ANNUAL REPORT 2014 & 2015 · DEVELOPMENT POLIC RESEARCH UNIT 2 Haroon Bhorat DPRU Director DIRECTOR’S INTRODUCTION by Professor Haroon Bhorat credit: Trevor Samson The Development

ANNUAL REPORT2014 & 2015

2014 & 2015ANNUAL REPORT

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Copyright© 2016 Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town

Director’s Introduction

About the DPRU

DPRU Networks

DPRU StaffStaff Highlights

Events, Conferences and workshops

Initiatives & Partnerships

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Table of contents

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- Labour Market Intelligence Partnership- Counting Women’s Work - Africa’s Lions: Growth Traps and Opportunities for Six African Economies- Experiences and Learning from Latin America - Network on Jobs for Development- Research Project on Employment, Income Distribution & Inclusive Growth

Research Highlights7.

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Theme 1: JobsTheme 2: Labour Regulation & Labour Market InstitutionsTheme 3: Poverty & InequalityTheme 4: The Informal SectorTheme 5: Population & the EconomyOther Research

Research Outputs & publications- Chapters in Books- Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles- DPRU Working Papers- Collaborative Working Papers- DPRU Policy Briefs- Non-Peer-Reviewed Journals and Reports- DPRU Blogs

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DEVELOPMENT POLICY RESEARCH UNIT

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Haroon BhoratDPRU Director

DIRECTOR’S INTRODUCTIONby Professor Haroon Bhorat

credit: Trevor Samson

The Development Policy Research Unit’s achievements and the impact of our research work in 2014 and 2015 revolve around an attempt firstly to initiate a more active research agenda on Sub-Saharan Africa.

In particular, we have attempted to shape a research agenda grounded in empirical labour economics, but applied to low income countries in Africa. This is virgin territory globally, and as a consequence has placed the Unit at the forefront of a unique and innovative global programme.

While the delivery schedule on a few of these projects is still a year away, it is already clear that the DPRU is adding value through for example, interrogating more carefully (in conjunction sometimes with the World Bank country offices) the quality of the datasets of these low income African countries as well as some of the standard assumptions long held in modelling developing country labour markets.

Secondly, a number of key policy issues have arisen during the past year or so, which have been deserving of much more careful analytical work. These include the debate around the national minimum wage in South Africa, the rise of temporary employment services (TES) workers as a key node of employment generation in the economy, and the role of SETAs in workplace training. In each case, the DPRU has been central to providing analytically rigorous information to the relevant government departments – and in some cases their respective Ministers.

The DPRU’s intention is always to combine academically credible, rigorous research, with high-level policy impact and focus from our research. There can be no question that the themes explored within the Unit’s research programme are of interest and value to communities and the society at large. An examination of issues such as the impact of minimum wages, the nature of employment shifts in the economy and the new and rising role of specific economies in Sub-Saharan Africa in the global economy – are all topics which lend themselves to vigorous public debate and societal commentary. The

DPRU’s research here is often directly or indirectly utilised by government departments and their officials, often at the most senior levels. The research produced has influenced decisions by Cabinet and Parliamentary portfolio committees and has often featured in the speeches of Ministers within the economic cluster.

In particular, 2014 and 2015 saw considerable growth in the Unit’s work related to Africa more broadly. This included:• Working with the Department of International Relations and Cooperation (DIRCO) on the Africa 2063 vision;• Preparation of a background document for the UNDP on the Common Africa Position (CAP) and the nature of the economic challenges this involves;• Co-hosting a multi-country symposium on “China’s Impact on African Employment”, bringing senior Chinese and African researchers together, under the auspices of the World Bank’s Network on Jobs for Development (NJD) project;• Commissioning a range of research on Sub-Saharan African employment issues through the NJD;• Production of a minimum wage paper on African economies as part of a global involvement with Prof. Ravi Kanbur on minimum wage issues in developing countries;• A growing link with Beijing Normal University (BNU) where I lectured in mid-2015, and being part of the organising committee for a BRICS Knowledge Symposium in Beijing at BNU in October 2015,• Hosting a 2015 NJD regional event on “Labour Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa” featuring 2 high-ranking World Bank economists as keynote speakers; and• a number of book chapters and articles published in peer-reviewed journals such as the American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

In summary, 2014 and 2015 were both excellent years for the DPRU, and we look forward to continued exciting research in the years to come.


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about the DPRU

The DPRU has three core objectives:

• Foster high quality, policy relevant research;

• Train a new generation of research economists;

• Disseminate knowledge to decision- and

policy-makers in government, the private sector

and civil society.

DPRU Networks

• African Economic Research Consortium (AERC)• Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at the Brookings Institution • Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA)• The Competition Commissionof South Africa • Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET)• Department of Labour• Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation • Department of Trade and Industry – Employment Creation Fund (ECF)• Department of Women• DFID-SA (The UK Government)• Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)• International Development Research Centre (IDRC) • International Labour Organization (ILO)• National Research Foundation• National Treasury • Practical Action Consulting Ltd • Provincial Government of the Western Cape: Treasury• South African Labour Development Research Unit (SALDRU)• The Manufacturing, Engineering and Related Services Sector Education and Training Authority – merSETA• The Presidency• UNU-WIDER• World Bank

The DPRU is linked to, and works with, a number of national and international research institutions, funders, government departments, think-tanks and other organisations. In 2014 and 2015 these included:

The Development Policy Research Unit (DPRU) is a university-recognised research unit located within the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town. The DPRU specialises in socio-economic research with a core focus on the areas of labour markets, poverty and inequality.

Through the application of economic and statistical techniques, our aim is to produce academically credible policy analysis. The DPRU aims to inform economic and social policymaking by specialising in academically rigorous research into various socio-economic challenges in South Africa and Africa in general; their causes in areas such as education, regulation and governance; and the consequences of these challenges for poverty and inequality at the country and regional level.

The DPRU has been actively engaged in policy-relevant socio-economic research for the past 25 years, establishing itself as one of South Africa’s premier research institutions in the field.

The Unit has a strong track record of providing policy advice to successive post-apartheid governments. Such policy advice has been provided through research commissioned by or on behalf of the South African government, as well as through direct formal and informal relationships that we have managed to forge over the past two decades.

The bulk of the Unit’s research derives from the analysis and manipulation of micro-level datasets, such as individual and household surveys, firm surveys, national censuses and increasingly, administrative databases.

More information is available at: www.dpru.uct.ac.za cred

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Haroon BhoratMorné OosthuizenAalia CassimArabo Ewinyu Karmen NaidooBenjamin StanwixDerek Yu (part-time)Ben JourdanKezia LilensteinSiphokazi MagadlaKavisha PillayChristopher RooneyFrancois SteenkampKirsten van der Zee (nee Nel)

DPRU Staff 2014 & 2015Research Staff

RoleDirector Deputy Director Senior Researchers

Researchers

Sarah MarriottToughedah JacobsLisl George (2014); Fatima Samsodien (2015)Waseema Petersen

Communications ManagerProject ManagerAdministrative OfficerAdminstrative Assistant

Administrative staff

Name

Role

This is the full list of research staff employed over the two year 2014 and 2015 period. For DPRU researchers’ CV’s and mini-biographies, or to read more about their latest research, please visit: http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/about/staff-profiles

Name

credit: Blake Woodhams credit: Liam Cornell

credit: Liam Cornell credit: Liam Cornell

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/about/staff


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Staff HighlightsDirector’s achievements

Prof. Haroon Bhorat, Director of the DPRU, was again the most cited economist in South Africa according to Google Scholar, during 2015, with a RePEc ranking result consistently in the top 5% of authors globally.

In 2015 he was re-awarded the Tier 1 SARChI Research Chair under the NRF until 2019. The thematic focus remains Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality: Exploring the Interactions for South Africa. The

Graduations

In 2015, two DPRU Junior Researchers graduated from the University of Cape Town: Kavisha Pillay with her Masters in Economic Development and Chris Rooney with a Masters in Applied Economics (Development Stream).

Chair has facilitated the awarding of post-graduate bursaries and fellowships to Economics students at the University. of Cape Town. Haroon and his team’s research achievements and their impact for 2014 and 2015 have ensured that: • The work within the ambit of the Chair is at the cutting edge of current academic thinking, and has become globally renowned (e.g. via international journal publications).• The research of the Chair has been provided unparalleled exposure and critical peer review access, in part via positioning within the context of the Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) at the Brookings Institution.

In 2015, Haroon was re-appointed as a Non-resident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution affiliated to the Global Economy and Development Program, and the Africa Growth Initiative (AGI). He was also appointed to the World Bank’s Commission on Global Poverty. In addition this year, he was appointed as a Director on the Board of the Western Cape Tourism, Trade and Investment Promotion Agency (WESGRO), and as a Non-Executive Director at Sygnia Asset Management.

In 2014, Haroon was a member of the UN Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (LEP), and Head of Research for the UN’s High-Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.

Further Study

Two members of the research staff are currently doing PhDs at the University of Cape Town: Morne Oosthuizen, under the supervision of Prof. Ingrid Woolard, in the area of economic demography; and Francois Steenkamp under the supervision of Prof. Lawrence Edwards, in the area of international trade.

Karmen Naidoo left in 2015 to pursue her PhD studies in the US full-time at Amherst, in Massachusetts. She started her coursework at the end of August, and plans to return to the DPRU for a month or two in mid-2016.

Other Highlights

In 2015, Sibahle Magadla, a research intern at the DPRU, went on a 5-week trip to Washington D.C. & New York as a team manager of the South Africa-Washington International Program (SAWIP). SAWIP is a leadership development program that develops and supports annual teams of students and its alumni body, to bring about community development through social projects among the most disadvantaged and marginalised South Africans.

