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ANSPQIIOAOriKA ANTHROPOLOGIKA JOURNAL OF THEORY AND PRACTICE
EKt.OI:EII:: •nAPATHPHTHI:•
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EniMEi\EIA: K. Kono6Kr)<; AIOP9QI:H: K. KwT06Kr)c;, r. Mixou
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PUBLISHER . «PARA TIRITIS"
DIRECTOR, G H. Hourmouziades
ASSISTANT EDITOR: K . Kolsakis CORRECTIONS: K Kolsakts.
G Mihou
COVER· Th Makrt
Conlrtbultons. Books. Correspondence : Arhaeologtcal Museum of
Voles. Alhanassaki 1. Voles. GREECE
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Europe 20 $. USA - Canada 30 $ 0 lnslilu
lions : Europe 35 $. USA- Canada 45 $ 0 Bank Cheques: National
Bank of Greece. Branch P. Mela. Thessaloniki. Payable lo: P. Papasaranlopoulos. Pr. Koromtla 38. Thessalontki. GREECE.
PHOTOTYPESET: «Grafosynlheliki• Tel 264.958. Thessalonikt
Llra.JOOIC:UC:l ap8pa nou civa<pE:poVTOl OTO anOTC:AE:OI-JOTO Tiis apxmo/.oytKiis KOi civ8pwnot.oytKiis £peuvas KOi OTTi Sc:wpia Tiis -OPXOlOAOyias Kai civ8pwno/.oyias' To ap8pa npE:nc:t va ouvooc:uovTat ano nc:piAfl4Jil at t;tv11 y/.wooa oxt 1-JC:yaf.uTC:Pfl ano To 1/10 ToO 6/.ou ap8pou nc:ptOOOTC:PC:s OOflyic:s 1-JnOpoOv va oo8o0v 1-JE: c'!AAflAOypa<pia.
Publishes articles on results of field- work and on archaeological and anthropological theory. Contributors may write to the Director for more detailed instructions.
KuK!.o<popc:l Tpc:ls <popts To xpovo
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Appears three times a year
TIMH 250 l1PX.
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A.aou Tpavou tij~ 0EooaA.oviKTJ~ A. T!npovwr,r;: i\t8avayA.u<pa 8upwjlata tJCKATJot&v L'l.unJCfj~
0EcrcraA.ia~ j.!E VWICAucrtJCt~ tmopacrEt~
A. MrraKaAdK'f." • H Mtpa tfj~ M!tUjllt(l)~ 1'1 ruvatiCOICpatia: na
paHayt~ jltii~ yuvatJCEia~ ytoptfjc;
G. Jones : Cereal and Pulse Remains from Protogeometric and Geometric Iolkos, Thessaly
APXAIOi\OriKEL ANAKOIN!1LEIL
N. Evarpariov: . ApxatoA.oytKU UYtliCEljlEYU: i=K<pp<icrEtc; jltilc; ouYUjllKfjc; ltOAlHOttKfjc; btaOtJCacriac;
G . Jones
K. Mrra~ePdv'f
P. Halstead :
KEPNOL
EKLlOTIKA:
Eiiion: Erropouc;
Sara Champion: A. Dictionary of Terms and Techniques, in Archa-
ANE>P.QITOAOriKA TEYXOL 3, 1982
3
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23
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eology r . narrali<iKTJ- Mixou 89
E.J . Gardner : The Pottery Techno-
logy of the NeolithicofSoutheastern
Europe K. KwwaKTJ<; XPONIKA : LKEUTJ JCai ouvEpya toii JCaA.A.wm-
crjloii OtOY KpT]tojlUICT]YQliCO xiiipo A. narrav8ijlOU- narraEU8Uj.!lO\J
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BIB/\IOrPA<l>IA
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a a .. rr£p . Irrapf.!6c;. i\cipwa. r!Epiooo~ 6£uupq- r£i:xo;
17 ('Arrpil.!]c; 1978).
