Antitrust Law, Policy, and Procedure

Antitrust Law, Policy, and Procedure

Cases, Materials, Prob lems

eighth edition

E. Thomas SullivanPresident of the University of Vermont

Dean Emeritus, University of Minnesota Law School andUniversity of Arizona Rogers College of Law

Herbert HovenkampJames G. Dinan University Professor,

University of Pennsylvania Law School and the Wharton School

Howard A. ShelanskiProfessor of Law, Georgetown Law

Christopher R. LeslieChancellor’s Professor of Law, UC Irvine School of Law

Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina

Copyright © 2019Carolina Academic Press, LLCAll Rights Reserved

ISBN 978-1-5310-1414-8e-ISBN 978-1-5310-1415-5LCCN 2019933772

Carolina Academic Press700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America

v

Contents

Table of Cases xix

Preface to the Eighth Edition xxxix

Preface to the Seventh Edition xli

Preface to the Sixth Edition xliii

Preface to the Fifth Edition xlv

Preface to the Fourth Edition xlvii

Preface to the Third Edition xlix

Preface to the Second Edition li

Preface to the First Edition liii

Chapter 1 · Introduction to the Competition Model 3I. Overview: The Policies and Goals of Antitrust Regulation 3

R.H. Lande, Wealth Transfers as the Original and Primary Concern of Antitrust: The Efficiency Interpretation Challenged 8

Note: Antitrust Goals — Consumer Welfare v. General Welfare 15

II. Common Law Legacies 17[A] En glish Foundations 17

W. Letwin, Law and Economic Policy in Amer i ca: The Evolution of The Sherman Antitrust Act 17

[1] Contracts in Restraint of Trade 21[2] Combinations in Restraint of Trade 22

[B] American Common Law Tradition 23[C] Development of Legislation 26[D] Early Interpretations 28

United States v. Trans- Missouri Freight Ass’n 28Notes and Questions 31United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. 32

vi CONTENTS

Notes and Questions 36

Chapter 2 · Framework for Analy sis 41I. The Economic Prob lem 41

[A] Introduction 41[B] Law of Demand 41[C] The Theory of Costs 44

II. The Market in Movement 50[A] Perfect Competition 50[B] Mono poly 54[C] Relative Per for mances of Competition and Mono poly 56[D] The Competitive Continuum 58

III. Judicial Emphasis on Economic Reasoning 59[A] Introduction 59[B] Structuralist Analy sis 59[C] Efficiency Analy sis 60[D] Strategic Be hav ior 62

Chapter 3 · Special Prob lems of Antitrust Enforcement 63I. Enforcement 63

[A] Tripartite Approach 63[1] Department of Justice 63

[a] Civil Action 64[b] Criminal Prosecutions 64

[2] Federal Trade Commission 67[3] Private Suits 69

[a] Jurisdiction, Venue, and Service 71[b] Statute of Limitations 75[c] Interstate Commerce Requirement 79

Summit Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas 80Notes and Questions 85

[d] Transnational Application of United States Antitrust Laws 86

Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act 90Note: International Antitrust Guidelines 92Prob lem 3.1 94Prob lem 3.2 94

[e] The Direct Purchaser Requirement and the Problem of Passing On 95

Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois 95Notes and Questions 103Prob lem 3.3 112

[f] “Business or Property” Requirement 113Reiter v. Sonotone Corp. 113Notes and Questions 116

[g] Antitrust Injury 116

CONTENTS vii

Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl- O- Mat, Inc. 117Notes and Questions 120Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort of Colorado, Inc. 121Notes and Questions 128Prob lem 3.4 132Prob lem 3.5 133Prob lem 3.6 134Prob lem 3.7 134Prob lem 3.8 134

[h] Standing to Sue 134Blue Shield of Virginia v. McCready 135Associated General Contractors v. California State

Council of Carpenters 139Notes and Questions 144

[B] Parens Patriae 145[C] Advisory Opinions and Clearances Procedure 147[D] Settlement 148[E] Preclusion Effects of a Prior Judgment on Subsequent

Private Suits 152[F] Antitrust Counterclaims 156[G] Expert Testimony After Daubert 157

Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp. 157Notes and Questions 161

II. Additional Antitrust Defenses 163[A] First Amendment Protections 163

[1] Noerr-Pennington Doctrine 163[2] Economic/Political Boycotts 163[3] Overbroad Remedial Orders 163

[B] In Pari Delicto and the Unclean Hands Doctrine 166Perma Life Mufflers, Inc. v. International Parts Corp. 166Notes and Questions 168

III. Remedies 171[A] Damages 172

[1] Optimal Antitrust Damages 174[2] The Optimal Deterrence Model and Treble Damages 177

[B] Award of Attorney’s Fees 179[C] Injunctive Relief and Structural Remedies 182

California v. American Stores Co. 185Notes and Questions 187

[D] Contribution and Claim Reduction 189

Chapter 4 · Cartels and Other Joint Conduct by Competitors 191I. Horizontal Restraints 191

[A] The Development of Analytical and Evidentiary Rules 191[1] Introduction: The Problems of Horizontal Arrangements 191

viii CONTENTS

[2] Rules of Reason and Per Se Illegality 192[3] Guidelines for Collaboration Among Competitors 193

[B] Price Fixing 194[1] The Foundation Cases 194

Chicago Board of Trade v. United States 194Notes and Questions 197United States v. Trenton Potteries Co. 198Notes and Questions 200Appalachian Coals, Inc. v. United States 202Notes and Questions 205

[2] Supply or Output Restrictions 206United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co. 206Notes and Questions 213

[3] Data Dissemination and Information Exchanges 215Maple Flooring Manufacturers Ass’n v. United States 217Notes and Questions 221United States v. Container Corp. of Amer i ca 224Notes and Questions 228United States v. United States Gypsum Co. 229Notes and Questions 234Prob lem 4.1 235

[4] The Meaning and Scope of the Rule of Reason 235National Society of Professional Engineers v. United States 236Notes and Questions 241Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System 243Notes and Questions 250Catalano, Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc. 252Notes and Questions 255Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical Society 255Notes and Questions 262National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Board of Regents 264Notes and Questions 273O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic Association 277Notes and Questions 284California Dental Ass’n v. Federal Trade Comm’n 285Notes and Questions 299Texaco, Inc. v. Dagher 302Notes and Questions 305Prob lem 4.2 305Prob lem 4.3 306Prob lem 4.4 306Prob lem 4.5 307Prob lem 4.6 307

[5] Hub-and-Spoke Conspiracies 308United States v. Apple, Inc. 308

CONTENTS ix

Notes and Questions 320[6] Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) clauses 321

[C] Proof of Agreement 323[1] Introduction 323[2] Conscious Parallelism and the Interstate Circuit Doctrine 324

Interstate Circuit v. United States 324Notes and Questions 328Theatre Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount Film

Distributing Corp. 330Notes and Questions 332

[3] Surviving a Motion to Dismiss 334Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly 334Notes and Questions 344In re Text Messaging Antitrust Litigation 344Notes and Questions 346Prob lem 4.7 349

[4] Surviving a Motion for Summary Judgment 349Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. 349Notes and Questions 363In re High Fructose Corn Syrup Antitrust Litigation 372Notes and Questions 380Williamson Oil Co. v. Philip Morris USA 380Notes and Questions 388In re Text Messaging Antitrust Litigation 392Notes and Questions 398

[5] Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy 398Copperweld Corp. v. In de pen dence Tube Corp. 399Notes and Questions 405American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League 407Notes and Questions 415Prob lem 4.8 416Prob lem 4.9 416Prob lem 4.10 417Prob lem 4.11 417

[D] Market Allocation 418[1] Joint Ventures and Cooperative Research Ventures 418[2] Horizontal Market Divisions 421

United States v. Topco Associates 422Notes and Questions 427Polk Bros. v. Forest City Enterprises 429Note 433

[E] Boycotts and Other Concerted Refusals to Deal 434[1] Development of a Per Se Analysis: Collective Agreements

Aimed at Competitors 435Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers’ Ass’n v. United States 435

x CONTENTS

Notes and Questions 437Klor’s, Inc. v. Broadway- Hale Stores, Inc. 437Notes and Questions 439NYNEX Corporation v. Discon, Inc. 440Notes and Questions 446

[2] The Modern “Per Se Rule” Against Group Boycotts Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co. 447

Notes and Questions 452FTC v. Indiana Federation of Dentists 454Notes and Questions 462

[3] Naked and Ancillary Concerted Refusals to Deal 463Associated Press v. United States 463Notes and Questions 466

[4] Noncommercial Boycotts 468Missouri v. National Organ ization for Women 469Notes and Questions 471

[F] Agreements Involving Intellectual Property 474Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc. 474Notes and Questions 485Antitrust Guidelines for the Licensing of

Intellectual Property 490

Chapter 5 · Vertical Restrictions 493I. Intrabrand Distributional Restraints 493

[A] Rationales 493[B] Resale Price Maintenance 495

[1] Setting Vertical Minimum Prices 495Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc.,

dba Kay’s Kloset . . . Kay’s Shoes 495Notes and Questions 514

[2] Consignment Contracts as Vertical Price Control Devices 522[3] Unilateral Refusals to Deal and the Colgate Doctrine 524

United States v. Colgate & Co. 524Notes and Questions 525

[4] Vertical Maximum Price Fixing 526State Oil Com pany v. Khan 527

[5] Dealer Termination; Powerful Complaining Dealers 530Monsanto Co. v. Spray- Rite Ser vice Corp. 532Notes and Questions 536Prob lem 5.1 539Prob lem 5.2 540Prob lem 5.3 540Prob lem 5.4 541

CONTENTS xi

[C] Territorial and Customer Restraints: From White Motor to Sylvania 541Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. 543Notes and Questions 548

[1] Dual Distribution Systems — Vertical or Horizontal 551[D] Exclusive Dealerships 553

Prob lem 5.5 556II. Interbrand Vertical Foreclosure — Mainly, Exclusive Dealing and Tying 557

[A] Exclusive Dealing and Related Practices Underthe Rule of Reason 558[1] Tampa Electric 558

Tampa Electric Co. v. Nashville Coal Co. 563Notes and Questions 567Note: Exclusive Dealing and § 2 of the Sherman Act 569

[2] Anti-Steering Rules 571Ohio v. American Express Co. 571Notes and Questions 589

[B] Tying Arrangements 592[1] Introduction: Economics of Tying 592[2] Development of Unique Per Se Rule for Tying Arrangements 597

Times- Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States 598Northern Pacific Railway v. United States 601Notes and Questions 604

[3] Modern Doctrine: Tying Product Power and Anticompetitive Effects 607

Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde 607Notes and Questions 620Prob lem 5.6 621Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Ser vices, Inc. 621Notes and Questions 635Note: The Microsoft Litigation 642United States v. Microsoft Corp. 644Notes and Questions 647

[4] Tying and Intellectual Property 648Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. 648Notes and Questions 656

[5] Full Line Forcing, Full System Contracts, and Franchise Arrangements 664

United States v. Jerrold Electronics Corp. 665Prob lem 5.7 667Note 668Prob lem 5.8 668

[6] The Unwanted Tied Product 669Brantley v. NBC Universal, Inc. 669Note and Questions 675

xii CONTENTS

Chapter 6 · Mono poly Structure, Power, and Conduct 677I. The Prob lem of Mono poly 677

United States v. American Can Co. 677Notes and Questions 685Note: The Economics of Monopolization 688United States v. Aluminum Co. of Amer i ca 691Notes and Questions 702United States v. United Shoe Machinery Corp. 705Notes and Questions 712

