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Authorship
Dept. of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
University of Aden
KHALED ALSAKKAF, PhD
“The Author’s
Seven Deadly Sins”
Sin Examples
1 Carelessness Citation bias, understatement, negligence
2 Redundant/duplicate publication
Same tables or literature review reported without noting prior source
3 Unfair authorship Failure to include eligible authors, Honorary authors
4 Undeclared Conflict of Interest
Failure to cite funding source
5 Human/animal subjects violations
No approval from Review Board or Ethics Committee
6 Plagiarism Reproducing others’ work or ideas without as one’s own
7 Other Fraud Fabrication of falsification of data, Misappropriation of others ideas or plans given in confidence
3. Unfair Authorship
Some persons who have made significant contributions to
an article may not receive sufficient credit, or may receive
no credit at all
Some persons are listed as co-authors even though no
substantive contribution was made to the article or the
research
Failure to give proper recognition to a person’s contribution
by listing them lower in the author list than they deserve
Award of co-authorship for minor contributions based on
personal or political considerations
Authorship ethic
aspects
The word author came to the English language during the 14th century via Latin word auctor which means ‘‘creator, originator’’
the first modern research journal was initiated in 1665 by the Royal Society of London.
Before mid-1900, most scientific efforts and authorships could be clearly traced to single individuals.
The criteria for authorship of the ICMJ
Editors are "substantial contributions to:
(a) conception and design, or analysis and interpretation of data;
(b) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content;
(c) final approval of the version to be published.
Conditions (a), (b) and (c) must all be met."
BMJ Volume 309 Saturday 3 December 1994, 1482
In an American study of 200 papers published in
or before 1989 one quarter of authors did not contribute substantially
Authorship ethic
aspects.........
Some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a submitted study
Source: ORI Manual on Source:
Research Integrity; Illustration:
Copyright by David Zinn
Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify authorship.
Authorship ethic
aspects.........
Authorship
Agree to authorship beforehand
Who qualifies for authorship? ‘substantial contribution’
Who does not qualify for authorship?
Which authorships are (more) important?
First
Last / Senior
Corresponding
What are other ways of acknowledging contributions
Some journals have specific criteria
The order of authorship should be a joint decision of the co-authors.
The first author has made the greatest contribution to the project (empirical work)
the last author listed is the senior scientist of the team, the team leader (intellectual force)
Janet DiMarci, Louis Hernandez, Arthur Smith, and Wen Zhou
Authorship Order
day to day
responsibility
head of dept.
Guest (Honorary) vs. Ghost !
Guest Honorary authors: named authors who have not met authorship criteria
Ghost authors:
individuals not named as authors but who contributed substantially to the work
Who is responsible for resolving
authorship problems? • Not the role of journals and editors to
arbitrate in inter-author disputes • Disputes will delay review or publication • Agree early on who will be an author, name
order, and who will co-ordinate submission and correspondence
• Serious disputes can lead to legal action and
court injunctions Help is available …
Help with authorship issues
• ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, http://www.icmje.org/), ‘Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals’
• ‘How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers’ by Albert and Wager http://www.publicationethics.org/files/u2/2003pdf12.pdf
• COPE Authorship flowcharts (… more later) (http://www.publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts)
• ‘Best Practice Guidelines on Publication Ethics: A Publisher’s Perspective’ (http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/publicationethics/)
Who and what is the
“Corresponding Author”?
The Corresponding Author is the person who is responsible for the manuscript as it moves through the journal’s submission process.
This person must be registered with Editorial
Manager, as all correspondence pertaining to the manuscript will be sent to him or her via the system.
The Corresponding Author is, by default, the
author who initially uploads the manuscript into Editorial Manager.
Authorship
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Consequences of Unfair Authorship
Sin Examples Punishments
3 Unfair authorship
Failure to include eligible authors, Honorary authors
Angry colleagues, complaints to editor or employer
Finally…….