A key component of SAWIP is the professional exposure gained from this tour to the U.S. Highlights of her trip included visits inside the White House, the SA Embassy and Capitol Hill. In New York they toured the United Nations headquarters, visited the 9/11 Memorial, and attended a networking event at the South African consulate.

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The DPRU hosted the African country teams of Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa at the launch of the Counting Women’s Work (CWW) research in Africa.The CWW project is part of the National Transfer Accounts research network, and was formed to add gender to our understanding of the generational economy and to address a major flaw in economic accounting: national accounts include only market production, omitting unpaid household and care work often done by women and girls. CWW brings together researchers from countries around the world, including at least 6 African countries, to compile comprehensive estimates of the generational economy disaggregated by gender, including the value of unpaid time. Country specific and comparative results will be extremely useful in formulating and evaluating policies aimed at reducing inequalities typically suffered by women and girls.At the launch event, representatives from the project described the research and country team members discussed application in their country contexts.

DPRU Hosted Events

JKP 2014 Regional Event: “China’s Impact on African Employment: What Do We Know and Where are the Gaps?”20 & 21 November 2014Johannesburg, South Africa

This combined SubSaharan Africa and East Asia & Pacific symposium was joint-hosted by the DPRU and the Institute for Emerging Market Studies (IEMS) at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST). Arising out of a partnership with the World Bank’s Jobs Knowledge Platform (JKP), a key objective was to set a coherent research agenda resulting from debate around a variety of topics relevant to the China-Africa context.The 5 themes included: macroeconomics, trade and investment trends, job creation and labour market challenges, interactions between Chinese and African Firms, and sectoral case studies including manufacturing and textiles.Participants included Dr Deborah Brautigam (Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies), Dr Xiaobo Zhang (Peking University) and Dr Xiaofang Shen (Peking University National School of Development). Delegates from across the globe presented their research and findings which were captured as policy briefs for the World Bank’s Jobs and Development website.

Counting Women’s Work: Africa Launch

Below credit: Hetty Zantman

Left: Gretchen Donehower, CWW Project Director. Credit: Sarah Marriott

Credits: Blake Woodhams

15 May 2014Cape Town, South Africa


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This event, hosted by the DPRU, formed part of a broader project commissioned by the African Development Bank. Various experts presented their findings on the role of institutions in underpinning inclusive growth in South Africa, drawing lessons, where possible, from the development experience of South Korea. The DPRU co-

The DPRU hosted this workshop again as a regional partner of the World Bank’s Network on Jobs for Development (NJD) programme. The specific themes being explored by the NJD partnership in 2015 included Urbanisation, Informality, and Labour Regulation. Accordingly, the workshop focused on these three interrelated themes, but in the particular context of labour markets in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Topics presented during the day and a half event included: demographic shifts taking place in SSA and how these impact on labour markets; the informal economy and how it links to urbanisation in the region; different forms of labour regulation in SSA and how these influence informality and firm behaviour; and finally, a set of country-level case studies that examine current trends and emerging growth and employment challenges in SSA labour markets. Keynote speakers included two senior World Bank economists: Shanta Devarajan (Chief Economist, Middle East and North Africa) and Kathleen Beegle (Lead Economist, Africa Region).

ADB Seminar: “The Role of Institutions in underpinning Inclusive Growth in South Africa”14 October 2015Johannesburg, South Africa

ordinated a multi-paper study under the project banner ‘Country Development Policy in Practice: Lessons from the South Korea Development Experience’. The seven different papers explored the interplay of institutions and economic development in South Africa. South Korea’s experience with economic transformation and a developmental state provided an important benchmark for the authors to stimulate policy debate on development policy in practice.

Credits: Blake Woodhams

NJD 2015 Regional Event: “Labour Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa”26 & 27 November 2015Cape Town, South Africa

Credits: Liam Cornell


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Co-edited by DPRU Director Prof. Haroon Bhorat, “The Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa” boasts 52 entries by leading economists from within and working on South Africa, bringing together perspectives on a range of issues: micro, macro, sectoral, country wide and global.This volume, co-edited by Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur and Mthuli Ncube, provides a unique perspective on the last two decades, and the challenges faced by South Africa as it moves to translate political freedom into economic prosperity and inclusion. The book was designed with a view to contributing to the policy and analytical debate in South Africa by pulling together perspectives on a range of

JKP/NJD Google Hangouts

“Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa”6 May 2014 The first live virtual discussion hosted by the DPRU for the

“China’s Impact On African Employment”23 February 2015

DPRU Director Haroon Bhorat moderated the second hangout, for the newly named Network on Jobs for Development (NJD), featuring discussants Barry Sautman, Stephen Golub and Mwangi Kimenyi. The panel examined the opportunities presented by China’s involvement in Africa and what African governments must do to realize them.

Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa: Book Launch & RoadshowNovember 2014: Cape Town; August 2015: East London, Pretoria, Durban, and Johannesburg; South Africa

issues—micro, macro, sectoral, country wide and global—from leading economists working on South Africa. These eminent economists, from within and outside of South Africa were drawn from academia, the policy world and from international and national level economic policy agencies. The editorial team consists of four global leaders in development economics and in African and South African economic analysis and policy. Following the success of the first launch of the Companion in Cape Town in November 2014, a number of seminars were held across the country in August 2015, chaired by the editors, and featuring presentations from the book’s authors, based on their relevant chapters. Copies of the books were also donated to the libraries of hosts University of Fort Hare and University of Zululand. These events were co-organised with the Graduate School of Development Policy and Practice at UCT, while the seminar in Pretoria was co-host-ed with TIPS and UNU-WIDER, and the Johannesburg event was supported by MISTRA.

Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur and Ben Cousins. Credit: Liam Cornell

Ravi Kanbur and UFH Dean Ntosh Wayi. Credit: Sarah Marriott

Ben Smit, UniZulu Dean Dev Patel, Francie Lund and Ravi Kanbur. Credit: Sarah Marriott

Jobs Knowledge Platform, featured Deon Filmer and Louise Fox talking about the main findings from their comprehensive report on “Youth Employment in Sub-Saharan Africa”. Ahmadou Aly Mbaye was a discussant and Mary Hallward-Driemeier chair of the event, which was streamed live via the World Bank’s YouTube channel.


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2014

• April: The DPRU, as experts on African development, was invited by Southern Voice and Pasgr to the Workshop on Unpacking the Data Revolution (DR) at a Country Level, as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, in Nairobi, Kenya. Karmen Naidoo attended, and provided insights and discussion on potential ways to measure development indicators as well as how to overcome certain data challenges in Africa.

• June: Karmen also attended the Young African Scholar Programme (YASP) at the International Economic Association (IEA) World Congress 2014, hosted in The Dead Sea, Jordan. Karmen presented her work on exploring the relationship between anti-crime business insurance and firm performance among informal enterprises in South Africa. Haroon presented at the 15th Annual Global Development Conference: Structural Transformation in Africa and Beyond, in Accra, Ghana, and later that month at the UNU-WIDER International Development Conference in collaboration with the Central Institute of Economic Management (CIEM), in Hanoi, Vietnam.

• August: Haroon, Aalia Cassim and Ben Stanwix were invited to present to the Portfolio Committee on Labour, in Parliament. Their presentation discussed the impact of sectoral minimum wages in South Africa.

• September: Haroon presented at the PEGNET Conference: Employment strategies in the Developing World - How to create sufficient, productive and decent jobs, in Lusaka, Zambia. He also attended and spoke at the Agenda 2063: National Consultative Forum, in Pretoria, South Africa.

• October: Haroon travelled to Warsaw, Poland to present at the 2014 Conference on Dual Labour Markets, Minimum Wage and Inequalities conference, hosted by the Institute for Structural Research (IBS). Also in October, Haroon, Ben and Aalia attended the Reforming Minimum Wage and Labor Regulation Policy in Developing and Transition Economies Conference at Beijing Normal University.

• November: Haroon presented at the AERC’s biannual research workshop plenary for theme “Youth Employment in Africa: Opportunities and Challenges”.

• December: In New Delhi, India, Karmen and Ben presented their work on racial discrimination at the International Conference on Jobs for Development: Challenges and Solutions, hosted by ICRIER and the World Bank. Also in December, Haroon presented at the Conference on Markets, Labor and Regulation, supported by Columbia University, Cornell University, DFID, and the World Bank.

2015

• Haroon presented frequently throughout 2015. In January, he spoke at The Legislature and the National Development Plan planning workshop, in Parliament, Cape Town. In June, he presented two seminars and also gave a lecture on “Growth, Poverty and Inequality Interactions in Africa”, at the Beijing Normal University (BNU), in China. In July, he presented at the OECD - SA Policy Event hosted by South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), in Johannesburg. And in September, he presented at the UNU-WIDER 30th Anniversary conference: ‘Mapping the Future of Development Economics’, in Helsinki, Finland. In October, he spoke at the GLM-LIC research network conference in Washington, D.C., and the following month at the “Beyond GDP” conference in Durban, South Africa.

• LIC Country site visits: In May, Karmen, Ben and Sibahle Magadla visited Uganda. Hosted by the EPRC, they visited the Ugandan Bureau of Statistics, the ILO and a World Bank office in Kampala. In July, Aalia, Chris Rooney and Kavisha Pillay visited the Zambian Central Statistical Office and ZIPAR in Lusaka, and the Tanzanian Labour Ministry in Dar es Salaam.

• October: Ben attended the Institute for Structural Research (IBS) 2015 Jobs Conference: onTechnology, Skills and Inequalities in Warsaw, Poland.