II. The Modern Monopolization Offense: Power 714[A] Market Power, Barriers to Entry, and the Relevant Market 714

Prob lem 6.1 722United States v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. 723Note: Cross- Elasticity of Demand 728Rebel Oil Co. v. Atlantic Richfield Co. 730Notes and Questions 732Prob lem 6.2 735Prob lem 6.3 735Prob lem 6.4 736Prob lem 6.5 736Note: Barriers to Entry in Monopolization Cases 736

[B] The Geographic Market 741United States v. Grinnell Corp. 741Notes and Questions 744

III. The Modern Monopolization Offense: Conduct 747[A] Innovation and Exclusion 748

Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co. 748California Computer Products v. IBM Corp. 758Notes and Questions 759United States v. Microsoft Corp. 765Notes and Questions 783

[B] Monopolization and the Intellectual Property Laws(Mainly Patent and Copyright) 786[1] Improprieties in Procurement or Enforcement of

an Invalid Patent 787[2] Patent “Hold up” 789

Prob lem 6.6 791[3] Refusal to License IP Rights 792

In re Independent Service Organizations Antitrust Litigation 792

Notes and Questions 797[4] Patent Accumulation 798

[C] Predatory Pricing and Related Practices 799[1] Structural Prerequisites for a Predatory Pricing

Claim — “Recoupment” 800

CONTENTS xiii

Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 800Notes and Questions 810Note: When Is Predatory Pricing Rational? 815Prob lem 6.7 819Prob lem 6.8 819Note: Predatory Pricing and the Robinson- Patman Act 819

[2] Identifying the Predatory Price 822Notes and Questions 826Prob lem 6.9 829Prob lem 6.10 829

[3] Predatory Buying 829Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons Hardwood

Lumber Co., Inc. 829[4] Anticompetitive Discounting Practices, Including

Package Discounts 835Cascade Health Solutions v. PeaceHealth 835Notes and Questions 846

[D] Vertical Integration, Refusals to Deal andExclusionary Contracting 855[1] The Monopolist’s Refusal to Deal and the Essential

Facility Doctrine 857Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp. 857Notes and Questions 864Prob lem 6.11 869Prob lem 6.12 870Note: The Essential Fa cil i ty Doctrine 870Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices

of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP 872Notes and Questions 880

[2] Exclusionary Contracting by the Monopolist 881United States v. Dentsply International, Inc. 881Notes and Questions 892Note: Tying and Exclusive Dealing by the Monopolist 895

[3] Vertical Integration and the Price “Squeeze” 896Pacific Bell Telephone Co. v. linkLine Communications, Inc. 896Notes and Questions 902

IV. The Offense of Attempt to Monopolize 904Philadelphia Taxi Association, Inc. v. Uber Technologies, Inc. 904Notes and Questions 910Note: Conspiracy to Monopolize 914Note: Industrial Concentration and Non- Dominant

Firms: From Monopolization to Merger Policy 914

Chapter 7 · Mergers and Acquisitions 919I. Vertical Integration Through Merger 919

xiv CONTENTS

United States v. Columbia Steel Co. 919Notes and Questions 921United States v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co. 922Notes and Questions 925Note: The Economics of Vertical Mergers 926Silicon Graphics 931Notes and Questions 934Complaint: United States of Amer i ca v. AT&T, Inc.,

DirecTv Group Holdings, LLC, and Time Warner Inc. 937United States of Amer i ca v. AT&T, Inc. 939Notes and Questions 951Note: Merger Guidelines and Vertical Mergers 953Notes and Questions 955

II. Mergers of Competitors 956[A] The Development of Horizontal Merger Law

Under the Sherman Act 957United States v. Columbia Steel Co. 959Notes and Questions 962

[B] Horizontal Mergers Under Section 7 of theClayton Act and Its 1950 Amendments 963

Brown Shoe Co. v. United States 964Notes and Questions 970United States v. Philadelphia National Bank 971Notes and Questions 975Prob lem 7.1 976United States v. General Dynamics Corp. 977Notes and Questions 980Note: Partial Acquisitions 982

[1] The Horizontal Merger Guidelines 985Note: Market Definition and Market Concentration

Under the Guidelines: The Hy po thet i cal Monopolist Test and the Herfindahl- Hirschman Index 986

Prob lem 7.2 989Note: The 2010 Horizontal Merger Guidelines:

Key Changes and Innovations 990Notes and Questions 994

[2] Judicial Responses to the Merger Guidelines 999FTC v. Staples, Inc. 999Notes and Questions 1005FTC v. Staples Inc. and Office Depot Inc. 1006Notes and Questions 1013Hospital Corp. of Amer i ca v. FTC 1013Notes and Questions 1016Note: An Efficiency Defense in Merger Cases? 1020FTC v. H.J. Heinz Co. 1022

CONTENTS xv

Prob lem 7.3 1029Note: “Unilateral” Antitcompetitive Effects

of Horizontal Mergers 1030Note: Mergers and Innovation 1033Note: Market Definition and Competitive Effects

After the 2010 Guidelines 1038FTC v. Lundbeck, Inc. 1038Notes and Questions 1042United States v. H&R Block, Inc. 1044Notes and Questions 1060Saint Alphonsus Medical Center — Nampa Inc. v.

St. Luke’s Health System, Ltd. 1062Notes and Questions 1072Note: Government Guidelines on Merger Remedies 1072

III. Mergers of Potential Competitors 1073United States v. Sidney W. Winslow 1073Notes and Questions 1074FTC v. Procter & Gamble Co. 1076Notes and Questions 1080Note: The Common Carrier Immunity From § 7 1085

IV. The Failing Com pany Defense 1086Citizen Publishing Co. v. United States 1086Notes and Questions 1088

V. Private Enforcement of Section 7 1091Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort of Colorado, Inc. 1093Notes and Questions 1093Prob lem 7.5 1095

VI. Interlocking Directorates Under Section 8 of the Clayton Act 1095VII. Should We Regulate Bigness? 1096

Chapter 8 · Secondary- Line Differential Pricing and the Robinson- Patman Act 1101

Chapter 9 · Antitrust, Other Forms of Regulation, and Exemptions 1103I. Antitrust and Agency Regulation 1104

[A] Overview 1104[B] Theories of Regulation and the Movement Toward Deregulation 1105

[1] The Rise and Rationale of Regulation 1105[2] Natural Monopoly, Contestability, and Deregulation 1106[3] Network Deregulation, Interconnection, and Antitrust 1111[4] Technological Change and Deregulation 1114

[C] Jurisdictional and Prudential Prob lems of AntitrustEnforcement in Regulated Industries 1116

Credit Suisse Securities LLC v. Billing 1116Notes and Questions 1125

xvi CONTENTS

[1] Prudential Considerations After Trinko 1128Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices

of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP 1128Notes and Questions 1129Notice of DOT Authorities and Practices 1131

[D] Antitrust Exemptions 1132[1] Labor Organizations 1132

Prob lem 9.1 1138[2] Export Associations 1139[3] Insurance 1140[4] Agricultural Organizations 1143[5] Professional Sports 1144[6] National Sovereign Immunity 1146

II. Petitions to the Government 1148[A] Po liti cal Pro cess, “Rent-Seeking,” and the Antitrust Laws 1148

Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc. 1150Notes and Questions 1155FTC v. Superior Court Trial Lawyers Ass’n 1156Notes and Questions 1162

[B] The “Sham” Exception 1163Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. v.

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. 1165Notes and Questions 1170Prob lem 9.2 1175

III. Prob lems of Federalism: Preemption and the “State Action” Doctrine 1175

[A] Preemption 1176Fisher v. City of Berkeley 1176Notes and Questions 1178

[B] The “State Action” Doctrine 1179California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v. Midcal

Aluminum, Inc. 1181Notes and Questions 1182Note: Federalism and the “State Action” Doctrine 1183

[1] The Authorization Requirement and the Antitrust Liability of Municipalities and Other Governmental Subdivisions 1184

Hallie v. City of Eau Claire 1186Notes and Questions 1189FTC v. Phoebe Putney Health System, Inc. 1190Notes and Questions 1196Prob lem 9.3 1198City of Columbia & Columbia Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v.

Omni Outdoor Advertising, Inc. 1198Notes and Questions 1204

CONTENTS xvii

Prob lem 9.4 1205[2] The “Active Supervision” Requirement 1205

North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC 1207Notes and Questions 1216Prob lem 9.5 1220Prob lem 9.6 1221

Appendix · Selected Antitrust Statutes 1223

Index 1233

xix

AA.A. Poultry Farms v. Rose Acre Farms,

811, 822A.D. Bedell Wholesale Co., Inc. v. Phillip

Morris, Inc., 163Abbott Lab. v. Brennan, 793Abbott Laboratories v. Mead Johnson &

Co., 184Actavis, Inc., FTC v., 17, 1130Action Embroidery Corp. v. Atlantic

Embroidery, Inc., 74AD/SAT v. Associated Press, 911Adaptive Power Solutions, LLC v. Hughes

Missile Systems Co., 453Adderall XR Antitrust Litigation, In re,

869Addyston Pipe & Steel Co., United States

v., 24, 25, 32, 192, 199, 238, 241, 245, 430

Advanced Health-Care Servs. v. Radford Community Hosp., 406

Advo, Inc. v. Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc., 908

Aerotec Int’l, Inc. v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc. 621

Affiliated Capital Corp. v. City of Houston, 1163, 1189

Agnew v. NCAA, 276Agostini v. Felton, 530Aid Cargo Shipping Services Antitrust

Litigation, In re, 348Airline Ticket Comm’n Antitrust Litig. I,

In re, 173Airline Ticket Comm’n Antitrust Litig. II,

In re, 173Airport Car Rental Antitrust Litig., In re,

469, 1162Alaska Airlines v. United Airlines, 763

Alberta Gas Chems. v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 935

Albrecht v. Herald Co., 506, 513, 526, 527, 529

Alexander v. National Farmers Org., 1172

Alfred Dunhill of London v. Republic of Cuba, 89

Allegheny College v. National Chautau-qua Cty. Bank of Jamestown, 514

Allen Bradley Co. v. Local Union No. 3, 1134

Allen-Myland, Inc. v. IBM Corp., 884Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell,

182, 183Allied Orthopedic Appliances Inc. v. Tyco

Health Care Group LP, 648, 761, 850Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian

Head, Inc., 163, 474, 1150, 1167, 1204

Aluminum Co. of Am. v. United States, 153

Aluminum Co. of Am., United States v., 5, 6, 59, 89, 352, 631, 691, 707, 782, 861, 901, 902

Aluminum Warehousing Antitrust Litigation, In re, 145

Amalgamated Meat Cutters Local 189 v. Jewel Tea Co., 1134, 1135

American Acad. Suppliers v. Beckley-Cardy, 818

American Airlines, Inc., United States v., 912, 914

American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co., 93

American Bldg. Maint. Indus., United States v., 964

American Can Co., United States v., 677, 720, 721

Table of Cases

xx TABLE OF CASES

American Column & Lumber Co. v. United States, 216, 232

American Express Co., United States v., 573

American Hosp. Supply Corp. v. Hospital Prods. Ltd., 184

American Linseed Oil Co., United States v., 217, 232

American Motor Inns, Inc. v. Holiday Inns, Inc., 428

American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League, 407, 556

American Signature, Inc. v. United States., 182

American Society of Mechanical Engi-neers, Inc. v. Hydrolevel, 467

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Central Office Telephone, Inc., 899