roupytWtT];, r . K. ·o Vf:.OKJ-.avlKlCJf16c; CJrTj 0
c a a a I. i a. It· "Ex8£CJT] (i\cipwa), h&ocrfl
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Zropa, rrorrYJ, .. /\ 1 e o 1 A u n , l K tl" cHov <Ojlo:
NEOEAAT]VLKtl X£tpOTE;(Via . .1.u;u8uva!] tJ.;:86oeroc; rrtAto<;
A. nan:a86rrouAoc; •• A8t1va, fKOOOT] . ESvtK. Tparrt~T]<;
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/\Erovi8ou- LTuA.wvou, Pta, "T 6 K a 8 oAt K 6 t fi c;
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orov tO)lO (X. Mrroupa) 'EKKAT]oiec; utt1v 'EAA.ci8a )lE<ci
rrjv "AA.woT], · A9t1va: EKOOOTJ EMri, 1979, oo . 67-82.
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MaKpfjc;, Khcroc;, 'H /\a lK t1 Ttx VI] toG n T]AiO
u, • A8rjva, £K8oo!] «MtA.tooa-., 1976.
MaKpfjc;, Kiwo;, 8 t1 ll at a, x.r. ( 'A8t1va), .. Kt8po~ ...
1979, (civatU1tWCJEl<; ap8pOJV KUpiOJ<; cin6 tt1v Elp!]f.!Epi8a
. A8T]VWV "T6 8fif1U••, <Tic; 7tEplOOOU LETttEj.!~pT]~ 1948 -
' louvlO~ 1978, j.!E n:apcipt!]jla EiKOVWV),
Millet, Gabriel, «Rem a r que 5 5 u r I e s 5 cuI p t u r
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J1 c; It cit 1 at a c; . 'Avciwrro dn:o rov A' to~w ti)c;
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).fi<;. Gwoal.oviKTJ: A.n.e., 1964.
Mrroupac;, XapciA.a~-tnoc;, "· H t K K A TJ o 1 a at 1 K rj <i PXLTl:l\tovtKtl otrjv 'EAAci8a~t£Tci 1:1jv "AI. OJ o 1] {1453-1821)·•: 'ApXlTEKt. 0tf.!ata 3(1969) 164-172.
NtKrj<a- LKapni8ou Btnwpia, ·o y I. u n: r TJ; M i l.t
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"· Appol.ot·• dptOp. 4-5, · Onw~pwc;-.1.e>.:tf1Ppwc; 1977.
Nucrjta- LKaprdiSou Bunwp ia, T 6 M ova a r t1 p 1 t
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BIBAIOrPA<l>IKEL rHMEinrEIL
I. 'AYaKoiYWCJTJ <no A· I:uJ.17tocrw J3ul,;aYnYij\; Kai J.1Etaj3u/,;aYnYfj\; dpx_moA.oyia\; Kai tEXVTJ<; ~t Elt~a:
«NEottpa EupTjJ.1aTU- NtotEpEc; "EpEUYE<;·· opyaYWI!EYO an6 rTj XptcrnaYtKTj 'Apx_awA.oytKTj. EtatpEia, 'AEirjYa: TpitTJ 28 ~we; ITEJ.11tTTJ 30 'AITptA.iou 1981, crrrjY ITpwi:YTj cruYEOpiacrTJ rfjc; TtrciptTJc; 29.4. 1981 ... To EI&J.1a dq>opJ.1rjEITJKE drro rTjY dnacrxoA.TJcrrj J.10U 11£ r!lv EKKAT]cria TOlV • AyiwY 0wociJpwY rfjc; MqriAT]\; nouA.tcivac; TWV EltcrcraA.tKWY TptKOAWY (J3A.. npaKnK<i TOU B. tl.tEEivouc; I:uvtopiou 0tcrcraA.tKwv I:nouOwY = 0tocraA.tK<i XpovtK<i, 14 ( 1982) crro l"UITOypaq>EiO Kai TO XPOYOAOYTJjlEYO (5 Mafou 1814) A.tEiaYciyA.uq>o ElupwJ.1ci TTJ<; (EiK. I) crt ouvouaoJ.lo jlE ric; tmiTrciJcrEtc; rou YEOKAaotKtCJjlOU rrriYW or!lv ITapaoomaKr) rtxvTJ. iotairtpa crro ElwcraA.tKo x.wpo dn6 rTjv EITOXTi rfjc; tvcrw).lcitwcrTjc; TOU TO 1881 crro «tA.tuEitpo f:AAf]VtKO j3aoiAEIO": j3A. C1UJ.liTEpcioJ.1ata oro rtA.oc;. 