• December: Morne Oosthuizen and Kezia Lillenstein attended an ELLA Comparative Evidence Workshop in Bogotá, Colombia.

Conference Attendance


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A new multi-year research programme, the Labour Market Intelligence Partnership (LMIP), was formally launched in September 2012 by the Minister of Higher Education and Training. The LMIP is a collaboration between government and a national research consortium, that aims to build a credible

Labour Market Intelligence Partnership (LMIP)

Partnerships & Initiatives

Counting Women’s Work (CWW)

The Counting Women’s Work (CWW) project is a three-year research project involving research teams from around the world, with the goal of bringing the economic lives of women and girls into view in a more comprehensive manner than ever before. This work will provide data and analysis to help develop better policies around economic development, care for children and the elderly, investments in human capital, and gender equity in the workplace and the home.

institutional mechanism for skills development in South Africa. The initiative was commissioned by the Department of Higher Education (DHET) and is being funded through the National Skills Fund. The core research consortium in support of the goal of developing a mechanism for skills planning, consists of the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), the DPRU and the Education Policy Unit at University of Witwatersrand. Other partners include research institutes, universities and independent consultants.The DPRU is primarily involved in the sector studies included in Theme Three. These include topics such as skills biased labour demand, the New Growth Path, SETA Labour Markets, the Informal Sector, and Human Capital Accumulation and Pro-poor Growth. See more at http://www.lmip.org.za.

To incorporate gender in economic analysis, CWW takes the innovative step of including unpaid services such as housework and care for children and the elderly in our framework. CWW will be the first research project to measure the production and consumption of this unpaid time in economic terms across a large group of countries around the world. The research is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, and is coordinated by the University of California, Berkeley; the DPRU; and the East-West Center, Honolulu. The NTA framework takes flows measured in national accounts, such as production, consumption, and public and private transfers, and disaggregates them by age using household surveys and administrative data. The CWW methodology for market accounts adds gender as another dimension to disaggregate national accounts. This results in profiles of per capita market flows by age and sex that can be used in economic and policy analysis. Over the next several years, all NTA countries with sufficient data will be producing estimates of the gendered economy comparable to those produced by CWW country teams. This will represent a rich resource to those studying gender and the economy around the world and will be showcased on the project’s website, www.countingwomenswork.org

Understanding the African Lions: Growth Traps and Opportunities for Six African Economies

The DPRU is also managing and undertaking research for a joint project with UNU-WIDER and the Brookings Institution, that involves the co-ordination of six African country studies. UNU-WIDER and Brookings are publishing working papers in 2015 and 2016, which will then be collated into a Brookings Institution Press book, to be published in late 2016.

Arusha Authors Workshop, June 2015. Credit: Sarah Marriott

http://www.lmip.org.za/

www.countingwomenswork.org%0D

www.countingwomenswork.org%0D


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The Research Project on Employment, Income Distribution and Inclusive Growth (REDI3x3) is a national research programme aimed at deepening understanding of the dynamics of employment, incomes and economic trends. The multi-year collaborative, independent research

REDI 3x3: Research Project on Employment, Income Distribution and Inclusive Growth

ELLA: Experiences and Learning from Latin America

The DPRU is a partner institution of “Experiences and Learning from Latin America (ELLA)”, researching Informality and Inclusive Growth. ELLA is focused on sharing development lessons between Latin America and Africa. The DPRU has been paired with Fedesarrollo of Colombia, with the specific aim of informing decision makers in South Africa, Colombia and more widely, on the

Network on Jobs for Development (NJD)

In 2014, the DPRU partnered with the World Bank on a three-year programme called the Network on Jobs for Development (NJD). As a regional partner, the DPRU committed to coordinating regional content related to jobs and employment in Sub-Saharan Africa, which was initially showcased via the Jobs Knowledge Platform (JKP) – now as part of the World Bank Jobs and Development network. The DPRU has made substantive progress towards achieving the stated programme objectives of knowledge sharing, knowledge generation, and creating a community network focused on employment issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. The set of deliverables emanating from these objectives, included in 2014 and 2015: • Events: Organising and hosting a regional conference event per year, and arranging a series of Google+ Hangouts live virtual discussions, • A series of both DPRU/in-house and externally commissioned blogs and video blogs (vlogs) for publication on the World Bank’s Jobs & Development Blog. • Research Products and Publications: Commissioning and/or writing a number of original working papers, and policy briefs (some of which will be in collaboration with IZA).

initiative is funded by the National Treasury and managed by the University of Cape Town’s Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU). The DPRU, through Professor Bhorat, manages the inclusive economic growth theme of REDI3x3, contributing to the online platform: http://www.econ3x3.org/.

issue of ‘Informality and Inclusive Growth’, based on comparative research on the two countries and more widely. The project will explore how the transitions between unemployment, informality and formal employment might affect or promote inclusive growth at both individual and macroeconomic level, and to what extent these lessons can be applied to other countries in Africa and Latin America, understanding that this subject is very case-specific. The UK Government (DFID) funded a first phase of ELLA (2010-2013), to research and synthesis Latin America’s experiences on some 20 economic, governance and environmental themes. In light of the lessons drawn from the phase I, a second phase of ELLA (2014-2017) was designed, again funded by DFID, and coordinated and supported by Practical Action Consulting (PAC, Latin America) and the UK Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The core objective for ELLA Phase II is that: “Policymakers, policy influencers and practitioners in African and Latin American countries learn from comparative evidence from the two regions on priority economic, governance and environmental issues, in order to inform their policies and practices, and ultimately to reduce poverty.” This comparative research will be conducted by paired Research Centres from Latin America and Africa. The DPRU intends to present evidence-based research that can guide economic policy as well as regulation, with project outputs to be delivered in the later stages of the project.

https://blogs.worldbank.org/jobs/

http://www.econ3x3.org/


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Research Highlights

This research falls under the “Understanding the African Lions: Growth Traps and Opportunities in Six African Economies” project. We uncover the growth traps and opportunities for the South African economy, with a focus on underlying labour market dynamics. We explore the potential of South Africa’s demographic dividend. We also consider the structure of the labour market and the growth-employment interactions, which uncovers the skills-biased labour demand path of the economy and a rising trend in the use of labour brokers to source temporary workers. Finally, we show a new labour market trend has emerged: a rise in the share of public sector employment along with higher conditional returns to public sector workers than to those in the private sector.Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K., Oosthuizen, M. and Pillay, K. (2015). Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa. WIDER Working Paper 141/2015; UNU-WIDER.

1. Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa

This GLM-LIC research focuses specifically on filling some of the basic informational gaps in our knowledge of African LIC labour markets. The paucity of LIC labour market data, its varying quality, and the lack of baseline information makes it essential to provide a broad descriptive and basic econometric overview of a sample of LIC labour markets in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, we focus on describing and profiling the labour market activities of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. The quantum and nature of research gaps observed in the sample of African LICs is closely bound to the availability of regular, high quality data. Poor quality data is often significantly correlated with pervasive research gaps and, arguably, this paucity of quality data has meant that even the most basic parameters and features of many African country labour markets are poorly understood. It is the core aim of this research to try and improve the quantity and quality of this baseline labour market analysis.

2. Modelling Labour Markets in Low-In-come Countries (LICs) with Imperfect Data: Labour market segmentation

Theme 1: JOBS

3. Temporary Employment Services in South Africa: Assessing The Industry’s Economic ContributionThis project looks at the rise of labour brokers within employment generation in the economy and offers an assessment of the role played by the TES sector in contributing to employment and output growth in post-apartheid South Africa, considering the characteristics of TES workers and the potential household welfare and poverty status consequences of this type of employment, given potential employment loss in the sector. Aggregate and sectoral employment trends relative to the TES sector for South Africa over the past nineteen years are presented: Of particular interest is the

https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/demographic-employment-and-wage-trends-south-africa%20

https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/demographic-employment-and-wage-trends-south-africa%20


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Research highlights

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Yu, D. (2015). ‘Temporary Employment Services in South Africa: Assessing the Industry’s Economic Contribution’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

growth of the tertiary sector through the Finance and Business service sector that encompasses TES provider employment. Finally, the contribution of TES employment to GDP in comparison with other sectors of employment, is examined.

4. Youth Transitions from schooling to the labour market in South Africa: Characteristics, determinants and solutions

This LMIP study examines the choice faced by the youth: whether to continue with education along the education pipeline or to transition into the labour market. The research details the heterogeneous youth transition points across the educational system and into the labour market of South Africa, and provides a conceptualisation of the ‘education pipeline’. We then apply econometric analysis to unpack the factors determining both transitions from school to labour market and labour market outcomes.

5. The Role of Higher Education Institutions in Predicting Labour Market OutcomesThis research offers empirical estimates of the association between the type of higher education institution attended (college or university) and the probability of employment and level of earnings among graduates in the South African labour market. We find that an increase in years of schooling increases employment probability, and that there is a significant premium for individuals with higher education. Yet it is skills level, often measured by education level attained, which is a more important determinant of wage, relative to occupation. It is argued that skills inflation might be manifesting in increased selectivity in the employment of graduates, by criteria such as tertiary education qualification, and institution attended. Our results indicate that universities are associated with a higher conditional probability of employment and massive returns to earnings. The latter is positive in that racial discrimination has been eroded, but it does suggest that FET colleges require significant improvements to ensure higher employment outcomes and an increase in the returns to earnings of their graduates.Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. Kimani, E.M. (2015). The Role of Higher Education Institutions in Predicting Labour Market Outcomes. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

6. Higher Education, Employment and Economic Growth: Exploring the Interactions

The purpose of this research is to interrogate the impact and nature of SA’s post-apartheid economic growth performance through the lens of human capital investment with a particular emphasis on higher education. Neoclassical theory of endogenous growth suggests that education has a profound impact on an economy’s growth trajectory that may result in a derived labour-demand appetite for skilled labour. This pattern in turn becomes crucial in defining and characterising the returns to households and its members on the basis of their human capital attributes. Understanding the relationship and impact between education and growth at both levels is thus a vital lesson for making informed policy decisions about growth and welfare distribution. Results of this analysis show that the degree cohort contributes to economic growth and shares in economic growth gains with steady employment demand. In contrast, other higher education institutions, including ‘Further Education and Training’ (FET) colleges, do not productively contribute to economic growth. Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Tseng, D. (2014). ‘Higher Education, Employment and Economic Growth: Exploring the Interactions’: Development Southern Africa, 2016, LMIP Special Issue. FORTHCOMING.


