5
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Dec. 1986, p . 4758-4762 0270-7306/86/124758-05$02.00/0 Copyright © 1986, American Society f o r Microbiology Inhibition of Retroviral Replication b y Anti-Sense RNA RICHARD Y.-L. TO,* SHANE C . BOOTH, AND PAUL E . NEIMAN Division o f Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Washington Received 3 April 1986/Accepted 8 September 1986 We tested t h e effect o f anti-sense R N A on t h e replication of avian retroviruses i n cultured cells. T h e replication o f a recombinant retrovirus carrying a neomycin resistance gene (neor) i n th e anti-sense orientation was blocked when t h e cells expressed high steady-state levels o f R NA molecules with neor sequences i n th e sense orientation, i.e., complementary t o t h e viral sequence. Viral D NA bearing neor sequences was n o t detected specifically i n host cells where this anti-sense RNA inhibition of viral replication occurred. These observations suggest that anti-sense R N A inhibition may b e a useful strategy f o r t he inhibition of retroviral infections. T h e anti-sense RNA-mediated inhibition of gene expres- sion ( 5) h a s potential as a toolfor genetic analysis ( 1 , 8 , 1 0 , 1 1 ) a n d h a s also been suggested as a novel approach t o inhibiting viral infections ( 5 ; E . C . M . Mariman, Letter, Nature (London) 318:414, 1985; R . Tellier a n d J. M . Weber, Letter, Nature (London) 318:414, 1985). W e carried o ut experiments which addressed t h e question o f whether anti- sense RNA ca n inhibit retroviral replication. W e constructed a recombinant, replication-competent avian retrovirus which ca n express anti-sense RNA molecules complementary t o abundant RNA transcripts from a particular cellular gene. W e then examined t h e consequences of infection o f host cells on t h e expression o f t h e target host cell gene a n d o n t h e replication o f t h e retrovirus bearing the complementary RNA sequence. T h e target sense a n d anti-sense sequences f o r these ex - periments were derived from t h e neor gene o f t h e bacterial transposable element TnS. This gene confers resistance t o t h e cytotoxic effects o f t h e neomycin analog G418 in eucary- otic cells (12) a n d therefore ca n serve as a convenient marker f o r gene transfer. Furthermore, t h e neor gene i s o f a size appropriate f o r packaging within a nondefective retroviral vector system, 779NCTAQ26, originally developed from cloned Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) genomes b y Hughes a n d Kosik (4). This vector was engineered t o maximize t he stability of genes inserted i n place o f t h e R S V sr c gene b y deletion o f on e of the flanking direct repeats. A neor_ containing 2.14 -kilobase (kb) HindIII-HpaI fragment from pSV2-neo (Fig. 1) was inserted into t h e ClaI site o f t h e 779NCTAQ26 vector i n either t h e sense (N-10) or t h e anti-sense (oaN-10) orientation with respect t t h e viral genome. T h e constructs were digested with SalI t o remove the bacterial sequences a n d religated prior t o transfection into chicken embryo fibroblasts b y t he calcium phosphate precipitation technique (2). Chicken embryo fibroblasts were propagated a t 37°C i n F 1 0 medium (GIBCO Laboratories, Grand Island, N.Y.) supplemented with 10% (vol/vol) tryp- tose phosphate broth, 5 % calf serum, a n d 0.05% (wt/vol) sodium bicarbonate i n t h e presence o f penicillin, streptomy- cin, a n d nystatin (Mycostatin; E . R . Squibb & Sons, Princeton, N.J.). Progeny viruses were recovered from supernatant fluids. Cells infected with N-10 virus grew normally i n th e presence 2 0 0 ,ug of G418 pe r ml , while those infected with aN-10 virus a n d uninfected control cells * Corresponding author. were killed completely in 5 t o 7 days b y t he same concen- tration o f G418. T he neor sequences o f N-10 a n d aN-10 virion RNAs were detected selectively with 32P-labeled single-stranded neor RNA probes complementary t o sense a n d anti-sense neor sequences, respectively, prepared b y using a n SP6-T7 plas- m i d system (pGEM4; Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis.). Both sense a n d anti-sense neor inserts were equally stable i n viral RNA upon chronic passage i n both chicken embryo fibro- blasts a n d quail cells. Figure 2 , panel I, shows a dot blot analysis o f neor sequences i n N-10 a n d aN-10 viral stocks grown o n quail cells. T he level ofneor sequences relative to total viral RNA was comparable i n both stocks. RNA blot hybridization analysis with a viral sequence probe o f N-10 a n d aN-10 viral from chronic passages also showed t h e accumulation o f virions which h a d deleted neor inserts. These deleted genomes never amounted t o more than 50 t o 6 5% o f t he total viral stock (Fig. 2 , panel III), i n comparison with t h e 10-fold or greater excess of analogous transforma- tion-defective deletions common i n wild-type stocks of chronically passaged R S V (7). T he host cell system we used t o test possible mutual anti-sense effects o n both viral replication a n d target host cell gene expression was derived from a chemically trans- formed Japanese quail cell line, QT35 (9), which had been made G418 resistant b y transfection with a defective retro- viral vector carrying t he neor gene. QT35 cells a n d neor derivatives were propagated under t he same conditions as those described earlier f o r chicken embryo fibroblasts, ex - cept that t he medium was supplemented with 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide. Figure 3 shows a slot blot analysis o f virion RNA producedby cultures o f three clones of G418-resistant QT35 derivatives infected with either N-10 or aN-10. Th e three clones were derived from three independent transfections o f QT35 with constructs that express neor from a n avian retroviral promoter. T h e steady-state levels of neor tran- scripts i n each o f the clones was determined b y neor hybrid- ization b y slot blot analysis o f cellular RNA i n compar- ison with t h e signal obtained from authentic neor RNA prepared i n vitro a n d blotted on the same membrane. These levels varied from 0.001 t o 0.04% o f total cellular RNA (Fig. 3 ) . neor-containing viral RNA was detected i n t h e superna- tants from all three N-10-infected clones. However, we d i d n o t detect neor_containing viral RNA i n t h e supernatants from t wo o f t h e clones ( GG a n d A l ) infected with aN-10 a n d detected only very l ow levels of this RNA in t h e supernatant from the aN-10-infected C1-2 clone. This clone h a d t h lowest level of neor transcripts. 4758 Vol. 6 , N o . 1 2

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MOLECULAR AND C E L L U L A R B I O L O G Y , D e c . 1 9 8 6 , p . 4 7 5 8 - 4 7 6 2

0 2 7 0 - 7 3 0 6 / 8 6 / 1 2 4 7 5 8 - 0 5 $ 0 2 . 0 0 / 0C o p y r i g h t © 1 9 8 6 , A m e r i c a n S o c i e t y f o r M i c r o b i o l o g y

I n h i b i t i o n o f R e t r o v i r a l R e p l i c a t i o n b y A n t i - S e n s e RNA

