ANNUALREPORT2009

ANNUALREPORT2009

What will be remembered is that astronauts discovered planet Earth; they saw Earth resembling a small blue marble floating in the Universe. They were able to bring back to Earth the notion that our future is a global one and that we have to think about the future of Earth globally.Jean-Jacques Dordain, July 2009, on the 40th anniversary of the first moonlanding

Earthrise, seen from Apollo 11 in 1969 (NASA)

CONTENTS

II IV VI IX

Foreword YearinReview Highlightsof2009 Directors

Summary of achievements 3 37 3 3 6 69 79 93 99 Science&RoboticExploration EarthObservation Telecommunications&IntegratedApplications Galileo&Navigation-relatedActivities Launchers HumanSpaceflight Technical&QualityManagement Operations&Infrastructure LegalAffairs&ExternalRelations ResourcesManagement&IndustrialMatters Future&plans Historyproject&recordsmanagement

Accounts09 Notestothefinancialstatements 0 AuditopiniontoCouncil Statementofincomeandexpenditure 3 Statementofassetsandliabilities Consolidatedcashflowstatement Statementofchangesinnetassets/equity

Annex6 Agreementssignedin2009 7 ESApatentapplicationsfiledin2009 9 ChairsofCouncil,ProgrammeBoards andotherdelegatebodies 0 NationaldelegationstoCouncil

Facilities0 ESTEC 06 ESRIN 07 ESAC 07 ESOC&thestations 08 EAC 08 CSG 08 Harwell

AnESACommunicationsProduction Copyright 2010 European Space Agency Images copyright ESA unless otherwise stated ISSN 0258-025XCover photos credits: NASA; ESA and the SPIRE & PACS consortia, P. Andr (CEA Saclay) for the Goulds Belt Key Programme Consortia; ESA AOES Medialab; ESA/CNES/Arianespace Optique Vido du CSG L. Boyer; ESA/MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS/UPD/LAM/IAA/RSSD/INTA/UPM/DASP/IDA.

Publishedby ESA Communication Department ESTEC, PO Box 299 2200 AG Noordwijk The Netherlands T +31 71 565 3408 contactesa@esa.int www.esa.int

FOREWORD

Althoughthepastyearhasbeenverydifficultowingtotheglobalfinancialandeconomiccrisisand itssevereeffectsonourMemberStates,2009wasaverygoodyearindeedforEuropeanspaceand, inparticular,forESA.Forthefirsttimeinagivenyear,ESAplacedfivenewmissionsinorbit,thefirst twoEarthExplorers(GOCEandSMOS),twoobservatories(HerschelandPlanck)andProba-2,asatellite testingnewspacecraftandinstrumenttechnologiesandpreparingthetechnologiesforfutureESA missions.WiththelaunchofGOCEandSMOSandtheexpectedlaunchin2010ofCryosat-2,apolarice mappingsatellite,EuropeangovernmentshaveclearlydemonstratedthatEarthobservationfromspace isoneoftheirtopprioritiesandthatEuropeismakingastrongcontributiontoabetterunderstanding oftheenvironmentandclimatechange. 2009wasalsoaverybusyandhighlysuccessfulyearforAriane5andArianespacewiththeseven launchesperformedinthecourseoftheyearconstitutinganewrecord.Italsomarkedthe30th anniversaryofAriane,whosefirstflighttookplaceon24December1979. Inaddition,thereweretwomissionsinvolvingESAastronautstotheInternationalSpaceStation (ChristerFuglesang,whosesecondmissiontotheISSlastedfrom29Augustto12SeptemberandFrank deWinne,whospent189daysontheISSandbecamethefirstEuropeantocommandtheStation). Inanotherremarkableachievement,2009sawtheendofoperationallifeoftheUlyssesmissionafter 18yearsofexploitation. ESAandEuropecanbeproudoftheseachievements,whicharetheresultofthecollectiveeffortsofESA, nationalagencies,thescientistsinvolvedandindustry. Onthepoliticallevel,importantdevelopmentsandeventstookplacein2009thataresettohave far-reachingimplicationsfortheAgencysfutureactivitiesandplans.First,theentryintoforceofthe LisbonTreatyon1DecemberconfersnewpowersandcompetencesinspaceontheEUandwillenable Europetoplayanincreasinglypivotalrole.Second,thereviewofthehumanspaceflightprogrammein theUSA,carriedoutbyapanelheadedbyNormanAugustine,nowsitsonthePresidentsdeskawaiting adecisiononfuturespaceexplorationpolicy.Third,thefinancialandeconomiccrisishasseverely impactedthefinancialcapabilitiesofourMemberStates. AstoCouncil,whichreturnedtoitsnormalrhythmofmeetingsafterthe2008MinisterialCouncilin TheHague,mostofitsworkin2009focusedonimplementingthedecisionstakenatthatmeeting.In thisrespect,thedecisiontakenbytheparticipatingStatesatCouncilattheendoftheyeartoproceed withtheExoMarsmissionisasignificantachievement.Themission,noworganisedverydifferentlyfrom whatwasonthetableforministersin2008,willconsistoftwosuccessivemissionstobelaunchedin 2016and2018andformspartofawider,long-termcooperativeeffortwithNASAtoexploreMars.

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AnnualReport2009

OtherkeythemesdealtwithbyCouncilincludedtheanalysisofthecurrentdecision-makingprocess anditsweaknessesandtheevolutionoftheAgencyssitesandinfrastructure.Proposalsfordecisionson thesematterswillbetabledtoCouncilin2010. NodoubtthecomingyearwillseeanotherperiodofsignificantchallengesforESAandspace.Iam convincedthatwecanlookforwardtonolessinterestingtimesin2010fortheAgencyanditsactivities. AmongthekeyeventswillbethefirstlaunchofSoyuzfromtheCSGinmid-2010andthelaunchofthe firsttwoGalileoIOVsatelliteslateintheyear.Thiswillalsobeaveryimportantyearwithregardtothe questionoffutureexploitationoftheISSandEuropeslong-termstrategyforexploration. Inclosing,letmethankalldelegationsandmembersoftheExecutivefortheirtirelessworkoverthe pastyear.IamconvincedthattheroleofspaceandtheservicesitcanprovidetoEuropescitizenswill increaseandthatEurope,throughESAanditsMemberStates,willcontinuetoplayavitalroleinmaking thispossible.

Maurici LucenaChairofCouncil

III

YEARINREVIEW

OnceagainitistimetowrapupabusyyearofESAactivities.Lookingbackover2009,onestriking achievementwasthatnofewerthanfiveESAsatelliteswerelaunched.WiththefirsttwoEarth Explorersnowinorbit,EuropehasconfirmeditsleadingpositioninEarthobservationforthestudyof theenvironment,includingclimatechangeaspects.WiththeHerschelandPlancktelescopes,Europe haslikewiseconfirmeditspositionattheforefrontofspace-basedastronomy,andwiththetechnology demonstratorProba-2,ESAisshowingthatitisactivelypreparingforthefuture. InEarthobservation,animportantmilestonewasreachedearlyonintheyearwiththesigningofanEC/ ESAagreementoncontributingSegment2oftheGMESSpaceComponent.InMarchthefirstEarthExplorer satelliteGOCEwaslaunched,withtheobjectiveofstudyingEarthsgravityfieldandgeoid.Itwasfollowed bythesecondEarthExplorerinNovember,theSoilMoistureandOceanSalinity(SMOS)mission,whichwill extendourknowledgeofEarthswatercycle.Thedataacquiredwillleadtobetterweatherandextremeeventforecasting,andcontributetoseasonalclimateforecasting.BoththesemissionsshowESAsstrong andactiveinvolvementintheEarthsciences.Launchingthesesatellitesatarateaveragingoneperyearis somethingnooneelseintheworldisdoing. Inspacescience,themaineventoftheyearwasundoubtedlythesuccessfulduallaunchbyanAriane5ECA oftheHerschelandPlanckspaceobservatories.Herschelisequippedwiththelargest,mostpowerfulinfrared telescopeeverflowninspace.Thispioneeringmissiontostudytheoriginandevolutionofstarsandgalaxies willhelpusunderstandhowtheUniversecametobewhatitistoday.PlanckisthefirstEuropeanspace observatorywhosemaingoalisthestudyofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundtherelicradiationleftover fromtheBigBang.Byobservingthisfirstlight,PlanckwillbeseeingtheUniverseasitwasalmostatitsorigin. Anotherimportantmissionforspace-basedastronomytookplaceinMaywhentheNASA/ESAHubble SpaceTelescopewassuccessfullyservicedforthefifthtime.ImustalsomentiontheESA/NASAmission studyingtheSun:on30JuneUlyssesfinallyendeditsoperationallifeafterarecord-breaking18yearsof exploitation.Meanwhile,themuchyoungercomet-chasingprobeRosettacontinueditsjourneythrough space,passingEarthinNovemberforitsfourthandfinalgravity-assistmanoeuvre. TwoESAastronautsflewintospacethisyear.FromMaytoDecember,FrankDeWinnecarriedoutthe OasISSlong-durationmissionontheInternationalSpaceStation,spending189daysinspace.Whatalso madethismissionuniquewasthefactthathebecamethefirstEuropeancommanderoftheISSatask hecarriedoutinexemplaryfashion.Duringthismission,hewasjoinedbyfellowESAastronautChrister Fuglesang,whocarriedouthissecondandequallysuccessfulmissiontotheISSfrom29Augustto12 September.Inaddition,inMay,ESAhadthepleasureofannouncingitssixnewastronautrecruitstoan impressivegatheringofinternationalpressandmediareporters. ESAwasalsoinvolvedinthepreparationsforfuturehumanspaceflightmissionsgoingwaybeyondtheISS. Fromend-Marchtomid-July,twoEuropeansandfourRussiansspent105daysperformingaMarsmission simulationinMoscow,undertheMars500programme.Thiswillbefollowedbythefull520-daymission simulationin2010.Onthetechnologyside,Imustmentiontheinaugurationofthesecond-generation MELiSSApilotplantinBarcelonainJune.Thisfacilityistestingregenerativelife-supportsystemtechnologies thatcouldonedayrecyclewasteproductsandsupplyessentialfood,waterandoxygentohumans livingonthesurfaceoftheMoonorMars.Progresswasalsomadeonapoliticallevel.ThefirstEU/ESA InternationalConferenceonHumanSpaceExplorationwasheldinPragueinOctober.Thiswasthefirst stepinaprocessaimedatdefiningaEuropeanvisionandstrategicplanningforspaceexploration.

