Answer to Lexicology

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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY ..............................................................................................2PART A. THEORY .........................................................................................................................2

Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary? .......................................................................2Q.2. State the origin of English words? .......................................................................................2

Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings? .............................................................................3Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation? ....................................3Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes? .........................................................................3Q.6. Whats allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphological conditionedallomorph? ....................................................................................................................................4Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds? .............................................................5Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping? ....................................................................6Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion? ..................................6

Q.10. What is meaning? ...............................................................................................................7Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word? ..........................................................................................7Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor? ............................................................................7Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy? ........................................................................7Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym? .........................8Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym? .....10Q.16. What are the types of connotation? .................................................................................10

Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism? .................................................11Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym? ........................................................11Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can bedistinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)? ........................................................................12Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs? .................................................................................13Q.21. Structural classification of PUs? ......................................................................................13

PART B. EXERCISES ..................................................................................................................14CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALS ............................................................................................14

CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS .................................................15CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS ...................................16CHAPTER IV. WORD BUILDING ......................................................................................17CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS MEANING .............................................................................24CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMS ..................................................................................................25CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS ................................................................26CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGY ......................................................28

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ANSWERS FOR LEXICOLOGY

PART A. THEORY

Q.1. What are lexicology, word and vocabulary?- Lexicology is a branch of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of language and the propertiesof words as the main units of language.- Word is the term used to denote the basic unit of a given language resulting from the associationof particular meaning with a particular group of sounds capable of a particular grammaticalemployment.- Vocabulary is the term used to denote the system formed by the sum total of all the words thatthe language processes

Q.2. State the origin of English words?2.1. Native words:

- Definition: Native words are words belonging to original English- Native words are sub-divided into 3 groups:

+ Indo-European element: are words having cognate (same origin) in the vocabulary of different Indo-European languages.

Eg. Father, mother, brother, son, daughter, foot, heart, cow, day, night, sun, moon, star,sheep, wolf, man, two, three, tree, etc.

+ Germanic element: are words of roots common to all or most Germanic languages.Eg. Head, arm, bear, oak, rain, winter, spring, sea, land, house, boat, green, blue, earth,

little, strong, long, etc.+ English proper: are words having no cognates in other languages.Eg. Bird, boy, girl, lady, woman, lord, apple, dog, bread, etc.

2.1. Borrowed words (borrowing / loan words):

- Definition: Borrowed words are those taken from other languages and modified in phoneticshape, graphic, morphologicalaccording to standards of the English language.- Borrowed words can be taken from various languages such as: Latin, French, Russian, Greek,Spanish, etc.

Eg. + Latin: butter, plum, beef+ Spanish: tomato, potato+ French: desire, adore, baron, count

2.3. International words:

- International words are words of identical origin that occurs in several languages as a result of simultaneous and successive borrowing from one ultimate source: Football, email, internet.

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Q.3. What is the assimilation of borrowings?The term assimilation of loan words is used to denote a partial or total conformation to the phonetical, graphical and morphological standards of the receiving language and its semanticsystem.

Q.4. Classify borrowed words according to the degree of assimilation?According to degree of assimilation, borrowed words can be classified into: completelyassimilated words, partially assimilated words and unassimilated words.- Completely assimilated words are found in all the layers of older borrowings.

Eg. + Latin: cheese, street, wall, wine+ Scandinavian: husband, fellow, gate, root, wing

+ French: table, chair, face- Partially assimilated words are aub-divided into 4 subgroups:+ Loan wordsnot assimilated semantically: denote the objects, notion of country theyre from

Eg. Kimono (Japanese), rickshaw (Chinese)+ Loan wordsnot assimilated grammatically:

Eg. Formula formulae; index indice; phenomenon phenomena (plural form is keptconstant).

+ Loan wordsnot completely assimilated phonetically:Eg. machine, cartoon, police (stress / accent is kept on original syllabe)

+ Loan wordsnot completely assimilated graphically:Eg. Caf, clich (keep a diacritical mark)

- Unassimilated words / barbarisms: are words from other langusges used by English people inconversation or writing, but not assoimilated in any way. (additional )

Eg. ciao (Italian) good bye

Q.5. What is morpheme? Classify morphemes?- Definition: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a given language.- Classification:5.1. According to its function:

- Grammatical morphemes: show how the words can be combined with other, how it is changed.They are funtional words.

Eg. books -s is grammatical morpheme- Lexical morphemes: are content words.

Eg. books book is lexical morpheme

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5.2. According to its distribution:

- Free morphemes: can stand alone as independent words- Bound morpheme: cant stand alone as independent words, can only be added to other words toform new forms of word or new words.

Eg. booked book free morpheme; -ed bound morpheme5.3. According to word-buiding:

- Affixes cant stand alone as independent words, are sub-divided intoinflectional andderivational morphemes.+ Inflectional morpheme is used to add to the root to form new form.

Eg. translated, booked+ Derivational morpheme is used to add to the root to form new word.

Eg. translation- Root (base): can stand alone as independent word.Base is the morpheme which carries the principle meaning in the word and to which a

suffix or prefix can be added.Eg. happy (base) happinessFree base can stand by itself while bound base must be preceded by prefix or followed by

suffix.5.4. IC Immediate Constituent division:

Each hierarchy is the layer or structure by which a word has been composed, we can makesuccessful division into parts, each of which called IC and this division is called IC division.

To divide, we must:- Findinflectional morpheme- Findderivational morpheme- Find theroot .

Q.6. Whats allomorph? State the kind of allomorph? Classify the morphologicalconditioned allomorph?

6.1. Definition:

Allomorphs are various phonemic shapes that represent the same morpheme. An allomorph is astructure which is similar semantically but phonologically different.

Eg. /z/, /s/, /iz/ - are allomorph of {s}6.2. Kinds of allomorph:

- Phonologically conditioned allomorph (PCA): a morpheme is phonologically conditioned whenits distribution depends on the phonological nature of the preceding phoneme.

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- Morphologically conditioned allomorph (MCA): a morpheme is morphologically conditionedwhen it is determined by a specific morpheme.6.3. Classify MCA:

- Zero allomorph: no change in writing symbol of {}

Eg. sheep sheep of {-s}- Additive allomorph:{-s} / n/

Eg. child children- Peplacive allomorph:

+ Vowel:v v Eg. man men // /e/

+ Consonant:c c Eg. tooth teeth // //

Q.7. What is compound? Classify English compounds?- Composition or word compound is the combination of at least 2 free bases.- Classification:7.1. According to the structural aspect: neutral, morpgologicall and syntactic.- Neutral compounds:+ Simple nautral compounds: consist of simple affixless stems.

