AnnuAl RepoRt 2009 - International Geosphere-Biosphere ... · Published by IGBP Secretariat The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Box 50005 SE-104 05, Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

AnnuAl RepoRt 2009

www.igbp.net

Published byIGBP SecretariatThe Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesBox 50005SE-104 05, StockholmSwedenTel: +46 8 16 64 48www.igbp.net

An electronic copy (PDF) of the IGBP Annual Report 2009 is available on the IGBP website.

Editors: Owen Gaffney, Ninad Bondre

Graphic Designer: Hilarie Cutler

Cover photographs: iStockphoto.com: Tammy616, Lucyna Koch, Yenwen Lu, Randy Plett

Printed by Bergs Grafiska, Stockholm, to the official Nordic Ecolabelling criteria.

Readers may view, browse and/or download material for temporary copying purposes only, provided these uses are for non-commercial personal purposes. Except as provided by law, this material may not be further reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, adapted, performed, displayed, published, or sold in whole or in part, without prior written permission from the publisher.

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ContentsGlobal-change research page 1

The year in review page 4

Highlights page 6

Fast-track initiatives page 38

Communications page 44

Partnerships page 48

National committees and regional alliances page 50

IGBP community page 58

Publications page 63

Financial page 69

Acronyms page 73

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Global-ChanGe ReseaRCh

Humanity is now the prime driver of change at the planetary scale. An

internationally coordinated global-change research effort is essential to understand how the Earth system functions and how humans are changing it.

The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme’s (IGBP) research focuses on the Earth’s biological, chemical and physical processes, the links between them and how human activities affect them.

The programme, which began in 1987, is sponsored by the International Council for Science (ICSU). IGBP research is organised around: large projects representing the Earth system – the land, atmosphere, oceans and their interfaces (land-atmosphere, atmosphere-ocean and land-ocean); integration and modelling of the whole Earth system, including societies past and present; and past climate change.

We help coordinate and drive joint projects with our international partners on the carbon cycle, water cycle, food security, and the environment and human health; and we sponsor projects such as the International Nitrogen Initiative.

IGBP is a world-class provider of expertise, coordination and communication.

Core projects*• Analysis, Integration and Modelling

of the Earth System (AIMES)

• Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)

• Global Land Project (GLP)

• International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC)

• Integrated Land Ecosystem–Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS)

• Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)

• Land-Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)

• Past Global Changes (PAGES)

• Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)

* see page 48 for co-sponsors

Joint projects and studies**• Climate Change, Agriculture

and Food Security (CCAFS)

• Global Carbon Project (GCP)

• Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GCAFS)

• Global Environmental Change and Human Health (GECHH)

• Global Water System Project (GWSP)

• Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START)

• Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study (MAIRS)

** with ESSP partners

Major endorsed projects• African Monsoon Multidisciplinary

Analysis (AMMA)

• International Nitrogen Initiative (INI)

• Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI)

Fast-track initiatives• Upper-Ocean Nutrient Limitation:

processes, patterns and potential for change (2009-2011) in collaboration with Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR)

• Regionalisation of the Nitrogen Visualisation Tool (2009-2011)

• Megacities and the Coastal Zone: air-sea interactions (2009-2011)

• Plant Functional Classification (2006-2009) in collaboration with DIVERSITAS

• The planet in 2050 (2006-2008)

• Past Ocean Acidification (2005-2008) with SCOR

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IGBP's global network includes 29 international project offices, including their nodal offices, and 74 national committees.

Global-chanGe ReseaRch

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the YeaR in Review

By far the most significant event in 2009 was the UN’s climate negotiations in

Copenhagen – the Conference of the Parties. This was the UN’s largest summit on climate change. A foundation for the negotiation was the coordinated and integrated research led by the four global-change programmes and our Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP).

Six months before the conference, IGBP presented recent global-change findings to the UN’s Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). The body advises the UN on climate research. It meets twice a year and IGBP is now a regular contributor to these meetings.

At the negotiations, IGBP launched the Climate-Change Index. The index brings together four of the most important Earth-system parameters that humans are changing: temperature, carbon dioxide, sea-level rise and summer Arctic sea ice. The index will be released annually.

We held several side events at the conference, including an event co-sponsored by the US State Department calling for a global nitrogen assessment.

We continue to work closely with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The panel is currently producing a special report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate-change adaptation. Two IGBP officers (Carlos Nobre and Pauline Dube) will act as coordinating lead authors on this report. In addition we held two major workshops with IPCC and other partners, notably the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and ESSP to address knowledge gaps and adaptation to climate change in developing countries.

Recently, scientists from IGBP’s Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES) have helped lead the development of the next generation of scenarios for climate-change research and assessment. These new scenarios, created with WCRP and others, are an essential component of the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report.

After more than 20 years, the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) project drew to a close in 2009. The programme has had a long and successful history. Among many highlights, GLOBEC has helped define an ecosystems approach to fisheries management. This was a specific challenge set to the international research community by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization in 2001 in the Reykjavik Declaration.

Global-change research has progressed rapidly in the last ten years. The time is now right for IGBP to embark on a second synthesis. The synthesis will have at its heart the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, their interactions with each other and their interactions with society. It will aim to be as inspirational, influential and policy-relevant as IGBP’s first synthesis, Global Change and the Earth System, published in 2004.

We, along with our partner programmes, have initiated a global-change open science conference, Planet Under Pressure: New knowledge towards solutions to communicate and discuss developments in global-change research. The 2012 conference will be designed to form part of the scientific input into the 2012 Earth Summit.

During 2009, we began updating the IGBP vision to accommodate the many developments in global-change and

sustainability research over the last decade. Part of developing the new vision was full participation in the International Council for Science’s (ICSU) process to develop a new vision for internationally coordinated Earth-system science.

At the forefront of our minds is IGBP’s mission to understand the Earth system, understand human interaction with the Earth’s natural processes and inform the governance systems tasked with developing management options at the Earth-system level. One of our main roles is foresight. We aim to provide advance warning of future challenges. For example, new technologies will likely transform the global economy and society. But what are the consequences of technologies such as nanotechnology and new agricultural techniques for the planet’s natural systems?

Finally, we hope the coming year will see closer integration of all research communities investigating global change.

IGBP Chair Carlos Nobre and Executive Director Sybil Seitzinger,

June 2010.

Generous support from over 70 nations ensures the continued success of IGBP. We particularly thank the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which has hosted IGBP’s secretariat for 23 years, and the many nations hosting IGBP’s international project offices and regional offices: Brazil, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK and US.

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The coming year will see a vision for closer

integration.

Executive Director Sybil Seitzinger IGBP Chair Carlos Nobre

The YeaR in Review

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iGbP Climate-ChanGe indexRecent articles in the media show many people, including journalists and politicians, struggle to comprehend the reason why climate scientists are so concerned about current climate trends. At the Copenhagen climate negotiations (COP15) in December 2009, IGBP launched the IGBP Climate-Change Index to help address this issue.

The index, which will be updated annually, brings together four key components of Earth’s climate system representing the land, atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere: global average surface temperatures on land, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, the Arctic sea-ice minimum and global average sea

level. The underlying trend in each individual parameter can be difficult to see. But when the parameters are brought together, a clear pattern emerges: planetary-scale change is rapid and it is in one direction. The index has been backdated to 1980, and we plan to take it further back in time.

IGBP has produced a series of graphics to illustrate the index, a two-minute film on YouTube and a pocket-sized leaflet. IGBP held a press conference at COP15 and gave presentations about the index at the COP15 Climate Kiosk.

IGBP plans to develop the index into a global-change index in the coming years.

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The IGBP Climate-Change Index brings together four key components of Earth’s climate system: global average surface temperatures on land, atmospheric carbon-dioxide levels, the Arctic sea-ice minimum

and global average sea level. It will be published annually.

Some people still struggle to comprehend why scientists are so

concerned about climate trends.

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Back in 2004, IGBP published its first synthesis, Global Change and the Earth

System: a planet under pressure. This widely cited synthesis has had considerable influence and showed that humans are now the primary driver of change at the planetary scale. Now IGBP is preparing its second synthesis. Through a series of consultations with IGBP’s main decision-making bodies and partners, IGBP has identified areas in Earth-system science most requiring synthesis. The synthesis will inform policy and pinpoint the knowledge gaps for further exploration.

The themes under discussion are: nitrogen and climate; geoengineering impacts; global

environmental change and sustainable development: the needs of least developed nations; megacities in the coastal zone; changing aerosols in the Earth system; air pollution and climate; Earth-system impacts from changes in the cryosphere; the role of land cover and land use in modulating climate; the role of changing nutrient loads in coastal zones and the open ocean in an increased-CO2 world; and acting on adaptation to global environmental change.

Many of the synthesis themes will be highlighted at the Global Change Open Science Conference in 2012, Planet Under Pressure: New knowledge towards solutions.

Planet undeR PRessuRe ii: iGbP’s seCond sYnthesis

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One theme of the second IGBP synthesis will be the impact on the Earth system of proposed geoengineering solutions for slowing climate change.

IGBP has identified the areas in Earth-system science

most requiring synthesis.

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CoPenhaGen Climate neGotiations

In the lead up to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change Conference of the Parties (COP15) in Denmark, December 2009, IGBP presented recent global-change findings to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). The body advises the Conference of the Parties on matters of climate, the environment, technology and method. It meets twice a year and IGBP now regularly contributes to these meetings.

In March 2009, a workshop was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, focusing on new science directions and activities relevant to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report. The workshop was jointly sponsored by IPCC, IGBP and the World Climate Research Programme.

In November 2009, IGBP, the Earth System Science Partnership and IPCC jointly sponsored a workshop in Brazil on impact, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change in the developing world. The

workshop, convened by IGBP Chair Carlos Nobre, brought together leading researchers from the developing world to discuss research requirements. The meeting, which was organised by IGBP’s regional office in Brazil, concluded that much stronger networks of researchers in the southern hemisphere would be “invaluable” to IPCC.

At COP15, IGBP organised a full programme of activities. We jointly sponsored two side events: the Global Nitrogen Initiative event with the US State Department and others, and an event on adaptation to climate change with the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). The latter included a presentation on the recently released global carbon budget.

At the conference, IGBP launched the climate-change index and the new Global Change magazine. IHDP and IGBP managed a booth and IGBP Executive Director Sybil Seitzinger gave several presentations at the Climate Kiosk.

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UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon during the closing press conference of the Copenhagen climate negotiations, COP15.

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2008 Global CaRbon budGet

In December 2009, IGBP’s joint project, the Global Carbon Project, published the 2008

global carbon budget. The budget showed that global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning had grown two percent compared with 2007. The global economic downturn explains the relatively modest growth in emissions.

This increase brought the atmospheric CO2 concentration to 385 ppm in 2008, 38 percent above the concentration at the start of the industrial revolution (about 280 ppm in 1750). The present concentration is the highest for at least two million years.

China and the US remain the biggest emitters. Emissions in developing countries are increasing fastest. Developed countries generally show steady emissions for the last decade, with the increase in some countries compensated by the decrease in others. About one quarter of the recent growth in emissions in developing countries resulted from the increase in international trade of goods and services produced in developing countries but consumed in developed countries.

The researchers, led by Corinne Le Quéré from the UK’s University of East Anglia and

the British Antarctic Survey, and Co-chair of the Global Carbon Project, showed that land- use change was responsible for estimated net emissions of 1.5 Pg C per year over the last 15 years. In 2008, estimated emissions declined to 1.2 Pg C. This result was explained by lower than average deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon and wet La Niña conditions in South-east Asia limiting fire use for deforestation.

Natural land and ocean CO2 sinks removed 57 percent of all CO2 emitted from human activities between 1958 and 2008. During this period the size of the natural sinks has likely grown but at a slower pace than emissions have grown. Although the uncertainties in this analysis are large, this result would imply a decline in the efficiency of the sinks in removing atmospheric CO2 , a trend expected to continue in the future.

The Global Carbon Project was set up in 2001 and is part of the Earth System Science Partnership, a partnership of the four international global-change programmes, including IGBP.

Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature Geoscience 2: 831-836 (2009), doi:10.1038/ngeo689.

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The 2008 global carbon budget showed a likely decline in efficiency of the planet’s natural carbon sinks, the oceans and land.