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AnnualReport2009

ESA/EUcooperationinthefieldofsatellitenavigationmadeimportantprogress.EGNOSwasdeclared operationalon1April.JunesawthesigningwithArianespaceofacontracttolaunchthefourGalileo In-OrbitValidationsatellitesontwoSoyuzrocketsfromEuropesSpaceportinKourou,FrenchGuiana. InadditiontothetwoESA/EUflagshipprogrammesGalileoandGMES,theAgencycontinueditssuccessful policycooperationwiththeEU.ThesixthESA/EUSpaceCounciltookplaceon29MayinBrussels,where ministersaddressedthecontributionofspacetoinnovationandcompetitiveness.2009alsomarkeda milestonefortheEuropeanUnionsinvolvementinspace,withtheentryintoforceoftheLisbonTreaty on1December.TheTreatyshouldhelpEuropeclaimamoreimportantroleinternationallyoverthenext decade,whichisgoodnewsforbothEuropeanintegrationandtheEuropeanspacesector. AnotherfocusofattentionwastheevolutionofESAssitesandinfrastructure.Julysawtheofficialopening ofESAatHarwelltheAgencysfirstfacilityintheUnitedKingdom.TheevolutionofESAssitesand infrastructureisasubjectthatwillalsobecarefullypreparedandmonitoredoverthecomingyears. Astheyearneareditsend,severalimportantprogrammedecisionsweretaken.TwoimportantESA missionswereconsolidated:BepiColombo,toMercury,andExoMars,tobecarriedoutincooperationwith NASA.IndeedIamparticularlygladthatExoMarsisnolongeraone-offmissionbutpartoflong-term cooperationwithNASAonexploringtheRedPlanet. TheChristmasperiodthisyearwasnotonlyatimeforseasonalcelebration.On24December,wealso celebratedthe30thanniversaryofthefirstArianelaunchfromKourou.Andwhatanappropriateyearto celebratethis,withnofewerthansevenAriane5launches.WecansaywithpridethatAriane5continues toaffirmitsroleasEuropesmostreliableworkhorse. Ascanbeseenfromtheeventsoutlinedabove,thiswasdefinitelybothabusyandarewardingyear. RewardingfortheMemberStates,whichcontinuetogiveESAtheirconstantsupport,andrewardingfor theExecutive.AlltheAgencysaccomplishmentsarepossiblenotleastthankstothededicationofitsstaff, atalllevelsandallfunctionsincluded.Peopleofmanydifferentnationalitiesanddiversebackgrounds, allworkingtogetherinpursuitofcommongoals.Indeed,oneofthebestthingsaboutaninternational organisationsuchasESAisthediversityresultingfromhavingpeoplefromsomanycountries,all cooperatingtoachievetogetherthatwhichcannotbeachievedalone.ThatdiversityisoneofESAsmost treasuredassets,onethattheAgencywilldoitsutmosttosustainforthefuture.

Jean-Jacques DordainDirectorGeneral

V

HIGHLIGHTSOF2009

JANUARY Launch of the International Year of Astronomy, UNESCO, Paris

FEbRUARY NASA and ESA prioritise outer planet missions to Saturn and Jupiter

APRIL 5th European Conference on Space Debris, Darmstadt, Germany, the largest dedicated space debris conference in the world

JULY Ariane 5 carries heaviest and most powerful telecommunications satellite, TerreStar 1, into space, 1 July; Mars500 crew complete 105 days of isolation, 14, July; Latvia signs Cooperation Agreement, 24 July; on 20 July, 40 years ago, Apollo 11 lands on the Moon

SEPTEmbER ESAs new class of European astronauts report to EAC, 1 September; Cyprus signs Cooperation Agreement

OCTObER Frank De Winne becomes first European commander of the International Space Station, 11 October

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AnnualReport2009

mARCH GOCE, ESAs gravity mission launched, 17 March

mAY Herschel and Planck launched, 17 May; ESAs new astronauts selected, 20 May; ESA astronaut Frank De Winnes OasISS mission launched, 27 May

JUNE 48th International Paris Airshow, Le Bourget, France, 1521 June; Envisat Earth observation mission extended

AUGUST ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang flies on Space Shuttle STS-128 on his Aliss mission, 29 August

NOVEmbER Proba-2 and SMOS, ESAs water mission launched, 2 November; Estonia becomes fifth ESA European Cooperating State, 12 November; Rosettas final Earth swingby, 13 November

DECEmbER COP 15 Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen, 718 December; ESA Member States give green light to ExoMars Programme, 17 December

VII

AnnualReport2009

DIRECTORS

Jean-Jacques Dordain DirectorGeneral

Daniel Sacotte DirectorAdvisortothe DirectorGeneral

David Southwood DirectorofScienceand RoboticExploration

Volker Liebig DirectorofEarth Observation

Simonetta Di Pippo DirectorofHuman Spaceflight

Antonio Fabrizi DirectorofLaunchers

Magali Vaissire Directorof Telecommunicationsand IntegratedApplications

Ren Oosterlinck DirectoroftheGalileo Programmeand Navigation-related Activities

Michel Courtois Gaele Winters DirectorofTechnicaland DirectorofOperations Qualitymanagement andInfrastructure

Ludwig Kronthaler DirectorofResources management& Industrialmatters

Peter Hulsroj DirectorofLegalAffairs andExternalRelations

IX

science & robotic exploration

science & robotic exploration

With Herschel and Planck launched, all current missions extended until 2012, the ExoMars programme subscriptions approved and the selection process for the Medium (M) Cosmic Vision missions starting, 2009 has been a pivotal year for the Science Programme.

CosmicVisionImplementationoftheCosmicVisionplanpasseda significantmilestonewiththestartoftheselectionprocess todeterminewhichtwoMedium(M)missionswillbe launchedin2017and2018.Allmissionconceptsunderwent detailedAssessmentPhasestudiesduring2008and2009, andweresubjecttoanESA-internalreview.InDecember, theselectionexercisebeganwithapublicpresentation ofthecandidateMmissionsciencegoals.Thebudgetof theScienceProgrammewillallowonlytwoofthemtobe implementedin2017/18.TheAdvisoryStructuretothe ScienceProgrammewillrankthemissionsandrecommend whichshouldprogressintoaDefinitionPhase,andthe ScienceProgrammeCommittee(SPC)willmaketheir selectionfortheprogrammeearlyin2010.Thefinalselection isplannedwithintwoyears. AssessmentofthethreeLmissionsalsocontinued.In2008, itbecameclearthattheseambitiousmissionscouldonlybe implementedwithextensiveinternationalcollaborationand thattheearliestlaunchopportunityforanLmissionis2020. Significantprogresswasmadeinscientificandindustrial studies,andintheconsolidationofpossibleinternational cooperationscenarios.Aselectionprocess,similartothat fortheMmissions,isplannedfortheendof2010. PreparationforthefutureoftheScienceProgramme continuedwithnumeroustechnologydevelopment activitiesconcentratingonareasidentifiedashigh scientificprioritiesfrombytheAdvisoryStructure. Theoutcomeofthesestudieswillenablethescientific communitytosubmitviable,matureproposalsatthenext CallforProposalsintheCosmicVisionplan.