2. MaKpTjc; ( 1976) 127 a·. 3. :=:uyyoiTouA.o\;. EEBI: 13 (1937) 158. 4. Rice ( 1968) 389. 5. Giannopoulos, BCH 44 (1929) 181 KIT. 6. Millet, BCH 44 (1920) 211-212, EiK. 13. 7. 1\'lillet, 0.7t. 212 KIT. 8. rtri rTj vEOEAA.TJYtKTj A.tEioyA.uiTnKTj: Zropa ( 1966) Tj Iota ( 1969), Ma...-:pTjc; ( 1955), c:I>I.wpriKTJ<; ( 1980). BA.. Ka i: MaKpTjc; ( 1979) 192 ytci ro 6A.ocrwJ.lo yf..uiTto uA.ai:Ko noprpaito .. rfjc; .Cupa Baotf..tKfjc;, 1818. I:ro "· ApJ.1oA.ot ·• n;ux_oc; 3 (Mafou 1977) ocr. 14, 15, 20: AtEiavciy/..uq>a . Ayiou NtKOA<iou nupcroytaVYTJ<;, 1774. 9. MIToupac;. · Apx_1 t£KtovtK<i 0£).1ata 3 ( 1969) 165, EiK. 2. · ApKEtri rraA.to Kai to ElupwJ.1a rou • Ayiou Nn:oA.ciou naou n.,A.iou, 1778: MaKpTj\; (1979) 31 KIT., EiK. X· dptEI. ( 4).
"Ex.w 7tATJpOq>opitc; rropa ytci tTjv uiTap~TJrrci/..t oro f1TjA10 KOlAOKUptOU UITEpEiupou ITaAtOtEpou, XPOYOAOyOUJ.1EVOU orci llEcra rou iOtou - 18ou aiciJYa. I 0. MoutooiTou/..oc; ( 1964) dvricrrotxa o. 50, 51, n iv. 53, fliV. Z. Ka( 0. 57, fliV. tJ. ·.
II. XapioTJc; (1979) ElK. CJ. 204 (OtaKpiYETUI oro JtOYW rrA.aiow toO urrtpEiupou). 12. /\tva louptWTTJ, 1\ciptcra, diTo dYEKOOtTJ £pyacria rrapouoiao11c; ouA.A.oyfjc; A.tEiaYciyA.uq>wv OunKilc; 0woaA.iac; ot ouvtpyacria Kai J.1E rrpwroj3ouA.ia rou q>wroypciq>ou TOU ElwcraA.tKOU xropou Kai tWY J.1YTJJ.1ElWY roii TriKTJ
TA.ouna, (1tOU Elci EKOOSEi rrtEiaYOtata drro TO «rlEAOITOVVT]crtaK6 /\aoypaq>lKO "IopuJ.1a•• B. narraYtwvio~. NaU-1tAIOY). TTjv Iota tux_aptcrrw y1ri rTj oxtnK!l trrmroA.t1 tr)c; tile; 25-3-1981. Auroljlia J.lac; otic; II 'louA.iou 1981 ~£ roy dpx_nhrova rtwpyo BEAEVTJ, 0EcrcraA.oviKTJ, Kai tic; dpxawA.oyouc; MaipTJ l:tyaYiOou, EuyEYia rwupTJ Kai noA.u~EVTJ
BEAEYTJ, ntna, 1tOU Kai dna tow Euxaptcrtw. 13. rlpj3A.. Kai Gouriotou ( 1979) 329, q>wroypaq>ia N. 5. Eux_aptcrrw tTjY • HyouJ.1EYTJ 'AyaEioKAtrTJ OiKOYOJ.lOU Kai OATJ trjY dotA.q>6tT]ta tile; MoYfj\; 'Ayiou l:tEq>riYou rrou OttuKOAUYav tTjY tmotT]jlOYtKTj EKEi £pEuYa rTj 1011 Mapriou 1981. 13a. BA.. C1TJJ.1. 25. 14. BA. OTJJ.l. I Kai dK. I Kai 2. 15. BA.. OTJJ.1. 7 (Millet). 16. MaKpTjc; (1976) EiK6Ya rijc; oEA. 133. Kai Zwpa (1969) OEA. (38) EiK. 4. 17. ToarrapATjc; (1980) rriv. 2713 Kai rriY. 28, rrpj3A. crt/... I 01. ltd rTj xpovoAOYTJcrTJ j3A. crtA. 77. 18. '0 tOtO<; ( 1980). 19. BA. ::::uyyorrouA.oc;, EEBI, 13 ( 193 7) 158 Krr. dK. I rfjc; a. 160. 20. Xat/,;TJOOKTJ<; (1975) rriY. 13 tile 18: KoiwJotc; · Ayiou tl.TJ~TJtpiou, J.1EOWY 16ou ai. niv. 47 =dK. 62: 'EJ.1J.1. Tl,;riv c:I>oupYcipTJ, KoiJ.1TJcrtc; • Ayiou I:rrupiOUJYO\;, 1595. Kai crtouc; Mo JtiYaKtc; 6 lOIOc; turroc; tn:AT]criac;, dKptJ3wc; tO tOto EI£J.la crtTjY rruATJ roue;. 21. NtKr)ra- I:Kaprcioou ( 1977), o. 221, EiK. 4, o. 224, EiK. 7. T6 EltlpWJ.la tfjc; MnouYcimac; rrapo-uotri/,;Et KciiTotc~