The global economic downturn explains the relatively modest

growth in emissions.

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thRee QuaRteRs of woRld’s majoR deltas sinkinG

Half a billion people live on the world’s deltas. Now, these people face

multiple threats of rising sea levels, erosion, sedimentation, inundation and subsidence. Scientists working on IGBP’s Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone project (LOICZ) reported in the journal Nature Geoscience that 24 out of the world’s 33 major deltas are sinking.

In some deltas the land is sinking faster than sea level is rising. It seems dams and levees are to blame for much of the subsidence, along with mining, water extraction, sediment compaction and other human activity. Additionally, 85 percent of these deltas have suffered severe flooding in recent years.

The research was supported by targeted work by LOICZ and the Global Water System Project on the vulnerability of deltas. It was led by Professor James Syvitski from the University of Colorado who is directing a $4.2 million research project. The project, funded

by the US National Science Foundation, involves hundreds of researchers around the world. Syvitski is lead author of the LOICZ report “Dynamics and vulnerability of delta systems”, also published in 2009.

This work contributes directly to LOICZ’s research question: what environmental risks are arising from socio-economic and natural change?

April 2009 saw the launch of a LOICZ affiliated project, KnowSeas, or Knowledge-based management of Europe’s seas. The European Commission Framework 7 project is a high-profile marine policy initiative involving 15 countries. It uses LOICZ’s approach to social-ecological assessment and modelling.

Sinking deltas due to human activities. Nature Geoscience 2: 681–686 (2009) doi:10.1038/ngeo629

Dynamics and vulnerability of delta systems. LOICZ reports and studies 35.

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The land is sinking faster than sea level is rising in some deltas.

The Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal. Subsidence largely due to dams and levees is causing many of the world’s largest deltas to sink. Worldwide, half a billion

people live on deltas. This image was acquired by Landsat 7.Im

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new aPPRoaCh to GReenhouse Gas emissions sCenaRios

Scientists have published a new set of emissions pathways to the end of the

century. The pathways were commissioned by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its Fifth Assessment Report. They feature significant improvements on previous scenarios; notably, they include mitigation options and also allow for emissions peaking then falling.

Four pathways, known as representative concentration pathways or RCPs, range from a steady growth in emissions – the business-as-usual trajectory – to substantial emissions cuts and large-scale behavioural change.

An international team coordinated the effort led by IGBP projects AIMES and IGAC

(Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System and International Global Atmospheric Chemistry) and the World Climate Research Programme.

The RCPs indicate the change in radiative forcing of the lower atmosphere as a result of rising greenhouse gases.

RCP development contributes directly to the third theme of the AIMES science plan: applied Earth-system science. This sets out a challenge to translate research into usable products for decision-makers.

The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463: 747-756 (2010), doi:10.1038/nature08823.

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A R C T I C O C E A N

Four plausible global pathways for anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. The new pathways, known as representative concentration pathways, have been developed for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change Fifth Assessment Report.

Emissions scenarios now include mitigation options.

Radiative forcing (W/m2)

*Atmospheric CO2 equivalent (parts per million)

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6 850

4.5 650

2.6 490

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inteRGlaCial diveRsitY

Earth’s climate has gradually cooled over the last three million years. Sea levels have

dropped, polar ice sheets expanded. But periodically the long ice ages make way for brief relatively warm periods, or interglacials, like the current period.

The appearance of these interglacials is governed by predictable cyclical changes in astronomical variables such as the tilt of Earth’s rotational axis. Then why do interglacials vary so much in terms of duration and climate?

A team of researchers from IGBP’s Past Global Changes (PAGES) project has compiled palaeoclimate data to record characteristics of interglacials over the last 800,000 years.

The paper, published in the journal Nature Geoscience, says: “The occurrence of interglacials with differing characteristics is an intriguing aspect of the ice ages that raises fundamental questions about the Earth’s climate.”

By examining the long record, the team, led by Professor Chronis Tzedakis from the University of Leeds, UK, has revealed intriguing diversity among interglacials in terms of their intensity, duration and internal variability. The research shows “broad distinctions between warmer interglacials with higher CO

2 values

and sea-level maxima as high as or higher than today, and cooler interglacials with lower CO

2 concentrations and moderate sea-

level maxima”. The researchers also show the possibility that “both intensity and duration of warmth can vary with geographical location and that specific regions respond differently to any global integration.”

The research directly addresses specific PAGES’s research questions: how did the main forcing factors vary in the past? How sensitive was the climate system to these forcings?

Interglacial diversity. Nature Geoscience 2: 751-755 (2009), doi: 10.1038/ngeo660

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Interglacial diversity over 800,000 years. Ice ages and interglacials in this period are governed by changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun. Graph a: obliquity: axial tilt. Graph b: atmospheric CO2 concentration. Graph c: ocean oxygen isotope record – an approximation of continental ice/sea level.

Figure courtesy Chronis Tzedakis.

Intriguing diversity exists among interglacials.

Most recentinterglacial

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2000 YeaR aRCtiC Climate ReCoRd shows halt of steadY

CoolinG tRend

Lake sediments show how the Arctic climate has cooled in the last 2000 years.

The results, backed up by tree-ring data and ice cores, show a dramatic reverse of this cooling trend since 1950. Four of the five warmest decades of the last 2000 years have occurred between 1950 and 2000.

The authors, part of the Past Global Changes (PAGES) project, suggest the data are consistent with the Community Climate System Model. The model identifies the steady reduction in Arctic summer insolation – the amount of energy Earth receives from the sun – as the cause of the cooling. Insolation varies as Earth’s tilt and orbit around the sun changes.

“Orbitally driven summer insolation continued to decrease through the 20th century, implying that summer temperatures should have continued to cool,” say the researchers, led by Professor Darrell Kaufman of Northern Arizona University.

“Instead, the shift to higher temperatures during the 20th century reversed the millennial scale cooling trend,” added the geologist.

The results contribute to PAGES’s science plan, which outlines the need for more regional temperature reconstructions for the last two millennia.

Recent warming reverses long-term Arctic cooling. Science 325: 1236–1239 (2009), doi 10.1126/science.1173983

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Arctic temperature. A dramatic temperature rise in the 20th century reversed a 2000-year cooling trend in the Arctic. Figure courtesy Darrell Kaufman. Modified after Kaufman et al. (2009).

Summer temperatures should have continued to cool.

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vehiCle emissions ContRols needed in meGaCities

The benefits of simultaneously tackling air quality and climate change in megacities

are too great to ignore, according to US and Chinese researchers working on IGBP's International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project. David Parrish from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Tong Zhu from Peking University argued in the journal Science that some of the first megacities like Los Angeles could teach other megacities how to reduce pollution.

Over half of the world’s population lives in cities. Nineteen cities have populations greater than ten million making them megacities. By 2025, eight more cities will likely join their ranks. This concentration of people has potential benefits – more energy efficient buildings and transport systems, for example. But population density is linked closely to poor health, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular problems due to air pollution.

City traffic is responsible for high concentrations of surface-level ozone and particulates – small particles. Both are lung irritants and affect climate. Control strategies

in Los Angeles led to lower ozone levels, but it took three decades. Ozone peaked later in Mexico City and likely never reached LA levels, before declining rapidly. Recently, Beijing authorities have aggressively clamped down on emissions from cars and trucks, even banning trucks from the city during the day to improve poor air quality.

Parrish and Zhu say that evidence from these cities shows it is “efficient and ultimately cost effective for megacities to introduce vehicle emissions controls” as part of the growth of cities, long before pollution reaches harmful levels. The bottom line is, paying to avoid the problem is cheaper than solving it.

Zhu, IGAC’s co-chair, is leading an effort to generate an “IGAC Assessment on Impacts of Megacities on Air Quality and Climate”. IGBP is producing a synthesis of research on megacities and coastal zones and has a fast-track initiative on air-sea interactions around megacities. Both initiatives will involve IGAC researchers.

Clean Air for Megacities. Science 326: 674-675 (2009), doi: 10.1126/science.1176064

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Avoiding the problem is cheaper than solving it.

City traffic is responsible for high concentrations of surface-level ozone and particulates – small particles.

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blaCk CaRbon souRCes identified in asian Cities

D iesel vehicles and ships are the main sources of summertime black carbon –

or soot – in Beijing and Shanghai, according to researchers on the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project. The results provide important constraints on the emissions inventories for these two areas.

Black carbon absorbs heat, and thus contributes to warming the planet. Recently, it has received a lot of attention because of its potential to mitigate warming. Policymakers and scientists have suggested that international policies to reduce atmospheric levels of black carbon may be a quick fix to the climate problem. But uncertainties remain as to how black carbon is influencing climate, not least because in some countries black-carbon-emissions inventories are unreliable. This is particularly true in many Asian countries where black-carbon emissions are increasing. In the summer of 2005, lead author Xuehua Zhou measured black carbon and other constituents around Beijing and Shanghai to provide emissions estimates for these urban areas.

In 2009, IGAC and another IGBP project, the Integrated Land Ecosystem–Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS), discussed the complex climatic implications of policies to control aerosols including black carbon in the journal Science. While black carbon contributes to warming, other aerosols have a cooling effect. The iLEAPS team concluded that although “the jury is out, the studies available to date mostly suggest that air pollution control will accelerate warming in coming decades.”

IGAC is leading an assessment report on the role of black carbon in climate due to be published in 2010. The report will contribute to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report and the United Nations Environment Programme’s report on black carbon.

Measurement of black carbon aerosols near two Chinese megacities and implication for improving emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment 43: 3918-3924 (2009).

Clean air for megacities. Science 326: 674 - 675 (2009)

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Uncertainties remain as to how black carbon is influencing climate.

In the summer of 2005, scientists measured black carbon around Beijing and Shanghai (pictured) to provide emissions estimates for these urban areas.

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iGbP to lead inteRnational CooRdination of oCean aCidifiCation ReseaRCh

In 2009, it was agreed ocean acidification research would now be coordinated

internationally by IGBP’s two marine-focused research projects, Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER) and Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS).

The move recognises the need for urgent research in this area. If current trends persist, by 2100 the oceans will be more acidic than they have been for 20 million years. The implications for marine life and biological, physical and chemical cycles are poorly understood.

IGBP and co-sponsors also published a summary for policymakers on ocean acidification. Over 10,000 copies of the English language version have been distributed. French and Spanish translations were published in 2010. The summary outlines

the significance of this rapid oceanic change and calls for a global observation network to monitor the problem and related changes to ecosystems and cycles. The content of the summary is based on the findings of an international symposium held in Monaco, the second on the Oceans in a High CO

2 World.

This symposium was co-sponsored by IGBP, SCOR, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

SOLAS and IMBER are co-sponsored by ICSU’s Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR). SOLAS is also sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme and iCACGP, the international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution.

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Ocean acidification research is in its infancy.

Scientist deploying mesocosms for ocean acidification experiments.

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laRGe vaRiabilitY in oCean CaRbon sink

By absorbing substantial quantities of carbon dioxide, the Earth’s oceans help in

slowing down the increases in atmospheric concentrations of this greenhouse gas. But how the uptake of carbon dioxide varies with location and time remains poorly understood. Recent measurements in the North Atlantic Ocean, reported in Science, suggest that the capacity of this carbon-dioxide sink varies considerably on a decadal timescale.

Researchers led by Andrew Watson of the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom, used ship-based measurements to quantify the exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean. They found that over a substantial region, the yearly flux between

2002 and 2007 – the longest period for which measurements were available – differed by more than a factor of two. This could be due to natural climate variability, but the exact explanation awaits additional work.

This work also demonstrates that precise measurements can be made by sensors fitted on commercial ships: an observation system constituted by such ships in various oceans has the potential to provide quantitative constraints on the oceanic sink of carbon dioxide, according to the authors.

Researchers associated with IGBP’s Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) project participated in this work.

Tracking the variable North Atlantic sink for atmospheric CO

2 Science 326: 1391-1393

(2009), doi: 10.1126/science.1177394

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Measurements in the North Atlantic Ocean show the capacity of this carbon dioxide sink varies considerably on a decadal timescale. The new research shows an observation system made up of ships in various oceans has the potential to provide quantitative constraints on

the oceanic sink of carbon dioxide.

The capacity of this carbon dioxide sink varies considerably.