A Herschel view of a star-forming complex about 850 light years away in the constellation Aquila, the Eagle, a region so shrouded in dust and gas that only the most sensitive infrared telescopes are able to reveal the young stars being born within it Possible concepts for Euclid, one of the Cosmic Vision M class missions under assessment. Euclid would address key questions in fundamental physics and cosmology, in particular on the mysterious dark energy and dark matter

Science&RoboticExploration

Mission proposalCross-Scale

ClassM

CommentsMagnetosphericplasmaphysicsmissionaddressingarangeof physicalscalesthroughtheuseofmultiplesatellites Investigationofthenatureofdarkenergybasedontheuse ofweaklensingandbaryonacousticoscillations Near-Earthasteroidsamplereturnmission Detectionofexoplanetsusingtransitsandcharacterizationof theparentstarsusingasteroseismology SolarobservatoryapproachingtheSunascloseasMercury andreachingtohighheliosphericlatitudes(incooperation withNASA) MissionofOpportunity,anESAcontributiontoaJAXA-led 3.5mdiameterinfraredobservatory(ESAwouldprovidethe telescope,manageanationallyfundedEuropeaninstrument, SAFARI,andcontributetooperations) AlargeX-rayobservatorybasedonadeployableopticalbench, (incooperationwithNASAandJAXA) MissiontotheJupitersystemincooperationwithNASA, composedofaEuropeanGanymedeorbiterandaUS Europaorbiter Athree-spacecraftconstellationforthedetectionand characterizationofgravitationalwavesfromastrophysical sources(incooperationwithNASA)

Euclid

M

MarcoPolo PLATO

M M

SolarOrbiter

M

SPICA

M

IXO

L

Laplace/EJSMCandidate missions for the first slice of the Cosmic Vision plan. All these went through Assessment Phase studies in 2009, in preparation for their selection in 2010 and 2011

L

LISA

L

missionsinoperationInmid-2009,ESAobtaineddatafromarecord18spacescience missions(includingthoseincollaborationwithotherspace agencies).Themostsignificanteventoftheyeartookplace inMaywiththeduallaunchofHerschel,afar-infraredspace observatory,andPlanck,aCosmicMicrowaveBackground surveyor.Forbothmissions,thespacecraft,allinstruments andgroundsegmentshavedemonstratedexcellent performanceandinitialscientificresultshavebeenvery positive.Laterintheyear,theESA/NASAUlyssesspacecraft orbitingtheSuninapolarorbitwasturnedoffaftermore than18yearsofcontinuousoperation,andthejointIndian/ ESAChandrayaan-1lunarprobereachedtheendofitsmission.

The launch of Herschel and Planck on an Ariane 5 from Kourou, French Guiana, on 14 May 2009

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AnnualReport2009

Othermissionsinclude:astrophysicalobservatories(Hubble SpaceTelescopeincollaborationwithNASA,XMM-Newton, Integral),asolarmonitoringsatellite(SOHO,withNASA), planetarymissions(MarsExpress,VenusExpress, CassiniHuygenswithNASA),acometorbiterandlander (Rosetta),andspacecraftinEarthsmagnetosphere(Cluster, DoubleStarwithChina).Significantscientificresultswerealso obtainedfrommissionswithminorESAcontributions,namely Akari,HinodeandSuzaku(withJapan),andCOROT(withFrance). Highlightsincluded:

XMM-Newtoncompleteditstenthyearofoperationsand founddefinitiveproofoftheexistenceofintermediate-mass blackholesbycombiningspectralandtiminginformation. Demandforobservingtimecontinuestooutstripsupplyby afactorofseven. Cluster and Double StarcombinedtoshowhowastronginterplanetaryshockimpactonEarthsmagnetosphere increasestheamountofenergeticelectrons,whicharethen furtherincreasedbyultra-lowfrequencywaveswobbling Earthsmagneticfieldlines.

HubblewasservicedforthefifthandfinaltimeinMay;

twoexistinginstrumentswererepairedandtwonewones installed,greatlyincreasingitssurveyspeedinthevisible andinfrared,anditssensitivityintheultraviolet.

Integraldetectedstrongly-varyingamountsofpolarisation duringagamma-rayburst,supportingthetheorythatsuch emissioncomesfromsynchrotronradiationinarelativistic, magnetisedoutflow. Mars ExpressdemonstratedasimpleandaccuratetechniqueformeasuringthemagneticfieldaroundMarsusingits ionosphericsounder,makingitpossibletogaincrucialnew insightsintothespaceenvironmentneartheplanet.

SOHOdiscovered,forthefirsttime,adirectlyobservedlong-termchangeintheSunstotalenergyoutput.

CassiniHuygensobservedverticalstructuresuptothreekilometreshighintheringsofSaturnduringitsequinox, someofwhicharecreatedbyitsmoons.

Extreme ultraviolet image of the Sun, taken by SOHO

Never-before-seen vertical structures cast shadows on Saturns rings, seen by Cassini in June 2009

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Science&RoboticExploration

RosettacapturedstunningimagesofthecrescentEarth

duringitsthirdandfinalswingbyinNovember.Itisenroute toencounterasteroidLutetiain2010andrendezvouswith CometChuryumov-Gerasimenkoin2014.

Venus ExpressdetectedozoneintheatmosphereofVenus forthefirsttime.Whileitsabundanceisfairlylowandhighly variable,theimplicationsforatmosphericchemistryare importantbecauseitisahighlyreactivegas.SciencedatafromSOHOarenowavailablefroma European-basedarchiveatESAC.Thisarchiveusesanew advancedsetofwebanddatabasetechnologies,whichhave

alreadybeenappliedtotheinternalPlanckarchive.They willbeprogressivelyappliedtoallotherastronomyand planetarymissionsciencearchives(ISO,XMM-Newton, Integral,Herschel,Giotto,MarsExpress,VenusExpress, Rosetta,andCassiniHuygens).

Science archives

Areasofresearchcoveredin2009include:the magnetospheresofEarthandtheouterplanets,solarand heliosphericphysics,planetsandminorbodiesintheSolar System,theformationofstarsandplanets,theevolution ofstellarsystemsandgalaxies,darkmatter,darkenergy, fundamentalphysics,andcosmology.

Research activities

A spectacular view of Earth captured by the OSIRIS instrument on the Rosetta comet chaser as the spacecraft approached for its final flyby

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AnnualReport2009

Projectsunderdefinitionand underdevelopmentLISA PathfinderLaunch: mid-2012Mostofthespacecraftflightunitsweredeliveredandin integrationin2009.IssuesraisedattheCriticalDesignReview heldin2008weresolved.Theelectricalreal-timebenchtests wereperformedandsoftwarevalidationisongoing.TheUS DisturbanceReductionSystem(DRS)payloadwasdelivered andintegratedintheScienceModuleFlightModel.European LISATechnologyPackage(LTP)payloadunitsweredelivered, integratedandtested.Somecriticaltechnologiesincluding themicro-propulsionsystemandtheLTPcagingmechanism andvacuumenclosurehavealsomadeconsiderableprogress.

James Webb Space TelescopeLaunch: mid-2014TheEngineeringTestModelofNIRSpec,theinnovativeand pioneeringnear-infraredspectrographfortheJamesWebb SpaceTelescope,wascompletedinOctoberbytheprime contractorEADSAstriumandshippedtoNASAfortesting. TestingofalltheflightsubassembliesfortheMIRI mid-infraredcamera/spectrometerwasnearingcompletion.

BepiColombo

Launch: mid-2014TheBepiColomboPreliminaryDesignReviewswere completedin2009.InNovember,theSPCendorsedthe programmeadjustmentsneededtosupportalaunch in2014,reflectingthereviewresultsandanewCostat Completion.Negotiationswerecompletedwiththeprime contractorforthenewbaselineandcostinDecember.The build-upoftheindustrialteamwascomplete,withabout 95%ofsubcontractorshavingbeenselected.Implementation ofthePreliminaryDesignReviewbaselinewasongoingwith hardwareprocurementcompatiblewithStructuralThermal ModelandEngineeringTestBedintegrationstartingin2010. Thedefinitionofthemissionoperationcentreandofthe sciencegroundsegmentcontinuedaccordingtoplan.Theyear concludedwithasuccessfulGroundSegmentRequirement Reviewallowingthedetaileddefinitiontocommence.

