Antenna and Equipment Related

8/11/2019 Antenna and Equipment Related

1/108


2/108

Outline

Base station antenna

meanings Antenna types and

trends

Antenna Type Andeve opmen s

Antenna And Feeder

Other Elements

2


3/108

BTS Logic Structure

BasebandAbis

interface

Uminterface

subsystemMS Antenna & feedersubsystem

Power supplysubsystem

-48V/+24V

3


4/108

AntennasCategories

Omnidirectional antennas

horizontal plain

Directional antennas

direction

lar er communication ran e

useful in cities, urban areas, sectorised

sites

4


5/108

RF Antenna and Feeder

Sector

A

A

SectoAntenna

JumperInner cable

RXD

Feeder TX/RXMANT

BTS cabinet

5


6/108

Antennas

Antenna Gain

Measures the antennas capability to transmit/extract energy to/from

the propagation medium (air)

dB over isotropic antenna (dBi)

dB over dipole (dBd)

Antenna gain depends on

mechanical size: A

effective antenna aperture area: w

frequency band

Antenna Gain:

4Isotropic radiated Power

Equivalent isotropic

radiated power:

EIRP = Pt+Gain(Dbi)

2 Gain(Dbi)

6

Pt radiated

power


7/108

Technical Data

Blahblah

7


8/108

Antenna Properties

Electrical properties

Operation Frequency Band

Mechanical properties Size

VSWR

Polarization

Radome material Appearance and color

Gain

Radiation Pattern

Horizontal/Vertical beamwidth

Working temperature

Storage termperature

Windload

Downtilt

Front/back ratio

Connector types

Package Size

filling

Power capability

8

r or er n ermo u a on

Insulation


9/108

Antenna Electrical

9


10/108

Dipoles

Wavelength

1/4 Wavelength

1/2 Wavelength

1/2 Wavelength

1/4 Wavelength

Dipole

1800MHz 166mm

900MHz 333mm

10


11/108

1 dipole (received power) 1mWMultiple dipole matrix

Received power 4 mW

GAIN = 10log(4mW/1mW) = 6dBd

11


12/108

Antenna

Sector antenna

Received power 8mW

Omnidirectional array

Received power 1mW

Gain = 10log(8mW/1mW) = 9dBi

12


13/108

Frequency Range

GSM 900 : 890-960MHz

GSM 1800 : 1710-1880MHz

GSM dual band : 890-960MHz 1710-

1880MHz

eg.824-960MHz 1710-1900MHz

CDMA2000 1x

13


14/108

Optimum 1/2 wavelengthat

960

at

890

MHz

Antenna

Dipole

MHz

-

14


15/108

Impedance

50

Cable

50 ohms

n enna

50 ohms

15


16/108

VSWR

Forward: 10W

9.5 W80

ohms

50 ohms

Backward: 0.5W

Return Loss 10log(10/0.5) = 13dB

VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)

16


17/108


18/108

Polarization

Vertical Horizontal

+ - 45degree slant

18


19/108

V/H (Vertical/Horizontal) Slant (+/- 45)

19


20/108

near,ver ca

45dual linear 45 slant

20


21/108

dBd and dBi

Ideal radiating dot source

(lossless radiator)

2.15dB

eg: 0dBd = 2.15dBi

21

Dipole


22/108

Pattern

22


23/108

Beamwidth

10dB Beamwidth3dB Beamwidth

Peak

Peak - 10dB

60 (eg) Peak

Peak - 3dB

Peak - 10dBPeak - 3dB

23


24/108

3dB Beamwidth Horizontal

Directional Antenna 65/90/105/120 Omni 360

24


25/108

3dB Beamwidth Vertical

Directional Omni-directional

25


26/108

Downtilt

Mechanical down tilt

Fixed electronic down tilt

Adjustable electronic down tilt

26


27/108

Demonstration of Electronic Downtilt

27


28/108

Non down tilt Electronic downtilt Mechanical

downtilt

28


29/108

Electronic and mechanical downtilt

29


30/108

Antenna Downtilit Whats goal ?