American Tobacco Co. v. United States, 328, 403, 631

American Tobacco Co., United States v., 37, 192, 206, 238, 442, 444, 713, 799

American Vision Centers v. Cohen, 417Anago, Inc. v. Tecnol Medical Products,

Inc., 128Anderson News, L.L.C. v. Am. Media,

Inc., 315, 348Anderson v. Bessemer City, 1042Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 369Animal Science Products Inc. v. China

Minmetals Corp., 90Anthem, Inc., United States v., 940, 941Antoine Garabet, M.D., Inc. v. Autono-

mous Tech. Corp., 188Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader, 439, 468Apex Oil Co. v. Dimauro, 366Appalachian Coals, Inc. v. United States,

37, 202, 208Apple, Inc., United States v., 308, 309,

323, 440, 551Application by Bell Atlantic New York for

Authorization Under Section 271 of the Communications Act to Provide In-Region, InterLATA Service in the State of New York, 878

Arbor Hill Concerned Citizens Neigh-borhood Ass’n v. County of Albany, 180

Arch Coal Co., FTC v., 940, 1007, 1012Archer-Daniels-Midland Comp., United

States v., 1041Arizona v. Maricopa County Medical

Soc., 130, 255, 304, 467, 497, 575Arizona v. Shamrock Foods Co., 104Arnold, Schwinn & Co., United States v.,

506, 513, 543, 553Arthur Treacher’s Franchisee Litig., In re,

182Asahi Glass Co. v. Pentech Pharm., Inc.,

486Ash Grove Cement Co. v. FTC, 1070Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 344, 346, 347Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands

Skiing Corp., 631, 857, 875, 877, 898, 908

Associated Gen. Contractors of America, Houston Chapter, 1138

Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Carpenters, 138, 338, 353

Associated Press v. United States, 463, 466, 467, 781, 870

AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Bd., 877AT&T Inc. and BellSouth Corp., In re,

897AT&T Mobility, LLC v. AU Optronics

Corp., 109AT&T, United States v., 149, 153, 364,

364, 441, 783, 871, 939Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of Am.,

Inc., 794Atkin v. Union Processing Corp., 428Atlantic Richfield Co. v. USA Petroleum

Co., 129, 805, 823, 849, 900, 906, 907Austin v. McNamara, 1219Automatic Radio Mfg. Co. v. Ford Motor

Co., 762Automatic Radio Mfg. Co. v. Hazeltine

Res., Inc., 798

TABLE OF CASES xxi

BB. Braun Med., Inc. v. Abbott Lab., 794B.B. Chem. Co. v. Ellis, 661B.F. Goodrich Co., 1017Baby Food Antitrust Litigation, In re,

369, 370Bafus/Dudley v. Aspen Realty, Inc., 669Bahn v. NME Hosps., 416Baker Hughes, United States v., 940, 941,

950, 981, 982, 1006, 1023, 1045, 1052, 1067

Ball Mem. Hosp. v. Mutual Hosp. Ins. Co., 736, 865

Baltimore Scrap Corp. v. David J. Joseph Co., 163, 1174

Bangor Punta Opers., Inc. v. Bangor & A.R.R., 169

BankAmerica Corp. v. United States, 1096

Bankers Life & Cas. Co. v. Holland, 72Barnes v. Arden Mayfair, 1126Barnes v. United States, 332Barnosky Oils, Inc. v. Union Oil Co., 560Barr Labs., Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 910Barry Wright Corp. v. ITT Grinnell

Corp., 354, 775, 838, 845, 892Bates v. State Bar of Ariz., 164, 242, 1180Bathke v. Casey’s General Stores, 746Batson v. Live Nation Entm’t, Inc., 675Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., United

States v., 511Beef Indus. Antitrust Litig., In re, 104Belcher Oil Co. v. Florida Fuels, 134Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 334, 344,

346, 347, 393, 485, 659, 671, 675Bell v. Dow Chem. Co., 76Ben Elfman & Sons v. Criterion Mills,

541Berkey Photo, Inc. v. Eastman Kodak Co.,

748Bernstein v. Universal Pictures, Inc., 169Bichan v. Chemetron Corp., 144, 149Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, 172Bigelow v. Virginia, 164, 165Bl(a)ck Tea Society v. City of Boston, 182

Blackburn v. Sweeney, 170, 434Blomkest Fertilizer, Inc. v. Potash Corp.

of Saskatchewan, Inc., 367Blough v. Holland Realty, Inc., 669, 674Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Wis. v.

Marshfield Clinic, 69, 181Blue Shield of Va. v. McCready, 70, 135BMI, Inc. v. Moor-Law, Inc., 657Board of Emergency Medicine, 71, 74Board of Trade of Chicago v. United

States, 497Bob Maxfield, Inc. v. American Motors

Corp., 605Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 522Boeing Co. v. Van Gemert, 181Brader v. Allegheny Gen. Hosp., 909Brand Name Prescription Drugs Anti-

trust Litig., In re, 107, 108, 329, 369, 371, 373, 1025

Brantley v. NBC Universal, Inc., 669Brighton Bldg. & Main. Co., United

States v., 234Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 6, 38,

224, 243, 259, 267, 304, 305, 414, 458, 459, 497, 646

Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 188, 791, 906, 909, 910

Broadway Delivery Corp. v. United Parcel Serv. of Am., 733, 734

Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & William-son Tobacco Corp., 6, 161, 336, 444, 636, 800, 812, 834, 839, 842, 845, 846, 849, 879, 898, 899, 900, 901, 915, 950

Brown Shoe Co. v. United States, 5, 6, 186, 586, 587, 619, 906, 964, 1008, 1010, 1011, 1040, 1046, 1048, 1049, 1066, 1068

Brown University, United States v., 288, 301, 306, 891

Brown v. Pro Football, Inc., 1135Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo Bowl-O-Mat,

Inc., 6, 70, 117, 122, 124, 125, 126, 136, 137, 172, 174, 264, 353, 354, 908, 1089, 1092

xxii TABLE OF CASES

Brunswick Corp. v. Riegel Textile Corp., 78, 787, 791, 855

Bryan v. James E. Holmes Regional Medical Center, 1219

Buccaneer Energy (USA) Inc. v. Gunni-son Energy Corp., 301, 871

Burbank v. General Elec. Co., 152Burke v. Ford, 82Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse v.

Esprit de Corp., 539, 540Burlington Indus. v. Milliken & Co., 1Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 530Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 255Business Electronics Corp. v. Sharp

Electronics Corp., 6, 192, 442, 444, 446, 497, 498, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 538, 577, 635

CC.R. Bard, Inc. v. M3 Systems, Inc., 760Cable Holdings of Ga. v. Home Video,

729California Computer Products v. IBM

Corp., 758California Dental Ass’n v. Federal Trade

Comm’n, 285, 299, 300, 304, 483, 484, 579

California ex rel. Brown v. Safeway, Inc., 1136

California Motor Transp. Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 1150, 1163, 1166, 1171

California Retail Liquor Dealers Ass’n v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc., 1178, 1181, 1192, 1209, 1210, 1217

California v. American Stores Co., 185, 996, 1064, 1070, 1071, 1094

California v. ARC America Corp., 109Campos v. Ticketmaster Corp., 187Capital Currency Exchange v. National

Westminster Bank PLC, 73Carbice Corp. of America v. American

Patents Development Corp., 652Cardinal Health, Inc., FTC v., 1007, 1008,

1011, 1026, 1046, 1057Cardizem Antitrust Litigation, 162

Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation, In re, 485

Cargill, Inc. v. Monfort of Colorado, Inc., 121, 185, 187, 804, 805, 817, 845, 846, 899, 906, 1093

Caribe BMW, Inc. v. Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft, 132

Carilion Health Sys., United States v., 306Carrier Corp. v. OntoKumpu Oyj, 90,

348Carter Hawley Hale Stores v. The

Limited, Inc., 1094, 1095Cascade Health Solutions v. PeaceHealth,

671, 673, 835Cascade Nat. Gas Corp. v. El Paso

Natural Gas Co., 148Catalano, Inc. v. Target Sales, Inc., 252,

255, 302, 317, 318, 575CBS, Inc. v. ASCAP, 250CCC Holdings, FTC v., 1008, 1047, 1051,

1052, 1054, 1056Cement Inst., FTC v., 389Cement Mfrs. Protective Ass’n v. United

States, 221, 255Centers v. Walsh Trucking Co., 818, 914Central Nat’l Bank v. Rainbolt, 1094Charley’s Taxi Radio Dispatch v. SIDA of

Haw., 1183Chattanooga Foundry & Pipe Works v.

Atlanta, 116, 172Cheatham’s Furn. Co. v. La-Z-Boy Chair

Co., 552Chicago Board of Trade v. United States,

6, 37, 297, 194, 203, 208, 231, 296, 297, 414, 458, 459

Chicago Bridge & Iron Co. N.V. v. FTC, 1053, 1054, 1064, 1066, 1068

Chicago Prof. Sport, Ltd. Pt’ship v. National Basketball Ass’n, 274, 288

Chipanno v. Champion Int’l Corp., 78Christy Sports, LLC v. Deer Valley Resort

Co., 880Chrysler Corp. v. General Motors Corp.,

171, 1093Chrysler Corp. v. United States, 151

TABLE OF CASES xxiii

Cine 42nd St. Theater Corp. v. Neder-lander Org., 1183

Cipro Cases I & II, In re, 490Citigroup Global Markets Inc. v. VCG

Special Opportunities Master Fund Ltd., 182

Citizen Publishing Co. v. United States, 304, 418, 1086

Citizens & S. Nat’l Bank, United States v., 229, 232, 860, 877, 1023, 1128

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 151

Citric Acid Litig., In re, 370City of (See Name of City)Clarett v. NFL, 1137Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 155Cohen v. Lord, Day & Lord, 170Colgate & Co., United States v., 405, 505,

512, 524, 533, 875, 898Collins Inkjet Corp. v. Eastman Kodak

Co., 637Collins v. International Dairy Queen,

Inc., 638Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v.

Aveco, Inc., 1168Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v.

Redd Horne, Inc., 1168Columbia Steel Co., United States v., 80,

708, 919, 959Columbia, City of, & Columbia Outdoor

Advertising, Inc. v. Omni Outdoor Advertising, Inc., 1163, 1167, 1173, 1193. 1198, 1210, 1215, 1216

Comcast Corp., United States v., 946Community Commun. Co. v. City of

Boulder, 1184, 1189, 1193, 1209Computer Identics Corp. v. Southern

Pac. Co., 406Concentrated Phosphate Export Ass’n,

United States v., 1139Concerned Women for Am., Inc. v.