Eg. blackbird, ladybird, windshield+ Derivational compounds: one constituent is derivational stem.

Eg. lady-killer, air-conditioner, chainsmoker+ Neutral contracted compounds: one constituent is clipped stem.

Eg. V-day, H-bomb, U-turn- Morphorlogical compounds: stems are linked by a vowel or a consonant.

Eg. handicraft, spokesman, handiwork- Syntactic compounds: mother-in-law, lady-in-waiting, good-for-nothing

7.2. According to semantic aspect: idiomatic and non-idiomatic- Non-idiomatic compounds: whose meaning can really be described as the sum of their constituent meanings.

Eg. bedroom, reasinglamp, earthquake- Idiomatic compounds: whose meaning do not correspond to the separate meanings of their constituent parts.

Eg. blackboard, tallboy, lazybone, butter-finger

7.3. According to IC:- Compounds of simple stems.

Eg. film-star, windshield

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- Compounds which at least one constituent is derived stem.Eg. chainsmoker, bank-robber

- Compounds which at least one constituent is clipped stem.Eg. H-bag, D-day

- Compounds which at least one constituent is compound stem.Eg. wastepaper-basket

Q.8. What is clipping? State the kinds of clipping?- Clipping is the cutting-off the beginning or the end of the word or both, leaving a part to standfor the word.- Kinds of clipping:

+ Initial clipping: retains the final part of the word (the initial part is cut).Eg. telephone phone; violoncello cello

+ Final clipping: retains the initial part of the word (the final part is cut).

Eg. advertisement ad; examination exam; laboratory lab+ Inito-final clipping: retains the medial part of the word (the initial and final parts are cut).

Eg. influenza flu; refridgerator fridge+ Medial clipping: retains the initial and final parts of the word (the medial part is cut).

Eg. mathematics maths; spectacles specs

Q.9. What is conversion? State the semantic relationship in conversion?- Conversion is the process by which a word is extended its grammatical function.

Eg. book (n) to book (v)- Semantic relationship:+ N name of tool or implement; V denotes action performed by it.

Eg. hammer to hammer, comb to comb, brush to brush+ N name of animal; V denotes action or aspect of behaviour considered typical of it.

Eg. dog to dog, ape to ape (except: fish to fish _try to catch fish).+ N name of part of human body; V denoted action performed by it.

Eg. head to head, eye to eye, leg to leg+ N name of a profession of occupation; V denotes an activity typical of it.

Eg. cook to cook, nurse to nurse+ N name of place; V the process of occupying it or put sb/sth into it.

Eg. room to room, table to table

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+ N name of container; V the act of putting sth within the container.Eg. can to can, bottle to bottle

+ N name of meal; V the process of making it.Eg. lunch to lunch

Q.10. What is meaning?Meaning can be more or less described as a component of the word through which a concept iscommunicated.

Q.11. Lexical meaning of the word?Lexical meaning of a word is the relization of the notion by mean of the definite language system.The notion content of the word is expressed by the denitative meaning and the emotional contentof the word is expressed by the connotative meaning.

Q.12. What is metaphor? Types of metaphor?- Metaphor is the transfer of name basedon the association of similarity and thus is actually ahidden comparison.

- Types of metaphor:+ Similarity of shape or function.Eg. head of cabbage, the key to a mystery

+ Similarity of position.Eg. foot of a page, foot of mountain

+ Similarity of behaviour.Eg. a bookworm, a fox

+ Transition of proper name into common one.Eg. Don Juan, Vandal

Q.13. What is metonymy? Types of metonymy?- Metonymy is the transfer based upon the association of contiguity. It is a shift of names betweenthings that are known to be in some way or other connected in reality. The transfer may beconditioned by spatial , temporal , causal , symbolic , instrumental , functional and other relations.

- Types of metonymy:+ Spatial relations: the name of place is used for the people occupying it.

Eg. chair means chairman

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+ Causal relations:

State or properties serves as names for objects and people possessing them.Eg. youth, authoritied, forces

Name of action serves to name result of the action.

Eg. kill (O.E means hit on the head)Emotion may be named by movements that accompanied them.

Eg. to start, to frown+ Symbolic relation:

Instrument for the product.Eg. hand for handwriting

Material for particular article.

Eg. glass, iron, nickel+ Functional change: the shift is between names of things substituting one another inhuman practice.

Common name derived from proper one, named after the inventor.Eg. macadam, diesel

Physical, technical units are named after great scientists.Eg. volt, watt, ohm, ampare, farad

Name of establishment is used not only for the establishment itself but also its staff or the policy.

Eg. the White House, the Pentagon, the Downing Street

Geographical names used for goods originating where there are axceedingly numerous.Eg. china, bikini, boston

Garments came to be known by the name of those who brought them into fashion.Eg. mackintosh, wellingtons, CK

Q.14. What is homonym? Classify homonym? State the origin of homonym?14.1. Definition:

Two or more words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning, distribution and (inmany cases) origin are called homonym.14.2. Classification:

- According to the sound: (sound form)+ Homonym proper: same sound and spelling, but different meaning.

Eg. back (adv) back (v)

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+ Homophone: same sound, but different spelling and meaning.Eg. by buy bye

+ Homograph: same spelling, but different sound and meaning.

Eg. row (n) /r / - row (v) /ra /; lead (n) /led/ - lead (v) /li:d/

- According to lexico-grammatical criteria:+ Full homonym: same sound, spelling and grammatical function (part of speech), but differentmeaning.

Eg. match (n): in football matchand matchboxspring (n): wound wire deviceand first season of the year

+ Partial homonym:

Simple lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different

meaning.Eg. found (v): PP of to find

to found: to build, to establish

Complex lexico-grammatical homonym: same sound and spelling, but different part of speechand meaning.

Eg. rose (n) rose (v)_past tense of rise

Partial-lexical homonym: same sound, spelling and part of speech, but different meaning and

change in part of speech.Eg. to lie lay laid

to lie lied lied14.3. Origin of homonym:

Convergent development of sound form:- Homonyms through convergent sound development when 2 or 3 words of different originsaccidently concide in sound.

- It may consist of:+ Phonetic change.+ Phonetic change combined with loss of affixes.+ Independent formation from homonymous bases by means of homonymous morpheme.

Devergent semantic development:- Homonyms developed from polysemy through devergent sense development, both may becombined with loss of ending and other morphorlogical process.- It may be:

+ Limited within lexico-grammatical class of words.