Gaia

Launch: mid-2012Theopticalbench(torus)FlightModelwasproducedand deliveredbyBoostectoAstriumSASandtheServiceModule FlightModelwasdeliveredbyCASAtoAstriumLtd.Integration ofthefirstpayloadelementsonthetorusandofthechemical propulsionsystemontheServiceModulestartedattheendof theyear.ThreeofthetenflightmirrorsweredeliveredbyAMOS (BE)inDecember.AlmostallflightmodelCCDsweredelivered bye2v.Thefull-sizedemonstratormodeloftheRVSgrating, builtbyindustry,wasdeliveredtoESAatthebeginningof2009: theperformanceofthegratingisexcellent.TheGaiavideo processingunitdevelopmentactivitywasfinalisedwiththe deliveryoftheEngineeringModelfromAstriumLtdtoAstrium SAS.Afirstversionofthescientificsoftwarewasloadedonthe unitandtested.System-levelfunctionaltestsonthespacecraft AvionicsModeltookplacethroughouttheyear.

LISA Pathfinder Science Module Flight Model

Gaias optical bench torus complete after brazing at Boostec

The NIRSpec spectrograph for JWST at EADS Astrium

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Science&RoboticExploration

RoboticexplorationTheyearstartedwiththechallengeofbringingthecosts ofExoMarswithin1billion,asinstructedbytheESA MinisterialCouncilin2008.Themissionwasrestructured throughtheyear,aftermuchnegotiationandanalysiswith NASAandtheparticipatingESAMemberStates,toachieve asatisfactorymissionarchitecture.Themissionwas reorganisedintoacooperativemissionwithNASAtouse thetwolaunchopportunitiesin2016and2018. Inbothcases,NASAwillprovidethelauncherandlaunch services.ESAwillleadthe2016missionbyprovidinga MarsOrbiter,carryingcommunicationsrelayequipment andanextensiveorbitalpayloadofatmosphericsensing andimaginginstrumentsselectedbyajointESA/NASA AnnouncementofOpportunity,andanESA-suppliedEntry, Descent,andLandingDemonstratorModule.NASAwill leadthe2018mission,providingthespacecraftandEntry, Descent,andLandingsystem;bothESAandNASAwillsupply separaterovers.Councilapprovedthisarchitectureon 17Decemberwithasubscriptionof850millionto undertaketheimplementationphase. ThedeclarationfortheMarsRoboticExplorationProgramme (MREP)wasalsoagreedattheHagueMinisterialCouncil. ThisprogrammewillstudymissionsafterExoMars,leading eventuallytoaMarsSampleReturn(MSR)mission,expected tobelaunchedinthemid2020s.Inaddition,anExploration TechnologyProgrammewillbeformedtoreadytechnology forexplorationneeds.TheMREPaimstodevelopstrategic partnershipswithNASAandpotentiallyotherspace agenciestoopenanumberofscienceopportunities whiledeliveringtherequiredtechnology.

ESAs ExoMars Orbiter shown deploying the ESA-supplied Entry, Descent, and Landing Demonstrator Module on the 2016 mission

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AnnualReport2009

CommunicationFortheInternationalYearofAstronomy2009,ESAwas involvedinseveralcornerstoneprojects,includinga visiblepresenceduringtheopeningceremonyinJanuary, wherethePlanckDomeandHerscheltruckreceivedmuch attention,andtherewasalivewebcastfromESACofthe XMM-NewtonandIntegralScienceOperationsduring the100HoursofAstronomyeventinApril.Sevenvideo podcastswereproduced,depictingESAsastronomy missionsandtheirmajorcontributionstoscience.An educationalcompetition,basedonarchivedIntegraldata, tookplacefromApriltoAugustwithinthecontextofthe GalileoTeacherTrainingProgramme.

PRODEXPRODEX(ProgrammedeDveloppementdExpriences Scientifiques)sawthecontinuationoftheBelgian contributiontotheFlightModelfortheMid-infrared Instrument(MIRI)aspartoftheJamesWebbSpaceTelescope. Othermainhardwaredevelopmentactivitieswerethestartof Phase-C/DfortheBepiColomboLaserAltimeterinstrument, themajorpayloadontheEuropeanpartofBepiColombo,and thestartofPhase-C/DforthetwopayloadsintheAustrian contributiontoNASAsMagnetosphericMultiscaleMission. PRODEXhasalsocontributedsubstantiallytothefirstphases ofdevelopmentoflifeandmaterialsciencesprojectswith launchopportunitiesintheperiod201011.

MissionHerschel

Experiment (sub)systemsPACSDEC/MEC,grating HIFIMixer,COA,IF-2

Proposer/countryDefise(BE) Benz(CH)

Proba-2

LYRA SWAP DSLP

Hochedez(BE),Schmutz(CH) Berghmans(BE) Travnicek(CZ)

FotonM3

Radcells

VanOostveldt(BE) Baatout(BE)

Experiments/instruments launched in 2009

ISS

Ying-B

Willaert(BE)

MissionJWST

Instrument/subsystemsMIRIinstrumentcontrolelectronics

CountryBE

ModelFlightModel

PICARD(CNES)

PREMOS-2

CH

FlightModel

ISSHardware elements completed within PRODEX in 2009

Padiac

CH

FlightModel

LISAPathfinder

InertialSensorFront-endElectronics

CH

FlightModel

9

Science&RoboticExploration

Support to scientistsThenumberofscientistsandprojects/topicssupported throughPRODEXin2009remainedatasimilarlevelto2008. Outofthe127projectsmanagedthroughPRODEX,34included hardware-relatedactivitiesinvariousstagesofdevelopment.

BELGIUMNumber of scientists Number of projects/topics

NORWAYNumber of scientists Number of projects/topics 18 15

belgium

94 76

Norw

ay

TOTALNumberofscientists Numberof projects/topics

143 127

DENMARK

la

SWITZERLANDNumber of scientists Number of projects/topics 16 22

Sw itz

DeAu

nm

ar

k

Number of scientists Number of projects/topics

3 3

er

nd

Ireland

ia strAUSTRIA

IRELANDNumber of scientists Number of projects/topics 8 8

Number of scientists Number of projects/topics

4 3

10

earth observation

earth observation

Highlights of 2009 included the launches of two Earth Explorer missions, GOCE and SMOS, and the start of the Climate Change Initiative a new ESA programme that will capitalise on Earth observation data collected by ESA Member States and support the global effort to understand climate change.

InternationalCharter SpaceandmajorDisastersTheInternationalCharterSpaceandMajorDisasterswas invoked39timesin2009toprovideEarthobservation datafortworeliefagenciesrespondingtonaturaldisasters worldwide.ESAprovidedmorethan170ERSandEnvisat crisis-mappingandassessmentproductsforuseinrescue operationsandpost-disastermanagement. MajoreventsincludedTyphoonKetsana,whichhit SoutheastAsiainSeptember,followedwithinweeksby TyphoonParma.Theresultingheavyrainfallandfloods affectednearly10millionpeopleinthePhilippines, Vietnam,CambodiaandLaos.EnvisatsAdvancedSynthetic ApertureRadar(ASAR)datawereespeciallywell-suitedto deliveringinformationonfloodextentforthesecases. Inthesamemonth,Padang,thecapitalofWestSumatra provinceinIndonesia,wasbadlyhitbya7.9magnitude earthquake.Theseevents,togetherwithaseriesof wildfiresinGreeceandtheCanaryIslandsandaround 20significantfloodsworldwide,wereamongthemain disasterstriggeringCharteractivationin2009.

GlobalmonitoringforEnvironment andSecurity(GmES)GMESisthemostcomplexandambitiousEarthobservation programmetodatewiththegoalofdeliveringoperational informationservicesforenvironmentandsecurityinfive mainareas:land,marine,atmosphere,emergencyresponse andsecurity.TheoverallprogrammeandtheServices ComponentareledbytheEuropeanCommissionwhileESA hastheroleofcoordinatingtheGMESSpaceComponent.

Canary Island fires Main elements that build up the complex Earth System

EarthObservation

FollowingtheSixthSpaceCouncilinMay,ESAandthe EuropeanCommissionbeganconsultationwithEUand ESAMemberStatesowningspaceinfrastructuretodiscuss long-termdataprocurementandfinancialaspectsrelatedto dataforlandmonitoring,emergencyresponseandsecurity. ThesecuritypartofGMESstarted,throughdedicated studies,toassesspotentialspaceinfrastructureneedsand therelevantconceptsofoperationbasedonexistingEU policydocuments.ContractnegotiationswithallGMES ContributingMissionoperatorswerefinalisedandsigned.