Lafayette Cnty., 182Concord Boat Corp. v. Brunswick Corp.,

75, 76, 157, 158, 159, 848, 850

Concord v. Boston Edison Co., 877, 878, 900, 901

Concord, Town of, v. Boston Edison Co., 1127, 1128

Conley v. Gibson, 337, 341, 342Conmar Corp. v. Mitsui & Co., 77Connecticut National Bank, United

States v., 614Connell Constr. Co. v. Plumbers Local

100, 1133, 1134Consolidated Gas Co. of Fla. v. City Gas

Co. of Fla., 880Container Corp. of Am., United States v.,

59, 60, 224, 232, 233, 239, 242, 369Continental Airlines, Inc. v. Dulles

Airport Airline Mgmt. Council, 214Continental Airlines Inc. v. United Air

Lines Inc., 214Continental Can Co., United States v.,

1075Continental Group, Inc., United States v.,

234Continental Maritime v. Pacific Coast

Metal, 1134Continental Ore Co. v. Union Carbide &

Carbon Corp., 352, 1164Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania

Inc. (U.S. 1977), 6, 541, 264, 268, 428, 432, 497, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503, 505, 506, 510, 511, 512, 514, 533, 536, 538, 543, 551, 633

Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. (9th Cir. 1982), 549, 550

Contra Giusti v. Pyrotechnic Indus., 72Conwood Corp. v. U.S. Tobacco Co., 854Cooper Corp., United States v., 1147Coordinated Pretrial Proceedings in

Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig., In re, 434

Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 303, 336, 399, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 431, 953, 1177

Corn Products Refining Co., United States v., 697

xxiv TABLE OF CASES

Corner Pocket of Sioux Falls, Inc. v. Video Lottery Technologies, 364

Country Lake Foods, United States v., 1017

Covad Communications Co. v. BellSouth Corp., 763, 115

Cox Enterp., Inc., In re, 675Craftsmen Limousine, Inc. v. Ford Motor

Co., 162Credit Suisse Securities LLC v. Billing,

1116Cromwell v. County of Sac, 153CVD v. Raytheon Co., 788, 1172

DD&S Redi-Mix v. Sierra Redi-Mix &

Contr’g Co., 826Dagher v. Saudi Refining, Inc., 303, 304,

305Dairymen, Inc., United States v., 560Daniel v. American Bd. of Emergency

Med., 72Data General Corp. v. Grumman Sys.

Support Corp., 794, 795, 796, 797Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,

Inc., 157, 159, 162, 366Davenport v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 182Dawson Chem. Co. v. Rohm & Haas Co.,

653Decorative Stone Co. v. Building Trades

Council, 180Defiance Hosp. v. Fauster-Cameron, Inc.,

893Delaware & Hudson Ry. Co. v. Consoli-

dated Rail Corp., 880Delta Dental of Rhode Island, United

States v., 322Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap As v.

HeereMac Vof, 128Dentsply Int’l, Inc., United States v., 105,

570, 881Detroit Auto Dealers Ass’n v. FTC, 200,

1139Detroit, City of, v. Grinnell Corp., 180

Deustcher Tennis Bund v. ATP Tour, Inc., 275

Dial A Car, Inc. v. Transportation, Inc., 715

Diamond Chem. Co., Inc. v. Akzo Nobel Chems. B.V., 174

Diaz v. Farley, 446Dickerson v. United States, 505, 513Diginet Inc. v. Western Union ATS Inc.,

184Digital Equipment Corp v. Uniq Digital

Technologies, Inc., 636, 642Dimidowich v. Bell & Howell, 366Dimmitt Agri Indus., Inc. v. CPC Int’l,

Inc., 718, 734, 914Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litig. v. All

Direct Purchaser Action (In re Lamictal Direct Purchaser Antitrust Litig.), 488, 489

DM Research, Inc. v. College of Ameri-can Pathologists, 370

Doe v. Abbott Labs., 851Double H Plastics v. Sonoco Prods., 812Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. John D. Park &

Sons Co., 442, 445, 495, 498, 507, 514, 525

du Pont & Co., United States v., 614, 625, 627, 631, 782

Duct-O-Wire Co. v. U.S. Crane, Inc., 182Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering,

1133DXS Inc. v. Siemans Med. Sys. Inc., 76Dynamic Random Access Memory

(DRAM) Antitrust Litig., In re, 92

EE.C. Knight Co., United States v., 28, 79,

1182E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. F.T.C.,

322, 389E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., United

States v. (U.S. 1956) 723, 742, 883, 1046

E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., United States v. (U.S. 1957), 922

TABLE OF CASES xxv

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., United States v. (U.S. 1961) 1070, 1071

E.I. du Pont, In re, 62East Portland Imaging Center, P.C. v.

Providence Health System-Oregon, 911

Eastern R.R. Presidents Conf. v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., 793, 794, 1149, 1153, 1163, 1165, 1166, 1203

Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers’ Ass’n v. United States, 435

Eastman Kodak Co. v. Blackmore, 166Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Tech. Serv.

Inc., 570, 574, 577, 621, 729, 734, 763, 794, 807, 868, 885

Eastman Kodak Co. v. Southern Photo Materials Co., 172, 868

Eastman Kodak Co., FTC v., 188Echlin Mfg., 738Edward J. Sweeney & Sons, Inc. v. Texaco,

Inc., 535Eiberger v. Sony Corp., 550Eichler v. Berner, 169Elders Grain, FTC v., 1016Elevator Antitrust Litig., In re, 869Eleven Line, Inc. v. North Tex. State

Soccer Ass’n, Inc., 763Empire Gas Corp., United States v., 912Energex Lighting Indus. v. NAPLC, 734Englert v. City of McKeesport, 1218Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH v. Canady

Tech., LLC, 788Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 17Evergreen Partnering Group, Inc. v.

Pactiv Corp., 348Evic Class Action Litigation (Farina v.

UPS), 880Exhaust Unlimited, Inc. v. Cintas Corp.,

77Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland,

1176, 1178, 1209Ezzo’s Invs. v. Royal Beauty Supply, Inc.,

214

FF. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd. v. Empagran,

S.A., 91Falstaff Brewing Corp., United States v.,

1081, 1082Farmington Dowel Prods. Co. v. Forster

Mfg. Co., 179Fashion Originator’s Guild of Am.

(“FOGA”) v. FTC, 437, 439, 442, 443, 462

Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League of Prof. Baseball Clubs, 1144, 1145

Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc., 474, 487

Feldman v. Gardner, 1180Filetech S.A.R.L. v. France Telecom, 91Fineman v. Armstrong World Indus., 884First National Bank & Trust Co. of

Lexington, United States v., 962First National Bank of Arizona v. Cities

Service Co., 354First National Bank v. Bellotti, 471Fisher v. City of Berkeley, 406, 1176Fishman v. Estate of Wirtz, 405, 791, 871Flat Glass Antitrust Litig., In re, 316Fleetway, Inc. v. Public Service Interstate

Transp. Co., 599Flegel v. Christian Hosp., Northeast-

Northwest, 366Flood v. Kuhn, 1144, 1145Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 165, 166Fobbs v. Holy Cross Health Sys. Corp.,

1219Ford Motor Co. v. United States, 151,

781, 782Ford v. Stroup, 912Fortner Enterprises, Inc. v. United States

Steel Corp., 619, 624, 625, 631, 633, 651, 653

Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal, 795Free v. Abbott Laboratories Inc., 109Freeman Hospital, FTC v., 999, 1000Fruehauf Corp. v. FTC, 934

xxvi TABLE OF CASES

FTC v. (See Name of Defendant) Funeral Consumers Alliance, Inc. v. Serv.

Corp. Int’l, 181

GGeneral Aircraft Corp. v. Air Am., 1162General Dynamics Corp., United States

v., 977, 1007, 1065General Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 159General Elec. Co., United States v., 479,

522General Indus. Corp. v. Hartz Mountain

Corp., 870General Leaseways, Inc. v. National

Leasing Ass’n (7th Cir. 1984), 183General Leaseways, Inc. v. National Truck

Leasing Ass’n (7th Cir. 1987), 170General Mills, Inc. v. Kellogg Co., 182General Motors Corp., United States v.,

213, 458, 1034, 1035Geneva Pharmaceuticals Tech. Corp. v.

Barr Labs, Inc., 893Georgia v. Pennsylvania R.R., 146, 996GF Gaming Corp. v. City of Black Hawk,

Colorado, 1156Gibson v. Greater Park City Co., 367Gillen, United States v., 234Ginsburg v. InBev NV/SA, 188Glass Equipment Development Inc. v.

Besten, Inc., 793Glendora v. Gannett Co., 188Glidden Co. v. Zdanok, 512Goldberger v. Integrated Resources Inc.,

181Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 114, 237,

240, 1180, 1210Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 73, 74Goldwasser v. Ameritech Corp., 1115Gordon v. New York Stock Exchange,

Inc., 874, 1116Go-Video v. Akai Elec. Co., 73Grand Rapids Plastics Inc. v. Lakian, 75Graphic Prods. Distribs. v. Itek Corp.,

550Grenada Lumber Co. v. Mississippi, 436

Griffith, United States v., 233, 631, 708, 713, 762, 887

Grinnell Corp., United States v., 585, 625, 630, 631, 741, 748, 767, 875, 1007

Group Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Royal Drug Co., 1141

Grumman Corp. v. LTV Corp., 1094GTE New Media Servs. Inc. v. BellSouth

Corp., 73, 74Gulf & W. Indus. v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea

Co., 983Gulf Oil Corp. v. Copp Paving Co., 84

HH&B Equip. Co. v. International Har-

vester Co., 552H&R Block, United States v., 950, 1008,

1009, 1044, 1069H.A. Artists & Assocs. v. Actors’ Equity

Ass’n, 1134H.J., Inc. v. International Tel. & Tel.

Corp., 1040, 1041Hack v. Yale College, 621Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, 1186, 1193,

1194, 1201, 1211, 1212Hamilton Chapter of Alpha Delta Phi,

Inc. v. Hamilton College, 85, 86Hammes v. AAMCO Transmissions, Inc.,

85Handgards v. Ethicon, 787Hanover 3201 Realty, LLC v. Village

Supermarkets, Inc., 1171Hanover Shoe v. United Shoe Mach.

Corp., 96, 103Hansberry v. Lee, 156Hardy v. City Optical, 1220Harold Friedman, Inc. v. Thorofare

Markets, Inc., 569Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California, 87,

92, 93, 1142Hartig Drug Co. v. Ferrellgas Partners,

L.P., 76Hawaii Hous. Auth. v. Midkiff, 704Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. of Cal., 113,

123, 145

TABLE OF CASES xxvii

Haywood v. National Basketball Ass’n, 1144

HDC Med., Inc. Plaintiff v. Minntech Corp., 648

Heaton-Peninsular Button-Fastener Co. v. Eureka Specialty Co., 650

Heatransfer Corp. v. Volkswagenwerk, A.G., 927

Hecht v. Pro-Football, Inc., 870, 871Heffernan, United States v., 65Heinz, FTC v., 940, 1012, 1022, 1045,

1051, 1052, 1055, 1058, 1059, 1067, 1068, 1069

Henry v. A.B. Dick Co., 594, 650Henry v. Chloride, Inc., 811, 1041Hensley v. Eckerhart, 180Hexecl Corp. v. Ineos Polymers, Inc., 77High Fructose Corn Syrup Antitrust

Litigation, In re, 372, 387Hobart Bros. v. Malcolm T. Gilliland,

Inc., 428Hoffman v. Blaski, 73Hohn v. United States, 504Hooper v. California, 1145Hoosier Energy Rural Elec. Co-Op., Inc.

v. John Hancock Life Ins. Co., 182Hoover v. Ronwin, 1182, 1192Horner v. Graves, 21Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital

Trustees, 82, 343Hospital Corp. of America v. FTC, 1013,

1025, 1067Houser v. Fox Theatres Management

Corp., 367Howard Hess Dental Labs., Inc. v.