6~totcitTJt£<; J.1' mho tfjc; Tpavfjc; nouAtrivac;. 22. NtKTjta - I:Kaptcioou ( 1977) 49-58: rrpiY to 1795. 1\twvtOOITouA.ou - I:tuAtaYoii ( 1979) 75: J.1Etci 1:0 1797. 23. BA.. C1TJJ.1. 9 (MIToupac;). 24. MaKpTjc; ( 1976), iotaitcpa a. 127 K.t:. · H Pta 1\EUJYtOorroul.ou - I:tuA.tavou ycwatoliwpa J.IOU ITapaxropT]crC cr&tpci OXEHKWV (j)UJtOypaq>tWY tTJ<; drro tO nTjt..10. 25. c:I>wroypaq>ia Kai dpxtKTj rrATJpoq>opia tfjc; AiJ.ltAiac; It&q>avioou, 0&croaAoviKTJ, ITOU &uy&VlKO J.10U OtEEI!:CJ£. Tov tOITO tmcrKE(j)tTJKa Kt tyro otic; 7 Maiou 1981 J.IE ni cruvooEia toii tlUVl (sic) r1 (KOUAa, rrot• cuxaptcrtw, orrw.; cuxaptotw Kai tOV narr. 'AvtWVTJ MITaAaviKa ytci TO q>tAO~EVO tpOITO TOU. 26. r oupytWtTJ<; ( 19 78) Kai ( 1979). 27. MaKpTjc; ( 1976) 74. 28. '0 rurroc; auroc; rfjc; rpiiCAt tTJ<; J3acrtAtKfjc; J.1E rpoiiAo Kai tvcrwJ.laTUJJ.IEYO Otropoq>o xaytcin cruvavntrat Kai at di.Aa J.1EPTJ roii J36ptlOU xropou, cruyKEKptJ.IEVa crto MtrooJ3o . /\aJ.17tpO tOU ITapriOElYJ.la drraYTGJ.lE Kai crro Jt!:AOITOYVTJC11UKO • Apyoc;, ITtEiavorata ~pyo Kl auto J3optiwY J.lacrropwY: rrpoK&t rat ytci roY "A yto 'IwcivvTJ tOU ETOU<; 1828, dq>t!:pUlJ.1EYO Erttypaq>tKci OTOV 'lwriVVT]\; 'AYt. (wvoJ.1apia) Karrooiorpta . BpicrKEtat rrciYUJ orov rrapaOOcrtUICO OOlKO d~ova ITOU diTO tTjv TptrrOAtmci
littcrxti;E 16 • Apyo~ J.!& KOtEti9uvoT] rrp6<; njv K6ptv9o, at KEV1pttclj 1-omov 1011: rccpwxl] 1ijc; rcoh]c;. 'H 1pou!.wnj athlj f3acrtAIIClj dvm Cll:o vono xwpo 10 TEAEu-raio liciyl!a
1-1u1c; 1-!atcpoxpovT]c; dpxncnovttcijc; rcopdac; np6c; nj DTJ!!IOupyia tvrorctac; vaolioj.liac;. Mlj 8cwpT]8Ei crxijl!a
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tclj twpcivtcrlj wuc; l:!!<pavi(ov1m crciv 1!1tOU!!l!oux:w
tcapnwv nou litv f!!EAAE vci dv8icrouv. Kt mho t~mtiac;
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29. Auwwia 10 Mapriou 1981. 30 .. 0 cruyypa<pta; aurou TOU ap9pou l:pwvcie:t dn.S TO
1973 Trj J.IOP<tJO).oyia -rwv rrapa8upwv onjv n£A.on6wT]cro
j3!.. ncTpOVWTT]~ ( 1981) cr. 41, dpt8. 44: «Mop<po).oyia T.W\i
napa8upwv crrrjv n:apaDGOtaKrj ctp;(lT£K'tOVIKrj Tij<;
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TEJC:wv, 686; 28T]<; 'Ouwppio~ · 76, 'A8rjva, N£o l.}'uztK6.
· Av9pwrrol..oyucci, 3, 1982. 63