RICHARD Y . - L . TO,* SHANE C . B O O TH , AND PAUL E . NEIMAN

D i v i s i o n o f B a s i c S c i e n c e s , F r e d H u t c h i n s o n C a n c e r C e n t e r , S e a t t l e , W a s h i n g t o n 9 8 1 0 4

R e c e i v e d 3 A p r i l 1 9 8 6 / A c c e p t e d 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6

We t e s t e d t h e e f f e c t o f a n t i - s e n s e R NA on t h e r e p l i c a t i o n o f a v i a n r e t r o v i r u s e s i n c u l t u r e d c e l l s . The

r e p l i c a t i o n o f a r e c o m b i n a n t r e t r o v i r u s c a r r y i n g a n e o m y c i n r e s i s t a n c e gene ( n e o r ) i n t h e a n t i - s e n s e o r i e n t a t i o n

was b l o c k e d w h e n t h e c e l l s e x p r e s s e d h i g h s t e a d y - s t a t e l e v e l s o f R NA m o l e c u l e s w i t h n eo r sequences i n t h e sense

o r i e n t a t i o n , i . e . , c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o t h e v i r a l sequence. V i r a l DNA b e a r i n g n e o r sequences was n o t d e t e c t e d

s p e c i f i c a l l y i n h o s t c e l l s w h e r e t h i s a n t i - s e n s e R NA i n h i b i t i o n o f v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n o c c u r r e d . T h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s

s u g g e s t t h a t a n t i - s e n s e R NA i n h i b i t i o n may b e a u s e f u l s t r a t e g y f o r t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f r e t r o v i r a l i n f e c t i o n s .

T h e a n t i - s e n s e R N A - m e d i a t e d i n h i b i t i o n o f gene expres-

s i o n ( 5 ) h a s p o t e n t i a l as a t o o l f o r g e n e t i c a n a l y s i s ( 1 , 8 , 1 0 ,1 1 ) a n d h a s a l s o b e e n s u g g e s t e d as a n o v e l a p p r o a c h t o

i n h i b i t i n g v i r a l i n f e c t i o n s ( 5 ; E . C . M . M a r i m a n , L e t t e r ,N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 3 1 8 : 4 1 4 , 1 9 8 5 ; R . T e l l i e r a n d J . M. W e b e r ,

L e t t e r , N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 3 1 8 : 4 1 4 , 1 9 8 5 ) . We c a r r i e d o u te x p e r i m e n t s w h i c h a d d r e s s e d t h e q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r a n t i -sense RNA ca n i n h i b i t r e t r o v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n . We c o n s t r u c t e d

a r e c o m b i n a n t , r e p l i c a t i o n - c o m p e t e n t a v i a n r e t r o v i r u s w h i c hca n express a n t i - s e n s e RNA m o l e c u l e s c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o

a b u n d a n t RNA t r a n s c r i p t s f r o m a p a r t i c u l a r c e l l u l a r gene.

We t h e n e x a m i n e d t h e consequences o f i n f e c t i o n o f h o s t

c e l l s on t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e t a r g e t h o s t c e l l gene a n d on t h er e p l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e t r o v i r u s b e a r i n g t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r yRNA sequence.

T h e t a r g e t sense a n d a n t i - s e n s e sequences f o r t h e s e ex-

p e r i m e n t s were d e r i v e d f r o m t h e n e o r gene o f t h e b a c t e r i a lt r a n s p o s a b l e e l e m e n t T nS . T h i s gene c o n f e r s r e s i s t a n c e t o

t h e c y t o t o x i c e f f e c t s o f t h e n e o m y c i n a n a l o g G 4 1 8 i n eucary-

o t i c c e l l s ( 1 2 ) a n d t h e r e f o r e ca n serve as a c o n v e n i e n t m a r k e r

f o r gene t r a n s f e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e n e o r gene i s o f a s i z ea p p r o p r i a t e f o r p a c k a g i n g w i t h i n a n o n d e f e c t i v e r e t r o v i r a lv e c t o r s y s t e m , 779NCTAQ26, o r i g i n a l l y d e v e l o p e d f r o mc l o n e d R o u s sarcoma v i r u s ( R S V ) genomes b y H u g h e s a n d

K o s i k ( 4 ) . T h i s v e c t o r was e n g i n e e r e d t o m a x i m i z e t h es t a b i l i t y o f genes i n s e r t e d i n p l a c e o f t h e R SV src gene b yd e l e t i o n o f on e o f t h e f l a n k i n g d i r e c t r e p e a t s . A n e o r _c o n t a i n i n g 2 . 1 4 - k i l o b a s e ( k b ) H i n d I I I - H p a I f r a g m e n t f r o m

p S V 2 - n e o ( F i g . 1 ) was i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e C l a I s i t e o f t h e

779NCTAQ26 v e c t o r i n e i t h e r t h e sense ( N - 1 0 ) or t h e

a n t i - s e n s e ( o a N - 1 0 ) o r i e n t a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e v i r a lgenome. The c o n s t r u c t s were d i g e s t e d w i t h S a l I t o remove

t h e b a c t e r i a l sequences a n d r e l i g a t e d p r i o r t o t r a n s f e c t i o n

i n t o c h i c k e n e m b r y o f i b r o b l a s t s b y t h e c a l c i u m p h o s p h a t e

p r e c i p i t a t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( 2 ) . C h i c k e n e m b r y o f i b r o b l a s t s were

p r o p a g a t e d a t 3 7 ° C i n F 1 0 medium (GIBCO L a b o r a t o r i e s ,

G r a n d I s l a n d , N . Y . ) s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 10% ( v o l / v o l ) t r y p -

t o s e p h o s p h a t e b r o t h , 5% c a l f serum, a n d 0 . 0 5 % ( w t / v o l )s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a t e i n t h e presence o f p e n i c i l l i n , s t r e p t o m y -

c i n , a n d n y s t a t i n ( M y c o s t a t i n ; E . R . S q u i b b & S o n s ,P r i n c e t o n , N . J . ) . P r o g e n y v i r u s e s were r e c o v e r e d f r o m

s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d s . C e l l s i nf e c t e d w i t h N - 1 0 v i r u s grew

n o r m a l l y i n t h e presence o f 2 0 0 , u g o f G418 per m l , w h i l e

t h o s e i n f e c t e d w i t h a N - 1 0 v i r u s a n d u n i n f e c t e d c o n t r o l c e l l s

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

were k i l l e d c o m p l e t e l y i n 5 t o 7 d a y s b y t h e same concen-

t r a t i o n o f G 4 1 8 .