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whiCh maRine animals aRe most sensitive to ph ChanGes?

As seawater pH falls due to carbon dioxide uptake, some marine organisms show

reduced rates of calcification but others show more calcification, according to a 60-day laboratory experiment. Researchers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in the US expected to find that marine organisms relying on calcification processes would struggle as the pH of the oceans drops.

The experiment looked at how 18 marine organisms, from corals, lobsters, crabs and shrimps to urchins, scallops, oysters and whelks, responded to greater levels of acidification. All organisms studied grow hard calcium-carbonate-based shells or outer skeletons.

Net calcification rates decreased for ten of the species: temperate corals, pencil urchins, hard clams, conchs, serpulid worms, periwinkles, bay scallops, oysters, whelks and soft clams. The team recorded that parts of the shells of six species dissolved.

Of the remaining organisms, net calcification rates increased under

intermediate acidification conditions (limpets, purple urchins, coralline red algae, calcareous green algae). But rates declined as pH dropped further.

Crabs, shrimps and lobsters showed maximum calcification at the highest level of acidification. And one species, the blue mussel, exhibited no response to elevated CO

2 levels.

Some species positively affected by the change in conditions tended to be able to control pH levels in their own very localised marine environment.

The findings of this research contribute to the specific IMBER research question, “Which organisms are most sensitive to pH and CO

2

changes?”The effects of ocean acidification on

calcification rate is not related to changes in pH per se, but instead to corresponding changes in the degree to which sea water is supersaturated with carbonate minerals.

Marine calcifers exhibit mixed responses to CO

2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37

(12): 1131-1134 (2009), doi 10.1130/G30210A.1.

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The effect of CO2-induced acidification on 18 marine species. Net calcification rates decreased for ten species (temperate corals, pencil urchins, hard clams, conchs, serpulid

worms, periwinkles, bay scallops, oysters, whelks and soft clams). In three species (crabs, lobsters and shrimps), net calcification was greatest under the highest level of

acidification. One species, the blue mussel, exhibited no response to elevated CO2 levels.

Parts of the shells of six species dissolved.

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eCosYstem aPPRoaCh to fisheRies manaGement

Marine scientists working on the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics

(GLOBEC) project have produced a complete ecosystem budget for George’s Bank off the north-east coast of the United States. The research suggests ways to rebuild collapsed cod and haddock stocks in the area, which lies between Cape Cod in Massachusetts and Nova Scotia in Canada.

The findings are significant because several key international agreements adopted over the last two decades, including the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, stress the need for the adoption of ecosystem approaches to fisheries. In 2001, 57 countries issued the Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem that underscored their intention to work to incorporate ecosystem considerations into fisheries management. In Europe, ministers signed the Bergen Declaration to take this forward.

But question marks remained about how to implement such an approach. The Reykjavik declaration called for more research

*Bergen Declaration. “To implement an ecosystem approach in line with the Bergen Declaration 2002, Ministers will … invite the Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) programme and other relevant programmes to consider the priority science issues.”

on “the scientific basis for developing and implementing management strategies that incorporate ecosystem considerations and which will ensure sustainable yields while conserving stocks and maintaining the integrity of ecosystems and habitats on which they depend”.

The GLOBEC project, which was tasked with addressing this challenge*, has now shown it is possible to develop an ecosystems approach to fisheries management and that this could lead to sustainable fishery practices. For example, the scientists say a return to the balance of fish species present on George’s Bank in the early 20th century would depend on an increase in the fraction of primary production going to seabed organisms rather than to plankton. GLOBEC is co-sponsored by SCOR and IOC.

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In 1995, the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization called for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.

The GLOBEC project has produced a complete ecosystem budget for George’s Bank off the north-east

coast of the United States.

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tRaCe-Gas exChanGes between the biosPheRe and atmosPheRe

Terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and

climate. For many years, the main focus has been on the carbon dioxide exchange between land and atmosphere, and its role for global carbon balance and carbon cycle-climate system feedbacks. Climate models with interactive terrestrial carbon cycles have shown potentially large climate-carbon cycle feedbacks this century.

But other trace gases exchanged between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere also affect atmospheric chemistry and climate. These trace gases include methane (CH

4), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxides

(NOX), ammonia (NH

3), hydrogen and

biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC), for example isoprene.

There are many uncertainties, particularly regarding the temporal and geographical source distribution of emissions, their chemistry-climate effects, and removal of reaction products by deposition to ecosystems.

Researchers working on the Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Processes Study (iLEAPS) have published “From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and

atmosphere”. The paper reviewed the state of knowledge of important non-CO

2 trace-

gas exchanges between plants and the atmosphere and how well models (dynamic global vegetation models, DGVM) represent them. It identified key uncertainties for global-scale model applications and suggested a way forward for model integration and evaluation.

The review highlighted recent progress in including process understanding of non-CO2 trace-gas production and emissions into a next generation of DGVM. This included related attempts to account for processes in agricultural systems and for wildfires in a dynamic manner. These modelling approaches will yield emission estimates that respond to, for example, changing climate, changing atmospheric CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition and changes in land cover/land use in an internally consistent way that takes into account underlying biological process understanding. Eventually, these model approaches can be used for improved biogenic emission estimates in chemistry-climate simulations.

From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere. Biogeosciences 7: 121-149 (2009).

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Land-atmosphere processes occur on many different time and space scales. Green lines: processes associated with plant physiology/land cover; orange lines: trace-gas emissions;

Brown: surface hydrology/energy balance; blue: chemical transformations and related processes; purple: weather and climate. Modified after Arneth et al. (2009). Biogeosciences 7: 121-149.

Climate is affected by reactive trace gases from vegetation, soils and fires.

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stoCkholm ResilienCe CentRe hosts inteRnational PRojeCt offiCe

In human history, some societies collapsed catastrophically, while others blossomed

and grew. A complex web connects societies with their environments in every dimension – economic, social, political, spiritual and philosophical – and is critical to building long-term social-ecological resilience. A new project, Integrated History and future Of People on Earth (IHOPE), fosters a global network of researchers and research projects that share knowledge about the past to enable a sustainable future for humanity and our planet. IHOPE facilitates interaction among the social sciences, humanities, modelling and biophysical communities to identify key variables and conditions of these historic

complex systems to address future changes. IHOPE was initiated and has operated for

the past several years under the auspices of the Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES) core project of IGBP. It is co-sponsored by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) core project of IGBP, and the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP).

IHOPE’s International Project Office is hosted at the Stockholm Resilience Centre (SRC), Stockholm University (Sweden). The centre provides coordination, communication and integration for IHOPE, including implementing the recently-published science plan.

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What socio-ecological factors contributed to the fall of the Mayan civilisation in Central America? A new project, an Integrated History and future Of People on Earth

(IHOPE), is seeking answers.

A complex web connects societies with their environments.

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60,000 sPeCies in Plant funCtional tRait database

A new database for terrestrial plant functional classifications now holds

60,000 species and over 2.5 million trait data entries. The database is the fruit of an IGBP-DIVERSITAS fast-track initiative, Plant Functional Classification, which began in 2006 to improve how climate models represent the terrestrial biosphere.

Earth-system models use large-scale vegetation models to represent ecosystems and biodiversity in global environmental change. But the accuracy of these models would improve if they contained more information about the diversity of functions and traits within plant types usually defined only by life form, phenology and photosynthetic pathway.

The fast-track initiative is providing this type of information to modelling groups. Now a new generation of dynamic vegetation models is being constructed which takes into account the greater biological complexity held in the database – to date, 15 research

teams are using the system. Since 2006, the project has morphed into

the TRY initiative (where TRY is a “sentiment rather than an acronym”). The initiative gathers data from many existing datasets worldwide under a unified, easily accessible format, with communally designed property rights that protect contributors and provides them access to added value for their individual data.

It is envisaged the initiative will improve the large-scale terrestrial ecosystem models needed for global and regional assessments, for example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and future biodiversity assessments.

A third workshop was held in Cape Town in 2009. This was a joint workshop with the Global Land Project’s project “Decreasing uncertainty in predicting biome boundary shifts”.

A generic structure for plant trait databases. Methods in Ecology and Evolution (In review).

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A new database of vegetation types to help ecosystem modellers now holds 60,000 plant species. These models eventually feed into climate models.

The initiative will improve large-scale terrestrial

ecosystems models.

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seaflooR oRGanisms PotentiallY thReatened bY oCean aCidifiCation

Current ocean acidification is likely to be more severe than a similar event that

occurred some 55 million years ago, at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary, according to a study in Nature Geoscience. The research confirms previous work that ongoing acidification of the Earth’s oceans may impair the ability of some marine organisms to make their calcium carbonate skeletons.

Fifty-five million years ago, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rose rapidly raising atmospheric and ocean temperatures. This led to substantial ocean acidification. During this time, biodiversity of calcifying organisms on the ocean floor (benthic organisms) decreased substantially, though ocean-surface-dwelling extinctions were less pronounced. Andy Ridgwell and Daniela Schmidt of the University of Bristol, United Kingdom simulated and compared the response of the ocean to increased acidification in the future and at the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary. Assuming that

atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will peak around the year 2150, they found that conditions favourable for the formation of calcium carbonate (calcite) skeletons become on average restricted to the uppermost 600 m of the ocean – as opposed to 4 km for the modern ocean. This change in ocean conditions occurs far more rapidly than estimated for the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary.

Benthic extinctions have the potential to recur if the modern phase of acidification continues. Not only that, but the capacity of surface-dwelling micro-organisms to adapt to such changes will also be severely tested, say the researchers.

Past constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release Nature Geoscience 3: 196-200 (2009), doi: 0.1038/NGEO755. This work arose out of the IGBP-SCOR (Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research) fast-track initiative on past ocean acidification.

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Benthic extinctions have the potential to recur if the modern

phase of acidification continues.

Ongoing acidification of the Earth’s oceans may impair the ability of some marine organisms to make their calcium carbonate shells.


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a vision foR the Planet in 2050In 2050, the nine billion people living on

Earth will have found a way to manage the planet effectively. Hunger and poverty will have been eliminated. Everyone will have access to adequate food, clothing, housing, healthcare, education, energy, clean water and sanitation. Under-fives will no longer die from preventable disease or endure heavy-metal exposure. The elderly will not die from cold or heat exposure.

In 2050, everyone will participate fully in society and will have equal opportunities. Human health will no longer be considered outside of the health of the ecosystems in which people live. Ecological awareness will be an integral part of the education system. People will respond effectively to social and environmental hazards, and societies will care and provide for the most vulnerable

amongst them. The paradigm underlying the economic

system will have shifted from ‘growth’-oriented to ‘development’-oriented. Carbon-dioxide management will be under control. Energy efficiency will be the norm. The few remaining rainforests will have been preserved as global lungs and sinks. The oceans will have started recovering from acidification. Coral reefs will become healthier. Fish stocks will be thriving. Global biodiversity loss will have slowed down. But, how do we get there?

In 2008, IGBP held the Planet in 2050 workshop. World-leading experts came together in Lund, Sweden, to develop a vision for the planet and to figure out how to reach it. A book based on the workshop is scheduled for publication in 2010.

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The Planet in 2050 workshop brought together world-leading experts to develop a vision for the planet and to figure out how to reach it. The vision aims for a global society where everyone has access to adequate food, clothing, housing, healthcare,

education, energy, clean water and sanitation.

By 2050, carbon-dioxide management will be

under control.


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CommuniCations

In 2009, IGBP launched Global Change, an externally facing magazine reporting

on major developments in global-change research. The magazine, launched at the Copenhagen climate talks (COP15) in December, reported on findings from IGBP’s core and joint projects, particularly relating to climate and the carbon cycle. It also reported on news from across the international global-change research programmes.

Ten thousand copies have been distributed worldwide to policymakers, researchers, educators, students, journalists and the general public. IGBP’s regional office in Brazil manages distribution in the developing world. Feedback has been overwhelmingly positive.

Global Change will be published twice a year.Two new members of staff joined the

communications team in 2009, Owen Gaffney as Director of Communications and Ninad Bondre as Science Editor. In addition to Global Change, the new team launched the climate-change index; published a summary for policymakers on ocean acidification; organised a series of events and a booth at COP15; and updated the IGBP logo. The office also developed a communications strategy for IGBP’s 74 national committees and helped manage the call for host nations for the global-change open science conference in 2012.

