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7/31/2019 Anthropology as a Science
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Anthropology Defined Greek word anthrope which means MAN and
logy which means SCIENCE.
Simply , the study of mankind.
Is science that deals with the origins, physical andcultural development, social characteristics, socialcustoms and beliefs of mankind.
Other defines it as the science of Man and hisworks, the scientific study of the physical, socialeconomic, cultural development and behaviour ofhuman beings in a particular society.
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Difference between man and
animals A. Biological
Man walks erect on twofeet.
Man has two free handsused for handling things.
Man has a more complexbrain than animals.
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B. Behaviourally
Man is rational.
Man has complex techniques of producing, procuring,and preparing and cooking food.
Man has social, educational, economic, andgovernmental organizations.
Man has a system of religious beliefs and practices.
Man communicate by means of a complex language, oralor written.
Man makes tools, weapons, and other gadgets andartifacts, constructs strong and comfortable shelters,and has fast means of land, sea, and air transportationand communication.
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Branches of Anthropology 1. Physical Anthropology
Deals with the origin andevolutionary process of man.
Deals with man as a productof evolution.
2. Cultural Anthropology Deals with the study of mans
behaviour and how he carriesout and adopts to the variousactivities of everyday life; hishabits, practices and beliefs.
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Subdivisions of Cultural
Anthropology
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Archaeology this deals with the study
and analysis of ancientculture pertaining to
prehistoric people, theirdwelling, artifacts,inscriptions andmovements.
Documents Paintings
Stone cravings
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Eras established by Archaeology Archeozoic Period or rock system
The period when early life forms of life appeared.
Protozoic Period The period when early life forms increased
Paleozoic Period The period when fish, insects, reptiles and other marine
forms appeared.
Mesozoic Period The period when flowering plants occurred and extinction of
the dinosaurs.
Cenozoic Period The period when more advanced forms of animals appeared.
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Ethnology The study of the subdivision of mankind, their origins,
practices and relations, institutions, etc.
Analyzes cultures, especially in regard to theirhistorical development and the similarities anddissimilarities between them.
Mankind is divided into five races:
White, black, brown, yellow and red
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Linguistics This concerns mans language and his manner of
communication.
As a science includes phonetics, phonology,morphology, and syntax.
2 sub-divisions: Descriptive Linguistics deals with the classification,
arrangement and analysis of the various features of the
language. Comparative or Historical Linguistics studies the
changes in language, language variation, andcomparison of existing languages.
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Meaning of Culture Derived from the Latin word cultura or cultus
which means care or cultivation.
Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals law, custom, and anyother capabilities and habits acquired by man as amember of society.
Sociologist: culture really affects a person from womb
to tomb.A group of people who share a common culture or one
that is made up of people who are interacting on thebasis of shared beliefs, customs, values and activities.
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Functions of Culture No society can exist without culture. Through culture, every person is provided with
establishment and time tested ways by which these
needs can be met. Livelihood
Medicative practices in curing diseases
Making tools and implements for personal andhome use
Defense strategies against enemies
Process of reproduction
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Specific Functions of Culture It provides behavioral patterns.
It maintains the biological functioning ofthe group.
It gives meaning and direction to onesexistence
It offers ready made solutions to mansmaterial and immaterial problems.
It develops mans attitude and values andgives him a conscience.
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Elements of Culture Universals
Are forms of
behavior uniformlydone by themembers of asociety.
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Alternatives Are forms of
behavior that allowrange of choice in
the individuals asmembers of asociety.
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Specialties Forms of behavior
manifested bymembers of certain
socially organizedgroup ofindividuals, but
which are notshared by the totalpopulation.
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The Mechanisms of Culture
Folkways A social group exhibits a customary behavior patterns
Example: education diplomas and pictures
Mores Are the must folkways since they are necessary and essential to the
welfare of the group. Example: people need to dress up - - decently.
Laws Are formally enacted by the proper authorities so people would act
accordingly. Institutions
Are the most stable, uniform, formal and highly structured. Examples: Family, Government, Church
Fashions, fads, and crazes Social mechanisms that are short-lived and not practiced by the whole
group; temporary. Examples: youth their manner of dressing; gadgets; music and movies
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Modes of Acquiring Culture
Throughimitation or by
example Example; a child
putting make-up
on
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Indoctrination orFormal Teachingand Informal
Teaching Example; a childwearing a shoe orholding a spoon
and fork for thefirst time
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Conditioningthrough rewardsand punishments
Example; a childsteals something
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Communication It is derived from the
Latin verb communicarewhich means to share orto impart that which is
common. Communication is not
limited to spokenlanguage.
E.g.; facial expression
Body language
Gesture
Tone of voice
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Language Its Nature and Meaning
Language is asystem of sharedsymbols.
It is the foundationof every culture.
It has an important
role in unifyingmembers of society.
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Importance and Functions of
LanguageLanguage is important because
knowledge and information areaccumulated and maintained.
Language is also a way of bringing
people close to one anotherFoster the feelings of acceptance and
belongingness
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Elements of Language(Phonology , Grammar , Vocabulary)
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Phonology(phonemics, phonetics)This is the system
consisting of
sounds in humanspeech conveyingsignificant
meanings.
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Grammar(morphology) The study of the
formal features oflanguage, as the
sounds ormorphemes, wordsand sentencesaccording to definiterules so that acomplete thought isexpressed.
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Vocabulary(lexicon)Stock of words
used by or
known to aparticularperson with theimportantmeanings.
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Arts: Their Nature and Meaning
The artsconstitute one of
the oldest andmost importantmeans of
expressionsdeveloped byman.
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The Functions of Arts Provides satisfaction to artists, performers, viewers,
and the participants.
Serves as vehicle and medium for thecommunication of ideas, aspirations, attitudes,
values, and feelings
Strengthens beliefs, attitudes, values, customs andtraditions
Effective devise for instructional or propagandapurposes
Establishes and reveals relationships with people in asociety
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Music and its FunctionArt of combining andregulating sounds ofvarying pitch to produce
compositions expressiveof various ideas andemotions that arepleasing.
One important functionof music is that it has away of expressing ouremotions.
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SculptureArt of craving,
molding,
welding orproducingworks of art inthreedimensions.
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Interior Design
The oldest artever developedsince the birthof mans
civilization
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TheatreAn art form in which theperformers act a story tothe audience, a
combination of differentarts
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Drama OperaUses movements
(words in drama-play)
When there is alot of music, andthe actors mostlysing instead oftalk.
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The End