Thebottom-upCriticalDesignReview(CDR)process(from equipmenttosystem)andthelauncherprocurementwere initiated.TheMemorandumofUnderstanding(MoU) betweenESAandDLRforthein-kindprovision,byDLR,ofa lasercommunicationterminalwassignedinJune. AfterthecatastrophicearthquakeinLAquila(duringwhich theplantmanufacturingthetransmit/receivemodules wasdestroyed),arecoveryplanwasputinplacetoallow theresumptionofactivitiesattheendoftheyear,thus minimisingtheimpactontheoverallscheduleleadingto launchin2012.

Sentinel-1Sentinel-1isatwo-satellitesystem,eachcarryingaSynthetic ApertureRadar(SAR)inC-bandtoensurecontinuityofradar observationsinitiatedwithERS-1/2andcontinuedbyEnvisat ASAR.Weighingabout2.3tons,thefirstspacecraft (Sentinel-1A)isscheduledforlaunchattheendof2012andthe secondin201415.Eachisdesignedforaseven-yearlifetime withconsumablesfor12yearsofoperation. TheridertotheSentinel-1contractcoveringthedevelopment ofthetwospacecraftwassignedwithindustryinDecember.

Sentinel-2Sentinel-2isanopticalmultispectralmissionproviding continuityandfurtherdevelopmentoftheSPOT/Landsat missions.Thesystemisbasedontwosatellitesflyingin thesameSun-synchronousorbitwithaseparationof180 degreesandaverywidegroundswath(290km)providinga 5-dayrevisittime.Thepayloadinstrumenthasaversatileset of13spectralbandsrangingfromVNIRtoSWIRwitharange ofspatialresolutionsofbetween10mand60m.

One of the Sentinel-1 satellites

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AnnualReport2009

TheSentinel-2programmewasenlargedtocoverthe developmentofthesecondsatellite,viaacontract riderwithindustryallowingthedeploymentofafully operationaltwinsatellitesystembyaround2016. Agreementwasreachedontheadditionofalaser communicationterminaltothesatellitepayloads.Activity in2009wasdedicatedtoindustrialprocurementactions. AnumberofDemonstrationandEngineeringModelswere developedfortheambitiouspayloadinstrument. TheSentinel-2GroundSegmentRequirementReviewwas held,andthesatellitetogroundinterfacesforcommand andcontrolandmissiondatarecoverywerefullydefined. Sentinel-2Alaunchisscheduledformid-2013.

Sentinel-3Sentinel-3isalow-Earth-orbitoperationalsystemproviding frequentglobal,near-real-timeocean,iceandlandmonitoring. Twooperationalsatelliteswillprovideaone-day(land) andtwo-day(ocean)revisittime,eachcarryingan opticalpayloadcomprisingtheOceanandLandColour Instrument(OLCI),theSeaandLandSurfaceTemperature

Sentinel-2

Sentinel-3

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EarthObservation

Radiometer(SLSTR)andamicrowavepayloadincludinga SARRadarAltimeter(SRAL)andatwo-frequencyMicrowave Radiometer(MWR). 2009sawtheexecutionofthelower-levelPreliminary DesignReviews(PDRs)andtheclosureofPDRactions.The detaileddesignphaseculminatedinthefirstsetof lower-levelCDRs.Inparallel,theselectionofthelower-level subcontractorsthroughtheBestPracticesprocurement processlastedallyear.Thecontractforthesecond Sentinel-3satellite(Sentinel-3B)wasplaced,andthe industrialactivitiesfortheproductionofthetwosatellites weremergedintoasingleprogramme. TheSentinel-3GroundSegmentRequirementsReviewwas heldinearly2009,resultinginthestartoftheGround Segmentprocurementprocessbytheendoftheyear. Preliminarycompatibilityanalyseswithtwopotential launchers(VegaandRockot)havebeenperformed.Launch ofthefirstSentinel-3satelliteisscheduledfor2013.

Remotesensingmissions inoperationEnvisatEnvisatcontinuedtoperformstablyoverallthroughoutthe year,withtheexceptionofananomalywiththeGOMOS instrumentinthespring.RiskstoERS-2andEnvisatdueto debrisfromthecollisioninFebruarybetweentheIridium33 andCosmos2251satellitesremainedlimitedthanksto excellentsupportfromsurface-baseddefenceradar,butthe situationrequiredconstantattention.Themanyscientific resultsobtained,suchastheobservationofthebreak-upof theWilkinsiceshelf,hadasubstantialmediaimpact.Data fromEnvisatandERS-2werealsousedintheaftermathofthe devastatingearthquakeincentralItalyinApril. ActivitiesrelatedtotheadaptationofallEnvisatmission elementstotheneworbitalparametersbeganinviewofthe October2010timeframe;thisiswhenthesatellitewillbe loweredbyabout17km.Thereafter,allapplicationswillbe possibleexceptforSARinterferometry.Thisorbitalchangeis aprerequisitetoextendingEnvisatslifetime.Thethree-year extensionoftheEnvisatmissionwasapprovedbytheEarth ObservationProgrammeBoardinMay.

Sentinel-5 PrecursorTheSentinel-5Precursormissionwillbeimplementedin cooperationbetweenESAandtheNetherlands.Itconsists ofasingle-satelliteatmosphericchemistrymission accommodatingtheTROPOMIpayloadasanin-kind contributionbytheNetherlandsSpaceOffice(NSO)to measurethemaintroposphericpollutantsandtwomajor climategases(troposphericozoneandmethane). TheagreementbetweenESAandtheNSOwassignedin 2009.TheInvitationtoTenderforthesatellitewasissuedin mid-2009.Phase-A/B1ofthesatellitesystemisplannedto startinthesecondquarterof2010andwilllastforoneyear. Phase-BoftheTROPOMIpayload(underthemanagement ofNSO)willconcludeinearly2011.Launchofthesatelliteis plannedfortheendof2014.

ERS-2TheERS-2missionreached14yearsofoperationalactivity inApril.Despiteitsage,thesatellitecontinuedtoperform wellwithinspecification.Platformandinstrumentswere performingnominallyexceptforATSR-2,whichceasedits operations.ThesecondERS-2/EnvisatSARinterferometry tandemcampaign,consideredveryvaluablebyusers,was flowninthefirsthalfoftheyear.Theexperimentalvirtual archivecontinuedtoworksatisfactorily,ensuringfastand easydownloadofarchivedSARdata,inparticularforSAR interferometryanalysisoftheLAquilaearthquake. AthirdERS-2/EnvisatSARinterferometrytandemcampaignwas underpreparationforearly2010.

Sentinel data policyAccesstoSentineldataisgovernedbytheSentinelDataPolicy, whichisformulatedwithintheframeworkofawiderGMES dataandinformationaccesspolicy.Theprinciplesofthispolicy havebeendefinedbyESAandtheEuropeanCommissionand wereapprovedbyESAMemberStatesinSeptember.1 TheprinciplesproposefreeandopenaccesstoSentinel dataforthewidestpossibleusercommunity.1

On the EU side, approval is expected to be obtained in the course of 2010 under the co-decision process involving the European Parliament and EU Council.

Envisat view of the break-up of the Wilkins ice shelf

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AnnualReport2009

meteorologicalmissions inoperationMetOpThethreeMetOppolar-orbitingmeteorologicalsatellites, developedbyESA,constitutethespacesegmentoftheEumetsat PolarSystem.Eumetsatisresponsibleforthegroundsegment developmentandsystemoperations.ItrepresentstheEuropean contributiontoacooperativeventurewiththeUSAaimedat improvingweatherforecastingandmonitoringourclimate. MetOp-Acompleteditsthirdyearofoperationswithdatafrom 11instrumentsofferingunrivalledaccuracyandresolutionof differentvariablessuchastemperatureandhumidity,wind speed,ozoneandmeasurementsoftracegases.OnlytheHRPT (HighRatePictureTransmission)isoperatedusingarestricted, zone-basedscenario,avoidinghighionandprotonfluxes.The satellitehascontinuedtobeingoodhealthandinstrument performanceremainsexcellent.AsMetOp-Ashouldbecapable ofcontinuingitsmissionbeyondthespecifiedsix-yearlifetime, theMetOp-Blaunchcouldbepostponeduntilspring2012.

