Answers

The value of g = 10 m s- 2 has been used throughout the exercises except where a different value has been stated.

EXERCISES

Chapter p. 4 1 1.002m

2 (i) 40.067 ml (ii) 1.21 ml

3 313 mm higher than A

p. 8 4 61.7° c 5 19.0° c

Chapter 2 p. 15 1 376Jkg- 1 K- 1

2 900 J kg- I K -I

3 (i) 18° c (ii) approx. 31 o C

per min 4 approx. 40° C

p. 19 5 4520 J kg- I K- I

6 (i) 4100 Jkg- 1 K -I

(ii) 2.9 J S- I

Chapter 3 p. 28 1 50.4 J

2 0.17 3 3.7kW 4 261 kJ

Chapter 4 p. 35 1 (i) 0.4 A

(ii) 1.6 w (iii) 32 J

2 (i) 11.20 Q

(ii) 11.15 Q

3 (i) 2 X 1019

(ii) 2x10- 6 ms- 1

4 4.03 Q

354 ANSWERS

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p.91 3.7x10- 3 K- 1

2 c 3 c 4 49.05° c

p. 19 1 9.22 g 2 1.64 X 103 J kg- I K- I

3 (c) 1.67 x 103 Jkg- 1 K -I

4 (b) 2.38 X 106 j kg-l 5 E

p. 29 1 44 kW 2 c 3 (d) 102.SO c 4 6400 W, 66:1

p. 39 1 D 2 (i) 1.0 Q (ii) 3. 75 J 3 0.367 m 4 B

EXERCISES EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p. 39 5 0.71 Q, 0.10 v 6 (i) 17 Q (ii) 0.54 Q

0.118 A, 2 A, 1 A, 0.5 A, 0.2 A

Chapter 5 p. 43 1 2.67 Q p. 47 1 (b) 6.33 mV

2 Near the 450 mm 2 (c) 294.7 Q mark 3 D

p. 46 3 Leclanche: Daniell 4 D = 1.38:1

4 0.60A 5 4 X 106 Q

Chapter 6 p. 52 1 0.152 Q p. 53 2 B

2 5mmmA- 1 3 55°C 3 (i) Add 980 Q 4 E

in series (ii) Add 480 Q

in series

Chapter 7 No exercises p. 59 2 B

Chapter 8 p. 64 1 0.05 weber p. 68 1 2.62 mV

2 115 T 2 B 3 0.04 v 4 14.6/lV 5 1.57 v

p. 67 6 0.8 v

Chapter 9 p. 76 1 1.33 p. 76 1 39.6°

2 2.04 X 108 ffi S- I 2 A 3 35.7° 5 A 4 28.8° 5 61.10

Chapter 10 p. 83 1 32° p. 85 1 c

2 39.8° 2 B 3 1.532

ANSWERS 355

EXERCISES EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Chapter II p. 88 I 7.3 X 10- 7 m, red p. 90 I 1.61 X 103 Wm- 2

2 5.85 kW 2 c 3 115K 3 c 4 (i) 3.56 kW 4 (i) 251 X 103

(ii) 0.46 kW photonss- 1

p. 90 5 1.99 wm- 2 (ii) 19% 6 39.6 x 1022 kW 5 378K

Chapter 12 p. 102 I 1.99 s p. 103 2 2.05 p.m.