In 2010, IGBP will launch a new, more interactive website.

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IGBP launched Global Change at the Copenhagen climate negotiations.

A new website will be launched in 2010.

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netwoRks, meetinGs, sYmPosia

Changes in the Arctic, coastal zones and planetary boundaries were discussed

at a one-day symposium (24 September 2009) organised by IGBP and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ environment committee and supported by the Swedish funding agency Formas.

The Stockholm symposium brought Swedish researchers and policymakers together with many international global-change scientists. Sessions included talks on planetary boundaries, limits to growth, changes to the Arctic and land-ocean-atmosphere interactions. The day finished with a discussion on communicating uncertainty. The discussion included representatives from the insurance industry, policy and the media.

The symposium was one of many meetings and events held during 2009 to bring together a wider community of scientists and to develop more dialogue with

the policy community. IGBP held two joint workshops with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

The first, with the World Climate Research Programme in Hawaii on the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment report. The second, in Brazil with the Earth System Science Partnership on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in developing countries. IGBP contributed to the expert segment of the World Climate Conference in Geneva, Ocean Obs '09, and held side events at the COP15 United Nations climate talks in Denmark.

Executive Director Sybil Seitzinger met with funding agencies in the United States, Japan, France, Australia and the United Kingdom, as well as others through IGFA, the International Group of Funding Agencies. Finally, IGBP’s core and joint projects held numerous international conferences and workshops that served to improve integration across the many disciplines.

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The Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA), Gunnar Öquist, opens the IGBP-KVA symposium in Stockholm.

The Stockholm symposium brought Swedish researchers and policymakers

together with many international global-change scientists.

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PaRtneRshiPsEarth System Science Partnership

The International Council for Science’s (ICSU) four global environmental change programmes form the Earth System Science Partnership. The four programmes are IGBP, DIVERSITAS, the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change and the World Climate Research Programme.

Joint projects• Climate Change, Agriculture

and Food Security (CCAFS)

• Global Carbon Project (GCP)

• Global Environmental Change and Human Health (GECHH)

• Global Environmental Change and Food Security (GECAFS)

• Global Water System Project (GWSP)

Regional research• Monsoon Asia Integrated

Regional Study (MAIRS)

• African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA)

Capacity building in developing countries

• Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training (START)

Marine researchIGBP and the Scientific Committee on

Oceanic Research (SCOR) co-sponsor several international research projects: GLOBEC, IMBER and SOLAS. The two organisations also jointly sponsor and coordinate symposia on

the ocean in a high-CO2 world and fast-track initiatives in the marine domain. IGBP also has close links with the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.

International assessment panelsIGBP works closely with the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ICSU’s review of IGBP stated, “the success and recognition of IPCC and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment both owe a huge amount to the work of IGBP”. Indeed, much of IGBP's research is assessed by IPCC.

IGBP joins scoping meetings, contributes to the outline, nominates authors and is part of the expert review. In 2010, IGBP nominated 59 lead authors for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. IPCC and IGBP also hold regular joint meetings and workshops, detailed elsewhere in this report. Two of IGBP’s officers are lead authors on the forthcoming IPCC report, “Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate-change adaptation”.

Monitoring, measuring and Earth observation

IGBP connects remote sensing with modelling and in situ measurements. IGBP’s large network can help define the research requirements from remote sensing, contributing to the design and operation of remote-sensing equipment.

All major space agencies contribute to IGBP research and work closely with the IGBP research community. NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) participate in

IGBP’s annual scientific committee meetings. IGBP also participates in the Integrated Global Observing Strategy (IGOS) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS).

Regional collaboration• Asia Pacific Network for Global

Change Research (APN)

• Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI)

• The European Alliance of Global Change Committees (started December 2008)

• AfricanNESS, the African Network for Earth System Science

• IGBP endorses the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis

IGBP core-project co-sponsors• International Human Dimensions

Programme on Global Environmental Change: GLP, LOICZ, iHOPE (an activity of IGBP's AIMES).

• Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO: GLOBEC

• ICSU’s international Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution (CACGP): SOLAS and IGAC.

• ICSU’s Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR): GLOBEC, IMBER, SOLAS.

• World Climate Research Programme: SOLAS.

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IGBP works closely with the United Nations through the UN's assessment processes, other international scientific organisations, major observation organisations and regional networks. ICSU’s four international global-change research programmes integrate directly with each other through the Earth System Science

Partnership in many activities.

The success and recognition of IPCC and the Millennium

Ecosystem Assessment both owe a huge amount to the work of IGBP.

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national Committees and ReGional allianCes

IGBP has a regional office in Brazil and 74 national committees across Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Oceania. Increasingly, the national committees have a scientifically broader (global change) remit and are connected through regional alliances and networks. In 2009, IGBP developed a communications strategy to improve coordination and communication with the national committees. This strategy will be rolled out in 2010 and 2011. The communications strategy aims to:

• Develop closer links between IGBP projects and national committees.

• Encourage more global-change researchers to become involved in IGBP and participate in setting IGBP priorities.

• Initiate regional activities and networks facilitated by the national committees.

• Align IGBP work – syntheses, projects and outreach – with national research strategies.

AfricaIn 2009, IGBP Chair Carlos Nobre convened a meeting on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in developing countries, co-sponsored by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Earth System Science Partnership. At the meeting IPCC representatives said stronger research networks in the developing world were essential.

IGBP has worked to develop a strong Earth-system science network in Africa. In 2008, IGBP helped launch AfricanNESS, the African Network of Earth System Science. In February 2009, African national committees worked

with others to launch the Southern Africa Climate Change Network (SACCNet). But sustaining networks in Africa is a substantial challenge. IGBP is calling for more support to develop and strengthen these networks.

Through IGBP and US support (National Science Foundation), Earth-system scientists in Africa have already identified the four key research areas. First, food and nutritional security, including crops, wild-gathered resources, livestock resources and fisheries. Second, water resources, particularly in the water-limited sub-humid, semi-arid and arid regions. Third, health, especially in relation to the biodiversity-linked, environmentally-mediated and vector-borne diseases that are responsible for the high disease burden in Africa. And fourth, ecosystem integrity, on which the persistence of biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services depends.

African research highlights for 2009 include the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) project’s participation in the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis, an influential and far-reaching research programme endorsed by IGBP. IGAC’s contribution to the research included measuring elevated ozone levels above wet soils in sub-Saharan Africa.

Botswana’s global environmental change committee is working on several projects relating to IGBP research, for example, Desertification Mitigation and Remediation of Land – A Global Approach for Local Solutions and Capacity Building in Climate Change and Rural Livelihoods in Malawi and Botswana. Botswana committee chair and IGBP vice-chair, Pauline Dube, is a lead author on IPCC report, “Managing the risks of extreme events

and disasters to advance climate-change adaptation”. Dube also manages the IGBP synthesis theme, the needs of least developed nations.

IGBP’s Moroccan national committee organised a major scientific conference in Casablanca focusing on global change. The conference led to a declaration calling for the urgent need to monitor global change in the region. The declaration pointed out that to address the sustainability challenge in Morocco, scientists, resource managers, private companies and policymakers must have a common understanding of the interactions between the planet’s biological, chemical, physical and human systems in the region.

African IGBP national committees BeninBotswana Cameroon ComorosCongo, Democratic Republic of EgyptGhana Ivory CoastKenyaMoroccoMozambique SenegalSierra LeoneSouth AfricaTogoTunisiaZambiaZimbabwe

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African national committees and the LOICZ nodal office in Ghana.

naTional commiTTees and ReGional alliances

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national Committees and ReGional allianCes (Cont.)

The AmericasIn 2009, IGBP’s regional office, based at the Brazilian space agency Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, managed a number of meetings. These included a joint workshop with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Earth System Science Partnership on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability to climate change in developing countries. This led to a follow-up workshop to develop proposals for the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation funding initiative from the UK’s Department for International Development and the Natural Environment Research Council.

IGBP’s regional office printed and distributed IGBP’s newsletters and new magazine Global Change to scientists and policymakers in developing countries, as well as managed the travel requirements of the IGBP secretariat.

IGBP works closely with the Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), also based at the Brazilian space agency. IAI supports IGBP-related research and is an important partner in developing scientific agendas in the region.

The United States continues to provide substantial support to IGBP – the US is IGBP’s largest contributor, and hosts two major international project offices – AIMES and IGAC. These projects are closely involved in developing the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.

Germán Poveda, Chair of IGBP’s Colombian national committee, and a colleague have produced a reassessment of

Colombia's tropical glacier retreat rates. The assessment provides evidence of “alarming” rates of ice loss. If losses continue at similar rates the authors say “the total collapse of the Colombian glaciers can be foreseen by 2022 … long before the 100 years foreseen by the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.”

The authors add, “Our updated estimations of Colombia’s glacier retreat rates pose serious challenges for highly valuable ecosystem services, including water supply of several large cities and hundreds of rural settlements along the Colombian Andes, but also for cheap and renewable hydropower generation, which provides 80 percent of Colombia’s demand.”

Reassessment of Colombia’s tropical glaciers retreat rates: Are they bound to disappear during the 2010-2020 decade? Advances in Geosciences 22: 107–116 (2009).

The Americas IGBP national committees

ArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaCuba PeruMexicoJamaicaUnited StatesVenezuela

OceaniaIts remote location means New Zealand has an important contribution to make to understanding the global carbon cycle. In November 2009, the New Zealand national committee held a carbon workshop focusing on maintaining important ocean and atmospheric data records, and carbon sequestration. The workshop coincided with the release of the global carbon budget, produced by IGBP’s joint project, the Global Carbon Project, which has its international project office in Australia.

Oceanian IGBP national committeesAustraliaNew Zealand

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National committees in the Americas and Oceania with project and regional offices.


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Asia and the Middle EastIGBP works closely with the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). APN supports IGBP-related research and training activities, and is an important partner in developing scientific agendas in the region.

India’s national committee contributed to research showing that medium-term monsoon weather prediction in the region has become more difficult in recent years. To blame, according to models, is the increased frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall as a result of a warming climate. It seems more extreme downpours increase potential atmospheric instability in the region.

The committee also contributed to extensive field experiments examining aerosols – small particles in the atmosphere that have a complex effect on climate: some absorb heat from the sun, others reflect it away from Earth. The work, carried out by the Geosphere-Biosphere Programme of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO-GBP), is the first experimental evidence for the “prevalence of elevated regions of warming by aerosol absorption in the lower atmosphere, and its strong meridional gradient.” The climate implications of such an elevated heating and its impact on the monsoon are being examined.

Members of the Philippines national committee were appointed members of the Task Force on Climate Change of the Philippine National Academy of Science and Technology. The task force conducted a national symposium in October 2009 on policy issues addressing poverty alleviation and climate change. Committee members

also contributed significantly in drafting the National Science and Technology Framework Plan on Climate Change in the Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources Sector, launched 9 November 2009.

Korea’s national committee contributed to significant regional global-change research including publications on climate change in the Korean Peninsula, and climatic variability and its effect on Korea’s major fisheries.

The chair of Mongolia’s national committee developed a quality-of-life index based on the United Nations human development index. But the new index adds another parameter: a country’s carbon dioxide emissions per capita. This addition is a step towards capturing the cost to the planet of a nation’s quality of life. Switzerland and Sweden top the new index.

In 2009, Jordan formed its first IGBP national committee and, also in the Middle East, scientists based in Israel showed that forests in arid to semi-arid regions can lock up as much carbon as forests in wetter settings despite the fairly inhospitable conditions.

The results, published in the journal Science emerged from a decade-long measurement programme in the Yatir pine forest in Israel. An author of the study, Dan Yakir of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, is a member of IGBP’s scientific committee.

Can global warming make Indian monsoon weather less predictable? Geophysical Research Letters 36; L08811 (1-5) (2009) doi:10.1029 /2009GL037989.

Climate implications of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases: Indian scenario: climate sense. WMO Special Report, 157-160.

Europe tops alternative quality-of-life index. Global Change 74: 8 (2009).

Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system. Science 327 (5964) : 451–454 (2010), doi: 10.1126/science.1179998.