30


31/108

Antenna Downtilt Consideration

31


32/108

Front to back ratio

Ratio of maximum mainlobe

to maximum sidelobe

F/B = 10 log(FP/BP) typically 25dB

32


33/108

Upper Side lobes Suppression & Null Fill

33


34/108

(dB)

(dB)

34


35/108

35


36/108

Permitted Power

Continuous :25-1500 watts

peak :n2p

36


37/108

Third Order Intermodulation

IMD@243dBm

1, 2, 1- 2, 2- 1

913MHz,936MHz,959MHz,982MHz

37


38/108

Intermodulation

Intermodulasi Terjadi akibat penguatan

Hanya orde ke-3 dankadang-kadang orde ke-5yang signifikan

nya engan amp u ayang sama menghasilkanlevel IM yang sama pada

frek tinggi dan rendah Sinyal dengan amplituda

berbeda memberikan levelIM yang berbeda pula

intermodulasi,penguatdioperasikan padapenguatan bukan-

38


39/108

Intermodulation

Intermodulasi

Penguat

-

( )tB

tAv Ai

coscos

+

=

K++

+=

3

2

iio

cv

bvavv

.diharapkan linier

Komp. Orde 2 : frek 2

( ) ( )ABBA

2,2

diredam oleh filter Komp. Orde 3 : frek 3

Komponen yang lain

amplituda kecil

39

diredam dengan filter


40/108

Isolation

10log(1000mW/1mW) = 30dB

1000mW ( 1W) 1mW

40


41/108

10 Simple Guidelines for RF Safety

All personnel should have EME awareness training

All personnel entering the site must be authorized

Obey all posted signs

Assume all antennas are active

Before working on antennas, notify owners and disable appropriate

transmitters

Maintain minimum 3 feet clearance from all antennas

Do not step in front of antennas Use personal RF monitors while working near antennas

Never operate transmitters without shields during normal operation

41


42/108

Tower

42

Di i


43/108

Dimensions

LWH

eng connec e w ver ca an w an

gain

connec e w or zon a an w

Height connected with techniques adopted

43

W i ht


44/108

Weight

Affecting transmission and deploy

44

Radome Material


45/108

Radome Material

PVC, Fiberglass

Anti-tem erature water- roof anti-

aging, weather resistant

45

Colour


46/108

Colour

Good-looking,

environment-

protecting

46


47/108

47

Operating Temperature Range


48/108

Operating Temperature Range

-

48

Storage Temperature Range


49/108

Storage Temperature Range

Typically (-40C +70C)

49

Wind Load


50/108

Wind Load

Eg: 83N at 160 km/h

50

Connector Type


51/108

Connector Type

female

51

Mast


52/108

Mast

-

52

Lightening Protection


53/108

Lightening Protection

Direct Ground

53

Tower


54/108

Tower

Self supported

Tower Guy Wire Monopole

54

Perbandingan Tipe Tower


55/108

Perbandingan Tipe Tower

55


56/108

Antenna Types


57/108

yp

By frequency band: GSM900, GSM1800, GSM900/1800

By polarization: Vertical, Horizontal, 45 linear

olarization, circle olarization

By pattern: Omni-directional, directional

By down-tilt: Non, mechanical, electronic

adjustment, remote control

By function: Transmission, receiving, transceiving

57

Antenna Development Trend


58/108

Antenna Development Trend

Broad band

Multifunctional

High Integrity

58


59/108

59


60/108

ONE ANTENNA FOR MULTIPLE BANDS

870-960MHz and 1710-1880MHz

Extended band option with 806-

960MHz

Dual slant 45 polarisation

65 horizontal beamwidth

an n epen en e e con ro

17dBi gain in both bands

p exe or on- p exe vers ons

Mechanical downtilt mounting option

60

Feeder (Transmissioin Lines)


61/108

( )

Physical Characteristics

Type of line

Coaxial, stripline, openwire

Balanced, unbalanced Physical configuration

Dielectric:

air

foam Outside surface

unjacketed

jacketed

Size (nominal outer diameter)

1/4,1/2, 7/8, 1-1/4,

7/8, 2-1/4, 3

61

Characteristic Of Transmission lines


62/108

62

Transmission Lines Special Electrical

Properties


63/108

Properties

63

AntennasCables


64/108

Cables

Cable types coaxial cables: 1/2, 7/8, 1 5/8 losses a rox. 10 4 dB/100m

jumper

power dissipation is exponential with cable length!

Connector losses approx. 1 dB per,

Thick antenna cables lower losses per length

40..

70m

much more expensive

um er

(2 m)