Neoclassical influences on the stone- sculptured door-surrounds in churches of western Thessaly, on the occasion of 100 years after the annexation of Thessaly 1881-1981 .
I. This paper refers to the neo-hellenic stone-sculptured door-surrounds in churches with a «double-curved" arch (trilobe, a kind of round trefoil) .
These door-surrounds are a revival of stone-sculpture in churches during the Byzantine era; an art which declined in the lith and 12th centuries. Such door-surrounds are now found on the outside part of churches and generally have the above mentioned shape. The major area in which they are found is the cultural area of Ptndos-Pelion-Athos and the regions inOuenced by this area. The revival of the art took place in the 18th century. To my knowledge, the oldest sample is the marble stone-surround in the church of St. George at Makrynitsa ( 1764). (Ch . Bouras, «Arhitektonika Themata" 3, (1969) 165 ftg. 2) (fig. 2,3). In the decade that followed, several door-surrounds were made iq Kato Zagori, Epirus, but they were less sophisticated in form , village of Fragades: 1778; V. Charissis, Zagorohoria 1979 fig. 204, (s. fig. 6). Village of Asprageli 1778: Lena Gourioti, Larissa, paper to be published (fig. 7,8). In my view, the oldest sample in western Thessaly is the one in St. Charalambous of the St. Stevens monastery at Meteora 1798 (fig. 9). Since the end of the 18th century thete has been great production of such do,,r-su rrou nds.
::. The door surrounds we examine have caused much :;peculation in connection with ·their origins, the era in which they 1pp.:ar,,d (possib!y during the period of the «nt'o· hellenic enlightenment .. ). their extroverted nature, the fact that . although they are numerous and usualiy dated , they di:·i-t.:- front one an:)ther etc The variet)' irJ their dt.:coration l··lliows :1 untty of design mutifs derived from the l.lyzantine traditton and h:.~;; t.een compiemcnted by the popular ai-Hi Muslim arts. The role uf the latter and espccsially the in!lt;ence of the western art, need further investigation. A I:HJClf sourct' of t~eir form may be the morphology of the screen, c:lrved on wood. (the eariiest existing examples of which come from the 16th century. E. Tsaparlis. Xyloglypta templa Epirou 17-lst half of 18th century, l')iW). The symbolic figure: of the entrance of the temple and in particular, the figu~e of the centrai door of t:1e sanctuar;:, denotes an access to the paradise on earth (cf. 12. ! J). The corresponding light constructton on wood of the IJtter d~corated with golden material i;; leading us to those· Byzantin~ peopk who have been portrayt:d.