2 0.34s 5 E 3 1.62 s 6 initial acceleration

= 0.15 ms- 2

Chapter 13 p. 109 I (i) 4n rad s- 1 p. 112 I (i) 5.62 rad s- 2

(ii) n ms- 1 (ii) 3.34 s 2 0.2Nm (iii) 0.0204:1 3 2.4kgm2 s- 1 2 B 4 137 J 3 (b) 186rads- 1

p. 112 5 505 ms- 2 (c) 2.23 X 10- 3 Nm 6 0.93 ms- 1 4 A 7 26.1° 5 B

Chapter 14 p. 119 I 1.334 x 10-'o N p. 121 I (c) 41.4 mm

2 4.0 x 10- 10 Nm 2 3.4 x 108 m 3 5.93 X 1024 kg 4 A 4 9.802 ms- 2 5 c

p. 121 5 (i) 3.06 km s- 1 6 1.95 hr (ii) 3.58 x 104 km

6 5.96 X 1024 kg

Chapter 15 p. 123 1 1.47x 1Q4kgms- 1 p. 128 1 (c) (i) 20 kg m s- 1

2 In the direction that (ii) 2520 N the 2 kg ball (iii) 0.008 s was moving.

p. 127 4 5.6Ns 2 1.85 X 104 N 5 500 JlON 3 2.5 X 105 N,

1.54 X 105 N 6 104 N 4 319 ms- 1

7 126 N 6 1tE

356 ANSWERS

EXERCISES

Chapter 16 p. 134 I (i) 1.25 x 108 N m- 2

(ii) 1.25 X 10- 3

(iii) 1.00 x 1011 N m- 2

2 0.60mm p. 135 3 0.05 J

4 0.2541 5 (i) 0.06 J

(ii) 0.16 J

Chapter 17 p. 145 I 3.77x10- 3 J

2 6.8 X 10- 2 Jm- 2

3 55.2 mm p. 148 4 2.67 Nm- 2

5 l.28x105 Nm- 2

6 340 N m- 2,

34mm depth

Chapter 18 p. 155 I 512Hz

2 16Hz 3 426.7 Hz

p. 158 4 515.1 Hz 5 125Hz

Chapter 19 p. 163 I 50 Hz

2 339Hz 3 768Hz, 1280Hz 4 800Hz

Chapter 20 p. 170 1 0.25 m

2 15mm 3 0.50m 4 0.367 m

Chapter 21 p. 176 1 8.5 v

2 163 V, 0.0167 s

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p. 139 I 2.8 X 105 N 3 (a) 8:1 (b) iD 4 3.5 X 10- 2 ffi

5 (a) 2.02 J, 0.86 J, 1.16 J

p. 149 2 c 3 c 5 133mm

p. 158 2 E 3 about 2 %'accuracy

p. 164 I 1.41/ 2 E 4 0.38 m, 4 N

p. 171 2 B 3 E 5 D

p. 177 1 c 2 c

ANSWERS 357

EXERCISES EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Chapter 22 . 1 3 p. 180 1 (1) 240 s, 240 s, p. 183 1 (b) 10007t Q, 19.9 w