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Research Highlights

Theme 1: JOBS cont. This research extends the analysis of labour demand trends to the 2001–

2012 period. We analysed skill-biased labour demand changes, through an examination of sectoral and occupational employment growth trends. We also considered whether between or within-sector forces play a greater role in the labour demand for workers in different occupations. This study examined broad labour market trends in South Africa with a focus on the nature of employment growth and the resulting impact on wages. Global competition, increasing capital intensity, the shrinkage of primary sector employment as well as technological change have all resulted in increasing skills intensity in the South African labour market. We would expect these changes to be associated with increasing wage premia for higher- skilled workers, as well as declining wage premia for workers in jobs that are affected by global competition and technological change. The quantile regression results show that – when controlling for age/experience, race and education – jobs that involve automated or routine tasks and those with an on-site component (largely lower- to medium-skilled jobs) have experienced a drop in wage levels over time across most of the income distribution. Thus, wage premia to occupational tasks appear to be influenced by structural changes such as technology and international competition.

Associated outputs and publications:• Bhorat, H., Goga, S, and Stanwix, B. (2013). Occupational Shifts and Shortages: Skills Challenges Facing the South African Economy. LMIP Report 1. • Bhorat, H., Oosthuizen, M. and Cassim, A. (2014). Occupational Shifts and Skills Challenges Facing the South African Economy. LMIP Policy Brief #3.

7. Occupational Shifts and Skills Challenges Facing the South African Economy

8. Growth, Employment and Skills: The New Growth Path RevisitedThis research uses the rubric of employment intensity and growth outlined in the New Growth Path framework to assess and understand the output growth implications of the job creation targets set in the NGP. We also provide some indication of the skills implications of the employment targets in the jobs drivers. We analyse the current structure of South Africa’s labour market; its output growth implications (based on the employment-output elasticities) of the job creation targets set in the NGP and an indication of the skills implications of the employment targets in the jobs drivers. Ultimately, our results suggest an improbability that the NGP will succeed as a policy due to a combination of issues such as slow economic growth, poor economic performances post-recession, low employment-output elasticity, ambitious employment targets and non-specific and non-implementation of the implicit structural policy that was aimed at transforming the employment and GDP creation from a largely tertiary based to a more secondary focused economy.Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. and Tian, N. (2014). Growth, employment and skills: The new growth path revisited. LMIP Report 3.

http://www.lmip.org.za/document/occupational-shifts-and-shortages-skills-challenges-facing-south-african-economy%0D

http://www.lmip.org.za/document/occupational-shifts-and-shortages-skills-challenges-facing-south-african-economy%0D

http://www.lmip.org.za/sites/default/files/documentfiles/LMIP%2520Policy%2520Brief%25203%2520web%2520final_0.pdf%0D


http://www.lmip.org.za/sites/default/files/documentfiles/HSRC%2520LMIP%2520Report%25203%2520Growth%2520Employment%2520and%2520Skills_1.pdf

http://www.lmip.org.za/sites/default/files/documentfiles/HSRC%2520LMIP%2520Report%25203%2520Growth%2520Employment%2520and%2520Skills_1.pdf


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Research highlights

This Zambia Labour Segmentation project proposes a multi-sector labour market model within the African context. Given the opaqueness and arguably, understated difficulties of dealing with activities such as unpaid family workers, household-earning employment units and so on – this empirical application is hopefully of some value-added use in trying to aid our understanding of labour markets in low-income country settings. We have attempted, through the lens of a proposed multi-sector labour model for Zambia, to provide a descriptive and econometric overview of the key contours of employment, unemployment and income on the basis of only the 2010 data. One observation, was that the Zambian labour market is characterized by very high levels of income inequality. This is driven within urban and rural areas, within the multiple sectors, within genders and age cohorts – rather than between them. The high Gini coefficients across the multiple sectors however, do suggest that highly skewed returns to labour are a key feature of this labour market. There can be no doubt that future time-series based analysis on future datasets could both enrich this work as well as test the veracity of our multi-sector model approach to the analysis of the Zambian labour market.

9. A Labour Market Overview of Zambia: A Multi-Sector Model Approach

This study examines the potential role of research in addressing the youth employment challenge in Zambia, focusing in particular on what evidence is needed to inform responsive policies and interventions. It overviews what is known about how youth are faring in today’s labour market; it identifies key stakeholders in the Zambian context, and the policy and program responses geared to equipping youth for success in the workplace. The study also attempted to assess the available data and identifies knowledge gaps with a view to informing an ongoing research programme in the area for Zambia.

10. Youth employment in Zambia: Taking stock of the evidence and knowledge gaps

11. Exchange Rates, Employment and Earnings: The Real Exchange Rate and Sectoral Employment in South Africa

This paper examines the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on sectoral employment in South Africa from 1975 to 2009. A major focus is how exchange rate fluctuations impact on employment in South Africa’s formal non-agricultural sector. Another relevant factor to consider is the impact skills have on the employment-exchange rate elasticity. Overall, following a real exchange rate appreciation, the results show strong support for a negative and significant employment decline in the tradable sector, limited evidence of a positive employment impact in the non-tradable sector and generally no effect on aggregate employment.Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Tian, N and Ellyne, M. (2014). The Real Exchange Rate and Sectoral Employment in South Africa. Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 201404. DPRU, University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

12. Understanding The Determinants of Africa’s Manufacturing MalaiseIn light of Africa’s recent growth performance over the past decade, there have been questions concerning the long-term sustainability of this growth. The question over sustainability emerges from the fact that the African growth trajectory has not followed the manufacturing-centred East Asian model of structural transformation.This research explored the extent to which African countries have undergone structural transformation, their potential for structural transformation, the extent to which their manufacturing sectors have grown, and the possible constraints to manufacturing growth.

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/DPRU%2520WP2014-04.pdf


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Research Highlights

Theme 2: LABOUR REGULATION AND LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS

The Unit has undertaken a significant quantum of research focusing on minimum wage issues, beginning in the early 2000s. More recent papers have, through the use of cutting-edge econometric techniques, explored the impact of sectoral minimum wage laws on employment, wages, contract coverage, and hours of work for a number of sectors in South Africa. Alongside this, the unit has produced original research on minimum wage enforcement and compliance, in an attempt to understand the enforcement process and assess its effects. This research focus continues to expand and the outputs include several reports, a number of working papers, summary pieces, and journal articles.

Minimum wages

This project offered a research agenda focused on: 1. A review of the international evidence on minimum wage systems, including the impact of minimum wages, with a strong focus on developing countries. This provides the backdrop for a detailed overview of how minimum wage policy currently operates in South Africa, and what the impact of the law has been, based on past studies. 2. An exploration of issues surrounding minimum wage setting. Following a discussion of the key questions this section would introduce a series of simulated scenarios for South Africa that outline the possible levels at which a national minimum wage could be set and what the resulting impacts would be in each case, focusing on a range of socio-economic outcomes. 3. Finally, an investigation of minimum wage enforcement and compliance in South Africa, providing a detailed picture of the enforcement landscape and some of the key challenges facing the inspectorate. In addition to administrative and household survey data this section would draw upon information from a recent survey of labour inspectors conducted by the DPRU.The report was commissioned by the Office of the Deputy President of South Africa, under the auspices of the Department: Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation (DPME).

1. Investigating Modalities for a National Minimum Wage: The Case for South Africa

In order to further explore the possibility of introducing a national minimum wage in South Africa, this Department of Labour funded research agenda was divided into three main sections:

Wage Formation in the South African Labour Market: A review of existing research on minimum wages and earnings in South Africa, this provides the backdrop for a detailed overview of how minimum wage policy currently operates in South Africa, and what the impact of the law has been in various sectors, based on past studies and policy-oriented research. We established the level of wages across different sectors, including those covered by Collective

2. Investigation into a National Minimum Wage for South Africa


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Research highlights

Bargaining Agreements, as well as establishing which workers remain excluded from any collective or sectoral agreements and the average wages earned by such workers. This overview was complemented by an investigation of the enforcement landscape, the extent of non-compliance, and some of the key challenges facing the inspectorate; also considering which cohort of the working population derives the most benefit.

The Impact of a National Minimum Wage: We explored the potential impact of a national minimum wage on key micro and macroeconomic variables, focusing on the sectors most likely to be impacted by the new law. We introduced a series of simulated scenarios for SA that outline the possible levels at which a national minimum wage could be set, the criteria used in each case, and what the resulting impacts would be. We drew on international best practice in terms of minimum wage setting and focused on a range of socio-economic outcomes as well as establishing potential impacts at different employment elasticities. In particular, the outcomes we focus on are: employment, wage impacts and income inequality, small firm adjustments, and the possible adjustment of the economy through indicators such as inflation. These key indicators will be considered at the aggregate, by sector and by age cohort to provide a detailed picture of the impacts a national minimum wage may have.