T h e neor sequences o f N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 v i r i o n RNAs were

d e t e c t e d s e l e c t i v e l y w i t h 3 2 P - l a b e l e d s i n g l e - s t r a n d e d n e o r

RNA p r o b e s c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o sense a n d a n t i - s e n s e n e o r

sequences, r e s p e c t i v e l y , p r e p a r e d b y u s i n g an S P 6 - T 7 p l a s -m i d s y s t e m (pGEM4; P r o m e g a B i o t e c , M a d i s o n , W i s . ) . B o t hsense a n d a n t i - s e n s e neor i n s e r t s were e q u a l l y s t a b l e i n v i r a lRNA upon c h r o n i c passage i n b o t h c h i c k e n e m b r y o f i b r o -b l a s t s a n d q u a i l c e l l s . F i g u r e 2 , p a n e l I , s h o w s a d o t b l o ta n a l y s i s o f n e o r sequences i n N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 v i r a l s t o c k s

grown on q u a i l c e l l s . T h e l e v e l o f n e o r sequences r e l a t i v e t o

t o t a l v i r a l RNA was c o m p a r a b l e i n b o t h s t o c k s . RNA b l o th y b r i d i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s w i t h a v i r a l sequence p r o b e o f N - 1 0a n d a N - 1 0 v i r a l s t o c k s f r o m c h r o n i c passages a l s o s h o w e dt h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f v i r i o n s w h i c h h a d d e l e t e d n e o r i n s e r t s .T h e s e d e l e t e d genomes never a m o u n t e d t o more t h a n 5 0 t o

65% o f t h e t o t a l v i r a l s t o c k ( F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I I ) , i n c o m p a r i s o nw i t h t h e 1 0 - f o l d or g r e a t e r excess o f a n a l o g o u s t r an s f o r m a -

t i o n - d e f e c t i v e d e l e t i o n s common i n w i l d - t y p e s t o c k s o f

c h r o n i c a l l y p a s s a g e d R SV ( 7 ) .T h e h o s t c e l l s y s t e m we u s e d t o t e s t p o s s i b l e m u t u a l

a n t i - s e n s e e f f e c t s on b o t h v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n a n d t a r g e t h o s t

c e l l gene e x p r e s s i o n was d e r i v e d f r o m a c h e m i c a l l y t r a n s -

f o r m e d J a p a n e s e q u a i l c e l l l i n e , QT35 ( 9 ) , w h i c h h a d b e e n

made G 4 1 8 r e s i s t a n t b y t r a n s f e c t i o n w i t h a d e f e c t i v e r e t r o -

v i r a l v e c t o r c a r r y i n g t h e n e o r gene. QT35 c e l l s a n d n e o r

d e r i v a t i v e s were p r o p a g a t e d u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s as

t h o s e d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r f o r c h i c k e n e m b r y o f i b r o b l a s t s , ex-

c e p t t h a t t h e medium was s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h 1 % d i m e t h y ls u l f o x i d e . F i g u r e 3 s h o w s a s l o t b l o t a n a l y s i s o f v i r i o n RNAp r o du c e d b y c u l t u r e s o f t h r e e c l o n e s o f G 4 1 8 - r e s i s t a n t QT35d e r i v a t i v e s i n f e c t e d w i t h e i t h e r N - 1 0 or a N - 1 0 . T he t h r e e

c l o n e s were d e r i v e d f r o m t h r e e i n d e p e n d e n t t r a n s f e c t i o n s o f

QT35 w i t h c o n s t r u c t s t h a t express n e o r f r o m an a v i a n

r e t r o v i r a l p r o m o t e r . The s t e a d y - s t a t e l e v e l s o f n e o r t r a n -

s c r i p t s i n e a c h o f t h e c l o n e s was d e t e r m i n e d b y n e o r h y b r i d -i z a t i o n b y s l o t b l o t a n a l y s i s o f t o t a l c e l l u l a r RNA i n compar-

i s o n w i t h t h e s i g n a l o b t a i n e d f r o m a u t h e n t i c n e o r RNA

p r e p a r e d i n v i t r o a n d b l o t t e d on t h e same m e m b r a n e . T h e s e

l e v e l s v a r i e d f r o m 0 . 0 0 1 t o 0 . 0 4 % o f t o t a l c e l l u l a r RNA ( F i g .3 ) . n e o r - c o n t a i n i n g v i r a l RNA was d e t e c t e d i n t h e s u p e r n a -

t a n t s f r o m a l l t h r e e N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d c l o n e s . H o w e v e r , we d i d

n o t d e t e c t n e o r _ c o n t a i n i n g v i r a l RNA i n t h e s u p e r n a t a n t s

f r o m two o f t h e c l o n e s (GG a n d A l ) i n f e c t e d w i t h aN-10 a n d

d e t e c t e d o n l y very l o w l e v e l s o f t h i s RNA i n t h e s u p e r n a t a n t

f r o m t h e a N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d C 1 - 2 c l o n e . T h i s c l o n e h a d t h e

l o w e s t l e v e l o f n e o r t r a n s c r i p t s .

4 7 5 8

V o l . 6 , N o . 1 2

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NOTES 4 7 5 9

N 1 O C z N OI L T R N e o L T R N e o

1 : 1 - 00 *

1 : 5 - 0* *

1 : 2 5 --

4 . 7 k b

5 1 0 k bI- 1 - 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

R

5'-~ 9 0 9

R

p o /

( B )

R S a I l I C l a I C l a I R

3')e o R 3' N - 1 0env ,

SA ) P P T

a N - 1 0

F I G . 1 . R e t r o v i r a l v e c t o r s f o r t r a n s f e r r i n g neor sequences. ( A )

P l a s m i d u s e d t o t r a n s f e r G 4 1 8 r e s i s t a n c e t o Al c e l l s b y t r a n s f e c t i o n .T h e s o l i d l i n e d e n o t e s b a c t e r i a l p l a s m i d p B R 3 2 2 sequences; d o t t e d

s e g m e n t s r e p r e s e n t r e t r o v i r a l sequences; a n d h a t c h e d s e g m e n t s

r e p r e s e n t L T R s . T h e neor i n s e r t ( N e o R ) a n d a r e g i o n c o n t a i n i n g a

c-myc gene ( c - m y c ) are i n d i c a t e d . ( B ) S t r u c t u r e s o f t h e DNA f o r m s

o f N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 r e t r o v i r u s e s . H a t c h e d s e g m e n t s are U 5 r e g i o n s o f

v i r a l L T R s ; PPT i s a p o l y p u r i n e t r a c t ; gag i s t h e v i r a l gene f o ri n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r a l p r o t e i n s ; p o l i s t h e v i r a l gene f o r reverse t r a n -

s c r i p t a s e ; env i s t h e v i r a l e n v e l o p e gene; R d e n o t e s E c o R I s i t e s .