MetOp

MSGMeteosatSecondGeneration(MSG)isacontinuationand substantialenhancementofthepreviousMeteosatsystem. Itconsistsofaseriesoffourgeostationarymeteorological satellites(MSG-1toMSG-4),tobeoperateduntilatleast2021 undertheresponsibilityofEumetsat,providingcontinuous imageryofEarthsatmosphere,cloudsandsurfacetoaid weatherforecastinginEurope,Africaandneighbouring countries.Italsoprovidesvaluabledataforclimatemonitoring. MSG-1(Meteosat-8)completeditsnominaldesignlifeof sevenyears.SinceMay2008,Meteosat-8hasbeenperforming rapidscanservices(oneimageoverareducedareaevery fiveminutes)interruptedonlybymaintenanceactivitiesor toprovideback-upforMSG-2.Thesatelliteisingoodhealth andinstrumentperformanceisstillexcellent.Basedonfuel computations,theremainingusefullifeisatleast10years. MSG-2(Meteosat-9)completeditsfourthyearinorbit.Itis Eumetsatsnominaloperationalsatelliteat0longitude, performingthefull-discimagingmission(onepictureevery 15minutesin12spectralchannels)withMeteosat-8asits back-up.Thesatelliteremainsinverygoodhealth,and instrumentperformanceremainsexcellent. OwingtothegoodstateofMSG-1/2,theEumetsatCouncil decidedtopostponethelaunchofMSG-3andMSG-4until 2012and2014respectively.Bothsatellitesareinstorageat ThalesAleniaSpaceinCannes.

MSG

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EarthObservation

meteorologicalmissions inpreparationMTGTheMeteosatThirdGeneration(MTG)satellites,developed incooperationwithEumetsat,willensurecontinuity ofoperationalmeteorologicalandclimatedatafrom geostationaryorbitaftercompletionoftheongoingMSG mission.TheMTG-I(Imager)providesenhancedvisibleand near-infraredimageryandanewLightningImager;theMTG-S (Sounder)providesanewinfraredsoundingcapabilityfrom geostationaryorbitandwillalsoaccommodatetheSentinel-4 UVNspectrometer.Unliketheirpredecessors,theMTGsatellites arebasedonacommonthree-axisstabilisedplatform. Duringthefirsthalfof2009,MTGactivitieswerefocused ontheimplementationofparallelPhase-B1studies,and thepreparationoftheMTGPhase-B2/C/DInvitationto Tender.ThePhase-B1activitiesbroughtaboutathorough consolidationandappreciationofthecriticalrequirements forMTGdevelopmentsinconsultationwithbothindustrial teams,andafinaliterationoftheirrespectivebaseline designs.TwoindustrialbidswerereceivedinearlyOctober forevaluationbyESAwithaviewtoaselectionbeing submittedforIPCapprovalinthesecondquarterof2010.

Post-EPSThepreparatoryactivitiesatPhase-0levelofthe post-EPSmissionforEumetsatcontinuedinthecourseof theyearwithtwoparallelsystemstudiesatPhase-0level andanumberofsupportingactivitiesdevotedtosensor technologies.Thesystemstudiesbothconcludedwithtwo possibleoptionsfortheimplementationofthePost-EPS spacesegment.TheMissionDefinitionReview,markingthe endofPhase-0,washeldbyEumetsatinDecember. Itwasrecommendedtoconsolidatethepayloadcomplement andthespacesegmentconfigurationpriortothestartof Phase-A.Thisconsolidationproceededthrough2009.

MTG

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AnnualReport2009

EarthExplorermissions inoperationGOCETheGravityFieldandSteadyStateOceanCirculation Explorer(GOCE)missionisthefirstoftheEarthExplorerCore MissionsplannedaspartofESAsEarthObservationEnvelope Programme(EOEP).Itisdesignedtoprovideuniquemodelsof Earthsgravityfieldandofthegeoidonaglobalscaleandwith unprecedentedaccuracyandspatialresolution. GOCEwaslaunchedfromthePlesetskCosmodromein northernRussiaon17March.Makinguseoftheexceptionally lowatmosphericdragconditionsduetoadelayedonsetofthe nextsolarcycle,theoperationalaltitudecouldbeloweredto 255km.Theachievementofthisaltitudeinmid-September markedtheformalstartofGOCEsscientificoperationswith thegroundsegmentalsofullyoperational. AfirstcompletemappingofEarthhasalreadybeen achieved.Thiscontinuousdatasetof61dayssamplingthe gravitationalfieldofEarthat1Hzwillbeprocessedinto GOCEsfirstgravitymodelandgeoid.

GOCE launch

goce

Geodesy

Oceanography

Earth-interior process

GOCE to map gravity as never before

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EarthObservation

SMOSTheSoilMoistureandOceanSalinity(SMOS)missionwill observetwokeyvariablesoftheEarthsystemfromspace, namelysoilmoisturecontentoverlandsurfacesandthe amountofsaltdissolvedintheocean.SMOSisacooperative projectbetweenESA,CNES(FR)andCDTI(ES). LaunchoftheSMOSspacecrafttookplaceon2November, achievingaveryaccurateinjectionofbothSMOSand itsco-passenger,Proba-2.Controlwastakenoverbythe CNESSatelliteOperationsGroundSegment,andresulted inaflawlessLaunchandEarlyOrbitPhaseincludingall deployments.Sincethen,instrumentanddataprocessor calibrationhasbeenprogressingnominally. Theinstrumentisoperatingwellandfirstlookdatapoints towardsexcellentperformance:theGroundDataProcessor atESAC,Spain,isoperatingwell;inthisphasethedata distributionislimitedtotheCalibration/Validationteam.

SMOS launch

EarthExplorermissions inpreparationADM-AeolusADM-Aeoluswillprovidethefirstmeasurementsof windprofilesfromspace.Thesedataareexpectedto substantiallyadvancenumericalweatherprediction, especiallywhenappliedtoextremeweatherevents. Steadyprogresswasmadeinaddressingthechallenging issueoflaser-inducedcontaminationinthePowerLaser HeadandtheALADINinstrumenttransmitpath.Successful implementationofcountermeasuresallowedthelaser EngineeringModeltobeoperatedfortwoweeksinflightrepresentativeconditions.Highlysensitivetestsperformed afterthistestphaseconfirmedthetotalabsenceoflaserinducedcontamination.Furtherdetailedinvestigations wereperformedtodeterminetherootcauseofasmall residualenergydegradation. Agoodunderstandingofthislossmechanismwasobtained andcorrectiveactionsbegantobeimplementedinthelaser FlightModel.Adedicatedplatformqualificationreview confirmedthesuccessfulcompletionoftheADM-Aeolus platformverificationandqualificationprogramme.

ADM-Aeolus

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AnnualReport2009

CryoSatCryoSat-2willmeasurethechangesinicethicknessinthe cryosphere.FortheicesheetsofAntarcticaandGreenland thiswillenableanaccurateassessmentofchangesinmass balanceandforfloatingsea-iceitwill,incombination withmeasurementsofsea-iceextent,providethefirst estimationoftherealchangeinsea-icevolume. ByMay,CryoSat-2hadbeenremovedfromstorageand theenvironmentaltestcampaignresumed.Alltestand othersystemtaskswerecompletedbytheendofthethird quarter,andthesatellitewasplacedintoitstransport containerforstoragebeforeshipmenttothelaunchsitein early2010.Bytheendoftheyear,allsatelliteandground segmentreviewshadbeencompletedandthesimulations campaignatESOCwasinfullswingawaitingthestartof thelaunchcampaign.

SwarmSwarmisdesignedtoprovidethebesteversurvey ofthegeomagneticfieldanditstemporalevolution, improvingourunderstandingoftheEarthsinteriorand itseffectongeospace,thevastregionaroundEarth whereelectrodynamicprocessesareinfluencedbyEarths magneticfield. Phase-C/Dandmanufacturingofthethreesatellites progressedwithcompletionoftheCriticalDesignReview atsystemlevel,testingofthesatellitestructuralmodel, deliveryofthefirsttwostructuresequippedwiththe cold-gaspropulsionsystemanddeliveryofthesatellite FlightModelunits.Launcherprocurementwasinitiated followingacompetitivetenderandEurockotselectedto launchthethreeSwarmsatellitesinasinglelaunch. Theplannedlaunchdateismid-2011.