5 2 (d) (ii) 389 k w 240 s ... (iii) 1480 v

.. 1 1 (iv) 27.0%

(n) 0, 120 s, 60 s ... (vi) 0.675 k W (vii) 10045 V

2 (i) 4007t v (viii) 95.6%

(ii) 200 .J3n V 1t 37t 3 -, 0.005 s or-,

2w 2w 3 t, i, j and i of each cycle 0.015 s depending

(ii) 900n W on the definition

4 • 1t

(1) 10 Q of inductance

(ii) 2000n Q

Chapter 23 p. 188 1 (i) 27t X 10- 2 A

(ii) 50 .J3 v

1 3 5 7 2 (i) - - - and - of

8' 8'8 8 each cycle

(ii) 2.4n rnA

1 3 (i) -X 106 Q

1t

.. 50 (n) - Q

1t

Chapter 24 p. 192 1 330 Q p. 195 1 (i) 15.9 mH

2 332 Q (ii) cos - 1 ~

3 74Q 2 (i) 5 X 103 Q

4 (i) 0.73 A (ii) 5 X 103 Q

(ii) 73.2° (iii) 5 .J2 X 103 Q

p. 195 5 796Hz (iv) n/4 6 1.27 pF 4 A 4

5 P ... 3000, -H 1t

1 -4 Q ... -X 10 F 47t

Chapter 25 p. 202 1 1.67Ji.C p. 207 2 1.6x10- 19 C

2 0.159 Mvm- 1 3 D 3 13.3 Ji.C 4 6.4 X 10- 19 C

p. 203 4 89,900 v 6 D p. 206 5 2.05 X 106 V

358 ANSWERS

EXERCISES EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

6 1.92 x w- 14 N, 2.11 x 1016 ms- 2,

9.74x 10- 10 s 7 14.4 mm

Chapter 26 p. 212 1 20V p. 215 1 (b) 7.0 (c) 8: 1

2 om f.lc 2 D 3 9.56 x w- 9 F 3 (a) 20 X 10- 6 C, 4 8.92 X 10- 12 Fm- 1 20 x w- 6 J

p. 215 5 2.5 x w- 3 J (b) 7.4 x w- 6 c 6 3.2 x w- 2 J 4 1.35 x w- 3 c, 7 8.19 x w- 4 c three times, 84 V

5 (a) 1 Mvm- 1

(b) 32.5 pF, 2.6 x w- 4 J, 8.67 x 10- 12 Fm- 1

6 B

Chapter 27 p. 221 1 2x10- 5 N p. 231 1 18.3 mm

2 0.283 Nm 2 (a) 3.6 X 10- 9 S

3 5xl0- 2 JT- 1 (b) 3.6 x w- 9 s p. 226 4 3.93 X w-s T 3 (b) (i) 1.6 x w- 4 T

5 2x10- 6 T (ii) zero 6 3.77 x w- 3 T 4 B 7 2.s1 x w- 3 T 5 D

p. 230 8 0.17 m 6 0.8 T 9 5x107 ms- 1

Chapter 28 p. 238 1 Polonium is element p. 243 1 (b) A.D. 790

84 in the periodic 2 E table; it has 84 3 (d) (i) 5.40 MeV protons+ 126 neu- (iii) 5.30 MeV trons in the nucleus

2 2 ~~ U -+ 2~~Th + 1 He 4 3.01602 u 3 2~~Pb-+ 2~~Bi + _ ~e 5 A 4 (i) 9.45 days 6 A = 216, Z = 88;

(ii) 4.0 X 104 1.16 X 10- 19 N s; disintegrations/s 3.37 x 105 ms- 1

5 7.8xl0- 10 s- 1

p. 243 6 (i) 1.62 x w- 13 J (ii) 1.01 MeV

7 0.0304 u 8 (i) 8.82 MeV

(ii) 7.85 MeV

ANSWERS 359

EXERCISES

Chapter 29 p. 248 I 26 mY

2 l.04xl02 9 m- 3

Chapter 30 p. 261 I 0.059 m3

2 0.025 m3

3 22.7 p. 264 4 5 X 104 J

5 1.03 x 105 Pa 6 123° c

Chapter 31 p. 269 I (i) 4 x 10- 23 kgms- 1

(ii) 1 x 105 N m- 2

2 l.75x103 ms- 1

p. 272 3 483 K 4 4.65 X 103 J 5 20.8 J K - 1

6 20.8 JK -t

Chapter 32 p. 278 I 13 g

2 1.34 x 105 Pa 3 0.000125 m3

Chapter 33 p. 289 I 800mm

2 153mm p. 292 3 222mm

4 -200mm 5 374mm 6 693mm

p. 294 7 0.0233, 0.0336, -288 mm

Chapter 34 p. 299 I 8.3 m x 11.7 m

2 f/7.9 3 2

p. 302 4 6 X 10- 4c

5 + 120 mm, -30 mm

360 ANSWERS

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p. 255 2 c

p. 265 2 B 3 0.758 x 105 Nm- 2

5 D

p. 273 I 1.5 x 1023, 43.2 m s - 1

2 D 3 4.35 X 1016

molecules/m3

4 A

p. 283 I (c) (i) 2.0 k Pa (ii) 1.5 k Pa

2 (a)4.lxl04 Jmol- 1

5 A

p. 294 1 107mm 2 E 3 (b) - 2.0 m, 0.5 m 4 27.8 mm 5 -0.2m 6 20 mm approx.