These people are repetitively portrayed in «trilobe bows" on codex presentations (fig. 1-1) and portable icons decorated with churches (fig. 15).
J. If we compare the stone- sculptured door- surrounds of wcsiern Thessaly with >ample;; from other regions
~·-··
64 A. n&tpovciltl]~. At9avdyA.uq>a 9upcilj.wta
(Western Macedonia: monastery of Aghia Triadha at Vithos Pentalofos - Zoupani - after 1797 according to Rea Leonidopoulou - Stylianou in (Ch. Bouras), Ekklisies stin Ellada meta tin Alosi, 1979, p. 75 (fig.l7). Pilion: Makrinitsa, 1764 in Ch. Bouras 1969 ibid (fig. 2,3). In other parts of Pilion other examples from 1765: K. Makris, H laiki tehni tou Piliou 1976 p. 127 . ff), we are inclined to believe -although reluctanctly since the research has not finished-that the door - surrounds of western Thessaly may constitute a unity of their own.
That is, they may have been influenced and still retain the traits of such influence, by the decorative wood carvings in churches, more than any other door - surrounds.
4. In this paper, we only refer to a process that took place in the last stage of development of the door- surrounds of western Thessaly duririg the neo-classical era. Thi~ era may have appeared earlier in those areas that were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: in Thessaly however, it seems that the neo-classical era developed slowly -after 1881 especially in Larissa (G.K. Gouriotis, The neoclassical era in Thessaly in Laographiki Etairia Larissis 6, 1979). What we have just mentioned does not of course, imply that there were no neo-classical influences at an earlier stage (especially in Pelion during the middle of 19th century, K. Makris ibid. p. 74). Until the annexation ofThessaly, the combination of the creativity of popular art and the development of traditional architecture brought about an urban style in the construction of churches. Three relevant examplew are found in Trikala, Thessaly: Aghia Paraskevi 1843 · (fig. 18, 2la), Phaneromeni 1849-1853 (fig. 19), Episkepsis 1863-1867 (2lb, ~lc, 2ld). It is interesting to note that these churches - and especialiy Episkepsis, a surname of Panaghia - , g1ve us a good idea of the morphological development in the traditional stonesculptured door-surrounds. On the western ·door-surrounds of Episkepsis moreover, we find elements of the t1rst neoclassical influence. These elements are presented in a way that disrupts the unity of the surface and the motifs (with heavily decorated capitals in places where the popular artist would conceal the joint of the door-surround over the antis). At the same time, the double-curved arch is peing replaced by the horizontal lintel.
5. The shaping of openings in rectangular form is a well known tendency and development of the traditional rural architecture (as we can see from the study of the morphology of windows during the last 300 years, a morphology which took its final form in the middle of the 19th century) (fig. 24,25,26). In this way, the popular construction of churches in the villages of western Thessaly receives only the
neoclassical horizontal lintel and not the capitals which are replaced by the lower bows of the older form of doublecurved arches. The continuity in the surface of the doorsurround and its marble-sculptured decoration are therefore, preserved. A good example of the above are the doorsurround of St. Athanasius 1868-1871 at Megalochori earlier name Bouchounista, one hour from Trikkala) (fig. 27,28). This simplified morphological technique , consequent to the way in which the motif has been coped with by
traditional arcitecture, has been assimilated by the latter and has dominated. Another example, are St. Apostles ( 1892) in a village with the same name (formerly Zapkeoi) (fig. 31): the figure we are referring to is even more simplified on the door of the womens section (fig. 32) and the bell-tower (fig. 33) of the church (1909). Use of this figure has also been made by popular architects in house construction (examples at Trikkala dated 1878, 1881 etc, (fig. 34,35,36). For the builders in Epirus and Macedonia however, this figure is a developed and enrinched form of an older and well-known refinement of the upper part of doors and windows which they used in order to make a smaller opening in supporting the lintel and was for this reason, easily accepted.