T h i s i n i t i a l a n a l y s i s s u g g e s t e d a s p e c i f i c i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e

r e p l i c a t i o n o f a N - 1 0 , p e r h a p s r e l a t e d t o t h e l e v e l o f neort r a n s c r i p t s i n t h e c e l l s . F u r t h e r a n a l y s i s was p e r f o r m e d w i t h

Al c e l l s . T h e c o n s t r u c t u s e d f o r t r a n s f e c t i o n d u r i n g t h e

i s o l a t i o n o f t h i s G 4 1 8 - r e s i s t a n t c l o n e i s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 . A2 . 1 4 - k b H i n d I I I - H p a I f r a g m e n t o f p S V 2 - n e o ( 1 2 ) c o n t a i n i n g

t h e c o m p l e t e neor gene was i n s e r t e d i n t h e sense o r i e n t a t i o n( i n d i c a t e d b y arrows i n F i g . 1 ) a t t h e S m a I s i t e o f a

r e p l i c a t i o n - d e f e c t i v e r e t r o v i r a l v e c t o r t h a t c o n t a i n e d a 5 'l o ng t e r mi na l r e p e a t ( L T R ) f r o m c l o n e d S c h m i d t - R u p p i n

R SV s u b g r o u p A a n d a 3 ' L T R f r o m a s u b g r o u p B h e l p e r

v i r u s . neor t r a n s c r i p t s , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t e d a b o u t 0 . 0 0 3 % o f

Al t o t a l c e l l u l a r RNA ( F i g . 3 ) , were d e t e c t e d b y b l o th y b r i d i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s ( F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I A ) .

T a b l e 1 s h o w s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e e f f e c t o f i n f e c t i o n w i t h a

r e t r o v i r u s e x p r e s s i n g a n t i - s e n s e neor RNA ( a N - 1 0 ) on t h e

a b i l i t y o f Al c e l l st o grow

i nt h e presence o f G 4 1 8 . Al

c e l l swere i n f e c t e d w i t h a N - 1 0 v i r u s a n d w i t h a v i r u s d e r i v e d f r o m

a r e t r o v i r a l v e c t o r w i t h o u t an y i n s e r t . V i r a l s t o c k s were

t i t r a t e d b y c o m p a r i s o n o f reverse t r a n s c r i p t a s e l e v e l s w i t h

t h o s e o f c o nt r ol s t o c k s o f w i l d - t y p e RSV. I n f e c t i o n s were

c a r r i e d o u t a t a m u l t i p l i c i t y o f i n f e c t i o n o f 0 . 1 t o 1 . 0 .U n i n f e c t e d a n d i n f e c t e d c e l l s were p a s s a g e d t h r e e t i m e s i nt h e a b s e n c e o f G 4 1 8 a n d s e e d e d o n t o c u l t u r e d i s h e s . A s s a y swere p e r f o r m e d i n t h e presence o f 2 0 0 p . g o f G 4 1 8 pe r m l b y

d i r e c t c e l l c o u n t i n g i n s t a n d a r d c u l t u r e s a n d b y c o l o n y

f o r m a t i o n on p l a s t i c d i s h e s a n d i n s o f t agar. U n i n f e c t e d

QT35 c e l l s were a l s o a s s a y e d as a c o n t r o l f o r t h e t o x i c e f f e c to f G 4 1 8 on p a r e n t a l c e l l s . F o r d i r e c t c e l l c o u n t i n g i n s t a n d a r d

i t N I O a N l O-

N 1 C t 1 .* u I ) LO to

r ) r ) r e )

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6 . 6 - 3 9 - 4 - 94-6 .6-6.6-m6-

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2 . 3 - 2 C f2 . 0 -

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7 . 8

F I G . 2 . A n a l y s i s o f v i r a l a n d c e l l u l a r RNAs. ( P a n e l I ) D o t b l o ta n a l y s i s o f v i r i o n RNAs f r o m s t o c k s o f N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 grown on

QT35 c e l l s . V i r i o n RNA r e p r e s e n t i n g 4 . 0 m l o f c u l t u r e f l u i d a n d

s e r i a l f i v e f o l d d i l u t i o n s were b o u n d t o n i t r o c e l l u l o s e membranes a n d

p r o b e d w i t h e i t h e r a 3 2 P - l a b e l e d 0 . 7 5 - k b P v u I I - S s t I f r a g m e n t o f

S c h m i d t - R u p p i n R SV s u b g r o u p A DNA s p a n n i n g t h e L T R or

s t r a n d - s p e c i f i c n e o r RNA p r o b e s p r e p a r e d as d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t .

( P a n e l I I ) B l o t h y b r i d i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s o f n e o r RNA m o l e c u l e s i n c e l l sa n d v i r u s e s . ( A ) n e o r t r a n s c r i p t s i n Al c e l l s . A b o u t 5 , u g o f t o t a lc y t o p l a s m i c RNA was s e p a r a t e d b y e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s on a 1 % agarose

g e l i n 2 . 2 M f o r m a l d e h y d e , b l o t t e d o n t o n i t r o c e l l u l o s e , a n d h y b r i d -

i z e dt o a

3 2 P - l a b e l e d 2 . 1 4 - k b H i n d I I I - H p a In e o T

DNAf r a g m e n t o f

p S V 2 - n e o . ( B ) V i r i o n RNA f r o m N - 1 0 - a n d a N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d QT35

a n d Al c e l l s p r o b e d w i t h s t r a n d - s p e c i f i c 3 2 P - l a b e l e d n e o T RNA

p r o b e s . ( C ) V i r i o n RNA f r o m N - 1 0 - a n d a N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d Al c e l l s i na s e p a r a t e e x p e r i m e n t f r o m t h a t s h o w n i n p a n e l B . A u t o r a d i o g r a m swere o v e r e x p o s e d f o r i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y . Numbers a t l e f t are

k i l o b a s e s . ( P a n e l I I I ) V i r a l RNA f r o m s u p e r n a t a n t s o f Al c e l l si n f e c t e d w i t h N - 1 0 , a N - 1 0 , or v e c t o r v i r u s e s . F o l l o w i n g e l e c t r o p h o -

r e s i s a n d t r a n s f e r t o n i t r o c e l l u l o s e m e m b r a n e s , v i r a l RNA was

d e t e c t e d w i t h a n i c k - t r a n s l a t e d p r o b e f o r v i r a l L T R sequences.

Numbers a t l e f t ar e k i l o b a s e s .

0

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M O L . C E L L . B I O L .

c u l t u r e s , c e l l s w e r e s e e d e d a t 5 x 1 0 5 c e l l s p e r d i s h , a n dG 4 1 8 w a s a d d e d . A f t e r 5 d a y s ( e x p e r i m e n t 1 ) a n d 8 d a y s

( e x p e r i m e n t 2 ) o f c u l t u r i n g , t h e c e l l s w e r e t r y p s i n i z e d ,d i l u t e d i n 3 m l o f m e d i u m , a n d c o u n t e d . F o r c o l o n y f o r m a -

t i o n o n p l a s t i c s u r f a c e s , c e l l s w e r e s e e d e d a t 1 0 0 c e l l s p e r

d i s h ( e x p e r i m e n t 1 ) a n d a t 1 , 0 0 0 c e l l s p e r d i s h ( e x p e r i m e n t 2 )i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f G 4 1 8 . A f t e r 2 4 h , t h e c u l t u r e m e d i u mf l u i d s w e r e r e m o v e d , a n d t h e c e l l s w e r e o v e r l a i d w i t h 0 . 6 %

a g a r o s e ( B a c t o - A g a r ; D i f c o L a b o r a t o r i e s , D e t r o i t , M i c h . )c o n t a i n i n g 2 0 0 , u g o f G 4 1 8 p e r m l . C o l o n i e s w e r e c o u n t e d

a f t e r 1 6 d a y s , a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f c o l o n y f o rm at i on w a sd e f i n e d a s t h e n u m b e r o f c o l o n i e s p e r 1 0 0 c e l l s s e e d e d . F o r

c o l o n y f o r m a t i o n i n s o f t a g a r , 1 0 0 c e l l s ( e x p e r i m e n t 1 ) o r