p. 302 I 7.25 2 B 4 0.26 m, 0.53 m 5 0.065 s

EXERCISES

Chapter 35 p. 308 1 3.3x10- 19 J

2 1.02 x 1015 Hz 3 2.61 X 10- 17 J 4 2.48 X 10- 13 m

p. 311 5 4.58 x 1014 Hz, 6.18 x 1014 Hz

Chapter 36 p. 320 1 175mm

2 3mm 3 250mm

p. 324 4 A minimum 5 0.02mm 6 83.8 mm

Chapter 37 p. 332 1 13.9°

2 Three 3 2.37 X 10-IO m

Chapter 38 p. 338 1 0.5 m

2 5 kms- 1

3 48.4 N 4 (i) 328 m s- 1

(ii) 340m s- 1

p. 339 5 3.12x108 ms- 1

6 3.05 x 108 ms- 1

7 2.93x108 ms- 1

8 2.998 x 108 ms- 1

Chapter 39 p. 345 1 150m

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p. 313 1 (a) 652 nm (b) 6.61 x 10- 34 1 s (c) 4.6 x 1014 Hz (d) 1.9 eV

2 D 3 D 5 1.5V

(iii) 2.4 x 10- 19 1 (iv) 7.3 x 105 ms- 1

p. 324 2 (a) 1.67 m (b) 360 s- 1

3 500nm 4 56.4 X 10- 7 m

p. 333 1 (d) (i) 500 (ii) 63.8° 2 Three 3 6x10- 7 m 4 A

p. 345 2 8.66 ~tA if diode is 'linear',

7.5 ~tA if diode is 'square law'

3 A

ANSWERS 361

EXERCISES

Chapter 40 p. 348 1 MLr- 1

2 ML2 T- 1

3 ML - 1r- 2 4 ML2 r- 2

5 ML2T- 2K- 1

p. 349 6 MLr- 2

7 LT- 1

8 ML2 T- 3

9 r-1

Chapter 41 p. 352 1 0.5 rnrn in 760 rnrn

= 0.07% 2 0.1 rnrn in 760 rnrn

= 0.013% 3 t X to in 5o= 2% 4 ! x 0.1 rnA in 8 rnA

=0.3% 5 1 rnrn in 1000 rnrn

= 0.1% These answers are all open to discussion.

362 ANSWERS

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

p. 349 1 Equation (ii) is wrong 3 B

p. 352 1 E 2 (1.1 ±0.3)

X 10- 3 kgrn- 1 S- 1

3 D 4 E 5 (a) 711.5 ± 1.9 rnrn2

(b) 1784±7.1 rnrn 3

6 D

Index

aberration, chromatic 292 spherical 292

absolute zero 2 acceleration,

due to gravity 116-19 in circular motion 110

accuracy, experimental 351 achromatic combination 293 adiabatic changes 263 Aepinus air condenser 211 air-cell experiment 74 air flow 94, 127 ex-particles 234, 240, 250 alternator 65, 175 ammeter,

a.c. 174 calibration of 46 moving-coil49, 174, 220 sensitivity of 50, 220 suspended-coil 50

ampere 219 standardisation of 228

Ampere's theorem 226 amplification,

acoustic 152, 159, 160, 162 electronic 187, 195, 253-4

amplitude of s.h.m. 97, 154, 334 Andrews' experiments 278-81 angle of contact 143, 144 angular momentum 127 angular velocity 106 antinode 159, 166 Archimedes' principle 100 astronomical telescope 299-301 atomic clock 339 atomic number 55, 233 atomic structure 55, 309 Avogadro's number 260