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+ Combined with differences in lexico-grammatical class and therefore different ingrammatical function and distribution.

+ Based on independent formation from the same base by homonymous morpheme.

Q.15. What is synonym? What are the criteria of synonym? State the types of synonym?- Definition: Synonym can be defined as 2 or more words of the same language, belonging to thesame part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meaning,interchangeable, at least in some contexts, without any considerable alteration in denotationalmeaning, but differing in morphemic composition, phonemic shape, shades of meaning,connotation, affective value, style, valency and idiomatic use.- Criteria of synonym:

+ Interchangeability: only in some contexts synonym can be changed without anyalteration in denotational meaning.

+ Substitution: only in some contexts, and in others the substitution may destroy the precision.

+ Notional criterion: synonyms convey the same notion but different shade of meaning or stylistic charateristic.- Types of synonyms:

+ Absolute (total) synnonym: the member of synonymic group can replace each other inany given context without any alteration in denotational meaning. This is rare in vocabulary.

Eg. only noun can total replaces substantive.+ Contextual synonym: is similar in meaning only under some specific distributional

conditions.Eg. to buy ticket to get ticket.

Q.16. What are the types of connotation? - The connotation of degree or intensity .

Eg. to surprise to astonish to amaze to astoundto like to admire to love to adore to worship

- The connotation of duration .Eg. to stare: quick look to glance: longer look

- Emotive connotation.

Eg. daddy (emotion) father; mum (emotion) mother - Evaluative connotation.

Eg. well-known, famous, celebrate positive meaning

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notorious negative meaning- Causative connotation.

Eg. to shiver: to shake (with cold) to shudder (with fear)- Connotation of manner .

Eg. to stare to glare to gaze to glance to peep : # ways of looking at sth.- Connotation of attendant circumstances .

Eg. to peep: to look at sth quickly, secretary (through a small opening)to peer: to look at sth carefully when it is unable to see well

- Connotation of attendant feature .Eg. pretty: delicate feature

beautiful: classical feature

- Stylistic connotation.Eg. snack, bite (colloqual); snap (dialect); refreshment (formal)Kid (slang); child (neutral); infant (literature)

Q.17. What is euphemism? State the reasons for euphemism?- Definition: A source of synonyms from social linguistics is euphemism in which by a shift of meaning, a word of more or less pleasant or at leasr inoffensive connotation substitutes one harsh,

obsence, indelicate or unleasant.- Reasons for euphemism:+ To avoid social taboos: eg. in the family way (pregnant).+ To avoid getting hurt someones feeling: eg. to die is replaced by to pass away+ Religious taboos: eg. Devil replaced by the Prince of Darkness, Old Nick + For mental diseases: eg. mad described as unbalanced, insane.

The use and existence of euphemisms are caused by social conventions or by certain

psychological factors.

Q.18. What is antonym? What are the types of antonym?- Antonyms may be defined as 2 or rarely more words of the same language belonging to the same part of speech, identical in style and nearly identical in distribution, associated and use together sothat their denotative meanings render (form) contrary or contradictory notions.

The antonyms are used to increase the positive or nagative aspect.

- Types of antonyms:+ Absolute antonyms: formulae (A,B antonyms; X,Y the words they serve to qualifyrespectively).

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A and (or) B = all. Eg. good and bad; pros and cons

Not A but (on the contrary) B. eg. it is not big but small

A or B. eg. right or wrong

X is A, and Y (on the contrary) is B.

eg. unity is strong, and seperation is weak; the whole is big, onself is little+ Derivational antonyms: the affixes in them serve to deny the quality stated in stem.

Negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-, un-, ir-.Eg. polite impolite; courage discourage

Suffix -less.Eg. useful useless; hopeful hopeless

Q.19. What are the main characteristics of Phraseological units (Pus)? How can PUs can bedistinguished from Free word groups (FWGs)?

19.1. Charateristics :- Double sense: the current mening of constituent words build up certain picture but the atualmeaning (hidden one) of the whole unit has little or nothing to do with that picture, it creates anentirely new image.- Using PUs with care especially to foreigner to aviod misunderstanding.

19.2. The differnces between the PUs and FWGs:

- Semantic criterion:+ FWG has one sense meaning which can be total meaning of the constituents expressing in theutterances.+ PUs has double sense (real and imagine), it can be total or partial change with the meaning of theconstituents.- Strutural criterion:

+ Restriction insubstitution :PUs convey single notion, the constitution cant be changed if they are changed, the total

meaning will be changed.

FWGs: the constituents can be changed without any considerable change in total meaning.+ Reatriction inintroducing any additional components :

FWGs: such change can be made without affecting the general meaning of the utterance.

PUs: no additional components can be introduced.

+ Restriction ingrammatical invariability :FWGs: grammar can be changed

PUs: grammar cant be changed.

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Q.20. Principles of classification of PUs?- Traditional principle:+ Based on original content of PUs, may be alluded as thematic.+ Has real merit but it doest take into consideration the linguistic charateristic feature of PUs.- Semantic principle:+ Phraseologicalcombinations : are word-group with a partially changed meaning.

Eg. to be good at sth+ Phraseologicalunities : are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, the meaning of theunit doesnt correspond to the meaning of its constituent parts. The whole meaning of the unit can be duduced from its components.

Eg. to stick to ones gun+ Phraseologicalfusions : are word-groups with a completely changed meaning, but in contrast tounities, their meaning cant be deduced from the meanings of the constituents.

Eg. neck and crop (entirely)- Structural principle:+ Verbal: eg. to run for ones life+ Substantive (noun): eg. cat and dog

+ Adjectival: eg. safe and sound, brand new+ Adverbial: eg. high or low, for love or money+ Interjectional: eg. my god!, good heavens!

Q.21. Structural classification of PUs?- Functioning likenouns :

N + N eg. maiden name, calf love, brain trust

Ns + N eg. cats paw (personized)

Ns + N eg. ladies man

N + preposition + N eg. the day after the fair (miss the chance)

N + adj eg. brand new, knight errant

N + and + N eg. lord and master (husband), neck and crop (completely)

Adj + N eg. brown study, green room (the general reception room of a theatre)

N + subordinate clause eg. the ship that pass in the night- Functioning likeverbs :

V + N eg. to take advantage

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V + postpositive eg. to give up

V + and/or + V eg. to pick and choose, to kill or cure

V + (ones) + N + (prep) eg. to snap ones fingers at

V + one + N eg. to give one the bird to fire smb

V + subordinate clause eg. to see how the land lies (to discover the state of affairs)- Functioning likeadjectives :

Adj + and + adj eg. safe and sound, high and mighty

(As) + adj + as + N eg. as old as the hills, as mad as hatter - Functioning likeadverbs :

N + N eg. tooth and nail

Prep + N eg. by heart, of course

Adv + preposition + adj + N eg. once in a blue moon

Prep + N + or + N eg. by hook or by crook

Conj + clause eg. before one can say jack Robinson- Funtioning likeprepositions :

Prep + N + prep eg. in consequence of - Functioning likeinterjections : eg. god bless you, take your time

_________________________The End_________________________

PART B. EXERCISES

CHAPTER I. FUNDAMENTALSE 3. What is the external structure (morphological structure) of the wordirresistible ? What is theinternal structure (semantic structure) of this word?