1 , 0 0 0 c e l l s ( e x p e r i m e n t 2 ) w e r e s u s p e n d e d i n c u l t u r e m e d i u mc o n t a i n i n g 0 . 5 % a g a r o s e ( S e a P l a q u e ; FM C C o r p . , M a r i n eC o l l o i d s D i v . , R o c k l a n e , M a i n e ) a n d 2 0 0 , u g o f G 4 1 8 p e r m l .E a c h c e l l - a g a r m i x t u r e w a s p l a c e d o n t o p o f a f e e de r l a y e r o f

q u a i l e m b r y o f i b r o b l a s t s e m b e d d e d i n 0 . 7 % a g a r o s e ( B a c t o -

A g a r ) . A f t e r 1 0 d a y s , c o l o n i e s t h a t g r e w i n s o f t a g a r w e r e

c o u n t e d . T a b l e 1 s h o w s t h a t t h e g r o w t h o f Al c e l l s i n G 4 1 8w a s n o t i n h i b i t e d b y i n f e c t i o n w i t h a N - 1 0 . S p e c i f i c a l l y ,i n f e c t i o n w i t h a r e t r o v i r u s b e a r i n g a n t i - s e n s e n e o 5 s e -q u e n c e s , a N - 1 0 , d i d n o t a p p e a r t o i n h i b i t t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f

n e o r i n Al c e l l s ( i . e . , i t d i d n o t i n c r e a s e t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f A lc e l l s t o G 4 1 8 ) .

T h e p r o d u c t i o n o f v i r u s f r o m A l c e l l s w a s a n a l y z e d b yb l o t h y b r i d i z a t i o n . Q T 3 5 a n d A l c e l l s w e r e i n f e c t e d a sd e s c r i b e d a b o v e . A f t e r t h r e e p a s s a g e s , N - 1 0 - a n d o a N - 1 0 -i n f e c t e d Al c e l l s a n d N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d QT35 c e l l s w e r e c u l t u r e df o r 7 t o 8 a d d i t i o n a l d a y s i n e i t h e r t h e p r e s e n c e o r t h ea b s e n c e o f 2 0 0 , u g o f G 4 1 8 p e r m l , a n d Q T 3 5 c e l l s i n f e c t e dw i t h a N - 1 0 w e r e g r o w n f o r t h e s a m e p e r i o d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f

G 4 1 8 . C e l l s w e r e t h e n p l a t e d a t 3 x 1 0 6 c e l l s p e r 1 0 - c m p l a t e ,a n d v i r i o n s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m 3 5 m l o f m e d i u m a f t e r 2d a y s . V i r i o n p a r t i c l e s w e r e p u r i f i e d i n s u c r o s e g r a d i e n t s a n d

s u s p e n d e d i n 4 0 0 , u l o f 1 5 0 mM s o d i u m c h l o r i d e - 1 . 5 mMm a g n e s i u m c h l o r i d e - 1 0 mM T r i s ( p H 8 . 0 ) i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

1 0 mM v a n a d y l - r i b o n u c l e o s i d e c o m p l e x e s ( B e t h e s d a R e -

s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r i e s , I n c . , G a i t h e r s b u r g , M d . ) . V i r a l RNAw a s d e p r o t e i n i z e d b y e x t r a c t i o n w i t h p h e n o l - c h l o r o f o r m ,

a n d v i r i o n RNA f r o m 4 m l o f m e d i u m w a s s u b j e c t e d t oa g a r o s e g e l e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s a n d b l o t t e d o n t o n i t r o c e l l u l o s e .B l o t s w e r e p r o b e d e i t h e r w i t h t h e s t r a n d - s p e c i f i c n e o r p r o b e s

o r w i t h a v i r a l L T R p r o b e . H y b r i d i z a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s w e r e a s

C e l l N e o R V i r i o n RNAL i n e RNA V i r u s 1 : 1 ; 5 1 : 2 5

G G . 0 4 0 [Q4NON1 0 m o

[ C N I OO N 1 0 4

C 1 - 2 . 0 0 1 Kl-.01

l N 1 0 -o

F I G . 3 . S l o t b l o t a n a l y s i s o f v i r i o n RNAs p r o d u c e d f o l l o w i n gi n f e c t i o n o f t h r e e G 4 1 8 - r e s i s t a n t c l o n e s w i t h N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 .

L e v e l s o f n e o d t r a n s c r i p t s i n i n d i v i d u a l c l o n e s were d e t e r m i n e d a s

d e s c r i b e d i n t h e t e x t a n d a r e p r e s e n t e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f t o t a lc e l l u l a r RNA. V i r i o n RNA r e p r e s e n t i n g 1 . 5 m l o f c u l t u r e f l u i d a n d

t w o f i v e f o l d d i l u t i o n s t h e r e o f w e r e b o u n d t o t h e m e m b r a n e i n e a c h

c a s e a n d h y b r i d i z e d t o s t r a n d - s p e c i f i c 3 2 P - l a b e l e d n e o r RNA p r o b e s .

TABL E 1 . E f f e c t o f G 4 1 8 o n A l c e l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h a n t i - s e n s ec o n s t r u c t v i r u s e s

S t a n d a r d E f f i c i e n c y o f c o l o n y f o r m a t i o n

c u l t u r e c e l l ( c o l o n i e s / 1 0 0 c e l l s s e e d e d ) i n

c o u n t ( 1 0 c i n d i c a t e d e x p t :

C e l l s a n d v i r u s c e l l s / m l ) i n P l a s t i c u n d e r S o f t a g a r

e x p t : a g a r s u s p e n s i o n

1 2 1 2 1 2Q T 3 5 , n o v i r u s 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 NDa ND

A l , n o v i r u s 4 . 5 ND 9 . 0 4 . 8 1 4 1 2 . 4A l , v e c t o r v i r u s ND 2 . 0 8 . 0 4 . 1 9 6 . 3A l , a N - 1 0 v i r u s 2 . 8 5 . 0 9 . 0 4 . 3 1 5 8 . 4

a ND, N o t d o n e .