back e.m.f. 66, 67, 178, 182 ballistic galvanometer 53 beats 153, 154-155 P-particles 234, 240

binding energy of atom 242 Biot-Savart law 221 black body 86 boiling-point 276-7 Boltzmann's constant 270 Boyle's law 259 Boys' experiment to measure G 114 Bragg law 332 Brewster's law 344 bubble-chamber 125, 239, 240 bulk modulus of elasticity 136

calorimetry 11 continuous-flow methods 16-19

camera 297 capacitance, 209, 211

measurement of 212 capacitors, 185, 187

charging and discharging of 214 combination of: in parallel209; in series

210 energy stored in 213-14 parallel-plate 211

capillary rise 143-7 carbon-dioxide pucks 124 cartesian coordinates 288 Cavendish 114 characteristic curves,

diode 249, 250 transistor 253-4

Charles' law 259" choke 180 chromatic aberration 292 collisions 123-5 compression wave 165, 170 conductance, electrical 23 conduction,

electrical 32 thermal 23

conductivity, electrical 36, 245 thermal, 22; measurement of 24-8

conjugate foci 288

INDEX 363

cooling, corrections 14, 17, 19 Newton's law of 14, 26, 88

corona discharge 200 cramped scale 174 c. R. 0. 206 critical angle 74 critical temperature 281 current-balance 227 current, electric 32, 245

measurement of 46, 227

Dalton's law of partial pressures 269 damping 101 de Broglie, Louis 308 decay constant, radioactive 235, 236 degrees of freedom 272 depletion layer 249 deviation, minimum 78-81 dielectric 211 , 213 dielectric constant 211 diffraction, 327

by an obstacle 330 pattern due to single slit 327-329 X-ray 332

diffraction grating 331 dimensions 348 diode 248-50 dipole,

electric 213 magnetic 55 dipole aerial 345

dispersion of white light 78 dispersive power 293 displacement method for focal length 291 distance of distinct vision, least 298 domain, magnetic 55, 182 Doppler effect 155-7 drift velocity of electrons in current 34 dynamic equilibrium 275, 282 dynamo, simple 64

eddy currents 101, 183 Einstein's mass-energy equation 240, 242 Einstein's quantum theory 307-8 elasticity, atomic theory of 137 elastic limit 131 elastic string I 00 electric fields 198-207 electric wind 200 electrolysis 35 electromagnetic induction 61 electromagnetic radiation 84 electromagnets 58 electron,

charge of 205

364 INDEX

charge/mass ratio (e/m) 206, 229-30 electron cloud around nucleus 213 electron gas, in metals 32 electron-lens 206 electron shells in atom 55 electron-volt 242 e.m.f.,

back 66, 67, 178 of cell 37, 45 induced 62

end-correction 169 energy bands 311 energy levels 309-310 Equation of State for gases 259 equipartition of energy 272 equipotentials 199 error, experimental 351-2 excitation 309 expansivity 2-3 explosions 126 exponential curves 14, 67, 214, 235 eye-ring 300

farad 209 Faraday's disc 63 Faraday's ice-pail experiments 201 Faraday's law of electromagnetic induc-

tion 61 ferromagnetism 55 field strength,

electric 200 gravitational 116 magnetic 61, 218

fission, nuclear 233, 243 fixed points of temperature scale 2, 7, 8 Fleming's rules,

left-hand 63, 218 right-hand 62

flux, magnetic 61 focal length of lens 287, 289, 291 force,

on conductor in magnetic field 49, 218-20, 227

on moving charge in magnetic field 228

Foucault 70, 339, 340 Fourier analysis 334 free-fall 96 frequency,

of electromagnetic waves 84 fundamental 159 resonant (natural) 193, 195 threshold 307