Implementing a National Minimum Wage: Drawing on the simulated scenarios and previous research, we discussed the costs and benefits of different levels at which the national minimum wage could be set. In addition, we discussed the relationship between a national minimum and existing sectoral determinations, possible exclusions by age or sector, potential rules for adjustments to the minimum wage over time, as well as relevant institutional mechanisms to implement and enforce a national minimum. We considered the possible phasing in of a minimum wage and whether there are viable alternatives to a minimum wage that would also provide greater income security to vulnerable workers.

3. Partial Minimum Wage Compliance

This research presents a simple model for partial minimum wage compliance and uses its predictions to structure an empirical investigation of the impact of introducing a minimum wage law for agricultural workers in South Africa. In many developing countries, a significant portion of the wage distribution is found below the legal minimum wage. In order to fully understand the nature of this non-compliance, we needed to compare the counterfactual wage distribution without the minimum wage law to the current wage distribution. Such a comparison could reveal partial compliance, where employers raise wages some of the way to the minimum wage, to balance out the benefits of non-compliance with the costs and penalties to the extent that they depend on the gap between the legal minimum wage and the wage actually paid. We find that partial compliance is indeed taking place and further, the lowest wages are being raised disproportionately, consistent with the predictions of the model.

There are three distinct components of this project: 1. The first involves the measurement of the enforcement of sectoral minimum wage laws in South Africa and an analysis of the causal effect of enforcement on compliance with minimum wage laws. This component of the study aims, through the use of a new empirical technique, to measure the incidence and depth of enforcement of sectoral minimum wage laws in South Africa. 2. The second attempts to understand in as much qualitative and quantitative detail as possible, the nature, role and functioning of the regulatory agencies involved in the monitoring and enforcement of minimum wage laws in South Africa. This component uses primary data in the form of a survey conducted of labour inspectors employed by the Department of Labour in South Africa. 3. Finally, the third component measures the impact of minimum wage laws on employment and other labour market outcomes using data from the South African Labour Force Survey from 2000 to 2007.

4. Understanding and measuring the enforcement of minimum wage laws: the case of South Africa


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Research Highlights

Theme 2: LABOUR REGULATION AND LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONScont.

Minimum wages cont.

This research applies the econometric methods of the new minimum wage literature to assess the impact of minimum wages on employment, wages and non-wage benefits for youth in South Africa. We find a statistically significant but small decline in youth employment in Agriculture. In addition, a small but significant increase in youth employed in Retail and the Taxi sector is observed. For the other sectors, we find no effect. There is a positive wage effect for young people in four of the six minimum wage sectors in our preferred estimation. At the intensive margin, hours of work were adjusted downward in three of the six minimum wage sectors and increased in the post-law period for one sector. It is only in one sector, Retail, where the law appears to have increased the probability of having a written employment contract. In addition, we measure minimum wage violation and find significant levels of non-compliance with the law for a large cohort of young people in South Africa.

6. Minimum Wages and Youth: The Case of South Africa

Whilst our agenda has in part focused on the role played by enforcement of the minimum wage on the impacts observed from this regulation, more recent evidence suggests a richer vein of research. In particular, our new work suggests that whilst employers may not comply with the law, they are not choosing between complying or not complying with the law, but rather may choose to partially comply with the law. Hence, empirically, in response to the minimum wage, firms may close the gap between the pre- minimum wage law and the minimum wage. This is a unique result we find for Agriculture in South Africa, and we hope to replicate this for other minimum wage sectors – possibly even for other African economies.

5. Compliance, Partial Compliance and the Role of Enforcement

This study built on ongoing work examining minimum wage enforcement within the Department of Labour (DoL) environment. Our study, using 2005 Labour Force Survey data, reconsiders the union wage gap controlling for both firm-level and job characteristics. When correcting for the endogeneity of union status through a two stage selection model and including firm size, type of employment, and non-wage benefits, we find a much lower union wage premium for African workers in the formal sector than premiums reported in some previous studies. Secondly, our study estimates bargaining council wage premiums for the private and public sectors. We find that extension procedures are present in both private and public bargaining council systems but that unions negotiate for additional gains for their members at the plant level. Furthermore, there is some evidence that unions negotiate for awards for their members in the private sector irrespective of bargaining council coverage.

7. The Role of Trade Unions and Bargaining Councils in Wage Formation in South Africa


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Research highlights

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Cassim, A., Kanbur, R., Stanwix, B. & Yu, D. (2016). Minimum Wages and Youth: The Case of South Africa, Journal of African Economies, 25 (suppl 1): i61-i102.

Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. & Stanwix, B. (2015). “Minimum Wages in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Primer”:• IZA Discussion Paper IZA DP No. 9204, July 2015. • GLM | LIC Working Paper No. 4. • Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 201503. DPRU, University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2015). Partial Minimum Wage Compliance. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, November, 4(18).

Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2014). Estimating the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment, Wages, and Non-wage Benefits: The Case of Agriculture in South Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 96, Issue 5. pp. 1402-1419.

Labour Market Institutions

This project makes use of a unique survey dataset of manufacturing firms in South Africa to investigate the returns to workplace training. It provides detailed descriptive and econometric insight into firm training behaviour and the individual returns to training. In addition, the survey data also includes firm-level data on training expenditure, the rationale for training, the choice of training institutions and the relationship to the regulatory sector skills authorities, which we use to estimate the determinants of training expenditure. This second estimation is interesting in the context of government subsidies to firms who provide training, and allows us to estimate the relationship between the value of the firm subsidy and the level of firm training.

8. The Returns to Training and the Determinants of Training Expenditure: The Case of Manufacturing Firms in SA

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. and Naidoo, K. (2015). ‘The Returns to Training and the Determinants of Training Expenditure: The Case of Manufacturing Firms in South Africa’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

Cassim, A., Naidoo, K., Pillay, K. and Steenkamp, F. (2015). ‘SETA Labour Market Survey Firm Case Studies’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This research examined a range of issues pertaining to the inspection and enforcement activities undertaken by the Department of Labour’s (DoL) Inspection and Enforcement Services (IES) unit, with a specific focus on the informal economy in the South Africa. The study examined the extent to which enforcement activities undertaken by the IES relate to informality in the labour market. The research discusses current labour market conditions, the role of the IES in the SA labour market, the challenges faced by the IES in their inspection and enforcement activities, measures taken to address issues of informality in the labour market, and explore linkages between the IES and other institutions with respect to enforcement activities.

9. Labour administration and labour inspection in the informal economy: The South African case

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Stanwix, B. and Steenkamp, F. (2015). ‘Labour Administration and Labour Inspection in the Informal Economy: The South African Case’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

http://jae.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_1/i61.abstract%20

http://ftp.iza.org/dp9204.pdf%20%20

http://ftp.iza.org/dp9204-glmlic4.pdf%20

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/Publications/Working_Papers/DPRU%2520WP201503.pdf%0D

http://www.izajold.com/content/4/1/18%0D

http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/27/ajae.aau049.abstract%3Fkeytype%3Dref%26ijkey%3Djvzqwu3ury2qTjl%0D

http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/27/ajae.aau049.abstract%3Fkeytype%3Dref%26ijkey%3Djvzqwu3ury2qTjl%0D


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Research Highlights

This project provides some evidence on how well the state’s National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) programme is working to affect skills acquisition. It offers an overview of the demographics and performance of NSFAS recipients at public universities over the period 2000-2012. This initial investigation has revealed that NSFAS successfully increased the number of recipients, and targeted historically disadvantaged individuals and women. While we emphasise that we have not documented a causal relationship, there is a positive correlation between the level of NSFAS funding a student receives and their performance.Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. and Pillay, N. (2015). ‘The National Student Financial Aid Scheme and the development of the higher education system in South Africa: a description of the demographics and performance of NSFAS beneficiaries’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This research focuses on the role of trade unions in South Africa’s economy, providing a historical overview of the South African trade union movement before and after the end of apartheid, followed by a discussion of the labor market legislation and institutions formed since 1994. Thereafter, the impact of trade unions and wage legislation on labor market outcomes in SA is analysed in detail. This includes a discussion on the political economy effects shaping South Africa’s employment relations in light of the tripartite structure of the ruling governmental party. We find that despite a long history in South Africa trade union membership levels, their impact on average wage levels, and indeed their pursuit of strike action has resulted in relatively benign economic impacts either within-country or when compared with other economies around the world. In the case of labor regulation, whilst there is strong evidence of a negative employment effect from the minimum wage, in the case of other sectoral minimum wage laws, there are no sufficiently compelling reasons here which explain the economy’s labor market disequilibria.

11. Trade Unions in an Emerging Economy: The Case of South Africa

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K. and Yu, D. (2014). “Trade Unions in an Emerging Economy: The Case of South Africa”:• Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Policies and Practices, edited by Justin Lin & Celestin Monga. • UNU-WIDER Working Paper, WP/2014/055, March, 2014. • DPRU Working Paper 201402. Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

Theme 2: LABOUR REGULATION AND LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONScont.

10. The National Student Financial Aid Scheme: A Descriptive Overview of Beneficiary Coverage & Performance

http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199687107.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199687107-e-040

http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/2014/en_GB/wp2014-055/

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/DPRU%2520WP2014-02.pdf


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Research highlights

Currently no data analysis and analytical work exists on strikes in South Africa – besides that collected by the Department of Labour and a simple restatement of these numbers by a few consulting firms and commentators. Ultimately, there remains no serious empirical analysis of strike intensity, strike incidence and the contribution of strike behaviour to overall losses in GDP for South Africa. Furthermore, the comparison of this data with other middle-income country estimates is not done at all for South Africa. It is precisely this analytical gap in the literature, with a view to improving our assessment and understanding of strike activity and behaviour in South Africa, which this new direction of research hopes to deliver on. It is precisely this analytical gap in the literature, with a view to improving our assessment and understanding of strike activity and behaviour in South Africa, which this new direction of research hopes to deliver on.