p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d ( 6 ) . F i g u r e 2 , p a n e l s I I B a n d I I C ,s h o w s t h a t t h e s e ns e n eo r s e q u e n c e i n f u l l - l e n g t h v i r i o n RNA( 9 . 8 - k b b a n d ) w a s e a s i l y d e t e c t e d i n p r o g e n y v i r u s e s f r o mN - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d A l c e l l s . H o w e v e r , w h e n a N - 1 0 w a s u s e d t oi n f e c t A l c e l l s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f G 4 1 8 , we d i d n o t d e t e c t a n y

v i r u s t h a t c a r r i e d t h e a n t i - s e n s e n e o r s e q u e n c e i n s u p e r n a -t a n t c u l t u r e f l u i d . T h i s b l o c k t o a x N - 1 0 w a s n o t d u e t o a n

u n k n o w n e f f e c t o f G 4 1 8 b e c a u s e t h e r e s u l t w a s n o t i n f l u -e n c e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f G 4 1 8 . T h i s r e s u l t i ss h o w n i n F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I I , i n w h i c h v i r i o n RNAs f r o m Alc e l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h N - 1 0 , a N - 1 0 , o r v e c t o r v i r u s e s w e r e

d e t e c t e d w i t h a p r o b e f o r v i r a l s e q u e n c e s . T h e 9 . 8 - k b RNAs p e c i e s ( w h i c h c o n t a i n s n e o r , F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I ) w a s o n l y

d e t e c t e d i n s u p e r n a t a n t s o f N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d A l c e l l s . T h e7 . 8 - k b RNA ( w h i c h l a c k s n e o ) w a s p r o d u c e d when c e l l sw e r e i n f e c t e d wi t h N - 1 0 , a N - 1 0 , o r v e c t o r v i r u s e s . S i n c e

a N - 1 0 v i r u s r e p l i c a t e d i n p a r e n t a l Q T 3 5 c e l l s a n d s i n c ev i r u s e s e i t h e r c o n t a i n i n g n e o r s e q u e n c e s i n t h e s e n s e o r i e n -t a t i o n ( N - 1 0 , F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I B ) o r l a c k i n g n e o r s e q u e n c e s

a l t o g e t h e r ( v e c t o r , F i g . 2 , p a n e l I I I ) r e p l i c a t e d i n A l c e l l s ,we c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e n e o r RNA t r a n s c r i p t s i n A l c e l l s ( w h i c hw e r e c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o t h e a n t i - s e n s e n e o r s e q u e n c e s i n

a N - 1 0 ) i n h i b i t e d t h e r e p l i c a t i o n o f a N - 1 0 .

A B

o b C d a b c d

; . 2 3 5

6 . 6-4.34 . 0 - w w o r

3 8 -

2 . 4 - ** 2 . 3-2.0

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-23.5

- 9 . 7- 6 . 6

- 4 . 3

- 2 . 3- 2 . 0

F I G . 4 . V i r a l DNA s e q u e n c e s d e t e c t e d i n N - 1 0 - a n d a N - 1 0 -

i n f e c t e d A l c e l l s . DNA was e x t r a c t e d f r o m i s o l a t e d n u c l e i a n d

d i g e s t e d w i t h E c o R I ( A a n d B ) o r E c o R I a n d C l a I ( C ) . F r a g m e n t sw e r e s e p a r a t e d b y e l e c r o p h o r e s i s o n a 1% a g a r o s e g e l a n d b l o t t e do n t o n i t r o c e l l u l o s e . T h e membrane was h y b r i d i z e d w i t h 3 2 P - l a b e l e dp r o b e s p r e p a r e d b y n i c k t r a n s l a t i o n o f a 1 . 1 - k b H i n d I I I - E c o R I n e o rf r a g m e n t ( A a n d C ) a n d a 1 . 7 - k b E c o R I - B g l l f r a g m e n t o f t h e v i r a lL T R a n d g a g r e g i o n ( B ) . L a n e s : a , N - 1 0 v i r u s ; b , a N - 1 0 v i r u s ; c ,v e c t o r v i r u s ; d , c o n t r o l . N u m b e r s a r e i n k i l o b a s e s .

4 7 6 0 NOTES

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NOTES 4 7 6 1

We a t t e m p t e d t o d e t e c t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f v i r a l DNA i ni n f e c t e d Al c e l l s . F i g u r e 4 A s h o w s a S o u t h e r n b l o t h y b r i d -i z a t i o n a n a l y s i s w i t h p r o b e s f o r n e o r s e q u e n c e s i n E c o R I -

d i g e s t e d g e n o m i c DNAs f r o m Al c e l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h N - 1 0a n d a N - 1 0 . T h e r e s t r i c t i o n map o f t h e n e o r c o n s t r u c t u s e d t ot r a n s f e c t Al c e l l s ( F i g . 1 ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t u n i n f e c t e d Al c e l l sc o n t a i n e d n e o r s e q u e n c e s o n a 4 . 0 - k b E c o R I DNA f r a g m e n t( F i g . 4 A , l a n e d ) . Al c e l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h N - 1 0 c o n t a in e d a n

a d d i t i o n a l 3 . 8 - k b n e o r - c o n t a i n i n g DNA f r a g m e n t ( F i g . 4 A ,l a n e a ) a t t r i b u t a b l e t o N - 1 0 p r o v i r a l DNA a n d c o n s i s t e n tw i t h t h e E c o R I r e s t r i c t i o n map ( F i g . 1 ) . I n c o n t r a s t , Al c e l l si n f e c t e d w i t h a N - 1 0 d i d n o t c o n t a i n a d d i t i o n a l E c o R I DNAf r a g m e n t s , a r e s u l t w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n d i a g n o s t i c o f

a N - 1 0 p r o v i r a l DNA ( F i g . 4 A , l a n e b ) . T h e s e d a t a r e v e al e d

t h a t , w h i l e n e o r - b e a r i n g N - 1 0 v i r a l DNA w a s p r e s e n t i ni n f e c t e d A l c e l l s , a n a l o g o u s a N - 1 0 v i r a l DNA c a r r y i n g n e o r

s e q u e n c e s w a s n o t d e t e c t a b l e . F i g u r e 4 B s h o w s t h a t w h e nt h e s a m e b l o t w a s p r o b e d w i t h v i r a l s e q u e n c e s o t h e r t h a n

n e o r ( v i r a l g a g g e n e s e q u e n c e s ) , v i r a l DNA w a s d e t e c t e d i na N - 1 0 - a s w e l l a s N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d A l c e l l s . T h e s e p r o v i r u s e s i na N - 1 0 - i n f e c t e d A l c e l l s w e r e p r o b a b l y d e r i v e d f r o m t h ev i r u s e s l a c k i n g n e o r i n s e r t s i n t h e i n f e c t i n g v i r a l s t o c k s ( a sm e n t i o n e d a b o v e ) , a l t h o u g h t h e d e l e t i o n o f t h e a n t i - s e n s e

n e o r s e q u e n c e c o ul d a l s o h a v e b e e n i n d u c e d b y a n a n t i - s e n s ee f f e c t o f t h e n e o r RNA i n Al c e l l s . F i g u r e 4C s h o w s a b l o t o f

DNA d i g e s t e d w i t h b o t h E c o R I a n d C l a I a n d p r o b e d f o r n e o r

s e q u e n c e s . T h i s d o u b l e d i g e s t y i e l d e d t h e same 4 . 0 - k b

e n d o g e n o u s n e o r f r a g m e n t f r o m Al c e l l s a s t h a t s h o w n i nF i g . 4 A , s i n c e t h e r e w e r e n o C l a I s i t e s w i t h i n t h i s s e q u e n c e .

