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Answers to Question about the Chapter. Nosebleeds [Epistaxis]. Nosebleeds. 60% occurrence – ruptured blood vessels Most common cause: increased blood pressure Cure: waiting for blood to clot Pinch nostrils together (Little’s Area). Nosebleed Factors. Blunt trauma Nose-picking Allergies - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Answers to Question about the Chapter
Nosebleeds[Epistaxis]
Nosebleeds
• 60% occurrence – ruptured blood vessels
• Most common cause: increased blood pressure
• Cure: waiting for blood to clot– Pinch nostrils together
(Little’s Area)
Nosebleed Factors
Blunt traumaNose-pickingAllergiesDrugs (snorting/Aspirin)AlcoholNasal SpraysHeart ProblemsDry/Not Humid Air
Otic Barotrauma• Damage to body
tissues from difference in pressure
• Ex. An airplane landing
• Underwater in a deep pool
• Going from high pressure to low pressure nosebleed!
Disorders of the Blood
Hemostasis
• Hemostasis – Stoppage of Blood Flow• Three Stages:
1. Platelet Plug Formation (platelets activated)2. Vascular Spasms (serotonin) – Blood vessels
• Decreases blood loss until clotting
3. Coagulation (clotting – platelets and fibrinogen)• Can take 3-6 minutes
Not Enough Hemostasis!!!
Hemophilia and Thrombocytopenia
Hemophilia
• When cut, your blood is unable to clot– Lacks platelets or
fibrinogen• Hereditary• Only found in males• Carrier females ONLY
• Popularly found in royal family members (England and Russia)
Queen Victoria’s Lineage
Thrombocytopenia
• Not enough circulating PLATELETS (blood clotting)
• Small purplish blotches on skin (spontaneous bleeding)
• Can be due to lack of Vitamin K (leafy greens)
• Negatively affect liver function (clotting factors)
Quick Quiz 1 of 2
• What is the MAIN GOAL of hemostasis?
• How is hemophilia different from thrombocytopenia (hint: how do you get it?)
• What can you do to prevent getting thrombocytopenia in your diet?
When Clotting Goes Too Far…THROMBUS
• Persistent clotting in blood vessels
• Can lead to heart attack (pulmonary thrombus)• Embolus = free-floating clot
– Can cause heart attack or stroke!
• Common in immobilized patients (people in comas)– Slowly flowing blood
Heart Attacks and Tylenol• Heart attack (Myocardial
Infarction) – when blood supply to heart blocked off
• Tylenol = anti-coagulant
• Taking one/two pills can increase chances of surviving heart attack
Sickle Cell Anemia
• Anemia – Iron-deficiency due to lack of hemoglobin
• Sickle cells – moon-shaped RBCs
• Less surface area = less hemoglobin = less iron = anemia!
• Hereditary!
Sickle Cell and Malaria
• High prevalence in African Americans, why?
• Malaria – mosquito-borne infectious disease that attacks blood cells– Started thousands of years ago
• 90% deaths from Malaria = Sub-Saharan Africa
• Sickle cells = immune to malaria
Leukemia – “White Blood”
• Cancer of the bone marrow– Most common cancer in children
• Bone marrow = stem cells– Make RBCs, WBCs and platelets
• Stem cells produce immature, abnormal and nonfunctional WBCs in large amounts– Leaves body open to opportunistic infection
• Cure: Bone Marrow transplant (difficult)
Leukemia Post- WWII• 1945 – Atomic Bomb
in Hiroshima– Ending WWII in Japan
• Radiation Cancer (Leukemia)
• Killed 140,000
• Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes – Eleanor Coerr
Quick Quiz 2 of 2
• What is the name of the free-floating clot resulting from a thrombus?
• Which cells are DIRECTLY AFFECTED by Leukemia (test question)
• If something is an anti-coagulant (Tylenol), what does that mean?
Artificial Blood Substitutes
An Ethical Dilemma
Problems with Donating Human Blood
• Short lifespan (RBCs = 3-7 days)
• Antibodies unwanted clotting between blood types– (Type A Type B)
Solution?: Cow Blood
Hemopure:Purified hemoglobin (oxygen carrier)No problems with antibodies
BUT…
It’s Bovine (Cow) – based!Mad Cow Disease!!