The external structure of the wordirresistible consists of morphemes: the prefixesir -, re-,the root sist , and the adjective-forming suffix ible .

The internal structure of the word:ir - means not,re- means again, sist meaningless, -iblemeans capable. The word means so strong that it cant be stopped or resisted.

E 5. Explain why the wordblackboard can be considered a unity and why the combination of wordsblack board doesnt possess such a unity?

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The wordblackboard , which is characterized by unity, possess a single grammaticalframing: blackboard . The first constituentblack is not subjected to any grammatical changes. Inthe word-groupblack board each constituent can acquire grammatical forms of it own:theblackest board . Other words can be inserted between the components which is immpossible so far

as the word concerned as would violate its unity:a black wide board .In the word-groupblack board , each component conveys a separate concept:black a

colour,board a flat abject.The wordblackboard conveys only one concept: a type of board.

CHAPTER II. THE ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDSE 1 . Explain the origin of the following words:

father, mother, brother, dog, cat, sheep, wolf, house, home, life, earth, man, apple, bread, live, go,give, begin, come, quick, strong, long, wide, to, for, two, three, well, much, little.- All the above words belong to native English origin, but they are divided into such group:

English proper Indo-European Germanicdog, bread, apple, come. father, mother, brother, wolf,

man, live, go, give, quick,wide, for, two, three, much,well.

house, cat, sheep, home,life, earth, begin, strong,long, to, little.

E 2. - State the origin of the following doublets- Comment on the different formation of the doublets and on the difference in meaning if any.

1. abbreviate (L) abridge (Fr) 2. hospital (L) hotel (Fr) hostel (Fr)3. cavalry (L) chivalry (Fr) 4. major (L) mayor (Fr)5. cart (Scand) chart (Fr) 6. senior (L) sir (Fr)

7. fragile (L) frail (Fr) 8. canal (Fr) channel (E)9. suit (OE) suite (Fr) 10. legal (L) loyal (Fr)11. shade (OE) shadow (OE) 12. skirt (Scand) shirt (OE)13. dike (OE/Ger) ditch (E) 14. screw (Fr) shrew (OE)

E 3. Give adjectives of Latin origin corresponding to the following nouns: eg. lip labial.

Noun Adj Noun Adj

Mouth Oral Horse EquineEye Ocular Ox BovineTongue Lingual Sheep Ovine Nose Nasal Mother Maternal

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Tooth Dental Father PaternalBody Corporal Brother FraternalHead Capital Woman FeminineEar Auricular Husband MaritalHand manual House DomesticSight Visible Town UrbanMind Mental Moon Lunar Life Vital Sun Solar Youth Juvenile Sea Marine

Book Literary

E 4. Classify the following words:

- According to their origins

- According to their meanings

ox, cow, beef, calf, veal, sheep, mutton, pig, bacon, deer, venison, chase, hunt, begin, commence, baker, tailor, weaver, butcher, shoemaker, painter, fish-man, mason, shepherd, lord, baron, lady,count.- According to their origins, these words are divided into such groups: Native English and Frenchand Latin

English French LatinOx, cow, calf, sheep, pig, bacon,deer, hunt, begin, baker, fish-man,shoemaker, shepherd, lord, lady.

Veal, mutton, venison, chase,commence, tailor, weaver, butcher, painter, mason, baron, count.

beef

- According to their meanings we have such groups:Animal Meat Occupation & title VerbOx, cow, calf, pig,sheep, deer,

Veal, mutton, bacon, venison

Baker, tailor,weaver, butcher,shoemaker, painter,fish-man, mason,shepherd, lord, baron, lady

Chase, hunt, begin,commence, count

CHAPTER III. MORPHEME STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDSE 1. Analyze the structure of the following words: eg. misuse

B FConvene dislike preface foresee darkroom subwayB B B F B F B F F F B FRecut supervise postwar policeman friendship typist

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B F F B B F F F F B F BLoneliness assistant interveneF B F B B B

E 2. Separate word form into its constituent morpheme: Eg. expression = {ex-} {-press} {-ion}

- State whether the base is bound or free and what it means

- Give at least two English words containing the same base.

Detachment = {de-} {-tach} {-ment}, the base {-tach} is a bound one; eg. attachmentExpectation = {ex} {-pect} {-ation}, the base {-pect} is a bound base, eg. pectizePortable = {port-} {-able}, the base {port} is free base, eg. import, exportCorrespondent = {cor-} {-respond} {-dent}, the base {-respond} is free base, eg. irresponsiveRevise = {re-} {-vise}, the base {-vise} is bound base, eg. superviseEject = {e-} {-ject}, the base {-ject} is bound base, eg. inject, projectRetainer = {re-} {-tain} {-er}, the base {-tain} is bound base, eg. maintain, containContradic = {contra-} {-dict}, the base {-dict} is bound base, eg. predict, dictionaryTelephone = {tele-} {-phone}, the base {-phone} is bound base, eg. homophone, headphoneApprehensible = {ap-} {-pre} {-hens} {-ible}, the base {-hens}is bound base, eg. comprehensive,comprehensibleRegress = {re-} {-gress}, the base {-gress} is bound base, eg. congressDeceiver = {de-} {-ceiv} {-er}, the base {-ceiv} is bound base, eg. receive, perceiveDepartment = {de-} {-part} {-ment}, the base {-part} is free base, eg. apartmentIntervene = {inter-} {-vene}, the base {-vene} is bound base, eg. convene, subveneConsent = {con-} {-sent}, the base {-sent} is bound base, eg. resent, assent

CHAPTER IV. WORD BUILDINGIV. 1. Affixation

E 1. Give examples of nouns with the following suffixes. State which of the suffixes are

productive? -tion, -dom, -ness, -ism, -ship, -er, -or, -ist, -ess, -ing, -th, -age