fundamental frequency of vibration 159-60, 166, 169, 171

fusion, nuclear 243

g 116-19 G 114 galvanometer,

ballistic 53 moving-coil 50

y (ratio of specific heats of gas) 263--4, 271-2

y-rays 234, 240 gas constant 260 gas laws 258-9 Gauss' theorem 211 gravitation 114 gravitational constant G 114 -gravitational field 115, 201 ground state of atom 309

half-life 235-6 Hall effect 246-7 harmonics 152, 161-2, 167, 170 helical spring I 00, 130, 13 7 Helmholtz coils 226, 229 henry 66 Hooke's law ioo, 131 Huygens' construction 73 Huygens' wavelets 73 Huygens' wave theory of light 70 hyperbola 289 hysteresis 57, 182

ideal gas 259 impedance 189-92 impulse 126 impulsive torque 127 inductance 178, 180

mutual 181 self 66

interference 163, 166, 318-24 in thin films 324 in thin wedge 322

internal resistance of cell 36 inverse square law 88-9, 114, 116, 199, 221 ionisation 200, 240 isothermal changes 263 isothermal curves 264, 281 isotopes 234

Jaeger's method 148 Joule- Kelvin effect 264 junction diode 248-50

kelvin 2 Kelvin scale of temperature 2 kinetic energy,

of molecule 270-72 of rotation I 08

kinetic theory,

and conduction of electricity 32-4 and conduction of heat 22 of gases 157, 267-72 of liquids 141 of vapours 275

Kirchhoff's laws 39 Kundt's dust-tube 170

lattice structure of solids 84, 138, 245, 311, 332

Lees' disc 25 lenses in contact 290 lens formula 286-8 Lenz's law 62 light-pointer 50, 115 linear air-track 123 linear magnification 297 lines of force, electric 198 liquefaction of gases 264, 281 Lissajous' figures I 02 longitudinal vibrations 165, 342 'lost' volts 37

magnetic field, of circular coil 223 of Helmholtz coils 226 of solenoid 226 of straight wire 224

magnetic field strength 61, 218 magnetic flux 61 magnetic moment 220 magnetisation 56, 58

energy of 57 magnetism, theory of ferro- 55 magnets 58 magnification,

angular 300 linear 297

magnifying glass 298 magnifying power 298, 300, 302 mains electricity supply 175 mass defect 241-2 mass number 233 mass spectrograph 229, 239-40 meniscus, pressure difference across 147 metre bridge 42-3 Millikan's oil-drop experiment 204 modulus of elasticity 132, 136, 137 mole 260 molecular mass unit 241, 260 molecular models 271 moment of inertia 107-109 momentum, 123-8

of photons 308 motion in a circle 106

INDEX 365

motion in a straight line 94 moving-coil milliammeter 49 moving-coil voltmeter 51 mutual inductance 181

National Grid 175 near point 298 neutrino 125 Newton's corpuscular theory of light 70 Newton's law of cooling 14, 26, 88 Newton's law of gravitation 114 Newton's rings 323 Newton's second law of motion 107, 126 node 159, 166 noise 152, 165 nuclear fission 233 nucleons 233

oblique impact 124 ohm 32 Ohm's Jaw 32 opera glasses 302 orbital motion,

of electrons 55, 138 of satellites 120

oscillations, in a.c. circuit 195 s.h.m. 97-102, 115

oscilloscope, cathode-ray 206 overtones 162

pair-production 240 pascal 259 pendulum,

conical 112 simple 99, 102, 118

period, of s.h.m. 97 of simple pendulum 100

periodic table of the elements 55 permeability 222 permittivity 200, 211

relative 211 phase change on reflection 321 phase difference 179, 186, 189, 335 phasor diagram 191 photocell 305 photoemission 305-8 photons 70 pitch 152 Planck's constant 307 plasma 157 polarisation,

in dielectric 213 of electromagnetic waves 342-5

positron 240

366 INDEX

potential divider 46 potential,

electric 199, 202-203 gravitational 203

potential energy, of atom in crystal lattice 138 of charged capacitor 213 of dielectric 213 of stretched wire 134 of surface 141