12. Strike Data and the Economic Impact of Strikes

Theme 3: Poverty and Inequality

This research provides a broad overview of the nature and pattern of inequality in Africa. A few key observations emerge. Firstly, on average, Africa has higher than average and median inequality when compared to the rest of the developing region. Secondly, a notable feature of inequality on the continent is the presence of seven economies exhibiting extremely high levels of inequality – the ‘African outliers’ – which also serve to drive this inequality differential with the rest of the developing world. Thirdly, over time, based on the available data, average levels of inequality have declined in Africa, driven mostly by the economies not classified as highly unequal. We also find, that when estimating the relationship between growth and inequality in Africa, for those countries with initially high levels of inequality, there is a stronger relationship between economic growth and inequality – a confirmation of the cross-country evidence outside of Africa.

1. Growth, Poverty and Inequality Interactions in Africa: An Overview of Key Issues

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K. and Pillay, K. (2015). ‘Growth, Poverty and Inequality Interactions in Africa: An Overview of Key Issues’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This research sets out to examine various components of social protection and labour programmes, namely, coverage, fiscal spending levels and transfer amounts, as they relate to reducing poverty and inequality across 34 Sub-Saharan African countries, for which data was available. Using various data and empirical methodologies our results determined that social assistance is far more prevalent than social insurance in Africa, with the former more likely to target the poor.

2. Social Protection and Inequality in Africa: Exploring the Interactions

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Cassim, A., Ewinyu, A., Magadla, S., Pillay, K and Steenkamp, F. (2016). ‘Social Protection and Inequality in Africa: Exploring the Interactions.’ Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.


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Research Highlights

Theme 3: Poverty and Inequalitycont.

The core aim of the study was to provide a poverty and inequality profile for South Africa for 2005 and 2010. Using the Growth Incidence Curve methodology, the growth in the expenditures of the poor relative to the rich over this period was evaluated. Our analysis of the nature of economic growth since 1995 suggests that despite positive economic growth, individuals at the top-end of the distribution have gained the most from the post-apartheid growth dividend. Indeed, what this suggests is that the country’s current democratic growth model is crafted around supporting incomes at the bottom-end of the distribution through an extensive social transfer programme, whilst offering few returns to those in the middle of the distribution. It is not evident, however, as South Africa enters its first post-1994 recession with declining tax revenues and rising fiscal deficits, whether such a growth model is indeed even desirable, or for that matter, sustainable.

4. Poverty and Inequality in South Africa: A Consideration of Trends

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. (2014). ‘Changes in Income Poverty and Inequality using Household Income Data: 1995 – 2010’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This project explores growth and inequality in Zambia, looking at what has been driving changes in inequality in the country over the last 15 years. There has been moderately high growth (similarly in Ghana for example), and some reduction in poverty, but inequality has increased. This research looks at why this has been the experience in Zambia utilising micro-data from Zambia and applying the standard techniques of growth-poverty analysis such as Growth Incidence Curves (GICs) and the estimation of poverty-growth elasticities.

5. Understanding Growth-Income Inequality Interactions in Zambia 1997-2010

This study provides an analysis of the shifts in non-income welfare that have occurred in South Africa between 1993 and 2004, estimating the extent to which non-income welfare has improved since democracy. The focus is on the public assets, measuring their delivery to the poor between 1993 and 2011. Through utilizing an approach for generating an asset index, namely factor analysis, both the reduction in the incidence of asset poverty as well as measures of the changes in asset inequality since 1993 will be estimated.

3. The Silent Success: Delivery of Public Assets since Democracy

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., van der Westhuizen, C. and Yu, D. (2014). The Silent Success: Delivery of Public Assets Since Democracy. Development Policy Research Unit Working Paper 201403. DPRU, University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/DPRU%2520WP2014-03.pdf%0D

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/DPRU%2520WP2014-03.pdf%0D


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Research highlights

This research looks at the relationship between rapid economic growth in many African countries and resource dependence. In particular, it explores how poverty and inequality outcomes differ across varying levels of resource dependence and makes an attempt to understand some of the key issues that emerge from high levels of dependence on extractive industries.

7. Resources & Inequality in Africa: Impact, Consequence & Potential Solutions

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Chelwa, G., Naidoo, K. and Stanwix, B. (2015). ‘Resources and Inequality in Africa: Impact Consequence and Potential Solutions’. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This project examines the changing nature of non-income welfare in post-apartheid South Africa. It focuses on an 18-year period, from 1993 to 2010, using information on both public and private assets, as well as education, to create a welfare measure based on principal components analysis. The study then compares the observed decline non-income household poverty to the changes in household income poverty over the same period, revealing that non-income poverty fell much more rapidly than income poverty.

6. Non-income Welfare and Inclusive Growth in South Africa

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H., Stanwix, B. and Yu, D. (2014) “Non-income Welfare and Inclusive Growth in South Africa”:• Brookings Institution, Africa Growth Initiative Working Paper #18, March 2015. • DPRU Working Paper 201407. Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

Theme 4: The Informal Sector

This project analyses the factors determining the performance of SMMEs in South Africa with specific focus on the role played by education and skills. A key output of the project was to provide policy guidance for skills development initiatives targeting the SMME sector. The results of our research show that formal education is a key factor driving SMME performance. Higher levels of education are associated with higher returns to self-employment, with returns being greatest for matric, post-matric and apprenticeship qualifications. Previous experience, marketing skills, accounting skills and IT skills positively affect firm performance. Given the importance of education and skills in determining firm performance, a number of policy recommendations are provided. However, these results must be considered in light of the fact that SMME performance is influenced by a wide range of factors (e.g. access to credit), and as such, policy interventions regarding skills should form part of a wider policy initiative aimed at enabling and supporting SMME growth in South Africa.

1. Role of Skills and Education in Predicting Micro-Enterprise Performance

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. and Steenkamp, F. (2015). The Role of Skills and Education in Predicting Micro-Enterprise Performance. Mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/03/nonincome-welfare-inclusive-growth-south-africa-bhorat-stanwix-yu%20



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Research Highlights

Theme 4: The Informal Sectorcont.

3. Impact of Risk-Mitigating Instruments on Informal Firms’ Performance

This ongoing project examines informality and inclusive growth in SA, in terms of poverty and inequality outcomes, GDP etc. The research investigates how informality impacts on growth outcomes, and interacts with the growth process. As part of the Evidence and Lessons from Latin America (ELLA) programme, comparative research will be conducted by paired Research Centres from Latin America and Africa. The DPRU was paired with Fedesarrollo of Colombia, with the specific aim of informing decision makers in South Africa, Colombia and more widely, on the issue of ‘Informality and Inclusive Growth’, based on comparative research on the two countries and more widely. The project explores how the transitions between unemployment, informality and formal employment might affect or promote inclusive growth at both individual and macroeconomic level, and to what extent these lessons can be applied to other countries in Africa and Latin America, understanding that this subject is very case-specific.

2. Informality and Inclusive Growth

Associated outputs and publications:Bhorat, H. and Naidoo, K. (2015). Exploring the Relationship between Crime-Related Business Insurance and Informal Firms’ Performance: A South African Case Study. mimeograph. Development Policy Research Unit. University of Cape Town: Cape Town.

This research aims to uncover how crime-related risks affect the business operations and growth of micro and informal enterprises in an urban township setting in South Africa. Against this backdrop, we examine the distribution of access to formal risk-mitigation instruments by micro and informal enterprises. Thereafter, a probit model is used to determine which firm characteristics make it more likely for the enterprise to have purchased formal business insurance. Following this, we make use of rigorous econometric techniques to evaluate the impact of access to formal business insurance on firm performance. A cursory examination of existing financial inclusion policies in South Africa will be conducted, and we will draw on the regulatory analysis in the first part of this research, in order to make policy recommendations on improving access to insurance for micro and informal enterprises.

This new study starts with a review of the current literature on informality, in particular transitions into informal employment from a state of unemployment, transitions from informal to formal employment and policy facilitating these transitions. We are also working on descriptive statistics on the characteristics of employment in the informal sector. The research includes an examination of informal sector employment in all its various forms. Included in the descriptive statistics are transitions matrices using NIDS waves 1 and 3. The transitions examine flows of employment between various types of informal sector employment as well as the unemployed, not economically

1. Vulnerability in the Labour Market

Theme 5: POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY


25

Research highlights

Theme 5: POPULATION AND THE ECONOMYcont.

Women have traditionally specialised in household production activities such as housework and care of children and elders, but these activities are not counted or valued in economic terms in measures that influence policy. This renders invisible much of the work that women do to enable others’ market productivity and the contributions they make to future productivity through unpaid human capital investments in children through care. Changing population age structures may impact on the aggregate amount of housework and care work required by society, as well as the distribution of this work across members of society by age and gender.This research builds on the work of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) project, which has successfully measured the age dimension of market-based production, consumption, government and family transfers, and saving through the work of a research network with member teams in over 40 countries. The project has developed and tested methodology to divide its current market-based estimates by gender, and to use time use survey information to add household production to its existing framework. The methodology leads to cross-sectional estimates for each country of average market- and household-based production, consumption, transfers, asset income and saving at each age by sex.