Suffixes Productiveness- tion: nation, derivation, station productive- dom: kingdom, freedom -- ness: homelessness, loneliness productive- ism: criticism, terrorism productive- ship: friendship, scholarship -- er: worker, teacher, lawyer productive- or: actor, professor, vendor productive

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- ist: impressionist, specialist productive- ess: lioness -- ing: wedding, functioning productive- th: sixth, eighth -- age: leakage, advatantage -

E 2. State the origin and explain the meaning of the suffixes in the following wordsChildhood, friendship, freedom, toward, backward, brotherly, rider, granny, teacher, aunty,

hierling, village, hindrance, drunkard, limitation, reinforcement, cheerfulness.1. Native suffixes:

- hood: state or quality of , condition- ship: state or quality of , condition- dom: condition or state of

- ward: in the direction of - ly: in the way mantioned, having the quality of - er: denoting agent, residence of, device- y: full of, having quality of - ing: denoting agent, action, fact- ness: the quality, state or charater of - ard: having the quality

2. Borrowing suffixes:- age: action or result of action (Latin)- ance: state or charater (Latin)- ion: action or process (Latin)- ment: action, process (Latin)

E 3. Give adjectives or adverbs with the following suffixes:

- y: sleepy, cloudy, sunny, windy- ed: talented, interested- ward: backward, onward, upward- long: age-long- wise: clockwise, likewise- ly: windy, manly, brotherly, slowly

E 4. Give verbs with the following suffixes:

- ize: legalize, civilize, industrialize- en: lengthen, darken, widen

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- fy: clarify, testify, modify- ish: poverish, publish, polish- ate: generate, activate, demenstrate

E 5. Form some adjectives from noun stems by adding the suffix ish. Explain the meaning of thederivatives.

Child childish girl girlish baby babyishcat cattishIn this form, suffix ish is added to the noun to make the adjective have meaning similar to or behave like. (use antonyms or synonyms to explain)

E 6. Form some adjectives from adjective stems by adding the suffix ish. Explain the meaning of

the derivatives.Cool coolish red reddish yellow yellowish fool foolishWhen suffix ish is added to adjective stem to make adjective it will add an depreciation to themeaning of the stem.

E 7. Pick out the productive and non-productive prefixes:

Un-, be-, pre-, al-, non-, mis-, post-, a-, anti- , out-, ex-, for-, re-, up-, counter- , extra- , super-, dis,

trans-, inter-, ante- , ultra- , infra- , under- , intro-

Productive prefixes:

Un-: unhappy unhappily, uneasy uneasiness uneasilyBe-: beget begetter Pre-: preheat preheatingAl-: allocate allocation, almighty almightily almightiness Non-: non-productive non-productivenessMis-: misunderstand misunderstandingPost-: postposition postpositionalA-: achromatic achromatize achromatismOut-: outfight outfighting, outfit outfitter Ex-: ex-service exservicemanFor-: forbidding forbiddingnessRe-: rearrange rearrangementUp-: upland uplander

Super-: supercharge supercharger Dis-: disable disabilityTrans-: transact transaction

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Inter-: interact interactive interactionThe rest inbold are non-productive prefixes.

E 7. Classify the following prefixes according to their origin:

Re-, under-, with-, in-, over-, trans-, anti-, a-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, mis-, co-, ex-Native prefixes: under-, with-, over-, a-, mis-Borrowing prefixes: re-, in-, trans-, non-, pre-, de-, dis-, inter-, co-, ex- (Latin).

anti- (Greek)

IV.2. Composition compound

E 1. Arrange the compounds given below into groups: idiomatic and non-idiomatic. Say whether

the semantic change within idiomatic compounds is partial or total.

Idiomatic Non-idiomaticTotal change Partial changeLight-heartedButterflyTallboyBluestocking

Dragonfly

HomebodyBluebellFree-wayHighway

BlackberryLazy-boneGood-for-nothing

Medium-sizeWolf-dogEarthquakeLooking-glass

NecklaceGreengrocer

E 2. Identify the neutral compounds in the word combinations given below and write them out in

three columns: simple neutral compounds, neutral derived compounds and neutral contracted

compounds.

Simple neutral Neutral derived Neutral contractedA cars windshieldA heavy topcoatA snow-white handkerchief A howl long and wolf-like

An air-conditioned hallA high pitched voiceThoudsands of gold-seekersA lightish-colored manA glass-walled roomA radio-equipped car A big hunting-knife

To fight against H-bombBig A.A. gunsTo go into frantic U-turnsTo fix M-day

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E 3. Analyze the structure of the following words:

Get-at-table, undertaker, looking-glass, sea-coast, fountain-pen, stay-at-home, red-hot, will-to-live,heart-broken, hairs breadth, birds eye, penny-a-liner, butter-fingers, mother-of-thousands,

sunfish, ladybird, no-longer-young, mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, gaslight, office-in-charge, workday.

These above words are compounds, and they can be divided in to 3 groups according to thestructural aspects: neutral, morphological and syntactic compounds.

Neutral compounds Morphologicalcompounds

Syntactic compoundsSimple DerivedSea-coast,fountain-pen,red-hot, sunfish,ladybird,gaslight,workday

Undertaker,looking-glass,heart-broken,hairs breadth, birds eye, butter-fingers

#

Get-at-table, stay-at-home, will-to-live, penny-a-liner, mother-of-thousands, no-longer-young,mother-in-law, non-stop-flight, up-to-date, office-in-charge

E 4. - Comment on the meaning and the form of the following compounds

- Compare the meaning of the compound with that of its components.

+ butterball, butterfinger: N + N, idiomatic, total changebuttermilk, butter-woman: N + N, idiomatic, partial change

+ dustman, motorman, milkman, fisherman, shipman, postman, oilman, woodman: N + N,idiomatic, partial change

nobleman, madman: Adj + N, non-idiomatic.+ craftsman, salesman, batsman, oarsman, kinsman, herdsman, statesman, sportsman: N + infix + N, idiomatic, partial change.

+ pot-boy, stable-boy, post-boy, cowboy, doughboy: N + N, idiomatic, partial change.+ ladybird, lady-in-waiting, lady-killer, lady-love: mixed up, idiomatic, total change.+ hot-blooded, cold-blooded, thick-headed, woodened-headed, pig-headed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic,total change.+ cross-eyed, eagle-eyed, sharp-eyed, single-eyed, wild-eyed, green-eyed (idiomatic, total change),round-eyed: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, partial change.

hollow-eyed, dim-eyed, sleepy-eyed: Adj + N_ed, non-idiomatic.+ black-hearted, lion-hearted, stony-hearted, chicken-hearted, cold-hearted, light-hearted, cruel-hearted: Adj + N_ed, idiomatic, total change.