Swarm

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EarthObservation

EarthCAREEarthCARE,ESAsCloud,AerosolandRadiationExplorer,isa jointmissionincollaborationwithJAXAaimedatprovidinga betterunderstandingofcloudsandaerosolsandtheirimpact onEarthsclimatology.Thesatellitewillcarryapayloadoffour instruments:anatmosphericlidar(ATLID),aCloudProfiling Radarinstrument(CPR)providedbyJAXA,aMultispectral Imager(MSI)andaBroad-bandRadiometer(BBR). TheEarthCARESystemsRequirementReviewtookplace inearly2009andconfirmedtheoverallspacecraft configuration.InstrumentPDRswereheldinthesummer fortheBBR,MSIandfortheCPR.TheATLIDPDRwas delayedtoallowthedetailingofabistaticinstrument designdevelopedtoovercometheproblemofthelaserinducedcontaminationencounteredintheADM-Aeolus programme.TheEarthCAREsystemPDRtookplaceinthe autumn.NotingtheplannedATLIDinstrumentevolution fromamonostatictoabistaticconcept,itwasrequested thatfurtherdetailoftheconfigurationandperformancebe providedattheATLIDPDRin2010.

EarthnetTheEarthnetprogrammehas,forover32years,provided long-termsustainabilitybeyondnormalprogrammatic fundingperiods.ThroughEarthnet,ESAmanagesaccessto Earthobservationdatafromaround30differentnon-ESA missionsandinstruments. ESAisactingastheALOSDataEuropeanNode(ADEN)forthe JapaneseALOS(AdvancedLandObservingSatellite)mission andhas,throughouttheyear,increasedthenumberof scientificuserprojectstomorethan350. NewThirdPartyMission(TPM)agreementshavebeen implementedwiththeresultthat,forinstance,GOSAT atmosphericdataarenowavailabletousers.Further agreementsandimprovementsofaccesstotheThirdParty Missions(e.g.withanillustrated60-pageTPMDataAccess Guide)wereputinplace.TheagreementwithSpotImagefor theSPOTsatellitesandwiththeSwedishSpaceCorporation (SSC)fortheOdinsatellitewereextendedtoprovideresearch userscontinuedaccesstoavarietyofEarthobservation data.ProbaaspartoftheEarthnetprogrammeisrunning successfullyand,havingentereditsninthoperationalyearin 2009,hasnowservedmorethan200scientificprojects.

Seventh Earth Explorer missionTheyearstartedwiththeUserConsultationMeetingin LisbonwheretheMissionAssessmentReportssummarising thescientific,technicalandprogrammaticevaluationofthe sixcandidatemissionsatPhase-0levelwerepresented.This eventwasfollowedbytherecommendationbytheEarth ScienceAdvisoryCommitteetoselectBIOMASS,CoReH20and PREMIERforPhase-Alevelstudy.Thisselectionwasapproved bytheEarthObservationProgrammeBoardinFebruary. TendersfortwoparallelPhase-Astudiesforeachofthe selectedcandidatemissionswereissuedinJuly.Mission advisorygroupswereestablishedtosupportpreparation oftheMissionRequirementsDocumentsanddefinitionof scientificsupportactivities.Theevaluationofproposalsfor thePhase-AsystemstudieswascompletedinDecemberand the15-monthstudieswillstartinearly2010.

Climate Change InitiativeIn2009,ESAlauncheditsClimateChangeInitiativewitha viewtocapitalisingontheEarthobservationdataarchives builtupbyESAMemberStatesoverthelast30years,and deliveringlong-termrecordsofessentialclimatevariables tosupporttheUNFrameworkConventiononClimate ChangeandtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimate Change.ThisnewESAprogrammeispartofthecoordinated internationalresponseofCEOS(CommitteeonEarth ObservationSatellites)spaceagenciestotherequirements fortheGlobalClimateObservingSystem. Majoreffortsweredevotedtoconsultingwiththe internationalsciencecommunityandcoordinatingwith Europeanandinternationalpartners,particularlyviaCEOS. AdedicatedClimateScienceAdvisoryBodywassetupto provideESAwithindependentguidanceontheneedsand prioritiesoftheinternationalclimateresearchcommunity. OneimmediateresultwasthecreationofaClimate ModellingUserGrouptoensureanintegratedclimate focusforthissix-yearprogramme.ThefirstClimateChange InitiativetenderwasissuedinNovember,andaseriesof parallelthree-yearprojectsaddressingafirstgroupof11 EssentialClimateVariableswillstartinmid-2010.

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AnnualReport2009

Service development, international cooperation and educationESAprogrammessupportedEuropeanindustry demonstrationsofpotentialEarthobservation-based servicesforinternationaldevelopmentprojectsfunded bymultinationalfinancingorganisations,includingthe WorldBankandEuropeanInvestmentBank.Theinitial demonstrationsbroughtrequestsfromthoseorganisations toexploreEuropeanEarthobservationservicesrelevantto abroaderportfolioofprojects. ESAcontinuedtopromotetheuseofEarthobservation insupportofinternationalmultilateralenvironmental agreements,includingUNConventions.Thissuccessiswell illustratedbytheGlobWetlandIIproject,whichestablishes aGlobalWetlandsObservingSystemtosupporttheRamsar ConventiononWetlands. ESAlaunchedanewinitiativeforyoungEarthobservation scientists,theChangingEarthScienceNetwork,tosupport leading-edgepostdoctoralresearchprojectsthatwill maximisetheuseofESAEarthobservationmission datatoaddressstrategicscientificchallenges. Afirstgroupofyoungscientistswasselected. Ontheoperationalfront,ESAcontinued workwithuserorganisationsin MemberStatesandwiththe EuropeanCommissiontoprepare sustainableEarthobservationbasedinformationservices forGMES.ESA-developed

servicesforatmosphericmonitoring,rapidmappingin responsetodisasters,andfloodandforest-firerisk assessmentweresuccessfullytransferredintotheEUGMES servicedevelopmentframework. TheESAGMESServicesElementwillfurtherdevelop sustainableGMESmonitoringservicesfortropicalforests, polarzones,foodsecurity,geo-hazardsandEuropean coastalwaterqualityinthenextthreeyears.Servicesfor MaritimeSecurityarealsobeingdevelopedincollaboration withtheEuropeanCommission(DG-JLS,DG-MARE), internationalagencies(EMSA,Frontex,NATO)andnational userorganisations(coastguards,navies,borderguards). ThenewSupporttoScienceandExploitationElement (STSE)isenablingtheEuropeanEarthobservation communitytostrengthenitscontributiontointernational scienceprogrammes.AseriesofnewSTSEresearchprojects arefocusingontheuniquescientificcontributionsofESA Earthobservationmissionsinthiscontext.

Sea-surface temperature anomaly data from the UK Met Offices Hadley Centre

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EarthObservation

COP15DuringtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon ClimateChange(UNFCCC)COP15CopenhagenClimate ChangeConferenceinDecember,attendedby120Heads ofStateandGovernment,thecontributionofESAEarth observationprogrammestosystematicmonitoringofthe globalclimatesystemwasverymuchinevidence. ApublicexhibitspotlightingtheCryoSatmissionwason displayinthecentreofCopenhagenduringthetwoweeks oftheconference,anddedicatedsideeventsonEarth observationandclimatewereheldattheconferencecentre. ThedecisionstakenatCOP15confirmedtheimportanceof spaceagenciescoordinatedeffortsthroughGEO/CEOSfor theGlobalClimateObservingSystemandforForestCarbon TrackinginsupportofthenewREDD(reducingemissions fromdeforestation)policymeasures.

Internationalcooperation/educationTheDragon2programmefocusesonthejointexploitationof ESAandChineseEarthobservationmissiondata.Thereare over400scientistsfrom165EuropeanandChineseresearch institutesinvolvedinthe25selectedjointresearchprojects. The2009Dragon2SymposiumwasheldinBarcelonaand sawsome170scientistspresentingearlyresultsandhigh-level scientificpublications. TheEarthobservationexploitationteamorganisedthreelarge symposiaforconsultation,reportingandscientificexchange byEarthobservationprincipalinvestigators(Atmospheric ScienceinBarcelona,OceanObsinVeniceandFringein Frascati),whichwereattendedbysome1400participants, with1000paperssubmittedtoESAforspecialpublications. ESA,incollaborationwithUNESCO,theCanadianSpaceAgency andtheAfricanWaterFacility,launchedthesecondphaseof theTIGERinitiative.TIGERaimstosupportAfricaninstitutions inenhancingintegratedwaterresourcemanagementby exploitingtheadvantagesofEarthobservationtechnology. ESAhasselected20African-ledprojectsinvolving14African countries.Thoseprojectswillbesupportedwithdedicated training,data,toolsandadedicatedcapacitybuildingplan. TheESAmultilingualEarthobservationwebsiteEduspace hasbeenenrichedwithcontentonarangeofnewthemes includingthecryosphere,volcanoesandtectonics.Thewebsite isnowalsoavailableinGreek.AhandovertoJAXAisexpected in2010sothattheycanbegincreatingaJapaneseversion.A numberofeducationalactivitieswerealsoperformedinPECS (PlanforEuropeanCooperatingStates)countriesandoutside Europe,thelatterincooperationwithUNESCOandUNOOSA.