Dentsply Int’l, Inc., 105, 106, 315Howard v. Babcock, 170Hubbard v. Beatty & Hyde, Inc., 1168Hudson Valley Asbestos v. Tougher

Heating & Plumbing Co., 914Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World Airlines,

1125Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States,

1114Hutcheson, United States v., 1133

Hydranautics v. Filmtec Corp., 156Hyland v. HomeServices of Am., Inc.,

392

IIBM Corp. v. United States, 596, 631, 632Illinois Bell Tel. Co. v. Haines & Co., 871Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois, 95, 145, 146,

174, 511, 512Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. Independent

Ink, Inc., 648, 659, 672Image Technical Services v. Eastman

Kodak Co., 638, 721, 735, 793, 794, 796, 797, 855, 867, 868, 880

Imperial v. Suburban Hospital Assn., 1219

In re (See Name of Matter or Party)In re Estate of (See Name of Decedent)Independent Ink, Inc. v. Trident, Inc., 649Independent Serv. Orgs. Antitrust Litig.,

In re, 735, 772, 792Indiana Dental Assn., In re, 455Indiana Federation of Dentists, FTC v.,

286, 288, 293, 294, 319, 454, 467, 480, 482, 574, 575, 583

Initial Pub. Offering Securities Litigation, In re, 1121

Innovatio IP Ventures, LLC Patent Litigation, In re, 1172

Instructional Sys. Dev. v. Aetna Cas., 819Intel Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices,

Inc., 92Interamerican Ref. Corp. v. Texaco

Maracaibo, Inc., 93Intergraph Corp. v. Intel Corp., 793International Air Indus. v. American

Excelsior Co., 826International Ass’n of Machinists v.

Organization of Petr. Exporting Countries, 90

International Boxing Club of N.Y., Inc. v. United States, 171, 631

International Logistics Group, Ltd. v. Chrysler Corp., 552

xxviii TABLE OF CASES

International News Serv. v. Associated Press, 466

International Salt Co. v. United States, 597, 645, 649, 652, 655

International Shoe Co. v. FTC, 1087International Tel. & Tel. Corp., In re, 733International Travel Arrangers v. North-

west Airlines, 828, 829Interstate Bakers Corp., United States v.,

1032Interstate Circuit v. United States, 317,

324, 330, 331, 440Investors Diversified Services, United

States v., 599Issuer Plaintiff Initial Public Offering

Antitrust Litigation, In re, 77It’s My Party, Inc. v. Live Nation, Inc.,

621, 648, 746ITT Continental Baking Co., United

States v., 926

JJ. Truett Payne Co. v. Chrysler Motors

Corp., 120Jack Walters & Sons Corp. v. Morton

Bldg., Inc., 596Jam-Sports and Entertainment, LLC v.

Paradama Productions, Inc., 893JBL Enters. v. Jhirmack Enters., 736Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v.

Hyde, 130, 268, 607, 624, 625, 631, 633, 634, 644, 647, 648, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 671, 672, 673

Jerrold Electronics Corp., United States v., 665

Jewish Hosp. Ass’n v. Stewart Mech. Enters., 104, 107

Johnson v. Comm’n on Presidential Debates, 120, 121

Johnson v. Hosp. Corp. of Am., 367Joint Traffic Ass’n, United States v., 31,

192Joyne v. Loder, 518

KKaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc. v. Abbott

Labs., Inc., 788Kansas and Missouri v. Utilicorp United,

Inc., 110, 111Kansas ex rel. Stephan v. Lamb, 1220Kartell v. Blue Shield of Mass., Inc., 264,

322, 868Kaufman v. Time Warner, 621, 675Kay Elec. Cooperative v. Newkirk, 1195K-Dur Antitrust Litigation, In re, 486Kellogg Co., In re, 915Kendall v. Visa U.S.A., Inc., 675Keogh v. Chicago & Nw. R.R., 1125Kerasotes Mich. Theatres v. Nat’l Amuse-

ments, 763Key Enters. of Del., Inc. v. Venice Hosp.,

556, 914Keyspan, United States v., 171Khan v. State Oil Co., 833Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Joseph E. Seagram

& Sons, 167, 170, 263, 401, 404King Drug v. Smithkline, 487, 489Kirkwood, City of, v. Union Elec. Co.,

1126Klehr v. A.O. Smith Corp., 75, 76Klor’s, Inc. v. Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc.,

437, 440, 443, 444, 458, 468Kloth v. Microsoft Corp., 111KM Enterp., Inc. v. Global Traffic Tech.,

Inc., 74Knuth v. Erie-Crawford Dairy Coopera-

tive Assn., 343Knutson v. Daily Review, 911Kolon Industries Inc. v. E.I. DuPont de

Nemours & Co., 893, 894Korean Air Lines Co. Antitrust Litig., In

re, 348Korean Ramen Antitrust Litig., In re, 77Krehl v. Baskin-Robbins Ice Cream Co.,

552Kruman v. Christie’s International PLC,

129

TABLE OF CASES xxix

Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 157, 159Kypta v. McDonald’s Corp., 568

LLafayette, City of, v. Louisiana Power &

Light Co., 471, 1180, 1181, 1187, 1188, 1193

Laitram Corp. v. Deepsouth Packing Co., 78

Laker Airways v. Sabena, Belgian World Airlines, 87

Lange, In re Estate of, 155Lantec v. Novell, 762Laurel Sand & Gravel, Inc. v. CSX

Transp., Inc., 366Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko v. Bell

Atlantic, 1115Law v. National Collegiate Athletic

Association, 275, 288, 300Lawson Prods., Inc. v. Avnet, Inc., 184Leatherman v. Tarrant County Narcotics

Intelligence and Coordination Unit, 339

Lee v. Life Ins. Co. of North America, 636Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v.

PSKS, Inc., dba Kay’s Kloset … Kay’s Shoes, 315, 317, 495, 521, 522, 578, 579, 583, 674

Leh v. General Petr. Corp., 78, 79Leisy v. Hardin, 1214Lenox MacLaren Surgical Corp. v.

Medtronic, Inc., 735LePage’s Inc. v. 3M, 837, 839, 847, 850,

883, 886, 887, 892, 907Les Shockley Racing, Inc. v. Nat’l Hot

Rod Ass’n, 671Lexecon Inc. v. Milberg Weiss Bershad

Hynes & Lerach, 73Liggett Group, Inc. v. Brown & William-

son Tobacco Corp., 803Lindy Bros. Bldrs. v. American Radiator

& Std. San. Corp., 179, 180Line Material Co., United States v., 478,

479

Litton Sys. v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 594, 1114

Loestrin 24 Fe Antitrust Litig., In re, 487Loew’s Inc., United States v., 612, 649,

651, 652, 655, 658, 672, 673, 795Lomar Whsle. Grocery, Inc. v. Dieter’s

Gourmet Foods, Inc., 531, 554, 829Long Island Jewish Med. Ctr., United

States v., 1069Lorain Journal Co. v. United States, 437,

860, 883Lowell v. American Cyanamid Co., 104Lower Lake Erie Iron Ore Antitrust

Litig., In re, 1126Lundbeck, Inc., FTC v., 1038

MM&M Med. Supplies & Serv. v. Pleasant

Valley Hosp., 819Mackey v. National Football League,

1145Magnus Petr. Co. v. Skelly Oil Co., 567Mahaffey v. Detroit Newspaper Agency,

1090Maiz v. Virani, 366Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. v.

Salvino, Inc., 413Major League Baseball v. Crist, 1145Malley-Duff & Assocs. v. Crown Life Ins.

Co., 1142Mallinckrodt v. Medipart, Inc., 662Mandeville Island Farms, Inc. v. Ameri-

can Crystal Sugar Co., 79, 279Mannington Mills, Inc. v. Congoleum

Corp., 86, 87Maple Flooring Manufacturers Ass’n v.

United States, 217Marathon Oil Co. v. Mobil Corp., 1094Marine Bancorporation, United States v.,

940, 1006, 1064Maris Distributing Co. v. Anheuser

Busch, Inc., 550, 639, 642Marlinton, Inc. v. Meadow Gold Dairies,

Inc., 78

xxx TABLE OF CASES

Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 71, 153, 430

Marsann Co. v. Brammall, 829Martin v. Wilks, 156Marucci Sports, L.L.C. v. Nat’l Collegiate

Athletic Association, 276, 277Maryland & Va. Milk Producers Ass’n v.

United States, 1143, 1144Maryland Coop. Milk Producers, Inc.,

United States v., 1143Maryland v. United States, 783, 871,

1111, 1114Masimo Corp. v. Tyco Health Care

Group, L.P., 851Masonite Corp., United States v., 329Massachusetts Bd. of Registration in

Optometry, In re, 286Massachusetts School of Law at Andover

v. ABA, 163, 1163, 1220Massachusetts v. Microsoft Corp., 785Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 906Matsushita Elec. Industrial Co. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 127, 336, 342, 349, 369, 378, 630, 804, 805, 806, 818, 832, 838, 844, 879, 899, 907, 995, 1129

Matter of (See Name of Matter)McCabe’s Furn. v. La-Z-Boy Chair Co.,

531, 540McCallum v. City of Athens, 1204McCormack v. NCAA, 133McCray v. Fid. Nat’l Title Ins. Co., 1127,

1141McDonald v. Johnson & Johnson, 133McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 340McGahee v. N. Propane Gas Co., 845MCI Communic. Corp. v. AT&T, 828,

872McKesson & Robbins, Inc., United States

v., 213McLain v. Real Estate Bd. of New

Orleans, 79, 80, 82, 84MCM Partners, Inc. v. Andrews-Bartlett

& Assoc., 324McWane, Inc. v. FTC, 570

Medical Center at Elizabeth Place, LLC v. Atrium Health System, 407

Memorex Corp. v. IBM Corp., 642, 643Memorial Coliseum Comm’n v. NFL,

413Mercatus Group, LLC v. Lake Forest

Hosp., 1172Mercedes-Benz Antitrust Litig., 78Mercoid Corp. v. Mid-Continent Co.,

156, 613, 650, 652, 660Metro Indus., Inc. v. Sammi Corp., 91,

434Michigan Bell Tel. Co. v. Engler, 182Michigan Citizens for an Independent

Press v. Thornburgh, 1090Microsoft Corp. Antitrust Litigation, In

re, 156Microsoft Corp., United States v. (D.C.

Cir. 1998), 644, 766Microsoft Corp., United States v. (D.C.

Cir. 2001), 570, 644, 648, 765, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 896, 1129

Microsoft Corp., United States v. (D.D.C. 2000), 644, 765, 766

Microsoft, United States v. (D.C. Cir. 1995), 151, 686, 766

Microsoft, United States v. (D.C. Cir. 1997), 642

Microsoft, United States v. (D.D.C. 1999), 784

Mid-West Paper Prods. Co. v. Continen-tal Group, 103, 104

Midwestern Machinery v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 76, 188

Miller v. Wright, 1148Mills v. Electric Auto Lite Co., 181Minn-Chem Inc v. Agrium Inc., 90Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. v. New

Jersey Wood Finishing Co., 186Miranda v. Selig, 1146Missouri v. National Org. for Women,

163, 469Mitchael v. Intracorp, Inc., 370Mitchel v. Reynolds, 21, 24

TABLE OF CASES xxxi

Moffat v. Lane Co., 367Monahan’s Marine, Inc. v. Boston

Whaler, Inc., 131Monsanto Co. v. McFarling, 662Monsanto Co. v. Scruggs, 662Monsanto Co. v. Spray-Rite Service

Corp., 336, 342, 355, 359, 369, 408, 430, 432, 497, 506, 532, 539, 633, 889, 1177

Moore v. Jas. H. Matthews & Co., 606Morgan v. Ponder, 845Morgan, United States v., 418Morgenstern v. Wilson, 1000Morissette v. United States, 231Morning Star Packing v. SK Foods, 131Morton Salt Co. v. Suppiger Co., 613,

652, 661Morton’s Market Inc. v. Gustafson’s

Dairy Inc., 79Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal

Film Mfg. Co., 650, 652, 660Mozart Co. v. Mercedes-Benz of N. Am.,

Inc., 669Mt. Lebanon Motors, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 856

Mt. Pleasant, City of, v. Associated Elec. Coop., 417

Mullaney v. Wilbur, 332Multidistrict Vehicle Air Pollution

M.D.L. No. 31, 137Munaf v. Green, 182Municipal Utils. Bd. of Albertville v.