Asian and Middle Eastern IGBP national committees

BangladeshChinaIndiaIndonesiaIsrael JapanJordanKorea, Republic ofLebanonMalaysiaMongoliaPakistanPhilippinesSingaporeSri LankaSyrian Arab RepublicTaiwanThailandVietnam

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National committees in Asia and the Middle East with project and nodal offices.

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EuropeIGBP’s most recent regional network – the European Alliance of Global Change Committees includes members from Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and UK. The European Alliance is a think-tank that develops visions for global-change research strategies on a European level. It provides a platform for an integrated approach to global-change research and aims to offer advice to the European Commission and European scientific and funding bodies. Its priorities include (i) developing a set of European interdisciplinary/integrative case studies and best practice approaches for the future, (ii) bringing together the results of case studies as a European-wide project, and (iii) support the activities of the African global-change research community.

In 2009, the UK’s national committee, with the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council, successfully bid to host a major global-change open science conference in 2012, initiated by IGBP. Committee members participated in the high-profile Climate Congress in Copenhagen in March 2009. The committee also convened meetings to develop IMBER science in the UK, and on atmospheric

chemistry in the tropics. The UK hosts several IGBP international project offices: GECAFS, GLOBEC, GLP and SOLAS.

Germany’s national global-change committee published a position paper and brochure: “Potentials, uncertainties and perspectives of regional climate models”. At the World Social Science Forum, the committee organised a session on land-use conflicts: the competition between food, bioenergy, biodiversity and urbanisation. Germany hosts one IGBP international project office, LOICZ, as well as the Earth System Science Partnership’s water project, GWSP, the Global Water Systems Project. IGBP’s SOLAS project moves to Germany in 2010.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has hosted the IGBP secretariat for 20 years. The office is generously sponsored by the Swedish government. In 2009, the Academy announced the creation of a global-change secretariat to improve communication between Swedish researchers and the international global-change research community. The academy and IGBP held a joint one-day symposium in September 2009.

Several other European countries host IGBP international project offices: Denmark (GLP), Finland, (iLEAPS), France (IMBER), Germany (LOICZ), Italy (IGAC node) and Switzerland (PAGES).

European IGBP national committees

AustriaBelgium BulgariaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIceland IrelandItalyNetherlandsNorwayPolandPortugalRomaniaRussian FederationSlovakiaSpainSwitzerlandUnited Kingdom

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National committees in Europe with project and nodal offices.

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iGbP sCientifiC Committee (jan 2009)ICSU-appointed members

Carlos Nobre (Chair)National Institute of Space ResearchBRAZILChen-Tung Arthur Chen (Vice-chair)National Sun Yat-sen UniversityTAIWANOlga Solomina (Vice-chair)Russian Academy of SciencesRUSSIAN FEDERATIONMark Stafford-Smith (Vice-chair)CSIRO Sustainable EcosystemsAUSTRALIARobert A. Duce (Treasurer)Texas A & M UniversityUNITED STATESRaymond S. BradleyUniversity of MassachusettsUNITED STATESMercedes BustamanteUniversity of BraziliaBRAZILOpha Pauline Dube (Vice-chair)University of BotswanaBOTSWANAJan Willem ErismanEnergy Research Centre of The NetherlandsNETHERLANDSHenry JacobyMassachusetts Institute of Technology, CambridgeUNITED STATESChristiane LancelotUniversité Libre de BruxellesBELGIUMTaroh MatsunoYokohama Institute for Earth SciencesJAPANDahe QinChina Meteorological AdministrationCHINA

Steven W. RunningUniversity of MontanaUNITED STATESLynn RussellScripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San DiegoUNITED STATESDan YakirThe Weizmann Institute of ScienceISRAEL

Project chairs and co-chairsEileen E. Hofmann (Chair IMBER)Old Dominion UniversityUNITED STATESPavel Kabat (Co-chair iLEAPS)Wageningen UniversityNETHERLANDSMarkku Kulmala (Co-chair iLEAPS)University of HelsinkiFINLANDPaul Monks (Co-chair IGAC)University of LeicesterUNITED KINGDOMAlice Newton (Chair LOICZ)University of Algarve, FaroPORTUGALBette Otto-Bliesner (Co-chair PAGES)Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Centre for Atmospheric ResearchUNITED STATESColin Prentice (Co-chair AIMES)Macquarie UniversityAUSTRALIAAnette Reenberg (Chair GLP)University of CopenhagenDENMARKDavid S. Schimel (Co-chair AIMES)NEON Inc.UNITED STATES

Doug Wallace (Chair SOLAS)Kiel UniversityGERMANYHeinz Wanner (Co-chair PAGES)University of BernSWITZERLANDTong Zhu (Co-chair IGAC)Peking UniversityCHINA

International partner chairsAntonio J. Busalacchi (WCRP)University of MarylandUNITED STATESHarold Mooney (DIVERSITAS)Stanford UniversityUNITED STATESOran R. Young (IHDP)University of CaliforniaUNITED STATESRik Leemans (ESSP)Wageningen UniversityNETHERLANDS

Rotated off the SC at the end of 2009Mark Stafford-Smith (Vice-chair)CSIRO Sustainable EcosystemsAUSTRALIASteven W. Running (SC member)University of MontanaUNITED STATESMeinrat Andreae (Co-chair iLEAPS)Max-Planck-Institute for ChemistryGERMANYJulie Hall (Chair IMBER)National Institute of Water & Atmospheric ResearchNEW ZEALANDKatherine S. Law (Co-chair IGAC)Université Pierre et Marie CurieFRANCEIan Perry (Chair GLOBEC)Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans CanadaCANADA

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iGbP PRojeCt offiCes

iGbP communiTY

Core projects

Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System (AIMES)Executive Officer: Kathy HibbardInternational Project Office: National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA

Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC)Executive Officer: Manuel BarangeInternational Project Office: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK

Global Land Project (GLP)Executive Officer: Tobias LangankeInternational Project Office: University of Copenhagen, Denmark.Nodes: Sapporo, Japan; Aberdeen, UK; Beijing, China

Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research (IMBER)Executive Officer: Lisa MaddisonInternational Project Office: Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Brest, France

International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC)Executive Officer: Sarah DohertyInternational Project Offices: University of Washington, Seattle, USANodes: Taipei, Taiwan; Bologna, Italy

Integrated Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Study (iLEAPS)Executive Officer: Anni Reissell International Project Office: University of Helsinki, Finland

Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ)Executive Officer: Hartwig Kremer International Project Office: Institute for Coastal Research, Geesthacht, GermanyNodes: Singapore; Chennai, India; Ghana; Faro, Portugal (upcoming)

Past Global Changes (PAGES)Executive Officer: Thorsten KieferInternational Project Office: Bern, Switzerland

Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS)Executive Officer: Emilie Breviere International Project Office: Liebniz Institute for Marine Research, University of Kiel, GermanyNode: Norwich, UK

Joint projects

Global Carbon Project (GCP)Executive Directors: Josep (Pep) Canadell; Shobhakar Dhakal International Project Offices: CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, Australia; National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, JapanNode: Beijing, China

Global Environmental Change and Food Systems (GECAFS)Executive Officer: John IngramInternational Project Offices: Oxford University, UK

Global Environmental Change and Human Health (GECHH)Project Officer: Lucilla SpiniInternational Project Office: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, Hamilton, Canada

Global Water Systems Project (GWSP)Executive Officer: Janos BogardiInternational Project Office: Bonn, Germany

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national Committee ChaiRsAfricaBENINSikirou Kola AdamNational University of Benin

BOTSWANAOpha Pauline DubeUniversity of Botswana

CAMEROONMaurice TsalefacUniversity of Yaoundé

COMOROSAinouddine SidiNational Centre for Scientific Research

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF François Kapuku Buipi (contact person)University of Kinshasa

EGYPTMohamed SaberNational Research Centre

GHANA Yaw Opoku-Ankomah (contact person)Water Research Institute

IVORY COASTAbdourahamane KonaréUniversity of Cocody

KENYAJoseph O. MaloKenya National Academy of Sciences

MOROCCOMohammed Saïd Karrouk Hassan II University

MOZAMBIQUEPatricio SandeScientific Research Association of Mozambique

SENEGALTo be announced

SIERRE LEONEN.H. Ayodele Cole (Chair)University of Sierre Leone

SOUTH AFRICAGuy MidgleyNational Botanical Institute

TOGO Ayechoro Koffi Akibode (Chair)University of Lome

TUNISIAM’hamed BriniTunisian Institute for Agronomy

ZAMBIAH.N.W. ChabwelaUniversity of Zambia

ZIMBABWE Rindayi G. ChimonyoUniversity of Zimbabwe

AmericasARGENTINAMario N. NunezCenter for Atmospheric and Ocean Research (CIMA)

BOLIVIAJaime Argollo B.Major de San Andrés University

BRAZILCarlos Nobre (contact person)National Institute of Space Research

CANADAGordon McBeanInstitute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction

CHILEFrancesco Rothhammer (Chair)Academia Chilena de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile

COLOMBIAGermán PovedaUniversity of Colombia

CUBA Rene Pablo Capote Lopez (contact person)National Biodiversity Center

JAMAICAAudia BarnettScientific Research Council

MEXICOTo be announced

PERUCarlos LlernaUniversidad Nacional Agraria La Molina

UNITED STATESAnne M. Linn (contact person)National Academy of Sciences

VENEZUELALelys Bravo de GuenniUniversity of Simón Bolívar

AsiaBANGLADESHM. Shamsher AliBangladesh Academy of Sciences

CHINAZhongli DingChinese Academy of Sciences

INDIASeth KrishnaswamiPhysical Research Laboratory

INDONESIAMahdi KartasasmitaNational Aeronautical and Aerospace Agency

ISRAELZev LevinTel Aviv University

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national Committee ChaiRs (Cont.)

iGbP communiTY

JAPAN Isao Koike (contact person)The Univeristy of Ryukyu

Tetsuzo Yasunari (Chair)Nagoya University

JORDAN Dia-Eddin Arafah (Co-chair)University of JordanTareq Hussein (Co-chair)University of Jordan

KOREA, REPUBLIC OFChae-Shik RhoThe National Academy of Sciences

LEBANONRiyad Sadek (contact person)American University of Beirut

MALAYSIAYap Kok SengMalaysian Meteorological Department

MONGOLIATogtohyn Chuluun (Vice-chair)National University of Mongolia

PAKISTANAmir MuhammedNational University of Computer & Emerging Sciences

PHILIPPINESRafael Guerrero IIIPhilippine Council for Aquatic and MarineResearch and Development

SINGAPOREKarina GinNanyang Technological University

SRI LANKAJanaka RatnasiriSri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICMaamoun MalakaniMinistry of Irrigation

TAIWANChao-Han LiuNational Central University

THAILANDKasem ChunkaoKasetsart University

VIETNAMDao Trong ThiVietnam National University

EuropeAUSTRIAGeorg GrabherrUniversity of Vienna

BELGIUMPhilippe BourdeauThe Free University of Brussels

BULGARIAVesselin Alexandrov (contact person)National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

CZECH REPUBLICOndrej PrasilAcademy of Sciences of the Czech Republic

DENMARKHenrik SøgaardUniversity of Copenhagen

ESTONIARein VaikmaeTallinn University of Techonology

FINLANDTimo KairesaloUniversity of Helsinki

FRANCERobert Jean DelmasLaboratory of Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics

GERMANY Gernot Klepper (Chair)University of Kiel

Meinrat O. Andreae (Co-chair of the global change committee)Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry

GREECEGeorge ContopoulosResearch Center of Astronomy, Academy of Athens

HUNGARYJoseph TigyiUniversity of Pecs

ICELANDElisabet M. Andresdottir (contact person)Icelandic Centre for Research

IRELANDRay BatesUniversity College Dublin

ITALYGiuseppe Scarascia-MugnozzaInstitute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology

NETHERLANDSRik LeemansWageningen University and Research Center

NORWAYOystein HovNorwegian Meteorological Institute

POLANDMalgorzata Gutry-KoryckaUniversity of Warsaw

PORTUGALNelson LourençoAtlântica University

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national Committee ChaiRs (Cont.)

iGbP seCRetaRiat

The Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesBox 50005, SE-104 05, Stockholm, SwedenTel: +46-8 166448

Ninad Bondre Science Editor (From October 2009)

Britta Boström Finance Coordinator

Wendy Broadgate Deputy Director, Natural Sciences

Hilarie Cutler Graphic Designer

Owen Gaffney Director of Communications (From May 2009)

João de Morais Deputy Director, Social Sciences

Suzanne Nash Interim Information Officer (To August 2009)

Sri Sahlin Administrative Assistant

Sybil Seitzinger Executive Director

Charlotte Wilson-Boss Office Manager

bRazil ReGional offiCe

IGBP Regional Support Office in BrazilInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Inpe)Avenida dos Astronautas,1758 - Jd. GranjaSão José dos Campos,Sp 12227-010, BrazilTel: +55-12 3945 7108/7109

Carlos Nobre IGBP Chair

Myanna Lahsen Social Science Officer

Jean Ometto Science Officer

Lauren Belger Science Officer

iGbP communiTY

ROMANIADan BalteanuInstitute of Geography, Romanian Academy

RUSSIAN FEDERATIONEvgeny A. VaganovRussian Academy of Sciences

SLOVAKIAJúlius SútorSlovak Academy of Sciences

SPAINAida F. RíosSpanish National Research Council

SWEDENTo be announced

SWITZERLANDUlrike LohmannInstitute for Atmosphere und Climate

UNITED KINGDOMJohn IngramEnvironmental Change Institute, Oxford University

OceaniaAUSTRALIARoger GiffordAustralian Commonwealth Scientific and ResearchOrganisation

NEW ZEALANDJulie HallNational Institute of Water & AtmosphericResearch

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PubliCations

IGBPGattuso J-P, Orr J, Pantoja S, Pörtner H-O, Riebesell

U, Trull T, eds (2009-10) The ocean in a high-CO2

world II. Biogeosciences 6/7.