H o w e v e r , t h e n e o r s e q u e n c e s o f N - 1 0 a n d a N - 1 0 a r e b o u n db y C l a I s i t e s ( F i g . 1 ) , s o DNA f r o m c e l l s i n f e c t e d w i t h e i t h e rv i r u s s h o u l d c o n t a i n a 2 . 1 4 - k b n e o r f r a g m e n t . A s e x p e c t e d ,s u c h a f r a g m e n t w a s f o u n d i n DNA f r o m Al c e l l s i n f e c t e dw i t h N - 1 0 b u t n o t a N - 1 0 , c o n f i r m i n g t h e d a t a p r e s e n t e d i nF i g . 4 A .

O u r r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a n t i - s e n s eRNA b y r e t r o v i r a l v e c t o r s may f a i l t o i n h i b i t t h e e x p r e s s i o no f a t a r g e t h o s t c e l l g e n e t o a f u n c t i o n a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l

w h e n t h a t g e n e g e n e r a t e s a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f s t e a d y - s t a t e RNAt r a n s c r i p t s . T h e c e l l u l a r RNA a p p a r e n t l y e x e r t s a n a n t i v i r a le f f e c t o n t h e i n f e c t i n g r e t r o v i r u s e v e n t h o u g h , i n t h i s e x p e r -

i m e n t , t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r y t a r g e t s e q u e n c e s w e r e n o t a p a r to f t h e v i r a l g e n e s e s s e n t i a l f o r n o r m a l v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n .R e t r o v i r u s e s r e p l i c a t e i n t h e h o s t c e l l b y r e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p -t i o n o f g e n o m i c RNA m o l e c u l e s , l e a d i n g t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f

d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d DNA m o l e c u l e s . C i r c u l a r f o r m s o f t h e s e

v i r a l DNAs a r e t h e n i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e h o s t g e n o m e a s a

p r o v i r u s , f r o m w h i c h v i r a l g e n e s a r e t r a n s c r i b e d i n t o p r o g -

e n y g e n o m i c RNAs a n d mRNAs ( 1 3 ) . F a i l u r e t o d e t e c t t h ep r e s e n c e o f a N - 1 0 p r o v i r u s e s b e a r i n g n e o r s e q u e n c e s i n Alc e l l s ( F i g . 4 ) i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a n a n t i - s e n s e e f f e c t e a r l y i nt h e r e p l i c a t i o n c y c l e , a l t h o u g h l a t e r s t e p s c o u l d a l s o b es u s c e p t i b l e t o i n h i b i t i o n . I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e i n h i b i t i o ni n v o l v e s u n i n t e g r a t e d v i r a l DNA m o l e c u l e s , s i n c e t h e c e l l u -l a r n e o r RNA t r a n s c r i p t s i n A l c e l l s s h o u l d a l w a y s b ea n t i - s e n s e w i t h r e s p e c t t o o n e s t r a n d o f t h e v i r a l d o u b l e -s t r a n d e d DNA m o l e c u l e g e n e r a t e d f r o m N - 1 0 i n f e c t i o n a n ds i n c e N - 1 0 r e p l i c a t e d n o r m a l l y . A p l a u s i b l e m e c h a n i s mm i g h t b e t h e h y b r i d i z a t i o n o f t h e c e l l u l a r n e o r RNA s e -q u e n c e w i t h t h e c o m p l e m e n t a r y s e q u e n c e i n t h e a N - 1 0 v i r a lg e n o m i c RNA e a r l y i n t h e v i r a l i n f e c t i o n , l e a d i n g t o t h ed e g r a d a t i o n o f v i r a l RNA t e m p l a t e s ( 3 ) o r o t h e r w i s e b l o c k -i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f r e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o n r e p l i c a t i o n . Ana l t e r n a t i v e , m o r e c o m p l i c a t e d m e c h a n i s m w o u l d b e f o rr e v e r s e t r a n s c r i p t i o n t o b y p a s s t h e d o u b l e - s t r a n d e d RNAr e g i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n a d e l e t i o n o f t h e v i r a l g e n o m e . I f t h e

d e l e t e d r e g i o n w e r e n o n e s s e n t i a l f o r v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n ( a s w a st h e c a s e i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t w i t h a n t i - s e n s e n e o r s e q u e n c e s ) ,

t h e r e s u l t a n t v i r u s c o u l d c o n t i n u e t o r e p l i c a t e . F u r t h e r

e x p e r i m e n t s a r e r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e m o r e p r e c i s e l y t h e

s t a g e ( s ) o f v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n s u s c e p t i b l e t o i n h i b i t i o n b ya n t i - s e n s e RNA.

A l t h o u g h n o t f u l l y o b v i o u s f r o m t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , i t i sr e a s o n a b l e t o s p e c u l a t e t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e l e v e l s o f c o m p l e -

m e n t a r y c e l l u l a r RNA a n d i n f e c t i n g v i r a l DNA d e t e r m i n et h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f v i r a l i n h i b i t i o n ( a n d t h e p o t e n t i a l i n h i b i -t i o n o f c e l l u l a r g e n e e x p r e s s i o n ) . F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s a r e

a l s o r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e l e v e l s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e m a x i -

mum e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e s e a n t i - s e n s e RNA e f f e c t s . R e g a r d -

l e s s o f t h e m e c h a n i s m , o u r r e s u l t s s u g g e s t a u s e f u l s t r a t e g yf o r i n h i b i t i n g r e t r o v i r a l i n f e c t i o n s . I n t h i s r e p o r t , we h a v ed e m o n s t r a t e d t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s n o v e l a p p r o a c h t o i n h i b -i t i n g r e t r o v i r u s e s . O u r d a t a a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h a p r e v i o u s

r e p o r t o f t h e i n h i b i t i o n o f r e t r o v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n b y a n

o l i g o d e o x y n u c l e o t i d e c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o L T R s e q u e n c e s o f

RSV ( 1 4 , 1 5 ) . T h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a n t i - s e n s e RNA i n h i b i t i o nc a n a c t a t s p e c i f i c s t a g e s o f v i r a l r e p l i c a t i o n ( i n a d d i t i o n t o

p o t e n t i a l l y i n h i b i t i n g v i r a l g e n e e x p r e s s i o n ) e n c o u r a g e s f u r -t h e r e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h i s a p p r o a c h .

We t h a n k G . L o r i n g f o r t e c h n i c a l h e l p a n d M. G r o u d i n e , H .

W e i n t r a u b , J . I z a n t , D . M i l l e r , a n d C . T h o m p s o n f o r h e l p f u lc o m m e n t s .