Alabama Power, 1221Musical Instruments & Equip. Antitrust

Litig., In re, 321Mylan Pharm. Inc. v. Warner Chilcott

Pub. Ltd. Co., 906

NNAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 163,

472, 473NASDAQ Market-Makers Antitrust

Litigation, In re, 180National Assn. of Regulatory Util.

Comm’rs v. Federal Commun. Comm’n, 826

National Assn. of Securities Dealers, Inc., United States v., 874, 878, 1119, 1128

National Bancard Corp. v. VISA U.S.A., Inc., 306

National Bank of Canada v. Interbank Card Ass’n, 1140

National Collegiate Athletic Ass’n v. Board of Regents, 264, 278, 279, 283, 291, 292, 300, 304, 412, 414, 430, 442, 459, 467, 631

National Football League, United States v., 269

National Petr. Refs. Ass’n v. FTC, 69National Reporting Co. v. Alderson

Reporting Co., 819National Soc. of Professional Engineers v.

United States, 6, 37, 236, 253, 261, 269, 288, 303, 319, 458, 459, 460, 461, 505, 513. 530

National Woodwork Mfrs. Ass’n v. NLRB, 1134

Nelson Radio & Supply Co. v. Motorola, Inc., 560

Nelson v. Monroe Regional Med. Center, 134

Neumann v. Reinforced Earth Co., 173New Jersey Title Ins. Litig., 1127New Jersey v. Morton Salt Co., 79New Wrinkle, Inc., United States v., 479New York ex rel. Schneiderman v. Actavis

PLC, 761, 762New York Telephone Co., In re, 878New York v. Hendrickson Bros., Inc., 78New York v. Kraft General Foods, 1018,

1020New York v. Microsoft Corp. 785NicSand, Inc. v. 3M Co., 892Nippon Paper Indus. Co., United States

v., 66, 91NobelPharma v. Implant Innovations,

788, 792, 793, 794, 795, 1170Norlin Corp. v. Rooney, Pace, Inc., 184North Am. Soccer League v. National

Football League, 411, 1144

xxxii TABLE OF CASES

North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners v. FTC, 1207

North Texas Producers Ass’n v. Metzger Dairies, 1144

Northeastern Tel. Co. v. AT & T, 767, 826, 845

Northern Pac. Ry. v. United States, 5, 213, 245, 601, 610, 624, 645, 671

Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 957, 1196

Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transport Workers, 505

Northwest Power Prods. v. Omark Indus., 235

Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co., 442, 447, 458

Nurse Midwifery Ass’n v. Hibbett, 406NYNEX Corporation v. Discon, Inc., 440,

507

OO. Hommel Co. v. Ferro Corp., 821O’Bannon v. National Collegiate Athletic

Association, 277O’Brien, United States v., 1161Ocean State Physicians Health Plan v.

Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Rhode Island, 322

Oerlikon-buhrle Holding AG, 94Ohio v. American Express Co., 571, 635,

636Oklahoma Tax Comm’n v. Int’l Registra-

tion Plan, Inc., 182Old Dearborn Distrib. Co. v. Seagram-

Distillers Corp., 517Olin Corp. v. FTC, 1064Olympia Equip. Leasing Co. v. Western

Union Tel. Co., 819, 866, 867, 871Omega Envtl., Inc. v. Gilbarco, Inc., 775,

890Oneok, Inc. v. Learjet, Inc., 1127Oracle Am., Inc. v. Terix Computer Co.,

638

Oracle Corp., United States v., 1018, 1056, 1057

Oracle Securities Litig., In re, 181Oreck Corp. v. Whirlpool Corp., 442Oregon Steam Nav. Co. v. Winsor, 24Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc. v. Abbott

Labs., Inc., 838, 850Ostrofe v. H.S. Crocker Co., 144Otter Tail Power Co. v. United States,

868, 870, 876, 1167

PPace Electronics, Inc. v. Canon Computer

Systems, Inc., 132Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. linkLine Com-

muns., Inc., 851, 896Packard Motor Car Co. v. Webster Motor

Car Co., 444, 553Paddock v. Chicago Tribune, 554Paladin Assocs., Inc. v. Mont. Power Co.,

671Palmer v. BRG of Georgia, Inc., 433, 442Palmyra Park Hosp., Inc. v. Phoebe

Putney Memorial Hosp., 607Papasan v. Allain, 337Paper Systems, Inc. v. Nippon Industries

Co., 189Paramount Pictures Corp. v. Johnson

Broadcasting, Inc., 659Paramount Pictures, Inc., United States

v., 329, 654Parke, Davis & Co., United States v., 526,

533, 534Parker v. Brown, 1179, 1180, 1192, 1201,

1207, 1213, 1218Parkway Gallery Furn. v. Kittinger/

Pennsylvania House, 541Parts & Elec. Motors, Inc. v. Sterling

Elec., Inc., 668Patrick v. Burget, 1192, 1205, 1210, 1211,

1213Patten, United States v., 212Patterson v. New York, 332Payne v. Tennessee, 512, 530

TABLE OF CASES xxxiii

Pendleton Constr. Corp. v. Rockbridge Cty., Va., 1198

Penn-Olin Chem. Co., United States v., 418, 1084

Pennoyer v. Neff, 1182Pennsylvania v. Delaware Valley Citizens’

Council for Clean Air, 180Pepper v. Apple Inc., 111, 112PepsiCo, Inc. v. Coca-Cola Co., 315PepsiCo, Inc., FTC v., 1071Perma Life Mufflers, Inc. v. International

Parts Corp., 166, 169Petroleum Prods. Antitrust Litig., 365Petroleum Products Antitrust Litigation,

In re, 180Pfizer, Inc. v. Government of India, 116Pharmaceutical Research and Manufac-

turers of America v. FTC, 999Philadelphia National Bank, United

States v., 971, 1023, 1045, 1051, 1066, 1116

Philadelphia Taxi Ass’n v. Uber Tech-nologies, 121, 904

Philco Corp. v. Radio Corp. of Am., 77Phillips v. Crown Cent. Petr. Corp., 234Phillipsburg Nat’l Bank & Trust Co.,

United States v., 1011Phoebe Putney Health System, Inc., FTC

v., 1190, 1209Phonetele, Inc. v. American Tel. & Tel.

Co., 594, 1114Photovest Corp v. Fotomat Corp., 400,

658Pick Mfg. Co. v. General Motors Corp.,

619Piedmont Label Co. v. Sun Garden

Packing Co., 72Pinney Dock & Transp. Co. v. Penn Cent.

Corp., 1126Pinter v. Dahl, 170Pioneer Hi-Bred Int’l v. Holden Found.

Seeds, Inc., 1041Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 73

Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm’n on Human Rels., 164

Polk Bros. v. Forest City Enterprises, 429Poller v. Columbia Broadcasting System,

Inc., 338, 343, 444Pollock & Riley, Inc. v. Pearl Brewing Co.,

69Polygram Holding, Inc. v. FTC, 299Pool Water Products v. Olin Corp., 131Port Dock & Stone Corp. v. Oldcastle

Northeast, Inc., 857PPG Industries, Inc., FTC v., 1023Practice Mgm’t Information Corp. v.

American Medical Ass’n, 661Premier Elec. Constr. Co. v. National

Elec. Contrs. Ass’n, 154Prime Time 24 Joint Venture v. NBC, 163Principe v. McDonald’s Corp., 568, 664Princo Corp. v. ITC, 662Procter & Gamble Co., FTC v., 188, 1003,

1025, 1068, 1070, 1076Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. v.

Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc., 1165

ProMedica Health Sys. Inc. v. FTC, 1007, 1068, 1070, 1071

ProMedica Health System, Inc., In re, 1071

Pro-Mold & Tool Co. v. Great Lakes Plastics, Inc., 792

PSI Repair Services v. Honeywell, 641Puerto Rico Tel. Co. v. San Juan Cable,

LLC, 1171

QQueen City Pizza, Inc. v. Domino’s Pizza,

Inc., 639, 641

RR.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Premium

Tobacco Stores, Inc., 162Race Tires America, Inc. v. Hoosier

Racing Tire Corp., 276Rader v. Balfour, 78

xxxiv TABLE OF CASES

Radiant Burners, Inc. v. Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co., 116

Radovich v. National Football League, 343, 1144

Rambus, Inc., In re, 789Real Truth About Obama, Inc. v. Federal

Election Comm’n, 182, 183Reazin v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of

Kan., 866Rebel Oil Co. v. Atl. Richfield Co. (9th

Cir. 1998), 845, 911Rebel Oil Co. v. Atlantic Richfield Co.

(9th Cir. 1995), 132, 722, 730, 814, 911

Reilly v. The Hearst Corp., 1090Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 6, 113, 262,

264, 301Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc.,

154, 155Rickards v. Canine Eye Registration

Fund, 1172Rick-Mik Enterp., Inc. v. Equilon

Enterprises, LLC, 640, 659Right Field Rooftops, LLC v. Chicago

Cubs Baseball Club, LLC, 1146Ritz Camera & Image, LLC v. SanDisk

Corp., 789Riverside, City of, v. Rivera, 180Riverview Investments, Inc. v. Ottawa

Community Improvement Corp., 367

Robertson v. Sea Pines Real Estate Cos. Inc., 415

Rockford Memorial Corp., United States v., 963

Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc., 505

Roland Mach. Co. v. Dresser Indus., 183Rosebrough Monument Co. v. Memorial

Park Cem. Ass’n, 172, 180Ross v. Bank of America, N.A., 673Rossi v. Standard Roofing, Inc., 370Rothery Storage & Van Co. v. Atlas Van

Lines, 454

Roy B. Taylor Sales, Inc. v. Hollymatic Corp., 668

RSR Corp. v. FTC, 1004, 1070Russ Togs, Inc. v. Grinnell Corp., 79Ryko Mfg. Co. v. Eden Servs., 1039

SSafeway, Inc. v. Abbott Labs., 851Saint Alphonsus Medical Center —

Nampa Inc. v. St. Luke’s Health System, Ltd., 1062

Salveson v. JP Morgan Chase, 104Sam Fox Pub’g Co. v. United States, 148San Jose, City of, v. Commissioner of

Baseball, 1146SCFC ILC, Inc. v. Visa USA, Inc., 467,

468Schering-Plough Corp. v. F.T.C., 485, 486Schering-Plough Corp., In re, 489Schor v. Abbott Laboratories, 764Schwegmann Bros. v. Calvert Distillers

Corp., 517Science Prods. Co. v. Chevron Chem.

Co., 732SCM Corp. v. Xerox Corp., 799Scophony Corp. of America, United

States v., 71, 72Scotts Co. Co. v. United Indus. Corp., 162SD3, LLC v. Black & Decker (U.S.) Inc.,

349, 392, 1155Seagood Trading Corp. v. Jerrico, Inc.,

914Sea-Land Service Inc. v. Atlantic Pacific

International, 109Sealy, Inc., United States v., 409, 412, 413,

421, 522Sears, Roebuck & Co., United States v.,

1096Securities & Exchange Comm’n v.