Hood M, Broadgate W, Urban E, and Gaffney O, eds (2009) Ocean Acidification summary for policymakers. Available for download at http://www.igbp.net/page.php?pid=228 (English, French and Spanish versions).

Leemans R, Asrar G, Busalacchi A, Canadell J, Ingram J, Larigauderie A, Mooney H, Nobre C, Patwardhan A, Rice M, Schmidt F, Seitzinger S, Virji H, Vörösmarty C and Young O (2009) Developing a common strategy for integrative global environmental change research and outreach: the Earth System Science Partner-ship (ESSP) Strategy paper. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.013.

Nobre C, De Simone Borma L (2009) ‘Tipping points’ for the Amazon forest. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.003.

Orr J C, Caldeira K, Fabry V, Gattuso J-P, Haugan P, Lehodey P, Pantoja S, Pörtner H-O, Riebesell U, Trull T, Urban E, Hood M and Broadgate W (2009) Research Priorities for Understanding Ocean Acidification: Summary from the Second Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 World. Oceanography 22 (4): 182-189.

Report seriesAIMES (2010) Science Plan and Implementation

Strategy. IGBP Report No. 58. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. 30pp.

IHOPE (2010) Developing an Integrated History and Future of People on Earth (IHOPE): Research Plan. IGBP Report No. 59. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. 40pp.

IMBER (2010) Supplement to the Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, IGBP Report No. 52A. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. 36pp.

PAGES (2009) Science Plan and Implementation Strategy. IGBP Report No. 57. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm. 67pp.

Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System

Harmonization of global land-use scenarios for the period 1500-2100 for IPCC-AR5. iLEAPS Newsletter 7: 6-8.

Hibbard K A, Janetos A, vanVuuren D P, Pongratz J, Rose S, Betts R, Herold M and Feddema J (in press) Research priorities in land use and land cover change for Earth system and integrated assessment modeling. Special Issue on land cover for International Journal of Climate.

Hibbard K, Kattsov V, Rinke A, Romonovsky V and Verseghy D (2009) Terrestrial permafrost carbon in the changing climate. iLEAPS Newsletter 8: 6-9.

Hurtt G C, Chini L P, Frolking S, Betts R, Feddema J, Fischer G, Goldewijk K K, Hibbard K, Janetos A, Jones C, Kinderman G, Kinoshita T, Riahi K, Shevliakova E, Smith S, Stehfest E, Thomson A, Thornton P, vanVuuren D and Y P Wang (2009)

Lamarque J-F, Granier C, Bond T, Eyrling V, Heil A, Kainuma M, Lee D, Liousse C, Mieville A, Riahi K, Schultz M, Sith S, Stehfest E, Stevenson D, Thomson A, vanAardenne J and vanVuuren D (2009) Gridded emissions in support of IPCC AR5. IGAC Newsletter 41: 12-18.

Moss R, Edmonds J, Hibbard K, Manning M, Rose S K, van Vuuren D P, Carter T R, Emori S, Kainuma M, Kram T, Meehl G A, Mitchell J F B, Nakicenovic N, Riahi K, Smith S J, Stouffer R J, Thomson A M, Weyant J P, Wilbanks T J (2010) The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463: 747-756, doi:10.1038/nature08823.

Taylor K E, Stouffer R J and Meehl G A (2008) A Summary of the CMIP5 Experiment Design. https://cmip.llnl.gov/cmip5/docs/Taylor_CMIP5_dec31.pdf.

vanVuuren D P, Feddema J, Lamarque J-F, Riahi K, Rose S, Smith S and Hibbard K (2009) Work plan for data exchange between the Integrated Assessment and Climate Modeling community in support of Phase-0 of scenario analysis for climate change assessment (Representative Community Pathways). http://www.aimes.ucar.edu/.

Global Land ProjectBraimoh A and Huang H Q (2009) Addressing

Issues for Land Change Science. Eos, Transac-tions of the American Geophysical Union 90(38): doi:10.1029/2009EO380002.

Erb K H, Haberl H, Krausmann F, eds (2009) Analyzing the global human appropriation of net primary production – processes, trajectories, implications. Ecological Economics 69(2): 250-334.

Liu J Y and Deng X Z (2009) Progress of the research methodologies on the temporal and spatial process of LUCC. Chinese Science Bulletin 54(21): 3251-3258.

Milne E, Aspinall R, Veldkamp T, eds (2009) Integrated modelling of natural and social systems in land change science. Landscape Ecology 24 (9): 1145-1270.

PublicaTions

A selection of the top 10-15 scientific publications from core projects and fast-track initiatives published in 2009, or in some cases early 2010.

6464

Milne E, Aspinall RJ, TA and Veldkamp (2009) Integrated modelling of natural and social systems in land change science. Landscape Ecology 24 (9).

Reenberg A, ed (2009) Lasys Workshop 2007: Land System Science – Handling Complex Se-ries of Natural and Socio-Economic Processes. Journal of Land-Use Science 4 (1/2).

Reenberg A, Primdahl J, eds (2009) Globalisation and the local landscape. Danish Journal of Geography 109 (2).

Reenberg A (2009) Land system science: Han-dling complex series of natural and socio-eco-nomic processes. Journal of Land Use Science 4(1/2): 1-4.

Reenberg A and Primdahl J (2009) Globalisation and the local landscape. Geografisk Tidsskrift - Danish Journal of Geography 109(2).

Special feature on Land Use and Ecosystems. Sus-tainability Science 5 (1), January 2010.

Turner II B L (2009) Sustainability and Forest Transitions in the Southern Yucatán: The Land Architecture Approach. Land Use Policy 27 (2): 170-180.

Turner II B L (2009) Land Change (System) Science, in Companion to Environmental Geography edited by N Castree, D Demeritt, D Liverman and B Rhoads. Chap. 11, pp. 168-180. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.

Turner II, BL (2009) Land Change Science, in International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography. Elsevier. 107-111 pp.

Xu H G, Tan X P, Liu J Y, Ding H, Wu J, Zhang M, Yang Q W, Cai L, Zhao H J and Liu Y (2009) China's Progress toward the Significant Reduction of the Rate of Biodiversity Loss. Bioscience 59: 843-852.

Books and chaptersReenberg A, Langanke T, Bech S, Kristensen

P and Svan Colding T (2010) Globalisation of agricultural landscapes: a land systems approach, in Globalisation and Agricultural Landscapes - Change Patterns and Policy trend in Developed Countries edited by J Primdahl and S Swaffield. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-51789-8. 31-51 pp.

Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics

Alheit J, Drinkwater K F and Perry R I, eds (2010) Impact of climate variability on marine ecosystems; A comparative approach. Journal of Marine Systems 79 (3-4): 227-436.

Barange M and Perry R I (2009) Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture, in Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: Overview of current scientific knowledge edited by K Cochrane K, C De young, D Soto and T Bahri. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530: 7-106.

Batchel der H P and Bond N, eds (2009) Physical and biological patterns, processes and variability in the Northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Research II 56 (24): 2405-2408.

Beaugrand G (2009) Decadal changes in climate and ecosystems in the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas. Deep-Sea Research II 56(8-10): 656-673.

Collie J S, Gifford D J and Steele J H (2009) End-to-end food web control of fish production on Georges Bank. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66: 223-2232.

Demarcq H (2009) Trends in primary production, sea surface temperature and wind in upwelling systems (1998–2007). Progress in Oceanography 83: 376–385.

Drinkwater K F, Mueter F, Friedland K, Taylor M, Hunt J L Jr., Hare J A and Melle W (2009) Recent climate forcing and physical oceano-graphic changes in Northern Hemisphere regions: A review and comparison of four marine ecosystems. Progress in Oceanography 81(1-4): 10-28.

Fréon P, Barange M and Arístegui J, eds (2009) Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems: Integrative and Comparative Approaches. Progress in Oceanography: 83 (1-4).

Gibbons M J and Richardson A J (2009) Patterns of jellyfish abundance in the North Atlantic. Hydrobiologia 616: 51-65.

Gifford D J, Collie J S and Steele J H (2009) Functional diversity in a marine fish community. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66: 791-796.

Link J S, Stockhausen W T, Skaret G, Overholtz W, Megrey B A, Gjøsæter H, Gaichas S, Dommasnes A, Falk-Petersen FJ, Mueter KD, Friedland K and Hare J A (2009) A comparison of biological trends from four marine ecosystems: Synchronies, differences, and commonalities. Progress in Oceanography 81(1-4): 29-46.

Megrey B A, Hare J A, Stockhausen W T, Dommasnes A, Gjøsæter H, Overholtz W, Gaichas S, Skaret G, Falk-Petersen S, Link J S and Friedland K D (2009) A cross-ecosystem comparison of spatial and temporal patterns of covariation in the recruitment of functionally analogous fish stocks. Progress in Oceanography 81(1-4): 63-92.

Murawski S A, Steele J H, Taylor P, Fogarty M J, Sissenwine M P, Ford M and Suchman C (2009) Why compare marine ecosystems? ICES Journal of Marine Science 67: 1-9.

6565

Perry R I, Ommer P E, Cury P, Cochrane K, eds (2010) Coping with global change in marine social-ecological systems. Marine Policy (in press).

Planque B, Fromentin J M, Cury P, Drinkwater K F, Jennings S, Perry R I, Kifani S How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems sensitivity to climate? Journal of Marine Systems 79: 403-417.

Strömberg K H P, Smyth T J, Allen J I, Pitois S and O'Brien T D (2009) Estimation of global zooplankton biomass from satellite ocean colour. Journal of Marine Systems 78(1): 18-27.

Wang M, Overland J E and Bond NA (2010) Climate projections for selected large marine ecosystems. Journal of Marine Systems 79: 258–266.

Books and chaptersBarange M, Field J G, Harris R P, Hofmann E

E, Perry R I, Werner C, eds (2010) Marine ecosystems and Climate Change. Oxford University Press.

Checkley D M Jr, Alheit J A, Oozeki Y, Roy C, eds (2009) Climate Change and Small Pelagic Fish. Cambridge University Press.

Ommer R, Perry I, Cury P, Cochrane K, eds (2010) World Fisheries: A Social-Ecological Analysis. Wiley-Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Book Series.

Wiebe P H, Harris R P, St. John M A, Werner F E, deYoung B, Pepin P, eds (2009) BASIN: Basin scale analysis, synthesis and integration. Science plan and implementation strategy. GLOBEC Report No. 27.

