Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University.
The treatments were randomized as per statistical procedure. The seed were sown with the
help of kudal directly in rows 30×10 cm apart. The experiment were carried out with 9 yrs
old guava tree planted at 5.4×5.4 meter spacing.
A lot of observation were recorded during the course of investigation including
morphological and yield attributes as affected by biofertilizer, farm yard manure,
vermicompost and inorganic fertility levels. Morphological studies particularly the growth
parameters were recorded at various phonological stages starting from 20 DAS followed by
40 DAS and at harvest. Crop response to the treatments were measured in term of various
quantative indices, viz. plant height, root nodules plant-1
, Number of trifoliate leaf plant-1
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(No.), Primary branches plant-1
(No.), 4 Secondary branches plant-1
(No.), Dry matter
accumulation-1
(g), Number of root nodules plant-1
(No.), Yield attributing characters, like
Number of pods plant-1
, Pod length (cm), Number of grains pod-1
(No.), Test weight (g),
Grain and straw yield. Soil were analyzed for available nitrogen and phosphorus at initiation
of the experiment and after harvest of the green gram.
The data collected during the course of the experimentation were subjected to
statistical analysis to drawn valid conclusion. Finally the different treatments were analyzed
for their gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio. The important findings and broad
conclusion emerging from the study are summarized here under:
CONCLUSION
1. The green gram plant height under guava based agri-horticulture system was
significantly increased at 20, 40 DAS with combined application of inorganic NPK
(20:40:20 kg ha-1
) with vermicompost followed with same level of NPK with farm
yard manure. This combination increased the plant height and up to its harvest.
Minimum growth was observed under control treatment.
2. The maximum root nodules were recorded under combined inoculation of seed with
PSB and Rhizobium culture alongwith with NPK level (20:40:20 kg ha-1
)
3. In alley cropping system, maximum dry weight accumulation was obtained under
combined application of inorganic NPK (20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost
followed by the same level of NPK with farm yard manure.
4. Combined application of inorganic NPK (20:40:20) kg ha1
with vermicompost and
also with farm yard manure showed significantly maximum number of primary and
secondary branches plant-1
.
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5. Highest number of trifoliate leaves of green gram were recorded in combined
application of inorganic NPK (20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost and also in
combined application of NPK (20:40:20) kg ha1
with rhizobium and PSB culture.
Lowest value recorded under control treatment.
6. The number of pods per plant was also recorded high in combined application of
inorganic NPK (20:40:20) kg ha1
with vermicompost.
7. The 1000-grains weight of green gram under guava based Agri-horticulture system
was varied significantly and maximum weight was recorded with combined
application of inorganic NPK (20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost in comparison
with control treatment.
8. The Combined application of inorganic NPK (20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost
and then farm yard manure with NPK level (20:40:20 kg ha1
) recorded significantly
more grain and straw yield of green gram over other treatment combination i.e. Rs
(43578.9 kg per hectare). However the harvest index was not significantly
influenced due to treatment.
9. The available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in soil after the harvest of the crop
was improved markedly under combined application of inorganic N, P, K (20:40:20
kg ha1) with vermicompost.
10. The highest net return of Rs. Ha-1
was Rs. 66190.38 per hectare was recorded under
combined application of inorganic N, P, K (20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost, and
minimum Rs.45763 ha-1
in control condition.
11. The higher benefit: cost ratio 3.78 was observed with combined application of
inorganic N,P,K (20:40:20 kg ha1) with PSB as compared to control (3.22).
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RECOMMENDATION-
Based on the experimental findings, the combined application of inorganic N, P, K
(20:40:20 kg ha1) with vermicompost and same level of nutrients with farm yard manure
showed best response in relation to grain yield and maximum B:C ratio with variety
HUM-16 of mung bean in red loamy soil of vindhyan region of Mirzapur district. Same level
of nutrients N, P, K (20:40:20) Kg ha-1
with Rhizobium (MOR-1) and PSB (bacillus
subtilis) also showed the marked effect on green gram. Overall from the all data
calculated the response of organic level with inorganic showed great enhancement in
production of primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, trifoliate leaves per
plant, root nodules per plant and also dry matter accumulation per plant, followed with
application of biofertilizer with inorganic. Separate application of organic and inorganic,
organic also showed improved productivity of green gram. Thus to maintain the
sustainability and good soil health and fertility, organic should be encouraged and it will be
profitable to the farmers residing under the Vindhyan region of Mirzapur , Organic manure
and biofertilizer are ecofriendly in nature and it will also reduce the ill effect.
~ 77 ~
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