Cavanagh, 171Service & Training, Inc. v. Data General

Corp., 796Sessions Tank Liners v. Joor Mfg., 1155Shell Oil Co., In re, 302

TABLE OF CASES xxxv

Sheppard v. Lee, 121Sheridan v. Marathon Petroleum Co.,

LLC, 658Shoppin’ Bag of Pueblo v. Dillon Cos.,

818Sidney W. Winslow, United States v., 1073Siegel v. Chicken Delight, Inc., 605, 658,

664Silicon Graphics, 931, 934Silver v. New York Stock Exchange, 186,

449, 452, 877, 1118, 1128Simpson v. Union Oil Co., 167, 522, 548Sims v. Greene, 781Singer Mfg. Co., United States v., 479SmileCare Dental Group v. Delta Dental

Plan, 867Smith Mach. Co. v. Hesston Corp., 668Smith v. Pro Football, Inc., 468, 1144,

1145Smith v. Ricks, 1219Smith v. Underwood Mem. Hosp., 416SmithKline Corp. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 847,

850SMS Systems Maintenance Services, Inc.

v. Digital Equipment Corp., 638Smugglers Notch Homeowners’ Ass’n.,

Inc. v. Smugglers’ Notch Manage-ment Co., Ltd., 607

Snook v. Trust Co. of Ga. Bank of Savannah, N.A., 182

Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., United States v., 206, 239, 249, 263, 294, 318, 357, 442, 513

Sofinet v. Immigration and Natural Service, 184

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 1168

South Austin Coalition Community Council v. SBC Communications, 1086

Southaven Land Co. v. Malone & Hyde, Inc., 145

Southeastern Milk Antitrust Litigation, In re, 301

Southern Motor Carriers Rate Conf. v. United States, 462, 1183, 1189, 1192

Southern Pacific Commun. Co. v. AT&T, 354, 828

Southwire Co. v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 77

Spartan Grain & Mill Co. v. Ayers, 606Spectators’ Communication Network,

Inc. v. Colonial Country Club, 330Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 748,

763, 804, 879, 910Spirit Airlines, Inc. v. Northwest Airlines,

Inc., 812, 813, 814Springfield Terminal Rwy. Co. v. Cana-

dian Pacific Limited, 912Square D Co. v. Niagara Frontier Tariff

Bur., 1125St. Joseph’s Hosp. v. Hospital Corp. of

Am., 1175St. Jude Med. Inc. Silzone Heart Valves

Prods. Liab. Litig., In re, 162St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Barry,

1141Standard Mfg. Co. v. United States (U.S.

1912), 201Standard Oil Co. (Indiana) v. United

States, 479, 480Standard Oil Co. v. FTC, 240Standard Oil Co. v. United States, 24, 25,

37, 192, 548, 560, 566, 650, 651, 713, 799, 974, 982

Staples Inc. and Office Depot Inc., FTC v., 1006

Staples, Inc., FTC v., 999, 1008, 1011, 1026, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1049, 1059

Starr v. Sony BMG Music Entm’t, 316, 323, 347

State Oil Co. v. Khan, 132, 303, 317, 442, 497, 499, 504, 506, 513, 527

Stearns Airport Equip. Co. v. FMC Corp., 845

Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. v. Coca-Cola Co., 170, 171

Strong v. Bell-South Telecomms. Inc., 180

xxxvi TABLE OF CASES

Sugar Inst. v. United States, 222, 223, 224, 253

Summit Health, Ltd. v. Pinhas, 80Sungard Data Sys., Inc., United States v.,

1045Super Sulky, Inc. v. United States Trotting

Ass’n, 371Superior Court Trial Lawyers Ass’n v.

FTC, 474Superior Court Trial Lawyers Ass’n, FTC

v., 130, 163, 463, 1156SuperTurf, Inc. v. Monsanto Co., 1040Suture Express, Inc. v. Owens & Minor

Dist., Inc., 621Swedish Match, FTC v., 1008, 1012, 1020,

1046, 1049, 1051, 1052, 1056Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 339, 340Swift & Co. v. United States, 699, 904Swift & Co. v. Wickham, 512Swift & Co., United States v., 698Swift v. Tyson, 17Synthroid Mktg. Litig., In re, 181Sysco, FTC v., 1008Syufy Enters., United States v., 885

TTableware Antitrust Litigation, In re, 453Tam Travel, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc. (In

re Travel Agent Comm’n Antitrust Litig.), 347

Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litigation, In re, 486

Tampa Elec. Co. v. Nashville Coal Co., 560, 563, 567, 619, 892, 894

Tanaka v. Univ. of S. Cal., 279Tank Insulation International, Inc. v.

Insultherm, Inc., 156Taubman, United States v., 67Taylor Publishing Co. v. Jostens, Inc., 910Taylor v. Sturgell, 155, 156TBK Partners, Ltd. v. Western Union

Corp., 155Telex Corp. v. IBM Corp., 61Tenet Health Care Corp., FTC v., 1026,

1041, 1042, 1068

Tenneco, Inc. v. FTC, 1082Terminal R.R. Ass’n, United States v., 870Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 302, 414, 497, 501Texas Indus., Inc. v. Radcliff Materials,

Inc., 189Text Messaging Antitrust Litigation, In

re, 344, 348, 392TFT-LCD (Flat Panel) Antitrust Litiga-

tion, In re, 329Thatcher Mfg. Co. v. FTC, 963Theatre Enterprises, Inc. v. Paramount

Film Distributing Corp., 330, 335, 336, 347, 389

Therm-All, Inc., United States v., 77THI-Hawaii, Inc. v. First Commerce Fin.

Corp., 169Thompson v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc., 77324 Liquor Corp. v. Duffy, 1179Thurman Indus. v. Pay’N’Pak Stores, 736Ticor Title Ins. Co., FTC v., 1192, 1196,

1211, 1213Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of Am.

(Timberlane II) (N.D. Cal. 1983), 87Timberlane Lumber Co. v. Bank of Am.

(Timberlane III) (9th Cir. 1984), 87Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United

States, 575, 581, 598, 605, 610, 614, 625, 909

Time-Warner, 934Timken Roller Bearing Co. v. United

States, 411, 421Title Ins. Rating Bur. of Ariz., United

States v., 1141Todd v. Exxon Corp., 235, 388Todorov v. DCH Healthcare Authority,

382, 914Toledo Mack Sales & Service, Inc. v.

Mack Trucks, Inc., 521, 541Topco Associates, Inc., United States v.,

245, 358, 413, 422, 427, 547, 879, 1209

Town of (See Name of Town)Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. FTC, 315, 317, 321,

329, 440, 453, 454, 501, 551Toys R Us, Inc., Matter of, 321

TABLE OF CASES xxxvii

Trans-Missouri Freight Ass’n, United States v., 4, 28, 32, 33, 79

Transparent-Wrap Mach. Corp. v. Stokes & Smith Co., 798

Trenton Potteries Co., United States v., 24, 25, 198, 208, 212, 507

Tripoli Co. v. Wella Corp., 241Tunis Bros. v. Ford Motor Co., 406Tuscaloosa, City of, v. Harcros Chemi-

cals, 366, 371, 382Twin City Sportservice, Inc. v. Charles O.

Finley & Co., 732, 912, 1064

UU.S. Anchor Manufacturing., Inc. v. Rule

Industries, Inc., 733U.S. Info. Sys., Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Elec.

Workers Local Union No. 3, AFL-CIO, 162

U.S. Philips Corp. v. Windmere Corp., 826

Union Carbide Corp. Consumer Prod. Bus. Sec. Litig., In re, 180

Union Labor Life Ins. Co. v. Pireno, 1141, 1176

Union Pacific R. Co. v. United States, 1201, 1202

United Airlines, Inc. v. U.S. Bank N.A., 1156

United Mine Workers v. Pennington, 1133, 1134, 1150, 1167

United National Maintenance, Inc. v. San Diego Convention Center Corp., Inc., 881, 1219

United Shoe Mach. Corp. v. United States, 597

United Shoe Mach. Corp., 705, 709, 781United States Alkali Export Ass’n v.

United States, 1139United States Football League v. National

Football League, 181United States Gypsum Co., United States

v., 229, 329, 661United States Postal Serv. v. Flamingo

Indus. (USA) Ltd., 116, 1146

United States Steel Corp. v. Fortner Enterprises, Inc. (Fortner II), 611, 651

United States v. (See Name of Defendant)

Unitherm Food Sys., Inc. v. Swift-Eck-rich, Inc., 788

Universal Analytics, Inc. v. MacNeal-Schwendler Corp., 910

Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 294University Health, FTC v., 1003, 1004,

1026, 1068, 1069Univis Lens Co., United States v., 522Urethane Antitrust Litigation, In re, 332Utah Pie Co. v. Continental Baking Co.,

354, 803, 811

VValley Liquors, Inc. v. Renfield Importers,

Ltd., 531, 554VandeBrake, United States v., 65Varner v. Peterson Farms, 77Vaughn Med. Equip. Repair Serv., LLC v.

Jordan Reses Supply Co., 541Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC,

874, 876, 879Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law

Offices of Curtis Trinko, LLP, 763, 842, 869, 872, 898, 900, 1115, 1118, 1128

Video Views, Inc. v. Studio 21, Ltd., 1169Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. v. British

Airways PLC, 161, 763Virginia Panel Corp. v. Mac Panel Co.,

662, 1172Virginia State Bd. of Pharmacy v.

Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 163, 164, 242

Virtual Maintenance, Inc. v. Prime Computer, Inc., 636

Visa U.S.A., United States v., 885, 889Vitamins Antitrust Litigation, In re, 74,

162Von’s Grocery Co., United States v., 5,

125, 299

xxxviii TABLE OF CASES

WW.S. Kirkpatrick & Co. v. Environmental

Tectonics Corp., 88Wabash, St. L. & Pac. Ry. v. Illinois, 1182Walker Process Equip., Inc. v. Food

Mach. & Chem. Corp., 787, 793, 1164, 1170

Wall v. City of Athens, 1204Wallace v. IBM Corp., 814Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa U.S.A. Inc.,

162Ward Baking Co., United States v., 781Warner Commc’ns Inc., FTC v., 1065Warrior Sports, Inc. v. National Colle-

giate Athletic Association, 275Waste Management, United States v.,

1017Watson Carpet & Floor Covering, Inc. v.

Mohawk Indus., Inc., 541Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., FTC v.,

475, 483Waugh Chapel S., LLC v. United Food &

Commercial Workers Union Local 27, 1171

Weisgram v. Marley Co., 161, 162Weiss v. York Hosp., 407, 868, 869Wendkos v. ABC Consol. Corp., 152West Penn Allegheny Health System, Inc.

v. UPMC, 76, 131, 908Westborough Mall v. City of Cape

Girardeau, 1178Western Electric Co., United States v.,

1111, 1114Western Parcel Express v. United Parcel

Service of America, Inc., 569Westman Commun. Co. v. Hobart Int’l,

736Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Ross-Simmons

Hardwood Lumber Co., Inc., 829White Motor Co. v. United States, 442,

542, 546White v. R.M. Packer Co., 371, 746Whitworth v. Perkins, 1198

Whole Foods Markets, FTC v., 1006, 1048, 1049, 1058

Wickard v. Filburn, 1182, 1214, 1219Wickens v. Evans, 25Willamette Dental Group, P.C. v. Oregon

Dental Service Corporation, 322William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v.