2. Counting Women’s Work/CWW

This research estimates National Transfer Accounts for South Africa for 2005 and describes the way in which the population consumes and how it finances its consumption, formally or informally, through work, assets and transfers. The research forms part of a five-country Africa project focussing on social protection in Africa through the lens of the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology. In turn, the Africa project forms part of a larger international research effort that aims to develop and refine the NTA methodology, while producing NTA estimates for as many countries around the world as possible.

3. Shaping Social Protection in Africa: Estimates of National Transfer Accounts for South Africa

active and formally employed. We’ve considered transitions for the overall sample, youth and gender. We intend to complete the remainder including an econometric analysis.

This research uses the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to analyse the demographic dividend that will arise as the South African population ages. We estimate the full set of National Transfer Accounts for South Africa for 2005, using a variety of data sources including household survey data, national accounts data and published administrative data. Based on these accounts, the demographic dividend will be quantified. Importantly, the policy implications of the preceding findings are explored, with a particular focus on how South Africa can capture and maximise the potential

4. Maximising South Africa’s Demographic Dividend


26

Research Highlights

Associated outputs and publications:• Oosthuizen, M. (2015). Bonus or mirage? South Africa’s demographic dividend, Journal of the Economics of Ageing 5: 14-22. • Ronald Lee et al. (inclu Oosthuizen, M.) (2014). Is low fertility really a problem? Population aging, dependency, and consumption, Science 346, 229 (2014); pp. 229-234. • Oosthuizen, M. (2014). The South African Generational Economy, Policy in Focus - National Transfers Account and the Intergenerational Economy, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth; United Nations Development Programme.

Theme 5: POPULATION AND THE ECONOMYCont.

OtherResearch

The Minister in the Presidency Responsible for Women commissioned the DPRU to develop a report on the status of women in the South African economy in March 2015. This was the first Government Report, and serves as a baseline document for the work to promote the socio-economic empowerment of women and gender equality. This report articulates the current situation, while providing insight into some of the trends that are discernible in the data on women in the South African economy. It provides a step towards building a reliable knowledge base and disaggregated data that will inform women’s socio-economic empowerment, and the advancement of gender equality in the country.

Status of Women in the South African Economy

Associated outputs and publications:Oosthuizen, M. et al (2015). Status of Women in The South African Economy. Prepared for the Dept. of Women: Minister in the Presidency Responsible for Women, August 2015.

An annual research report, PERO provides an objective review and analysis of past and estimated future economic growth and socio-economic development of the Western Cape. The DPRU has been involved since 2005, and annually contributes a chapter on the provincial labour market.

Provincial Economic Review & Outlook

Associated outputs and publications:PERO 2015; PERO 2014

benefits presented to it by its changing demographic composition over the coming decades.

The MERO is a companion study to its provincial counterpart, the PERO, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent economic performance of and outlook for the Western Cape economy at District / Municipal level. The Province hires the DPRU economist team to model data, that is not publically available, contributing to the Labour Market section of the report.

municipal Economic Review & Outlook

Associated outputs and publications:MERO 2015, MERO 2014

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212828X14000267%20%0D

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/229.full.pdf%20

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http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PIF30_National_Transfer_Accounts_and_Generational_Flows.pdf

http://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/Status_of_women_in_SA_economy.pdf%20

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/2015_pero_final_to_web_15_otober_2015.pdf

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/2014_pero_printers_2_october_2014_version_4_final_with_amendm.pdf

https://www.westerncape.gov.za/assets/departments/treasury/Documents/2015_mero_final_to_web_9_october_2015.pdf%20

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Research Publications & Outputs

Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles (DoE Accredited)

• Bhorat, H., Stanwix, B. and Tseng, D. (2014) Pro-poor growth and social protection in South Africa: Exploring the interactions, Development Southern Africa, Volume 31, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 219-240. February 2014. (Impact Factor: 0.557)

• Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2014). Estimating the Impact of Minimum Wages on Employment, Wages, and Non-wage Benefits: The Case of Agriculture in South Africa, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 96, Issue 5. Pp. 1402-1419. (Impact factor: 1.327)

• Ronald Lee et al. (inclu. Oosthuizen, M.) (2014). Is low fertility really a problem? Population aging, dependency, and consumption, Science 346, 229 (2014); pp. 229-234. (Impact Factor of 34.4)

• Oosthuizen, M. (2014). Bonus or Mirage? South Africa’s Demographic Dividend, The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Volume 5, April 2015, Pages 14–22. (Impact factor: 2.018)

• Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2015). Partial Minimum Wage Compliance, IZA Journal of Labor & Development.

• Bhorat, H., Cassim, A., Kanbur, R., Stanwix, B. & Yu, D. (2016). Minimum Wages and Youth: The Case of South Africa, Journal of African Economies. FORTHCOMING.

• Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Tseng, D. (2016). Higher Education, Employment, and Economic Growth: Exploring the interactions. Development Southern Africa, Special LMIP Issue. FORTHCOMING.

Chapters in Books

• Bhorat, H., Hirsch, A., Kanbur, R. and Ncube, M. (2014). “Economic policy in South Africa - past, present and future”, in the Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa, Oxford University Press, edited by Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur, and Mthuli Ncube. Chapter 1, pp: 1-25. ISBN: 978-0-19-968924-8.

• Oosthuizen, M. (2014). “Capturing South Africa’s demographic dividend” in the Oxford Companion to the Economics of South Africa, Oxford University Press, edited by Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur, and Mthuli Ncube. Chapter 28 pp. 231-235 ISBN: 978-0-19-968924-8.

• Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K. and Yu, D. (2014). “Trade Unions in an Emerging Economy: The Case of South Africa”, in the Oxford Handbook of Africa and Economics: Policies and Practices, edited by Justin Lin & Celestin Monga. Forthcoming June 2015.

• Bhorat, H. and Naidoo, K. (2015). “Africa’s Jobs Challenge”, in e-book: Africa at a Fork in the Road: Taking Off or Disappointment Once Again?, edited by E. Zedillo, O. Cattaneo and H. Wheeler. Published by the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization. ISBN 978-0-9779922-1-8. Chapter 9, pp. 145-162.

• Bhorat, H. (2015). “Growth, Employment Creation and Poverty Reduction: An Overview Evidence and Possible Applications to Africa” in ‘Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current and Emerging Issues’, Oxford University Press, edited by Erik Thorbecke and Andy McKay. FORTHCOMING.

• Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K., Oosthuizen, M. and Pillay, K. (2016). “Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa”, in Africa’s Lions: Growth Traps and Opportunities for Six African Economies, Brookings Press, edited by Haroon Bhorat and Finn Tarp. FORTHCOMING.

• Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Hirsch, A. (2016). “Policy co-ordination and growth traps in a middle-income country setting: The case of South Africa” in ‘The Practice of Industrial Policy’, edited by John Page and Finn Tarp, Oxford University Press. FORTHCOMING.

• Finn, A., Leibbrandt, M. and Oosthuizen, M. (2016). ‘Poverty, Inequality, and Prices in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, in “Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa”, edited by Channing Arndt, Andy McKay, and Finn Tarp. WIDER Studies in Development Economics. Oxford University Press, FORTHCOMING.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2013.878242%23.UvjAe4XMZky%20

http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/27/ajae.aau049.abstract%3Fkeytype%3Dref%26ijkey%3Djvzqwu3ury2qTjl

http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/27/ajae.aau049.abstract%3Fkeytype%3Dref%26ijkey%3Djvzqwu3ury2qTjl

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/229.full.pdf%20%0D

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6206/229.full.pdf%20%0D

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212828X14000267%20

http://www.izajold.com/content/4/1/18

http://jae.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/suppl_1/i61.abstract%20

https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-companion-to-the-economics-of-south-africa-9780199689248%3Fcc%3Dza%26lang%3Den%26



http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/assets/downloads/africa.pdf

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DPRU Working Papers• WP 201401 - Economic Policy in South Africa: Past Present and FutureAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Alan Hirsch, Ravi Kanbur and Mthuli NcubeDate of Publication: July 2014

• WP 201402 - Trade Unions In An Emerging Economy: The Case Of South AfricaAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Karmen Naidoo and Derek YuDate of Publication: July 2014

• WP 201403 - The Silent Success: Delivery of Public Assets Since DemocracyAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Carlene van der Westhuizen and Derek Yu Date of Publication: July 2014

• WP 201404 - The Real Exchange Rate and Sectoral Employment in South AfricaAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Nan Tian and Mark Ellyne Date of Publication: December 2014

• WP 201405 - The Urban Informal Sector in Francophone Africa:Large Versus Small Enterprises in Benin, Burkina Faso and SenegalAuthor/s: Aly Mbaye, Nancy Benjamin, Stephen Golub and Jean-Jacques EkomieDate of Publication: December 2014

• WP201407 - Non-Income Welfare And Inclusive Growth In South AfricaAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Benjamin Stanwix and Derek YuDate of Publication: December 2014

• WP 201503 - Minimum Wages in Sub-Saharan Africa: A PrimerAuthor/s: Haroon Bhorat, Ravi Kanbur and Ben StanwixDate of Publication: June 2015

• WP 201504 - Can Africa Compete with China in Manufacturing? The Role of Relative Unit Labor CostsAuthor/s: Janet Ceglowski, Stephen Golub, Aly Mbaye and Varun PrasadDate of Publication: October 2015

All DPRU Working Papers are available at: http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/working-papers

Collaborative Working Papers• Cornell University: Bhorat, H., Hirsch, A., Kanbur, R. and Ncube, M. Economic Policy in South Africa: Past Present and Future, Cornell University Working Paper WP 2014-08. January 2014.

