Antimicrobials; antibacterials, antifungals, antiprotozoans, antivirals,

and antihelminthics 1

Terms for antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of chemical drugs to treat

diseases Antimicrobial drugs: Chemicals that Interfere with

the growth of microbes within a host Antibiotic: A substance produced by a microbe

that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe Antibiotics vs. disinfectants: different selective

toxicity Selective toxicity: A drug that kills harmful

microbes without damaging the host

1928: Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin produced by Penicillium, a fungus

1940: Howard Florey and Ernst Chain performed first clinical trials of penicillin

Still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.

The term "penicillin" is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G, the original penicillin found in 1928), procaine benzylpenicillin (procaine penicillin), benzathine benzylpenicillin (benzathine penicillin), and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V).

Antimicrobial Drugs

"항생물질학" 2판 (수정판), p7, 이강만 저, 라이프 사이언스

The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity

Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Superinfection

Bactericidal Kill microbes directly

Bacteriostatic Prevent microbes from growing

The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs

The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs

Figure 20.2 "항생물질학" 2판 (수정판), p9, 이강만 저, 라이프 사이언스

Figure 4.13a Bacterial cell walls.

Tetrapeptide side chain

Peptide cross-bridge

Carbohydrate “backbone”

Peptide bond

N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Side-chain amino acid Cross-bridge amino acid

NAM

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Structure of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria

.

"Microbiology-An introduction" 11th edition, p85, G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke, and C. L. Case, Pearson

Structure of bacterial peptidoglycan

Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites

"항생물질학" 2판 (수정판), p9, 이강만 저, 라이프 사이언스

"항생물질학" 2판 (수정판), p13, 이강만 저, 라이프 사이언스

"항생물질학" 2판 (수정판), p58, 이강만 저, 라이프 사이언스

Synergism and antagonism of Antimicrobials

Production of Antimicrobials

Chemistry Organic synthesis Semi-chemical synthesis

Microbiology Strain development Metabolic engineering

“biotechnology”

Bioengineering Fermentation technology