Continental Baking Co., 828William Inglis & Sons Baking Co. v. ITT

Cont’l Baking Co., 846Williams & Co. v. Williams & Co.-East,

428Williamson Oil Co. v. Philip Morris USA,

380, 386Windsurfing Intl. v. AMF, 662Winter v. Natural Resources Defense

Council, Inc., 182Women’s Sportswear Mfrs. Ass’n, United

States v., 79Workers Compensation Ins., In re, 1142Wyandotte Co. v. United States, 119Wyckoff v. Office of the Comm’r of

Baseball, 1146

XXechem, Inc. v. Bristol-Meyers Squibb

Co., 76Xerox Corp. v. Media Sciences, Inc., 637

YYamaha Motor Co. v. FTC, 1082Yaodi Hu v. Huey, 569Yellow Cab Co., United States v., 398,

399, 400, 409, 927Yentsch v. Texaco, Inc., 605

ZZenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Re-

search, 75, 79, 119, 186ZF Meritor, LLC v. Eaton Corp., 729, 851Zinser v. Continental Grain Co., 104Zucker v. Occidental Petroleum Corp.,

179

xxxix

Preface to the Eighth Edition

The first edition of this book was published 35 years ago in 1984. This eighth edi-tion of Antitrust Law, Policy, and Procedure preserves the structure and approach of previous editions. This edition is completely updated through 2018, including all relevant Supreme Court opinions and the most significant appellate court deci-sions. All chapters have been updated with new cases, as well as revised Notes and Questions. As before, the book favors no particular ideology and provides balanced coverage of the various antitrust schools of thought.

We continue to make Chapter 8, which addresses second-line enforcement of the Robinson-Patman Act, available for free at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2319067. You may print out multiple copies for classroom use as long as you preserve attribution of authorship. This chapter’s removal from this pri-mary text allows us the space in the other chapters to retain the classic foundational cases of antitrust law while adding the most up-to-date cases that illustrate the con-tours of current antitrust doctrine.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN Burlington, Vermont

HERBERT HOVENKAMP Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

HOWARD A. SHELANSKI Washington, D.C.

CHRISTOPHER R. LESLIE Irvine, CA

April, 2019

xli

Preface to the Seventh Edition

This Seventh Edition of Antitrust Law, Policy, and Procedure comes out as this casebook has entered its thirtieth year of continuous publication. This year we welcome a fourth author, Professor Christopher R. Leslie of the University of Cal-ifornia, Irvine, a prolific and nationally known antitrust scholar with par tic u lar experience in the law of collusion and intellectual property rights.

The Seventh Edition is completely updated through 2013. As previously, we have attempted to select and edit cases so as to give balanced coverage of antitrust’s vari-ous ideologies as well as its economics. All chapters have been completely revised.

Out of concern for publication costs and as a concession to classroom realities, we have moved the Chapter on secondary- line enforcement of the Robinson- Patman Act to SSRN’s digital site. Few antitrust teachers continue to cover the materials in that chapter in a basic antitrust course, although it continues to be taught in some advanced or specialty classes or seminars. It can be found at http:// papers . ssrn . com / sol3 / papers . cfm ? abstract _ id=2319067. We will continue to keep that chapter up to date, and anyone who wishes may use it at no charge, including the printing of multiple copies for classroom use. We ask only that you preserve attribution of authorship.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Burlington, Vermont

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

HOWARD A. SHELANSKI, Washington, D.C.

CHRISTOPHER R. LESLIE, Irvine, California

October, 2013

xliii

Preface to the Sixth Edition

This Sixth Edition is a substantial revision from the previous edition, with updat-ing of all case law materials, including the recent decisions of the Roberts Supreme Court, and numerous lower court decisions. In par tic u lar we have expanded sec-tions on pricing be hav ior, intellectual property, merger policy, regulatory policy, and added a great deal of comparative material focusing mainly on the competition law of the Eu ro pean Union.

Beginning with this edition we welcome Professor Howard A. Shelanski as a co- author. Professor Shelanski has been teaching and writing in antitrust and related fields for many years. He has par tic u lar expertise in the areas of regulated indus-tries, telecommunications law, and mergers. His knowledge of antitrust policy in high technology industries is particularly welcome.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Minneapolis, Minnesota

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

HOWARD A. SHELANSKI, Washington, D.C.

June, 2009

xlv

Preface to the Fifth Edition

The structure and approach of the Fifth Edition of Antitrust Law, Policy and Pro-cedure remain the same as we used in previous editions. The text has been updated fully with all the Supreme Court decisions and the most impor tant appellate deci-sions issued since the Fourth Edition was published. In addition, we have updated and expanded notes on economics, international issues, and expert testimony, and we have greatly enlarged the treatment of intellectual property issues. We also include several new prob lems.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Minneapolis, Minnesota

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

August, 2003

xlvii

Preface to the Fourth Edition

This Fourth Edition of Antitrust Law, Policy and Procedure continues the basic approach of preceding editions. The central focus is on judicial decisions, supple-mented by analytic, historical, and economic notes and questions. Principal deci-sions and note cases have been updated in all areas, as well as references to secondary sources, and we have added new prob lems. The edition also adjusts the coverage to include somewhat less in relatively quiet areas, such as vertical and conglomerate mergers, and more in areas of greater activity, such as technology and intellectual property. A few older decisions have been pruned, but we have tried not to change the book’s general pitch any more than necessary to reflect new developments.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Minneapolis, Minnesota

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

March, 1999

xlix

Preface to the Third Edition

This edition continues the same approach followed in earlier editions of heavy focus on the case law, together with simple economic analy sis and notes representing a variety of ideological viewpoints. In the matter of antitrust ideology, the Supreme Court is as divided and undirected as it has ever been — witness the chasm between the 1992 Kodak decision and the 1993 Spectrum Sports and Brooke decisions.

The increase in the volume of Supreme Court opinions over the last five years has necessitated some pruning and editing of earlier opinions, but we have tried to leave all impor tant concurrences and dissents as intact as pos si ble. This edition also adds several new prob lems, expanded biblio graphies, and all Supreme Court decisions through the October, 1992 term.

We thank Professor Richard D. Friedman of the University of Michigan Law School for numerous invaluable comments. We are also grateful to our research assistants Craig Marquiz, Hrayr A. Sayadian, and Ellen Szarleta for a variety of sig-nificant contributions.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Tucson, Arizona

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

September, 1993

li

Preface to the Second Edition

We continue to believe that the best approach toward antitrust in the law school curriculum is through the cases. For that reason, this casebook emphasizes judicial opinions and contains relatively more of each one, including dissents, than other books in the field.

We also believe that antitrust should be taught with the “best” legal pre ce dents available, and that sometimes a recent cir cuit court opinion is better than an out-dated Supreme Court opinion. For this reason, some antitrust decisions that were impor tant in the 1960s and earlier have been given very brief treatment or omitted as principal cases in this edition.

Fi nally, we believe that a casebook designed for a student’s first or second anti-trust course should not overwhelm the student with one par tic u lar ideology. Anti-trust ideologies have come and gone, and they will continue to do so. The notes in this book are designed to take seriously the competing ideologies of left, right, and center, to confront their defects, and to pre sent their strengths. Professors who are strongly committed to a par tic u lar ideology should find plenty of material to criti-cize or, alternatively, to illustrate their views.

This edition encompasses antitrust developments through the summer of 1988 and includes all Supreme Court decisions of the October, 1987 Term.

As a new feature in this edition, we offer a series of prob lems for class discussion or individual assignment. The prob lems are analyzed in detail in a Teacher’s Prob-lem Manual to be published as a companion to this volume.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, St. Louis, Missouri

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, Iowa City, Iowa

January, 1989

liii

Preface to the First Edition

We believe this book on federal antitrust law is a unique and valuable contribu-tion to its genre. Although it covers the same general law as its peers, its perspective is dif fer ent in several ways that make it particularly useful for teachers hoping to offer a sophisticated but litigation- oriented antitrust course.

First, this book is shorter than most others in the field. Many antitrust books have grown fat with overruled Supreme Court opinions, with opinions whose his-torical value far exceeds their usefulness as credible statements of current law, and long footnotes of string citations that do little for students facing their first experi-ence in antitrust analy sis and prob lem solving.

To be sure, brevity imposes certain costs. This book contains no separate sections on antitrust and the patent system, and no detailed discussion of the extraterritorial applications of antitrust law. It has only brief sections on antitrust in the regulated and so- called “exempt” industries. Although all these things are useful and can be profitably taught, it is our experience that few instructors emphasize them in the basic three- unit or four- unit antitrust class.

At the same time, this book offers a broader coverage than most on procedural issues, particularly on the law of private enforcement. Because more than ninety percent of all federal antitrust cases are now brought by private plaintiffs, the law of private enforcement has developed a rich and complex “substance” all its own. That law is more appropriate to a basic antitrust course than is the extensive discussion of patents or extraterritorial application.

Likewise this book focuses more than most on the pro cess of antitrust litigation — on evidentiary standards, burden of proof requirements, and standards for judgment. These emphases seem appropriate because concepts such as “market power,” “agreement,” or “intent” are not merely abstractions of the substantive law: They are facts that must be established in court.

An additional, impor tant difference between this book and many others in the field is ideological. This book attempts to strike a balanced, diversified approach in pre-senting a wide spectrum of ideas regarding the goals and economic under pinnings of antitrust law. The authors of this book disagree with each other about many questions that are central to antitrust policy making today, such as whether increased alloca-tive efficiency should be the exclusive or only one of many antitrust enforcement goals. As a result this book both entertains and takes seriously alternative viewpoints and permits the students (or the teacher) a larger perspective for individual choice.

liv PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

Ideological narrowness is nowhere more evident than in the editing of opinions. Antitrust casebooks have become notorious for “ideological editing” that either sup-ports the view of the editor or else makes the court’s position appear far less ratio-nal than it really was. Antitrust opinions are particularly conducive to such editing because they are so long — in many cases a fifty- page opinion must be reduced to five or six.

Neither of the authors has permitted an editorial atrocity that reflects too favor-ably on the ideology of the other. Although nonideological editing does not exist, nothing succeeds like competition in bringing differences of ideology into the light of day. The result in most instances is that the edited opinions contained here are longer than those in other antitrust casebooks. Furthermore, this book prints excerpts from many more concurring and dissenting opinions, particularly when the secondary opinion foreshadowed a position later taken by the Supreme Court.

The book also employs the positive use of economic theories as an analytical device. As to the level of economic sophistication and difficulty, this book must be classified as “medium.” Today no one can ask whether an antitrust casebook should develop price theory and industrial organ ization; the only question is how much. This book is addressed to students, however, who are assumed to have no prior experience in economics. Its approach centers on the fundamentals.

It offers an introductory chapter and then builds in succeeding chapters on the models created. Unlike casebooks in which economic analy sis can be found only in an opening chapter or appendix, the economic analy sis in this book is integrated into the notes and discussions following each case se lection. Economics in antitrust is valuable only to the extent that it enhances our ability to analyze disputes and make useful policy judgments. For that, a few comments about price theory hid-den in an appendix are simply inadequate. Famous and influential opinions such as Alcoa, du Pont, and Brown Shoe have an imposing if dubious economics content, but most students will not discern that content unless they are given at least mini-mal guidance. We attempt to do that.

In sum, this offering attempts to integrate into the traditional antitrust casebook an appreciation for the rich historical, socio- political, and economic development of the antitrust laws and policies. How the law has evolved and the implications for future development are central to this book’s format. In addition to the doctrinal development, this book attempts to focus the attention of students on the eviden-tiary and procedural context within which the “substantive” material may be uti-lized. We hope these objectives will be successful.

E. THOMAS SULLIVAN, Columbia, Missouri

HERBERT HOVENKAMP, San Francisco, California

February, 1984