Anthropogenic and natural CO2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar

Aida F. RíosSusana Rodríguez-GálvezJavier RuizFiz F. Pérez

Ahmed MakaouiAbdellatif Orbi

Jesús García-LafuenteAntonio Sánchez-Román

I. Emma Huertas

SPAIN

MOROCCO

MEDITERRANEANSEA

ATLANTICOCEAN

2.51 millons of km²

14 km

12o 10o 8o 4o 2o 30o

33o

36o

6o

39o

42o

45o

-6 .05 -5 .85 -5.65 -5 .45 -5 .2535.7

35.8

35.9

36

36.1

36.2

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

C apeC am arina l

M O R O CC O

S PAIN

E S

C ape E spa rte l

Tarifa N arrows

C S

1)Seguimiento conjunto hispano-marroquí de una Serie Temporal en el Estrecho de Gibraltar (2005MA0004-2007MA0056) CSIC-CNRST 2) Acción Complementaria: Campañas Oceanográficas Asociadas al Proyecto Integrado Europeo CARBOOCEAN (CTM2006-26206-E/MAR)3) Producción Pelágica en la Plataforma Atlántico-Andaluza (CTM2006-26206-E/MAR)4)SESAME IP: Southern European Seas: Assessing and Modeling Ecosystem Changes (FP6-036949 GOCE)

Atlantic-Mediterranean Interface (AMI)

Surface Atlantic Water(SAW)

Inflow

Mediterranean Water(MOW)

Outflow

Campaign ID Date

CARBOGIB1 02-05 May, 2005

CARBOGIB2 07-09 Sept, 2005

CARBOGIB3 12-14 Dec, 2005

CARBOGIB4 20-22 March, 2006

CARBOGIB5 21-23 May, 2006

GIFT3 23-24 Nov, 2006

CARBOGIB6 13-15 Dec, 2006

CARBOGIB7 07-08 May, 2007

CARBOGIB8 04-05 July, 2007

DATA ANALYSED

10 m

20 m

AI

AMI

MOW

Campaign ID Date

CARBOGIB9 7-9 Sept, 2007

GIFT4 7-14 April, 2008

GIFT5 17-25 July, 2008

GIFT6 18-28 Sept, 2008

GIFT7 4-22 Oct, 2008

ONGOING ANALYSIS

(ºC) S

DO (molkg-1)

pHT

(ºC) S (ºC) SS

AT (molkg-1)

TIC (molkg-1)

AT= 92.98*S-993n=298r2=0.989

CONCENTRATION OF CANT IN THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR: DIFFERENT APPROACHES

TrOCA C*

CbioCaCO3diss

G3ESPARTEL

G1CAMARINAL

G2

INTERFACE1 Sv 0.8 Sv

0.8 Sv 1 Sv

ATLANTIC INFLOW

MEDITERRANEAN

OUTFLOW

García-Lafuente et al. (2002a). Subinertial variability in the flow

through the Strait of Gibraltar JGR (DOI: 10.1029/2001JC0011004).

García-Lafuente et al. (2002b). Inflow interruption by meteorological

forcing in the Strait of Gibraltar. GRL (DOI 10.1029/2002GL015446).

García Lafuente et al. (2002c). Low frequency variability of the

exchanged flows through the Strait of Gibraltar during CANIGO. DSR

Vargas et al. (2006) Fortnightly and monthly variability of the exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar, PiO.

TIME SERIES OF MOW AT ESPARTELL SILL

García-Lafuente et al. (2007) JGR (prior data set 2004-2005)

NET FLUXES OF CARBON THROUGH THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR

FN=FM-FA=(M*QM*CTM)-(A*QA*CT

A)

StationID

Water MassSignature

Density(kgm-310-3)

Q(Sv)

AT

(molkg-1)

CT

(molkg-1)

CaCO3diss

(molkg-1)

Cbio

(molkg-1)

CANT(newTrOCA)

(molkg-1)

CANT(C*)

(molkg-1)DOC1

(molkg-1)

6 NASW 1.027 0.89 2380 2116 2 2 64 60 59

6 MOW 1.030 -0.85 2547 2296 17 42 78 51 45

8 NASW 1.027 0.85 2403 2141 5 8 69 61 59

8 MOW 1.030 -0.81 2578 2331 21 50 81 52 46

FN

(kmols-1) -44 -67 -13 -35 -8 11 14

Uncertainty(kmols-1) 1.5 1.6 0.3 0.4 1.5 1 1

1Data taken from Dafner et al. (2001)

37.0

37.8

st 6 st 8

Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea

Mixing

0.13 Sv

0.85 Sv0.89 Sv

S=36.30 S=36.53

0.044 Sv

Entrainment

-0.85 Sv

S=38.06-0.80 Sv

S=38.397

Gibraltar

Units in kmol s-1

CaCO3

16

CO2

outgassing

19

O2

49

FNCbio=-35

FNAT=-44

FNCT=-67

FNDOC=14

FNCANT(C*)=11Rivers

Black Sea

Espartel Sill

Camarinal Sill

st 7

Schneider et al., 2007

A net export of inorganic carbon equivalent to 0.025 Pg C yr-1 takes place from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean

An annual flux of 4.2 Tg CANT towards the Mediterranean basin can be detected

Conclusions

C ANT

C T

I.E.Huertas, A. F. Ríos, J. García-Lafuente, A. Makaoui, S. Rodríguez-Gálvez, A.Sánchez-Román, A. Orbi, J. Ruíz and F. F. Pérez. Anthropogenic and natural CO2 exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar. Biogeosciences (submitted)

THE ATLANTIC IS FEEDING THEMEDITERRANEAN WITH CANT!!

TO BE CONTINUED…..

THANK YOU SO MUCH