Kee antenna cables short

64


65/108

7/8 MAIN FEEDER

65


66/108

1/2

JUMP CABLE

66


67/108

67


68/108

g ten ng rrestor

Rf port 2

Grounding

68


69/108

ACCESSORIESr mm ng oo or an oo

ClampEarthing Kit

Wall Glands

Hoisting Stocking

69


70/108

Antenna

amp

1/2 Jumper

7/8 CableTower Top

Amplifier

7/8 Cable

1/2 Jum er Groundin cli

Machine house

EMP

70Cabinet

roun ng ar


71/108

Basics Of Antenna and Feeder Installation

71

AntennasDecoupling


72/108

def = Attenuation betweenTX & RX antenna main lobe

Horizontal separation needs a rox. 5 distance for

sufficient decoupling

antenna patterns

su erim osed if distance too 5 .. 10

close

Vertical separation1

s ance o prov es goo

decoupling values good for RX /TX decoupling

72

Minimum coupling loss


73/108

Installation Examples


74/108

Pole mounting forTower mounting for

74

roo - op moun ngrec ona an ennas

Installation Examples


75/108

Main Lobe

Main Lobe

No shadow of radio signalShadow of radio signal

BTS receive a strong signal

from Base Station

75

Feeder Installation


76/108

P ulley block

Feeder h ead

ban dage

Label

T ie the pull-up rope

0.4m and 3.4m away

rom t e ee er

Pull the feeder away from

the iron t ower with th is

rope t o avo id damage to

the feeder or feeder head

Pull-up rop e

76

Feeder Installation


77/108

77

Feeder Installation.


78/108

78

Main Antenna Installation


79/108

Installation tool Measurement tools: Compass, multimeter, angle meter, tape

Hoisting tools: Pulley, rope to pull the main feeder

Special tools: Main feeder cutter, special tools for preparing

General-purpose tools: Adjustable wrench, sharp-nosepliers, diagonal pliers, electrical knife, file, hacksaw

a e y pro ec on oo s: a e y e use y eng neer ng s awho step out of the platform on the tower), safety helmet,safety rope, thick uniform, RF-proof clothing, canvas tool

, ,

Others: Trestle ladder, main feeder wooden wheel axle liftingtool.

79



80/108

Structure of the Antenna Feeder System

80

Installation Main Antenna


81/108

Pulley block

Tie the pull-up rop e at t he upp er

and lower ends of the antenna

Pull-up

rope

Pull the antenna away from the

iron tower with this rop e to

avoid antenna damage

81



82/108

Installing the OutdoorGrounding Copper Bar

The outdoor grounding copper

bar is used for lightningprotection grounding. It is usually

installed on the wall outside the

feeder window.

The best lace for it is ri ht underthe feeder window or on the

rainproof wall of the feeder well

better to put it close to the feederwindow

82



83/108

Technical Parameters for Antenna Installation

Azimuth of antenna

Pitch angle of antenna

0o 10o

Antenna direction

d 10 - 20 (or H/d = 11), where d is the horizontal

distance between the diversity antennas, H is the vertical

, -

frequency wavelength 1900 MHz > 1.5 m

83

800 MHz> 3.5 m



84/108

Installing and Adjusting the Directional Antenna

84



85/108

Sealing the Connection betweenJumper and Antenna

connected and waterproof treatment can be

conducted on the joint before the antenna is

xe on e em rac ng po e.

This can reduce the working time at heights

and improve the joint connection and

waterproof quality

Installing the Feeder Window

85



86/108

Installing the Feeders

86



87/108

Making Connectors of the Main Feeder Cable

87



88/108

Installing the Feeder Grounding Clip

88


I t lli th I d J


89/108

Installing the Indoor Jumper Indoor cabinet-top jumpers are used between the lightning arrester

.

Usually, the finished 2 m cabinet-top jumpers are used, or the

jumpers can be prepared on site as per the actual length required

VSWR Test

The re uired SWR < 1.5 usuall < 1.3. Check the installed feeder connector, the

antenna, the feeder or the lightning

.

SWR test can be realized by SiteMaster

DTF Test

89



90/108

Waterproof Treatment for the Connectors

90

DiversityDiversity Technics


91/108

Time diversity interleavingt

Frequency diversity frequency hoppingf

S ace diversitmultiple antennas

crosspolar antennas

equaliser

91

ra e rece ver

DiversityDiversity Receptions


92/108

Selection diversity

pre-detector combining:

1G1

phasing

C/I im rovement

C/N

measuring

Phase

measuring +

2G2

3

92

DiversityCoverage Improvement?

Diversity gain depends on environment


93/108

Diversity gain depends on environmentIs there coverage improvement by diversity ?

antenna diversity

equivalent to 5dB more signal strength

higher coverage range

R(div) ~ 1,3 R ,70% more coverage per cell ??

needs less cells in total ??