Integrated Land Ecosystem– Atmosphere Processes Study

Andreae M O (2009) Correlation between cloud condensation nuclei concentration

and aerosol optical thickness in remote and polluted regions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 543–556.

Andreae M O (2009) A New Look at Aging Aerosols. Science 326: 1493-1494.

Arneth A, Unger N, Kulmala M and Andreae M O (2009) Clean the Air, Heat the Planet? Science 326: 672-673.

Arneth A, Sitch S, Bondeau A, Butterbach-Bahl K, Foster P, Gedney N, de Noblet-Ducoudré N, Prentice I C, Sanderson M, Thonicke K, Wania R and Zaehle S (2010) From biota to chemistry and climate: towards a comprehensive description of trace gas exchange between the biosphere and atmosphere. Biogeosciences 7: 121-149.

Ganzeveld L, Helmig D, Fairall C W, Hare J and Pozzer A (2009) Atmosphere-ocean exchange: A global modelling study of biogeochemical, atmospheric, and waterside turbulence dependencies. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23: GB 4021, 10.1029/2008GB003301.

Ganzeveld et al. (2009) Atmosphere-ocean exchange: A global modelling study of biogeochemical, atmospheric, and waterside turbulence dependencies. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23: GB 402.

Hari P, Andreae M O, Kabat P, Kulmala M (2009) A comprehensive network of measuring stations to monitor climate change. Boreal Environment Research 14: 442–446.

Pitman A J, de Noblet-Ducoudré N, Cruz F T, Davin E L, Bonan, G B, Brovkin V, Claussen M, Delire C, Ganzeveld L, Gayler V, van den Hurk B J J M, Lawrence P J, van der Molen M K, Muller C, Reick C H, Seneviratne S I, Strengers B J and Voldoire A (2009) Uncertainties in climate responses to past land cover change: First results from the LUCID intercomparison study. Geophysical Research Letters 36: L14814.

Stevens B and Feingold G (2009) Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a buffered system. Nature 461: 607-613. doi:10.1038/nature08281.

Books and chaptersAerosol-Cloud-Precipitation-Climate (ACPC)

interactions (in press). Science Plan and Implementation Strategy.

Gutman G, Reissell A, eds (2010) Arctic Northern Eurasian Land Use and Land Cover in Changing Climate, 12 chapters, submitted to Springer.

Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research

Brasseur P, Gruber N, Barciela R, Brander K, Doron M, El Moussaoui A, Hobday A J, Huret M, Kremeur A S, Lehoday P, Matear R, Moulin C, Murtugudde R, Senina I and Svendsen E (2009) Integrating Biogeochemistry and ecology into ocean data assimilation systems, Oceanography 22(3): 192-201.

Chavez F P and Messié M (2009) A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, Progress In Oceanography 83(1-4): 80-96, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032.

Demarcq H (2009) Trends in primary production, sea surface temperature and wind in upwelling systems (1998–2007), Progress In Oceanography 83(1-4): 376-385, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.022.

Fréon P, Barange M, Arístegui J (2009) Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems: Integrative and comparative approaches, Progress In Oceanography 83(1-4): 1-14, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.08.001.

Gattuso J P, Lee K, Rost B, Schulz K and Gao K (2009) Approaches and tools to manipulate the carbonate chemistry, in Guide to Best

PublicaTions

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Practices in Ocean Acidification Research and Data Reporting edited by U Riebesell, V Fabry and J-P Gattuso.

Gooday A J, Jorissen F, Levin L A, Middelburg J J, Naqvi S W A, Rabalais N N, Scranton M and Zhang J (2009) Historical records of coastal eutrophication-induced hypoxia. Biogeosciences Discussions 6(1): 2567-2658.

Hansell D, Carlson C, Repeta D and Schlitzer R (2009) Dissolved organic matter in the ocean: New insights stimulated by a controversy. Oceanography 22(4): 52-61.

Johnson K S, Berelson W M, Boss E S, Chase Z, Claustre H, Emerson S R, Gruber N, Kortzinger A, Perry M J and Riser S C (2009) Observing Biogeochemical Cycles at global scales with profiling floats and gliders. Oceanography 22(3): 216- 225.

Pollard R T et al. (2009) Southern Ocean deep-water carbon export enhanced by natural iron fertilization. Nature 457(7229): 577-580, doi:10.1038/nature07716.

Roy S, Metzl N, Tilbrook B, DoneyS, Feely R, Bakker D, Le Quéré C, eds (2009) Surface Ocean CO2 Variability and Vulnerabilities. Deep-Sea Research Part II 56(8-10): 503-674.

Saito H, Tsuda A, Nojiri Y, Aramaki T, Ogawa H, Yoshimura T, Imai K, Kudo I, Nishioka J, Ono T, Suzuki K and Takeda S (2009) Biogeochemical cycling of N and Si during the mesoscale iron-enrichment experiment in the western subarctic Pacific (SEEDS-II). Deep-Sea Research Part II 56(26): 2852-2862, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.06.010.

Wiggert J D, Hood R R, Naqvi S W A, Brink K H and Smith S L (2009) Introduction to Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability. AGU Monograph Series, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Books and chaptersLiu K K, Atkinson L, Quinones R, Talaue-McManus

L, eds (2010) Carbon and nutrient fluxes in continental margins. The IGBP Series. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg. 744 pp.

International Global Atmospheric Chemistry

Ancellet G, Leclair de Bellevue J, Mari C, Nedelec P, Kukui A, Borbon, P Perros (2009) Effects of regional-scale and convective transports on tropospheric ozone chemistry revealed by aircraft observations during the wet season of the AMMA campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 383-411.

Capes G, Murphy J G, Reeves C E, McQuaid J B, Hamilton J F, Hopkins J R, Crosier J, Williams P I and Coe H (2009) Secondary Organic Aerosol from biogenic VOCs over West Africa during AMMA. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9: 2533-2558.

Doherty S J, Bojinski S, Henderson-Sellers A, Noone K, Goodrich D, Bindoff N L, Church J A, Hibbard K A, Karl T R, Kajfez-Bogataj L, Lynch A H, Parker D E, Prentice I C, Ramaswamy V, Saunders R W, Simmons A J, Stafford Smith M, Steffen K, Stocker T F, Thorne P W, Trenberth K E, Verstraete M M, Zwier F W (2009) Lessons learned from IPCC AR4: Future scientific developments needed to understand, predict and respond to climate change, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90(4): 497-513, doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2643.1.

Flamant C, Lavaysse C, Todd M C, Chaboureau J P and, Pelon J (2009) Multi-platform observations of a springtime case of Bodélé and Sudan dust emission, transport and scavenging over West Africa. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135: 413-430.

Mallet M, Tulet P, Serça D, Solmon F, Dubovik O, Pelon J, Pont V, and Thouron O (2009) Impact

of dust aerosols on the radiative budget, surface heat fluxes, heating rate profiles and convective activity over West Africa during March 2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9: 2967-3006.

Monks P S, Granier C, Fuzzi S, Stohl A, Williams M L, Akimoto H, Amann M, Baklanov A, Baltensperger U, Bey I, Blake N, Blake R S, Carslaw K, Cooper O R, Dentener F, Fowler D, Fragkou E, Frost G J, Generoso S, Ginoux P, Grewe V, Guenther A, Hansson H C, Henne S, Hjorth J, Hofzumahaus A, Huntrieser H, Isaksen I S A, Jenkin M E, Kaiser J, Kanakidou M, Klimont Z, Kulmala M, Laj P, Lawrence M G, Lee J D, Liousse C, Maione M, McFiggans G, Metzger A, Mieville A, Moussiopoulos N, Orlando J J, O'Dowd C D, Palmer P I, Parrish D D, Petzold A, Platt U, Pöschl U, Prévôt A S H, Reeves C E, Reimann S, Rudich Y, Sellegri K, Steinbrecher R, Simpson D, ten Brink H, Theloke J, van der Werf G R, Vautard R, Vestreng V, Vlachokostas Ch and von Glasow R (2009) Atmospheric composition change – global and regional air quality. Atmospheric Environment 43 (33): 5268-5350.

Parrish D D, Kuster W C, Shao M, Yokouchi Y, Kondo Y, Goldan P D, deGouw J A, Koike M, Shirai T (2009) Comparison of air pollutant emissions among mega-cities. Atmospheric Environment 43: 6435-6441.

Parrish D D and Zhu T (2009) Clean air for megacities. Science 326: 674-675.

Pathak R, Wu W and Wang T (2009) Summertime PM2.5 ionic species in four major cities of China: nitrate formation in an ammonia-deficient atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 1711-1722.

Saunois M, Reeves C E, Mari C H, Murphy J G, Stewart D J, Mills G P, Oram D E and Purvis R M (2009) Factors controlling the distribution of ozone in the West African lower troposphere

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during the AMMA (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis) wet season campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 6135-6155.

Wang T, Wei X L, Ding A J, Poon C N, Lam K S, Li Y S, Chan L Y and Anson M (2009) Increasing surface ozone concentrations in the background atmosphere of Southern China, 1994–2007. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9: 6217-6227.

Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone

Chen Z, Yanagi T, Wolanski E, eds (2009) EMECS8: Harmonizing catchment and estuary. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science (special issue).

Cooper J A G and Cummins V, (2009). Coastal research and policy integration in Northwest Europe: The COREPOINT Project. Marine Policy 33 (6): 869-870.

Ferse S C A, Máñez-Costa M, Schwerdtner Máñez K, Adhuri D S and Glaser M (in press) Allies, not aliens: increasing the role of local communities in MPA implementation. Environmental Conservation.

Glaeser B, Kannen A, Kremer H (2009) Introduction: the future of coastal areas: challenges for planning practice and research. GAIA 18 (2): 145-149.

Glaeser B, Bruckmeier K, Glaser M and Krause G (2009) Social-ecological systems analysis in coastal and marine areas: A path toward integration of interdisciplinary knowledge, in Current Trends in Human Ecology edited by Lopes P and Begossi A. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge. pp. 183-203.

Gooday A J, Jorissen F, Levin L A, Middelburg J J, Naqvi W, Rabalais NN, Scranton M and Zhang J (2009) Historical records of coastal eutrophication and hypoxia. Biogeosciences (6): 1707-1745.

Koch E W, Barbier E B, Silliman B R, Reed D J, Perillo G M E, Hacker S D, Granek E F, Primavera J H, Muthiga N, Polasky S, Halpern B S, Kennedy C J, Kappel C V and Wolanski E (2009) Non-linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment (7): 29-37.

McQuatters-Gollop A, Gilbert A J, Mee L D, Vermaat J E, Artioli Y, Humborg C and Wulff F (2009) How well do ecosystem indicators communicate the effects of anthropogenic eutrophication? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 82 (4): 583-596.

Olsen S B (2009) A Practitioner’s Perspective on Coastal Management, in Integrated Coastal Zone Management edited by Moksness E, Dahl E and Støttrup J. Blackwell Publishing. doi: 10.1002/9781444316285.

Olsen S B, Vallejo S M, Ochoa E and Rubinoff P (in press) A certification program in the governance of coastal ecosystems. Journal of Coastal Zone Management.

Olsen S B, Page G G and Ochoa E (2009) The Analysis of Governance Responses to Ecosystem Change: A Handbook for Assembling a Baseline. LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 34. GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht, 87 pp.

Queffelec B, Cummins V and Bailly D (2009) Integrated management of marine biodiversity in Europe: perspectives from ICZM and the evolving EU Maritime Policy framework. Marine Policy 33 (6): 871-877.

Ramesh R, Purvaja R, Lakshmi A, Newton A, Kremer H H and Weichselgartner J (2009) South Asia Basins: LOICZ Global Change Assessment and Synthesis of River Catchment - Coastal Sea Interaction and Human Dimensions. LOICZ Reports & Studies No. 32. GKSS Research Center, Geesthacht. 121 pp.

Syvitski J P M, Kettner A, Overeem J I, Hutton E W H, Hannon M T, Brakenridge R G, Day J, Vörösmarty C, Saito Y, Giosan L and Nicholls RJ (2009) Sinking deltas due to human activities. Nature Geoscience (2): 681-686.

Thomas H, Schiettecatte L S, Suykens K, Koné Y J M, Shadwick E H B, Prowe A E F, Bozec Y, de Baar H J W and Borges AV (2009) Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments. Biogeosciences (6): 267-274.