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E 5. Form as many compounds as possible, using the follwing stems as their first component:

Grass-, hand-, ink-, horse-, mother-, pack-, steam-, steel-Grass-: grassroots, grasswidow, grasshopper Hand-: handwriting, handicraft, handbag, handball, handbrake

Ink-: inkpot, inkbottle, inkpad, inkwellHorse-: horsepower, horseback, horsebean, horse opera, horse race, horse-tailMother-: mother-in-law, mother-of-thousands, motherland, mother tongue, mother-to-bePack-: pack horse, pack saddle, pack job, pack rat, pack trainSteam-: steam engine, steam bath, steamturbine, steam jacketSteel-: steelworker, steel band, steelhead

E 6. Form as many compounds as possible, using the following stems as their second components:-man, -berry,- woman, - boy,- room, -looking

-man: salesman, policeman, businessman, spokesman-berry: blackberry, strawberry, cranberry-woman: policewoman, businesswoman, chairwoman-boy: pot-boy, cowboy, post-boy-room: livingroom, bathroom, bedroom-looking: good looking, forward-looking

IV.3. Words formed by special processes:

IV.3.1. Conversion:

E 1. State the relationships in conversion of the following words:

Noun Verb Relationship- ape- ass- duck

to apeto assto duck

Nouns are the names of animals, verbs denote typicalactions or behaviour.

- fish to fish Try to catch fish- eye- finger - shoulder

to eyeto finger to shoulder

N name of part of the human body, V an action performed by it.

- top to top N name of place, V the process of occupying the placeor of putting sth/ smb in it.- dress- pocket

to dressto pocket

N name of container, V act of putting sth within thecontainer

- line- square- star

to lineto squareto star

N name of symbol, V process of making it.

- cork to cork N name of tool, V action performed by the tool.

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E 2. Compare the meaning of the words in the bold type with that of the corresponding nouns.

- tohead an army: means to lead the nounhead part of body.- totoe a mark: means to make or press the nountoe part of body.- toeye a foe: means to watch the nouneye part of body.

- tochair a candidate: means to point the nounchair name of place.- totable a resolution: means to discuss the nountable name of place.- tofoot a stocking: means to wear the noun foot part of body.- tomind a command: means to notice the nounmind part of body.- tofish a compliment: means to try to get the noun fish name of animal.- tostone a martyr: means to kill the nounstone name of tool.- todress a wound: means to cover or wear the noundress name of container.

IV.3.2. Shortening

Write out in full the following shortened words. Define the type of shortening.

- N.C.O: Non Commissioned Officer acronym- pub: public house ellipsis- ad: advertisement final clipping- fancy: fantasy contraction rhythm- H-bomb: Hydrogen bomb initial abbreviation- V-day: Victory day initial abbreviation- USSR: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics acronym- UNO: United Nations Organizartion acronym- UNESCO: United Nations Educational, acronym

Scientific and Cultural Organizaton- mike: microphone shortening spoken language- lab: laboratory final clipping- FIFA: International Football Association acronym

(Fdration Internationale de Football Association)- USA: United Nations of America acronym- ml: millilitre acronym- UFO: Unidentified Flying Object acronym- TEFL: Teaching (of) English as a acronym

Foreign Language

- UEFA: Union of European Football Associations acronym

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CHAPTER V. SEMANTICS MEANINGV.1. Metaphor

E 1. Pick out the metaphors from the following word combinations:

- a green bush, a green man, a green apple, green with envy.

- seeds of a plant, seeds of evil.- a fruitful tree, fruitful work.- a fruitless tree, a fruitless effort.- the root of a tree, the root of a word.- a blooming rose, blooming health.- a fading or faded flower, fading or faded beauty.

E 2. What do we mean when we say a person is:

Like a fox, like a bull in a china shop?- When we say a person like a fox, we mean he/she is a cunning or smart one and if we saysomeone like a bull in a china shop we imply that he/she is a very careless person who always break every thing.

V.2. Metonymy

E 1. Comment on the type and meaning of the following cases of metonymy:

- sandwich, mackintosh, boycott, hooligan: thing known by the name of person who brought it to public/fashion.- cheviot, madeira, champagne, bordeaux, Havana: geographical name is used for goodsoriginating from place where they are exceedingly numerous.

E 2. Discuss the following cases of metonymy:

- He isthe hope of family: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing

them.- She wasthe pride of her school: states and properties serve as names for objects and people possessing them.- I have never readBalzac in the original: common name derived from proper name.- My sister is fond of oldchina : geographical name is used for goods originating from place wherethey are exceedingly numerous.- the coffee pot isboiling : symbol for thing symbolized instrument for the product.

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CHAPTER VI. HOMONYMSE 1. Find the homonyms proper for the following words:

- band: a company of musician band: a thin flat strip of cloth- seal: a warm-blooded fish-eating animal seal: close

- ear: part of human body ear: plant part containing grain- cut: the result of cutting cut: change scene- to bore: to make a long round hole bore: to make somebody uninterested- corn: a hard, horny thickening of the skin, esp. on the foot corn: a type of cereal- fall: the act of falling fall: autumn the 3rd season in the year - to hail: to greet hail: pellets of ice- ray: a kind of fish ray: single line or narrow beam of light- draw: something that attracts attention draw: finish with equal score (sports).

E 2. Find the homophones to the following words. Explain meaning in English.- heir /e(r)/: person entiled to propertyair /e(r)/: mixture of oxygen and nitrogen surrounding theearth.- dye /dai/: substance used to change color of hair or cloth die /dai/: stop living.- cent /sent/: common unit of currency scent /sent/: smell, perfume.- tale /teil/: story tail /teil/: rear part of animal body.- sun /sn/: star around which earth revolves son /sn/: boy in relation with parents.- meat /mi:t/: edible animal flesh meet /mi:t/: to see another.- steel /sti:l/: an alloy of iron and carbon steal /sti:l/: to take sth illegally.- knight /nait/: honoured military man (hist) night /nait/: daily period of darkness.- sum /sm/: total some /sm/: several.- hare /he(r)/: mammal like rabbit hair /he(r)/: strands growing on the head or body.- write /rait/: put words on paper with pen right /rait/: true, correct.

- sight /sait/: seeing site /sait/: place.