• UNU-WIDER: Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K. and Yu, D. (2014). Trade unions in an emerging economy: The case of South Africa, UNU-WIDER Working Paper, WP/2014/055, March 2014.

• UNU-WIDER: Bhorat, H. Goga, S., Stanwix, B. (2014). Skills-biased labour demand and the pursuit of inclusive growth in South Africa, UNU-WIDER Working Paper: WP/2014/130, October 2014.

• UNU-WIDER: Finn, A., Leibbrandt, M. and Oosthuizen, M. (2014). Poverty, inequality, and prices in post-apartheid South Africa, UNU-WIDER Working Paper, WP/2014/127, October 2014.

• UNU-WIDER: Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Hirsch, A. (2014). Policy co-ordination and growth traps in a middle-income country setting: The case of South Africa, UNU-WIDER Working Paper: WP/2014/155, November 2014.

• Brookings/AGI: Bhorat, H., Stanwix, B. and Yu, D. (2015). Nonincome welfare and inclusive growth in South Africa, Brookings Institution, Africa Growth Initiative Working Paper #18, March 2015.

• IZA Discussion Paper: Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2015). Minimum Wages in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Primer, IZA Discussion Paper Series IZA DP No. 9204, July 2015.

• GLM | LIC Working Paper: Bhorat, H., Kanbur, R. and Stanwix, B. (2015). Minimum Wages in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Primer, GLM | LIC Working Paper No. 4.

• UNU-WIDER: Bhorat, H., Naidoo, K., Oosthuizen, M. and Pillay, K. (2015). Demographic, employment, and wage trends in South Africa, WIDER Working Paper 141/2015; UNU-WIDER.

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/DPRU%2520WP2014-01.pdf%20

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http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/Publications/Working_Papers/DPRU%2520WP201503.pdf

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http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/working-papers

http://dyson.cornell.edu/research/researchpdf/wp/2014/Cornell-Dyson-wp1408.pdf%0D

http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/2014/en_GB/wp2014-055/%0D






http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/03/nonincome-welfare-inclusive-growth-south-africa-bhorat-stanwix-yu%0D

http://ftp.iza.org/dp9204.pdf

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https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/demographic-employment-and-wage-trends-south-africa

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DPRU Policy Briefs

• PB14/31 - Combining Educational Access and Educational Quality into a Single StatisticAuthor/s: Nicholas Spaull and Stephan Taylor

• PB14/32 - Job Destruction and Minimum Wage-Setting in the South African Clothing IndustryAuthor/s: Nicoli Nattrass and Jeremy Seekings

• PB14/34 - China, Africa, Agriculture and Labor MarketsAuthor/s: Deborah Bräutigam

• PB14/35 - Localization of Chinese Investments in AfricaAuthor/s: Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong

• PB14/36 - How the Private Sector is Changing Chinese Investment in AfricaAuthor/s: Xiaofang Shen

• PB14/37 - Beyond Statistics: A qualitative look at the employment effects in the Chinese trade clusters of Ghana and SenegalAuthor/s: Karsten Giese

• PB14/38 - Africa’s Employment Challenge and the Role of Agriculture: Is China a Player? A Author/s: Review of Chinese Initiatives in Rural AfricaAuthor/s: Ward Anseeuw, Jean-Jacques Gabas and Bruno Losch

• PB14/39 - Reflecting On Racial Discrimination In The Post-Apartheid South African Labour MarketAuthor/s: Karmen Naidoo, Ben Stanwix and Derek Yu

• PB14/40 - The Competitive Effects of China on the South African Manufacturing SectorAuthor/s: Lawrence Edwards and Rhys Jenkins

• PB14/41 - Productivity, Jobs, And Growth In Africa: Six Pieces Of The PuzzleAuthor/s: Vijaya Ramachandran

• PB14/42 - An Open African Data Approach to Improving Data QualityAuthor/s: Lynn Woolfrey

• PB15/43 - Labour and Unemployment in South Africa: Notes Towards a “Grand Bargain” Author/s: Ravi Kanbur

• PB 15/44 - Informality and Inclusive Growth in Sub-Saharan AfricaAuthor/s: Aalia Cassim, Kezia Lilenstein, Morne Oosthuizen and Francois Steenkamp

All DPRU Policy Briefs are available at: http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/policy-briefs

Non peer-reviewed Journals and Reports• Bhorat, H. (2014). Compliance with minimum wage laws in developing countries, IZA World of Labour, August 2014.

• Bhorat, H. and Tian, N. (2014). Growth, employment and skills: The new growth path revisited, LMIP Report 3.

• Bhorat, H., Cassim, A. and Tseng, D. (2014). Higher Education, Employment, and Economic Growth: Exploring the interactions, LMIP Report 5.

• Bhorat, H., Oosthuizen, M. and Cassim, A. (2014). Occupational Shifts and Skills Challenges Facing the South African Economy, LMIP Policy Brief #3.

• Bhorat, H. and Hirsch, A. (2014). South Africa: Perspectives on Divergence and Convergence, Think Tank 20, Growth Convergence, and Income Distribution: The Road from the Brisbane G-20 Summit. Brookings, pp. 161-168. November 2014.

• Oosthuizen, M. (2014). The South African Generational Economy, Policy in Focus - National Transfers Account and the Intergenerational Economy, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth; United Nations Development Programme (ISSN: 2318-8995).

https://www.jobsknowledge.org/TheDigest/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx%3FID%3D91%20%0D

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http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/36/Publications/Policy_Briefs/DPRU%2520PB%252015_44.pdf

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/policy-briefs

http://wol.iza.org/articles/compliance-with-minimum-wage-laws-in-developing-countries%0D

http://www.lmip.org.za/sites/default/files/documentfiles/HSRC%2520LMIP%2520Report%25203%2520Growth%2520Employment%2520and%2520Skills_0.pdf%20

http://www.lmip.org.za/document/higher-education-employment-and-economic-growth-exploring-interactions%09%0D


http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Interactives/2014/thinktank20/chapters/tt20%2520south%2520africa%2520divergence%2520convergence%2520bhorat%2520hirsch.pdf

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• JJN & DPRU (2014). South Africa’s Employment Tax Incentive: Can a wage subsidy tackle the world’s third highest youth unemployment rate? Just Jobs Network Report, October 2014.

• Oosthuizen, M. et al (2015). Status of Women in The South African Economy, Prepared for the Dept. of Women: Minister in the Presidency Responsible for Women, August 2015.

• Cassim, A., Jourdan, B. and Pillay, K. (2015). The Misunderstood Minimum Wage: The Case of South Africa, in Global Wage Debates: Politics or Economics, Just Jobs Network Report, September 2015, Chapter 4 pp.65-77.

DPRU Blogs:

• Brookings: Africa In Focus: South Africa’s Welfare Success Story I: A Rapid Asset Delivery Program. By Haroon Bhorat and Aalia Cassim. 24 January 2014.

• Brookings: Africa In Focus: South Africa’s Welfare Success Story II: Poverty-Reducing Social Grants. By Haroon Bhorat and Aalia Cassim. 27 January 2014. • Brookings: Africa In Focus: South Africa’s Strike Data Revisited. By Haroon Bhorat and David Tseng. 2 April 2014.

• Brookings: Africa In Focus: Sub-Saharan Africa’s Twin Jobs Challenge. By Haroon Bhorat and Karmen Naidoo. 27 June 2014.

• Brookings: Africa In Focus: The State of Youth Unemployment in South Africa. By Morné Oosthuizen and Aalia Cassim. 15 August 2014. • Brookings: Africa In Focus: Obstacles to Convergence in South Africa. By Haroon Bhorat and Aalia Cassim (and Alan Hirsch). 3 December 2014.

• Brookings: Foresight Africa: The Pursuit of Inclusive Growth in South Africa - Constraints and Opportunities. By Haroon Bhorat and Morne Oosthuizen. 29 January 2015.

• Brookings: Africa In Focus: Inequality in Africa: Implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. By Haroon Bhorat. 22 September 2015.

DPRU Annual ReportsThe Development Policy Research Unit’s Annual Reports* are available as downloadable pdfs from: http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/annual-reports

A limited number of hard copies are also available on request. Please contact: [email protected]

* Please note that Annual Reports prior to 2008 are not available online, but are available on CD and/or as hard copies from the DPRU’s archive library.

http://justjobsnetwork.org/wp-content/pubs/reports/Overcoming%2520the%2520Youth%2520Employment%2520Crisis.pdf%20%0D

http://justjobsnetwork.org/wp-content/pubs/reports/Overcoming%2520the%2520Youth%2520Employment%2520Crisis.pdf%20%0D

www.women.gov.za/attachments/article/92/STATUS%2520OF%2520WOMEN%2520IN%2520THE%2520SOUTH%2520AFRICAN%2520ECONOMY%2520.pdf%0D

http://justjobsnetwork.org/wp-content/pubs/reports/Joint%2520Report%25202015.pdf%0D

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/24-south-africa-welfare-success-bhorat-cassim%23sthash.eZYc9Qk9.dpuf

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/27-south-africa-welfare-poverty-bhorat%23%20%20

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/03/31-south-africa-strikes-bhorat%20%20%0D

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http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/08/15-youth-unemployment-south-africa-oosthuizen%23.U_G45Sv9DuI.facebook%20

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/12/02-obstacles-convergence-south-africa-bhoratForesight%20Africa%20

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2015/01/29-inclusive-growth-south-africa-bhorat-oosthuizen%0D

http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2015/09/22-inequality-africa-sustainable-development-goals-bhorat%0D

http://www.dpru.uct.ac.za/annual-reports

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