T h i s w o r k was s u p p o r t e d b y P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e g r a n t s

C A 2 8 1 5 1 a n d C A 2 0 0 6 8 f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s o f H e a l t h .R . Y . - L . T . a n d S . C . B . a r e f e l l o w s o f t h e L e u k e m i a S o c i e t y o f

A m e r i c a a n d t h e Damon R u n y o n W a l t e r W i n c h e l l C a n c e r F u n d ,r e s p e c t i v e l y .

L I T E R A T U R E CITED

1 . C h a n g , L . - J . , a n d M. S t o l z f a s . 1 9 8 5 . G e n e e x p r e s s i o n f r o m b o t h

i n t r o n l e s s a n d i n t r o n - c o n t a i n i n g R o u s s a r c o m a v i r u s c l o n e s i s

s p e c i f i c a l l y i n h i b i t e d b y a n t i - s e n s e RNA. M o l . C e l l . B i o l .5 : 2 3 4 1 - 2 3 4 8 .

2 . C o o p e r , G . M . , S . O k e n q u i s t , a n d L . S i l v e r m a n . 1 9 8 0 . T r a n s -

f o r m i n g a c t i v i t y o f DNA o f c h e m i c a l l y t r a n s f o r m e d a n d n o r m a l

c e l l s . N a t u r e ( L o n d o n ) 2 8 4 : 4 1 8 - 4 2 1 .

3 . C r o w l e y , T . E . , W. N e i l e n , R . H . G a m e r , a n d R . A . F i r t e l . 1 9 8 5 .P h e n o c o p y o f d i s c o i d i n 1 - m i n u s m u t a n t s b y a n t i s e n s e t r a n s f o r -m a t i o n i n d i c t y o s t e l i u m . C e l l 4 3 : 6 3 3 - 6 4 1 .

4 . H u g h e s , S . , a n d E . K o s i k . 1 9 8 4 . M u t a g e n e s i s o f t h e r e g i o nb e t w e e n e n v a n d s r c o f t h e SR-A s t r a i n o f R o u s s a r c o m a v i r u sf o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o n s t r u c t i n g h e l p e r i n d e p e n d e n t v e c t o r s .

V i r o l o g y 1 3 6 : 8 9 - 9 9 .5 . I z a n t , J . G . , a n d H . W e i n t r a u b . 1 9 8 5 . C o n s t i t u t i v e a n d c o n d i -

t i o n a l s u p p r e s s i o n o f e x o g e n o u s a n d e n d o g e n o u s g e n e s b ya n t i - s e n s e RNA. S c i e n c e 2 9 9 : 3 4 5 - 3 5 2 .

6 . M a n i a t i s , T . , E . F . F r i t s c h , a n d J . S a m b r o o k . 1 9 8 2 . M o l e c u l a r

c l o n i n g : a l a b o r a t o r y m a n u a l . C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r L a b o r a t o r y ,C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r , N . Y .

7 . M a r t i n , A . S . , a n d P . H . D u e s b e r g . 1 9 7 2 . T h e a s ub un it i n t h eRNA o f t r a n s f o r m i n g a v i a n t u m o r v i r u s e s : I . O c c u r r e n c e i nd i f f e r e n t v i r u s s t r a i n s . I I . S p o n t a n e o u s l o s s

r e s u l t i n gi n

n o n t r a n s f o r m i n g v a r i a n t s . V i r o l o g y 4 7 : 4 9 4 - 4 9 7 .8 . M e l t o n , D . A . 1 9 8 5 . I n j e c t e d a n t i - s e n s e RNAs s p e c i f i c a l l y b l o c k

m e s s e n g e r RNA t r a n s l a t i o n i n v i v o . P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U SA8 2 : 1 4 4 - 1 4 8 .

9 . M o s c o v i c i , C . , M. G . M o s c o v i c i , H . J i m i n e z , M. M. C . L a i ,M. J . H a y m a n , a n d P . K . V o g t . 1 9 7 7 . C o n t i n u o u s t i s s u e c u l t u r ec e l l l i n e s d e r i v e d f r o m c h e m i c a l l y i n d u c e d t u m o r s o f J a p a n e s e

q u a i l . C e l l 1 1 : 9 5 - 1 0 3 .

1 0 . P e s t k a , S . , B . L . D o u g h e r t y , V . J u n g , K . H o l t a , a n d R . K .P e s t k a . 1 9 8 4 . A n t i - m R N A : s p e c i f i c i n h i b i t i o n o f t r a n s l a t i o n o f

s i n g l e mRNA m o l e c u l e s . P r o c . N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U SA8 1 : 7 5 2 5 - 7 5 2 8 .

1 1 . R o s e n b e r g , U . B . , A . P r e i s s , E . S e i f e r t , H . J a c k i e , a n d D . C .

V O L . 6 , 1 9 8 6

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4 7 6 2 NOTES M O L . C E L L . B I O L .

K n i p p l e . 1 9 8 5 . P r o du c t i o n o f p h e n o c o p i e s b y K r u p p e l a n t i - s e n s eRNA i n j e c t i o n i n t o D r o s o p h i l a e m b r y o s . N a t u r e ( L o n d o n )3 1 3 : 7 0 3 - 7 0 6 .

1 2 . S o u t h e r n , P . J . , a n d P . B e r g . 1 9 8 2 . T r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f mamma-l i a n c e l l s t o a n t i b i o t i c r e s i s t a n c e w i t h a b a c t e r i a l g e n e u nd e r

c o n t r o l o f t h e S V 4 0 e a r l y r e g i o n p r o m o t e r . J . M o l . A p p l . G e n e t .

1 : 3 2 7 - 3 4 1 .1 3 . W e i s s , R . , N . T e i c h , H . V a r m u s , a n d J . C o f f i n ( e d . ) . 1 9 8 4 . R NA

t u m o r v i r u s e s , 2 n d e d . C o l d S p r i n g H a r b o r L a b o r a t o r y , C o l d

S p r i n g H a r b o r , N . Y .

1 4 . Z a m e c n i k , P . C . , J . G o o d c h i l d , Y . T a g u c h i , a n d P . S . S a v i n .1 9 8 6 . I n h i b i t i o n o f r e p l i c a t i o n a n d e x p r e s s i o n o f human T - c e l ll y m p h o t r o p i c v i r u s t y p e I I I i n c u l t u r e d c e l l s b y e x o g e n o u s

s y n t h e t i c o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s c o m p l e m e n t a r y t o v i r a l RNA. P r o c .

N a t l . A c a d . S c i . U SA 8 3 : 4 1 4 3 - 4 1 4 6 .

1 5 . Z a m e c n i k , P . C . , a n d M. L. S t e p h e n s o n . 1 9 7 8 . I n h i b i t i o n o f R o u s

s a r c o m a v i r u s r e p l i c a t i o n a n d c e l l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n b y a s p e c i f i co l i g o d e o x y n u c l e o t i d e . P r o c . N a t i . A c a d . S c i . U SA 7 5 : 2 8 0 - 2 8 4 .