E 3. Find the homographs to the following words and transcribe both

- to bow /ba /: to bend the head of the body

bow /b /: looped knot- wind /wind/: air in motionwind /waind/: wrap sth with coil

- to tear /tr/: to pull apart by forcetear /ti /: single drop of fluid from eyes

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- bear /bi /: a large, heavy animal

bear /be /: to carry, bring

- to dessert /diz :t/: to go away from a person or place

desert /dez t/: arid area

- row /r /: number of person or things in a line

to row /ra /: noisy quarrel.

CHAPTER VII. SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMSVII.1. Synonyms

E 1. In the following groups of synonyms, find the synonymic dominant:

- exact, precise, accurate- salvage, uncivilized, barbarous- hide, conceal, disguise- agree, approve, consent- recall, recollect- cry, weep, scream, sheirk - clever, able, intelligent, keen, sharp- uneducated, ignorant, illiterate, misinformed- agile, nimble, alert, quick, brisk, active

E 2. Arrange the following synonyms according to their degree of intensity:

- ask, implore, beg ask beg implore

- longing, desire, wish wish desire longing

- wither, decay, fade fade wither decay

- handsome, pretty, beautiful prettyhandsome / beautiful

- irritate, annoy annoy irritate

- pierce, penetrate penetrate pierce

- alarmed, frightened, terrified fightenedalarmed terrified

- happiness, pleasure, delight pleasurehappiness delight

- affiction, despair, sadness sadnessdispare affiction

- astonishment, surprise, consternation surpriseastonishment consternation

- excuse, pardon, forgive excusepardon forgive

- accident, disaster, misfortune misfortuneaccident disaster - malicious, naughty, nasty, wicked naughtynasty malicious wicked

- genius, capability, talent capabilitytalent genius.

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VII.2. Antonyms

E 1. Give antonyms to the following words. Arrange them in three columns: derivational

antonyms (eg. careful careless), absolute antonyms (eg. slow fast) and mixed (eg. correct

incorrect, wrong).

Alert, discord, alive, ugly, artless, appearance, assist, arrange, courage, attentive, descend, safety,consistent, aware, convinent, competent, continue, preceding, correct, sufficent, frequent, distinct,expensive, hostile, faithful, wet, enemy, temporary, legal, lower, kind, normal, painful, encourage.

Derivational antonyms Absolute antonyms Mixed antonymsArtless artfulAppearance disappearanceAttentive - inattentiveArrange disarrangeDescend ascendConsistent inconsistentConvenient inconvenientCompetent incompetent

Sufficent insufficentFrequent infrequentDistinct indistinctLegal illegal Normal abnormalEncourage - discourage

Discord accordAlive deadUgly beautifulAssist hinder Courage cowardiceSafety danger Preceding followingHostile friendly

Wet dryEnemy friendTemporary permanentLower higher

Aware unaware, ignorantContinue discontinue, stopCorrect incorrect, wrongExpensive inexpensive, cheapFaithful faithless, disloyalKind unkind, cruelPainful painless, pleasant

E 2. Give derivational antonyms to the following words:Just, justice, use (v), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, like (v), like (adj), lovely, movable,moved, related, relative.

Just unjustJustice injusticeUse (v) misuseUse (n) disuseFortunate unfortunateFortune misfortuneGrateful ungrateful

Like (v) dislikeLike (adj) anlikeLovely unlovelyMovable immovableMoved unmovedRelated unrelatedRelative - irrelative

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CHAPTER VIII. SET EXPRESSION - PHRASEOLOGYE 1. Analyze the structure of the following phraseological units. Give Vietnamese equivalents.

1. It is the last straw that breaks the camels back.Function like noun. N + that clause. Gi no t dy.

2. Can the loepard change his spots?Sentence. nh cht ci nt khng cha3. To put all ones eggs in one basket.

Function like verb. V + ones + N + preposition. c n c ng v khng.4. Burnt child dreads the fire.

Sentence. Chim phi n s ln cy cong.5. To set the Thames on fire.

Function like verb. V + N. Kinh thin ng a / Bn tri khng vn t.6. It is not the grey coat that makes the gentleman.

Funtion like noun. N + that/ subordinate clause. Mc o c sa khng hn l s.7. As well be hung for a sheep as for a lamb.

Function like Adj. As + adj + as + N. m lao th phi theo lao / trt th trt.8. To let no grass grow under ones feet.

Function like verb. V + N. ng nc n chan mi nhy.9. To give somebody a piece of ones mind.

Function like verb. V + N. Mng cho mt trn / Thng thn ph bnh.10. A stitch in times saves nine.

Sentence. Dit c dit tn gc / Nh c nh c gc.11. The game is not worth the candle.

Sentence. Li bt cp hi / Thu khng chi.12. To look for a needle in a bottle of hay.

Function like verb. V + postpositive. M kim y b.

13. A skeleton in the cupboard.Funtcion like noun. N + preposition + N. p tt ph ra, xu xa y li.

14. To have a finger in the pie.Function like verb. V + N + preposition. Dy mu n phn.

15. To skate on thin ice.Function like verb. V + postpositve. Liu lnh / D gy st m.

16. He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet.

Sentence. Mun n th ln vo bp.17. To bring water to someones mouth.

Function like verb. V + N + preposition. M ming mo.

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18. Like fish out of water.Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Nh c mc cn / Chim chch vo rng.

19. To take the bull by the horns.Function like verb. V + N + preposition. ng mi chu so.

20. To let the cat out of the bag.Funtion like verb. V + N + preposition. l b mt / Ci kim trong bc lu ngy cng li

ra / Giu u h ui.21. A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

Sentence. Ch th mi bt bng.22. Like a cat on hot bricks.

Function like noun. N + preposition + N. Bn chn / Lo lng / Nh ngi trn ng la.

23. Once bitten twice shy.Funtion like verb. V + N. Phi mt ci th vi n gi.24. On the horns of dilemma.

Function like adj. Preposition + N. Tin thoi lng nan.25. Beauty is only the skin deep.

Sentence. Tt g hn tt nc sn / Ci nt nh cht ci p.26. Better luck next time.

Function like adj. Adj + N. Thua keo ny by keo khc.27. A big fish in little pond. (In the kingdom of the blind, one-eyed man is the king)

Sentence. Cht lm vua s m28. A game that two can play, two can play at that game.

Sentence. Gy ng p lng ng.29. Give the game away.

Function like verb. V + N. Tit l b mt.30. The devil looks after his own.

Sentence. Mo m v c rn.31. Where there is a will, there is a way.

Sentence. C ch th nn / C cng mi st c ngy nn kim.32. To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth.