Weichselgartner J and Kasperson R E (2009) Barriers in the science-policy-practice interface: toward a knowledge-action-system in global environmental change research. Global Environmental Change doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.006.

Past Global ChangesBentley M J et al (2009) Mechanisms of

Holocene palaeoenvironmental change in the Antarctic Peninsula region. The Holocene 19: 51-69.

Group paper of calibration project under PAGES oversight. Tzedakis P C, Raynaud D, McManus J F, Berger A, Brovkin V and Kiefer T (2009) Coaxing history to conduct experiments: the palaeoclimate record of interglacials. Nature Geoscience 2: 751-755.

Marlon J R et al. (2009) Wildfire responses to abrupt climate change in North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 2519-2524.

Neukom et al (2010). Multiproxy summer and winter temperature field reconstructions for southern South America back to 900 AD and 1706 AD. Climate Dynamics, doi: 10.1007/s00382-010-0793-3.

PublicaTions

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PALeo SEA level working group, 2010: The sea-level conundrum: case studies from palaeo-archives. Journal of Quaternary Science 25: 19-25.

Synthesis paper from PAGES Focus 1 WG “PALSEA” concept workshop. Reimer P et al (2009) IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves, 0–50,000 Years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51: 1111-1150.

Synthesis of PAGES Focus-2-endorsed project Jones P D et al. (2009) High resolution palaeo-climatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects. The Holocene 19: 3-49.

Synthesis paper from PAGES/CLIVAR workshop Margo Project Members (2009) Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature Geoscience 2: 127-132.

ReportsOtto-Bliesner B and Schulz M (2009) New

methods to integrate paleodata into climate models. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 300-301.

Otto-Bliesner B L, Joussaume S, Braconnot P, Harrison S P and Abe-Ouchi A (2009) Modeling and data syntheses of past climates. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 93.

Reyes A. and Gagen M (2009) Young paleoclimate scientists meet to broaden knowledge and build ties. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 244.

Siddall M, Clark P, Thompson B, Waelbroeck C, Gregory J and Stocker T (2009) The sea level conundrum: insights from paleo studies. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 72-73.

Witton L and Kiefer T (2009) New strategic plan and data portal for past global change science, Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90: 426-427.

Kiefer T, Otto-Bliesner B L, Whitlock C and Wolff E, Eds (2009) Retrospective views on our planet's future – PAGES Open Science Meeting 2009. Climate of the Past.

Surface Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Study

Saltzman E S, De Bruyn W J, Lawler M J, Marandino C A and McCormick CA (2009) A chemical ionization mass spectrometer for continuous underway shipboard analysis of dimethylsulfide in near-surface seawater. Ocean Science 5: 537–546.

Surface Ocean CO2 Variability and Vulnerabilities, special issue (2009) Deep-Sea Research part II Volume 56 (8–10): 2731-2958.

Uno I, Eguchi K, Yumimoto K, Takemura T, Shimizu A, Uematsu M, Liu Z, Wang Z, Hara Y and Sugimoto N (2009) Asian dust transported one full circuit around the globe. Nature Geoscience 2: 557 -560, doi: 10.1038/ngeo583.

The Second Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study (2009) Deep-Sea Research part II 56 (26): 2731-2958.

Butler J H, Bell T G, Hall B D, Quack B, Carpenter L J, Williams J (2010) Technical Note: Ensuring consistent, global measurements of short-lived halocarbon gases in the ocean and atmosphere. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10: 327-330.

PublicaTions

Watson A J, Schuster U, Bakker D C E, Bates N R, Corbière A, González-Dávila M, Friedrich T, Hauck J, Heinze C, Johannessen T, Körtzinger A, Metzl N, Olafsson J, Olsen A, Oschlies A, Padin X A, Pfeil B, Santana-Casiano J M, Steinhoff T, Telszewski M, Rios A F, Wallace D W R and Wanninkhof R (2009) Tracking the Variable North Atlantic Sink for Atmospheric CO2. Science 326: 1391-1393.

Books and chaptersLe Quéré C and Saltzman E S (2009) Surface

Ocean – Lower Atmosphere Processes. Geophysical Monograph Series 187. 350 pp.

Fast-track initiatives

Plant Functional ClassificationsKattge J, Knorr W, Raddatz T and Wirth C (2009)

Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen use efficiency for earth system models. Global Change Biology 15: 976-991.

Kattge J, Ogle K, Boenisch G, Díaz S, Lavorel S, Madin J, Nadrowski N, Nöllert S, Sartor K and Wirth C (in review). A generic structure for plant trait databases. Methods in Ecology and Evolution.

Past Ocean AcidificationRidgwell A and Schmidt D C (2010) Past

constraints on the vulnerability of marine calcifiers to massive carbon dioxide release. Nature Geoscience 3: 196-200.

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National contributions 2009

IGBP activities are predominantly funded by contributions from countries around

the world. The IGBP national contribution scale is based on the United Nations Scale of Assessments (in percent). The IGBP scale is adjusted so that the total from all contributors will cover our central budget.

The national contributions support

the operation of the IGBP Secretariat, the meetings of the Scientific Committee of IGBP and the Scientific Steering Committees of IGBP projects, fast-track initiatives and syntheses, IGBP contributions to the Earth System Science Partnership and other partner organisations, and communication and outreach activities.

National contributions received by level of contribution

1 USA 15 Russia 29 Ireland2 Germany 16 Belgium 30 Portugal3 Sweden 17 China 31 Indonesia4 France 18 Austria 32 Singapore5 Japan 19 Denmark 33 Malaysia6 UK 20 Korea 34 Thailand7 Brazil 21 Poland 35 Jamaica8 Italy 22 Finland 36 Botswana9 Spain 23 South Africa 37 Cameroon

10 Netherlands 24 Czech Republic 38 Dem. Rep. of Congo11 Australia 25 Greece 39 Kenya 12 Switzerland 26 India 40 Romania13 Taiwan 27 Israel 41 Jordan14 Norway 28 New Zealand 42 Colombia

National contributions received in 2009 for previous years

Egypt 2008Greece 2008

Italy 2008Kenya 2008Russia 2006

finanCial

Financial

7070

INCOME* EURO

National contribution 1,251,605Other Network income 11,931Reallocated funds from previous year 57,024Carried-over network funds from previous year 211,092

TOTAL INCOME 1,531,652

EXPENDITURE EURO

Core Science Projects 289,817IGBP Synthesis & Fast-track Initiatives 25,269Open Science Conference 2012 18,352Communications and Publications 180,002Partner Activities 127,520Scientific Committee & Officers 138,711Funding and Budget 57,952National Committees & Adhering Bodies 32,191Secretariat Administration 161,806

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 1,031,620

Reallocated funds for next year 174,701

Carried-over network funds** 325,331

*In addition to the income presented above, IGBP received: € 102,866 from ESA (European Space Agency) as support for a liason position at Frascati, Italy and travel support for IGBP to attend ESA-related meetings.

€ 15,325 from FORMAS, Sweden for support of the IGBP/KVA Symposium "Planet under pressure" held at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in September 2009.

** Carried-over funds to support operating expenses during the first half of the year. Two IGBP secretariat positions remained vacant until late 2009.

Please note: IGBP has a reserve fund at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences of SEK 1.5 million that is not included in the financial report.

finanCial statementIncome and expenditure for year ending December 2009

7171

PRoPoRtional exPendituRe 2009

Percentage of budget used for core activities.

Financial

7272

Project Country/Organisation Euro

AIMES

USA NSF International Programs (GEO) 184,009

USA NCAR (in kind) 21,724

IGBP (2009 + remaining funds from 2008) 32,598

AIMES Total Income 238,330

GLOBEC

SCOR/US-NSF 101,460

IOC UNESCO 7,120

UK - PML (in kind) 166,608

UK - NERC 198,648


GLOBEC Total Income 488,418

GLP

University of Copenhagen (1,435,000 DKK) 192,761

IHDP 12,460


GLP Total Income 220,478

IGAC

USA NASA 65,205

USA NOAA 64,721

USA NSF 65,623

European ACCENT 20,000

Academy of Sciences in Taipei, China 7,120


IGAC Total Income 258,708

iLEAPS

University of Helsinki, Faculty of Sciences 160,000

Finnish Ministry of Education 20,000

Finnish Met. Inst. 30,000


iLEAPS Total Income 242,988

fundinG foR inteRnational CoRe PRojeCt offiCes

Project Country/Organisation Euro

IMBER

SCOR/US-NSF 35,600

SCOR Carry-over from Previous Year 20,336FR - University of Western Brittany / IUEM (office support) 14,923

FR - CNRS/IRD/Brittany region (IPO Salaries, expenses) 164,646

IGBP: IMBER/GLOBEC Transition task team meeting 5,525


IMBER Total Income 257,902

LOICZ

DE - Institute for Coastal Reserach 430,000IHDP 12,360IGBP (2009 + remaining funds from 2008) 15,444

LOICZ Total Income 457,804

PAGES

Swiss NSF 223,552USA NSF 202,346IGBP (2009 + remaining funds from 2008) 33,469

PAGES Total Income 459,367

SOLAS

UK-NERC 180,436SCOR/US-NSF 17,800IGBP (2009 + remaining funds from 2008) 15,596

SOLAS Total Income 213,832

Financial

7373

acRonYms

ACPC Aerosols, Clouds, Precipitation, Climate

AfricanNESS African Network of Earth System Science

AGU American Geophysical Union

AIMES Analysis, Integration and Modelling of the Earth System

AMMA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis

APN Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research

AR4 Fourth IPCC Assessment Report

AR5 Fifth IPCC Assessment Report

CACGP Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution

CEOS Committee on Earth Observing Satellites

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agriculture Research

CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability Study

CNRS Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique

COP 15 Fifteenth Session of the United Nations Conference of the Parties (UNFCCC)

COST European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research

aCRonYmsDIVERSITAS An international programme of

biodiversity science

EGU European Geophysical Union

ESA European Space Agency

ESF European Science Foundation

ESSP Earth System Science Partnership

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FTI Fast Track Initiative

GCOS Global Climate Observing System

GCP Global Carbon Project

GEC Global Environmental Change

GECAFS Global Environmental Change and Food Systems

GECHH Global Environmental Change and Human Health

GECHS Global Environmental Change and Human Security

GEIA Global Emissions Inventory Activity

GEO Group on Earth Observations

GEWEX Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment

GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics

GLP Global Land Project

7474

GWSP Global Water System Project

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IAI Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research

IAMC Integrated Assessment Modelling Consortium

IASC International Arctic Science Committee

ICACGP International Commission on Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Pollution

ICED Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics

ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

ICOS Integrated Carbon Observation System

ICSU International Council for Science

IGAC International Global Atmospheric Chemistry

IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

IGFA International Group of Funding Agencies for Global Change Research

IGOS Integrated Global Observing Strategy

IHDP International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change

IHOPE Integrated History and Future of People on Earth

iLEAPS Integrated Land Ecosystem–Atmospheric Processes Study

IMBER Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research

INPE Brazilian Federal Institute for Space Research

IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO)

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPO International project office

IPY International Polar Year

IRS Integrated Regional Study

LOICZ Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone

LUCC Land Use and Cover Change

LUCID Land Use and Climate, Identification of Impacts

MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

MAIRS Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NCAR National Centre for Atmospheric Research

7575

NEESPI Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative

NERC Natural Environment Research Council

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRC National Research Council

NSF National Science Foundation

PAGES Past Global Changes

PFT Plant Functional Type

PICES North Pacific Marine Science Organization

PMIP Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project

POLARCAT Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate Chemistry, Aerosols and Transport

QUEST Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System

RCP Representative Concentration Pathways

SBSTA (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice

SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research

SOLAS Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study

SPARC Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate

SSC Scientific Steering Committee

START Global Change System for Analysis, Research and Training

UNEP UN Environment Programme

UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

WCRP World Climate Research Programme

WGCM Working Group On Coupled Models

WMO World Meteorological Organization

YSN Young Scholars Network

acRonYms

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

Documents

AnnuAl RepoRt 2009 - International Geosphere-Biosphere ... · Published by IGBP Secretariat The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Box 50005 SE-104 05, Stockholm Sweden Tel: +46 8