potentiometer 44 power,

a.c. 180, 187 electrical 33 losses in transmission 176

pressure, difference due to surface tension 145, 146 standard atmospheric 260

Prevost's theory of exchanges 88 projector, slide 296 pyrometry 8

quality of musical note 152, 162 quantum theory 307, 308

radian 106 radioactive series 236-8 radioactivity 233-8 radio transmission 345 rarefaction 165 reactance 178, 180, 187 real-is-positive convention 288 rectification of current 175, 250 refraction,

at plane surface 70 double 342 laws of70 through a prism 78

refractive index, 71 and minimum deviation 80-82 measurement of using critical angle 74-6

refractometers 76 resistance,

electrical 32 change with temperature 6, 7, 33 comparison of 45 definition of the ohm 32 internal, of cell 36 and kinetic theory 32-3

resistance to motion 94, 101 resistivity, electrical 23, 34-5 resistors,

combination of, in parallel 38 in series 37 standard 34, 67

resolving power 330 resonance 166, 168, 171, 192-5 rockets 126 root-mean-square value 175 rotor 65

satellites 120 saturated vapour pressure 275-8 Searle's bar 23 Seebeck effect 7 self-inductance 66, 178 semiconductors,

extrinsic 246 intrinsic 245

sensitivity of milliammeter 50, 220 shunts 50 sign conventions 288 simple harmonic motion 97-102 slide projector 296 Snell's law 70, 71 solenoid 226 sonometer 159-61 specific heat capacity,

continuous-flow measurements 16 of gases 261, 262, 270-72 of metals 11-12

specific latent heat 18 spectrometer 80-82 spectrum, 84

band 311 continuous 83, 86-7 line 83, 157, 309 X-ray 312

spherical aberration 292 standard cell 45 stationary (standing) waves 163, 166-70,

318, 335 stator 65 Stefan's law 87, 88 Stokes' law 96 strain,

bulk 136 shear 136 tensile 132

stress, bulk 136 shear 137 tensile 132

stretching of a loaded wire 132-5 stroboscope 124, 153 sublimation 281 surface tension 141-9 suspended-coil milliammeter 50

Telescope, astronomical 299-301

Galilean 30 I reflecting 300

Teltron tube, measurement of efm 229 temperature scales,

Kelvin 2 standard gas 4 thermodynamic 2, 270, 282

terminal velocity 96 tesla 61, 218 thermal motion of atoms 22, 139 thermal radiation 86-8 thermionic emission 248, 307 thermistor 246 thermodynamics, first law of 261 thermoelectric effect 7 thermometers 2-7 Thomson, J. J. 229 thereshold, photoelectric 307 ticker-tape 124 time-constant of circuit 215 torque, 107

impulsive 127 torr 260 total internal reflection 74 transformer 181-3 transistor 252-5 transition elements 55 triple point 2, 282 tuning fork, frequency of 152

unified atomic mass unit 241

Vander Waals' forces 138, 141, 143, 149, 259, 264

vapours 275-82 vectors,

field strength 203 in a.c. theory 189

velocity of light, 84, 339 and refractive index 70-71, 76

velocity of sound, 337-8 effect of wind 157 measurement of 167, 171, 336

viscosity 94, 96, 205 volt 199 voltmeter 51-2

waveform 162, 334 wavelength,

of compression wave 165 of electromagnetic waves 84, 332

waves, equation of 334 polarisation of 342, 345 sound 165 stationary 163, 166-70, 318, 335

INDEX 367

weber 61 weight 116, 120 Weston cadmium cell45 Wheatstone bridge, 41

using a.c. 36 Wien's law 87 work function 307

368 INDEX

X-rays 312-13 X-ray diffraction 332 X-ray tube 313

Young's modulus of elasticity 132-4 Young's slits 319