Sentence. Sng t trong trng nc.33. Necessity is the mother of invention.

Sentence. Ci kh l ci khn.

34. One good turn deserves another.Sentence. hin gp lnh.

35. The worm will turn.

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Sentence. Con giun xo mi cng qun.36. Play it by ear.

Function like verb. V + N. Tu c ng bin37. Fish in trouble water.

Function like noun. N + preposition + N. c nc bo c / Tha nc c th cu.38. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

Sentence. Lm thy nhiu ma / Lm si khng ai ng ca cha.39. Two heads are better than one.

Sentence. Mt cy lm chng nn non, Ba cy chm li nn hn ni cao .40. Heap coals of fire on somebodys head.

Function like verb. V + N. Ly on tr n / Gp la b tay ngi.

41. The devil makes work for idle hands.Sentence. Nhn c vi bt thin.42. To talk of the devil and he will appear.

Function like verb. V + postpositive. Nhc ti To Tho th To Tho n.

E 2. Explain whether the semantic change in the following phraseological units are complete or

partial.

1. Cast pearls before swine.Complete change. n gy tai tru.

2. Go on a fools errand.Complete change. C ting m khng c ming.

3. To eat humber pie.Partial change. Ngm b hn lm ngt / Nm mt nm gai.

4. To be in the same boat.Partial change. Cng hi cng thuyn.

5. Tell it to the marine.Complete change. Ni cho ma nghe.

6. To stick to ones gun.Partial change. Gi vng lp trng.

7. To beat about the bush.Partial change. Vng vo tam quc.

8. To throw cold water on smb.

Partial change. Di go nc lnh.9. To pour oil on fire.

Partial change. thm du vo la.

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10. Like father, like son.Partial change. Cha no con ny.

E 3. Complete the following phrases so that they make English proverbs and phraseological units.

1. a bird in handA bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Ch th mi bt bng.

2. the devil makes work The devil makes work for idle hands. Nhn c vi bt thin.

3. kill two birdsKill two birds with one stones. Mt mi tn trng hai ch.

4. theres no fool

Theres no fool like an old fool. Chng c ci di no nh ci di no.5. to eat ones cakeTo eat ones cake and have it. Vn c i ng.

6. the dieThe die is cast. Bt sa g cht.

7. the early birdThe early bird catches the worm. Tru chm ung nc c.

8. between the cup and the lipThere is a many slips between the cup and the lip. Ming n n ming cn ri mt.

9. the capIf the cap fits, wear it. C tt git mnh.

10. spilt milk Its no use crying over spilt milk. Thi ng tic r con g qu tha.

E 4. Complete the following similes, using words from the list below.

a ditch-water, a post, a bear, day, nails, thieves, fiddles, bee, egg, bat, brass, fish, needle, gun,grave.1. as dull as As dull as a ditch-water. (Nht nh nc c)2. as fit as As fit as a fiddle. (Kho nh vm)3. as sharp as As sharp as a needle. (Sc nh dao)4. as surly as As surly as a bear. (Gt nh mm tm)5. as silent as As silent as grave. (Kn nh bng / Lng nh t)

6. as deaf as As deaf as a post. (ic c ic li)7. as mute as As mute as a fish. (Cm nh hn)8. as clear as As clear as day. (R nh ban ngy)

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9. as thick as As thick as thieves. (n / Ho hp)10. as busy as As busy as a bee. (Bn rn)11. as sure as As sure as a gun. (Chc nh inh ng ct)12. as bold as As bold as brass. (Tr tro nh go mc du / Mt dy my dn)

13. as full asAs full as an egg. (Cht nh nm)14. as hard as As hard as nails. (Cng nhc)15. as blind as As blind as bat. (M tt)

E 5. Compare the meaning of the expressions given in the two columns below. State which of them

are phraseological.

# Phraseological units

1. to have fling at smb/sth: speak in aironical voice. To have ones fling: to be a playboy.

2. to lose heart: to be cowardice.To lose ones heart to smb: to fall in lovewith smb.

3. to take care: careful. To take care of : to look after, mind.4. to have a word with: to talk to smb. To have words with smb: quarrel with smb.5. in a family way: natural. In the family way: to be pregnant.6. in and out: to go in and out. Ins and outs: specific.7. a matter of fact: an obvious thing. As a matter of fact: obvious.8. before long: not long. Long before: very long.9. behind time: late. Behind the times: backward.10. nothing in common: different. Nothing out of common: exactly the same.

E 6. Translate the following proverbs and idioms into English:

1. Trng li i khn hn vt.To teach ones grandmother to suck eggs.

2. Khu pht tm x.A woft in a sheeps clothing.

3. Trnh v da gp v da.Out of the frying pan into the fire.

4. Vng ch nh g vc niu tm.When the cats away, the mice will play.

5. Liu cm gp mm.To cut ones coat according to ones cloths.

6. V qut dy c mng tay nhn.Diamond cuts diamond / To set a thief to catch a thief.

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7. ng ni ny trng ni n.The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence/hill.

8. Ch ma ru qua mt th. Never offer to teach fish to swim.

9. Nc u vt.Like water off a ducks back.

10. D trng xe ct.To build castle in the air.

11. Yu cho n cho vt, ght cho n cho chi.To spare the rat spoil the child.

12. Ch th mi bt bng.

A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.13. Ngu tm ngu m tm m.Birds of a feather flock together.

14. Mt git mu o hn ao nc l.Blood is thicker than water.

15. Cm n chy trc t.To put the cart before the horse.

E 7. Give as many phraseological units as possible, using the followingwords:

a. to beat, to catch, to draw, to keep.

To beat:

- to beat about: khuy.- to beat ones brain: vt c suy ngh.- to beat about the bush: vng vo tam quc.- to beat up: nh cho nh t.- to beat it: go way.To catch:

- to catch ones meaning: hiu .- to catch out: tm thy im yu.- to catch up: bt kp.To draw:

- to draw back: rt lui.- to draw in ones horns: mt t tin.

- to draw out: gng hi.- to draw ones last breath: trt hi th cui cng.To keep:

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IWBK

- to keep way: xa, trnh xa.- to keep smb add some words: bt ai lm g.- to keep up: duy tr, tip tc.- to keep an eye on: mt n, .

b. bone, mind

Bone:

- to be on ones bone: tng qun.- to be bred in the bone: ngm su vo mu.Mind:

- to cause smb to mind: nh li.

- to keep ones mind on doing sth: ch lm g.- to change ones mind: thay i kin.

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Answer to Lexicology