True only (in theory) if the environmentis infinitely large and flat

93


94/108

Network ElementsBTS's - Summary


95/108

RF Characterist ics Met rosite PrimeSite InSite Flexitalk Int ratalk Cit ytalk

Max. TRXs 4 1 1 2 6 6

Max. TRXs Special 12 12

Cabinet

Max. Sectors 4 1 1 1 4+4+4 4+4+4

Max TX Power 30 38 22 42 42 42

(dBm)

Dynamic sensit ivit y

(dBm) single branch,

- 106.0 - 106.0 - 100 - 102/- 108 - 102/- 108 - 102/-

108

95

Network Elements

Filters and Combiners, AFE

A t Filt E t i


96/108

Antenna Filter Extension

allows 2 TRXs to be attached to a single antenna -

combiner

Dual Duplexed AFE

TRXs together 4 RX out uts for the main branch

96 can be used with Intratalk and Citytalk BTSs

ConfigurationsAFE with X-pol div 2+2+2


97/108

-3 dB loss

CABINET

TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2

TRX1TX1RX1RXdiv1

TX1TX2RX1

A

F

RXdiv1, RXdiv2TRX2

RXdiv1RXdiv2

ETX2RX2RXdiv2

97

ConfigurationsAFE with X-pol div 4+4+4

CABINET 1


98/108

TX1TX1

-3 dB lossRXdiv1 TX2RX1

RX2RX3

A

F

ETX2

RXdiv2

TX1, TX2, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4

TRX3TX3RX3RXdiv3

TX3TX4

A

TRX4

RXdiv2

RXdiv3RXdiv4

F

ETX4RX4RXdiv4

TX3, TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3,

RXdiv4

98

Network ElementsFilters and Combiners, AFT

Antenna Filter Twin


99/108

Antenna Filter Twin

antennas

,

output

no 3 dB h brid cou ler

should be used with masthead LNAs

up to 2+2+2 configuration

99

ConfigurationsAFT with Space div 2+2+2


100/108

no loss

CABINET

TX1, RX1, RX2

TRX1TX1RX1RXdiv1

TX1TX2RX1

A

F

TX2, RXdiv1,

RXdiv2TRX2RXdiv1RXdiv2

TTX2RX2RXdiv2

100

ConfigurationsAFT with X-pol div 4+4+4

CABINET 1


101/108

TX1TX1

no lossRXdiv1 TX2RX1

RX2RX3

A

F

TTX2

RXdiv2

TX1, RX1, RX2, RX3, RX4

TRX3TX3RX3RXdiv3

TX3TX4

A

TX2

TX3

TRX4

RXdiv2

RXdiv3RXdiv4

F

TTX4RX4RXdiv4

TX4, RXdiv1, RXdiv2, RXdiv3, RXdiv4

101

Network ElementsFilters and Combiners, RTC

Remote Tuned Combiner


102/108

Remote Tuned Combiner

-

frequency

needed

RTC/RMU combination su orts u to 6 TRX/sector

combining loss with RTC is lower than with AFE

synthesized frequency hopping is not supported

102

ConfigurationsRTC with X-pol div 6+6+6

CABINET 1

TX1


103/108

TRX1TX1RX1 TX1RXdiv1 TX2

TX3

TX4TX5

R

T

CTRX2

TX2

RX2RXdiv2

TRX3TX3RX3RXdiv3 TX1, ..., TX6, RX1, ..., RX6

TRX4TX4RX4RXdiv4

TX3RX1...

TRX3 RX3

RXdiv3

RX6

RXdiv1...RXdiv6

T

CTX4

RXdiv1, ..., RXdiv6

103

RXdiv4

Network ElementsMHA

MastHead Amplifier


104/108

p

RX signal amplified near

the antenna in the top of

Offers better coverage

Eliminates the antenna

cable loss Increased receiver

sensitivit of the BTS and

Noise Figure 2.0 dB (typical)

RX Gain: Up to 12 dB

Dimensions : 266 x 130 x 123 mm

Weight : 5.6 kg (duplexed)

cell size

Increased network quality

Volume : 4.2 l

IP 65 Enclosure Protection

Power Feeding Through Antenna CoaxAlarms handled in BTS

104

Network ElementsBooster

BoosterTRXTBUAFH


105/108

Booster

s gna amp e

Nokia Booster Configuration

Booster Filtering Unit (AFH)

Output power before combining can be up to 49 dBm

Isolator + combiner + filter (AFH) give roughly 2.5 dB losses

Booster BTS is suitable for all the environments where enhanced

coverage or high output power is needed

105

Theoretically, cell radius is enhanced up to 60% and the coverage

area is roughly the triple

Network ElementsBSC Functions

Base Station Controller


106/108

Measurement + observation handling

basic for most of the other functions

Handover control

Power control

Frequency hopping management

Signalling managementtyp. 80..512 TRX

a o resource managemen Maximum Capacity:

BSSS7 Software Release

typ. 50..80 base stationstyp. 3..5 PCM links to MSC

supports typ. 10,000 users

as c x ens on ac

UP TO 256 TRXs, 128 cells BSSS8 Software Release

106

as c + x ens on ac

UP TO 512 TRXs, 248 cells


107/108


108/108

n o ec on

108

Documents

Antenna and Equipment Related