Sea-level rise in the Netherlands

This image of wind fields over Denmark and northern Germany was shown at the UN Climate Conference in Copenhagen on 13 December. The wind fields are derived from Envisat radar observations. It was in the short film Environmental Atlas of Europe, one of series showing the significance of environmental change depicted in stunning satellite images through the years and the different ways people are responding to these changes

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telecommunications & integrated applications

telecommunications & integrated applicationsThe European space industry could not exist without a healthy satellite telecommunications industry, which accounts for over 60% of the total satellite industry turnover and about 90% of commercial launches. Satcoms provide more than 200 000 jobs directly and indirectly to highly qualified European citizens.

2009wasagoodyearfortheglobalsatcomindustrybut especiallyforEurope,withEuropeanindustryreceiving ninefullsatelliteordersandthreeadditionalordersfor payloads.Thisrepresentsashareofmorethan30%ofthe totalnumberofordersplacedgloballyintheyearand anevenhighershareoftheirvalue.Further,European operatorsorderedeightgeostationarysatellitesinthesame period,representinga27%marketshare. ItwasalsoagoodyearforESAsTelecommunicationsand IntegratedApplicationsDirectorate,seeingthecontinuation oftheongoingelements,consolidationofthemainsatellite programmesandtheplannedinitiationofnewsystems.This wasaccompaniedbyareorganisationoftheDirectorate.

Atthesametime,however,Europeansatcomsarefacing fiercecompetitionfromtheUSA,particularlywithregard tothemostsophisticatedsystems(theUSAbenefitsfrom alarge,aggregatedcommercialmarketandfromacaptive DepartmentofDefensemarket),aswellasfromemerging spacepowerssuchasChinaandIndia. ESAsARTEStelecommunicationsprogrammesresponded tothisevolvingmarketsituationbysupportingindustry andoperatorsastheystrivetomaintaintheircompetitive position:117contractsand65ContractChangeNotices foratotalvalueof160.8millionwereplacedunderthe variousARTESelements. ARTESprogrammessupportresearchanddevelopmentofnew technologies,developmentofinnovativesystems,products andservicesandtheirqualificationanddemonstration. Severalpublicpartnerships,establishedwithoperatorsand industry,areproceedingtowardsthecarryingoutofmissions toproveadvancedsatellitesandpayloadsinorbit. TheIntegratedApplicationsPromotion(IAP)programme isdevelopingarangeofnewapplicationsusingdifferent spaceassets,inpartnershipwithstakeholdersanduser communitiesonaregional,nationalandinternationalscale.

IndustryoverviewThesatcomindustryremainedinagoodcondition,with thefinancialcrisisandeconomicrecessionhavinglittle impactsofar.However,theremightbeadelayedimpact iftherecessioncontinuesandtherewasalsoconcernthat reductionsingovernmentspendingcouldhaveanimpact onthegovernmentsatcommarket. Broadcastingremainsthemajorrevenuestreaminthe satcomindustryandinteractivebroadbandservicestookoff impressively,particularlyintheUSA.Mobileservices,especially throughEuropean-basedInmarsat,provideahealthymarket.

Mobile services, especially through the European-based Inmarsat, provide a healthy market for the satcom industry (Thrane & Thrane)

Telecommunications&IntegratedApplications

HighlightsTechnologyESAsupportforthevariousareasoftechnological developmentinsatellitecommunicationsystemshas continued.Thishasaddressedallaspects,notablypayload development,mainlyongeneralflexiblepayloadand advancedprocessorsystems,platformdevelopmentforawide rangeofproductlines,andvariousgroundsegmentproducts. Atotalof55equipmentdevelopmentcontractsaccounting for64.8millionwereplacedundertherulesofARTES 3,4orsubsequently,ARTES3/4.Also,31ContractChange Notices(CCNs)wereplacedforavalueof17.7millionon theseelements. 41activitieswereundertakenunderARTES5.1and5.2fora valueof25million.25CCNswerealsoplacedonARTES5 activitiesforavalueof4.1million.

Alphabus/AlphasatAlphabusistheESAprogrammetodevelop,incooperation withCNES,thenextgenerationoflargeplatformsfor telecommunicationssatellites.Alphabusdevelopmentis complementedbytheAlphasatprogramme,whichuses theAlphabusProtoFlightModelplatformfortheflight opportunityinpartnershipwithInmarsat.

The Repeater Module structure in Turin (Thales Alenia Space)

The Alphabus Service Module ready for shipment (Thales Alenia Space)

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AnnualReport2009

MostAlphabuscriticalunitswerequalified,includingthe largepropellanttank,thesolararray,thepowersystem regulator,theon-boardcomputer,thenewlydeveloped gyroscopeandstartracker,thecentraltube,theplasma propulsionmotorandmostchemicalpropulsionitems. TheAlphabusmechanicalServiceModulewasassembledin CannesandshippedtoToulouse,whereitwillundergofurther integration.Inparallel,theRepeaterModulestructurewas assembledandequippedwiththermalcontrolhardwareand electricalharnessinTurin,fromwhereitwillbeshippedto PortsmouthforAlphasatpayloadintegrationduring2010. TheAlphasatCriticalDesignReviewprocessconfirmedthatall systemaspectsareinlinewiththeAlphasatmission.Development oftheInmarsatandESATechnologyDemonstrationpayloads equipmentisongoing.ThelaunchcontractforAlphasatwas agreedwithArianespaceforanAriane5launchin2012.

Hispasatsignedtwomajorcontractsforthe implementationoftheHispasatAdvancedGeneration satelliteusingtheSmallGEOplatform.OHB-Systemsigned upastheprimecontractorfortheentiresatellite.The secondcontractassignedtheresponsibilityfortheREDSAT payloadtoateamledbyThalesAleniaSpaceEspaa.The payloadaccommodationandthermalsubsystemdesign madegoodprogress.TheMissionPreliminaryDesign ReviewisplannedforMarch2010.

HylasHylasisaKa-bandsatelliteoptimisedtoprovideinteractive broadbandservices.Itsuniquemulti-spotbeamsystem architectureincorporatesa`GeneralFlexiblePayload` technologythatallowstheflexibleassignmentofsatellite resources(bandwidthandpower)toeachspotasa functionofthetrafficrequirements.Thepayloadhas beendevelopedbyAstriumLtdwithaplatformsupplied byAntrix(thecommercialarmoftheIndianSpace ResearchOrganization).Theprojecthasbeendevelopedin partnershipwiththesatelliteoperatorAvanti. Thecommunicationspayloadwascompletedandtested inPortsmouthand,inNovember,wasshippedforitsfinal integrationwiththeplatforminBangalore.Itiscurrently undergoingsatelliteintegrationtests.Hylasisexpectedto belaunchedinsummer2010.

Small GEOTheSmallGEOprogrammeisdevelopingandqualifyinga smallgeostationarysatelliteplatform.Thisplatformwill thenbeequippedwithapayload,launchedandoperatedby Hispasat.AStructureConsolidationReviewwasheldinJulyand followedbyalargenumberofEquipmentQualificationStatus Reviews.ThissequenceofreviewsculminatedinthePlatform QualificationStatusReview,whichwasheldattheendof2009.

Small GEO

Hylas

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Telecommunications&IntegratedApplications

EDRSTheEuropeanDataRelaySatelliteprogramme(EDRS)will developanddeployadatarelaysatellitesystemthatwill allowreal-timecommunicationwithlowEarthorbitsatellites andotherspacecraft.Thesystembaselineconsistsofsatellite elementsingeostationaryorbitandtheassociatedground segment.Theprogrammewillbeimplementedinpartnership withanoperator/serviceproviderthatwilloperatethesystem andprovideservicestoESAandtootherusercommunities. WithinESA,theGMESprogrammewasthefirsttocommitto itsuseforSentinel-1and-2. Severaloperators/serviceprovidershaveexpressedinterest inestablishingapartnershipwithESAforEDRS.Three Phase-Astudieswithcandidateoperatorswerecompleted attheendof2009.Thetechnical,programmaticand financialfeasibilityofthesystemconceptwasassessedand initialtechnicalsolutionsweredefined. Agreementswereestablishedfortheavailabilityunder guaranteedconditionsofakeytechnologyforEDRS:aLaser CommunicationTerminal,whichenableshighdatarates betweenlowEarthorbitandgeostationarysatellites.

IrisThefutureEuropeanAirTrafficManagement(ATM)systemis currentlybeingdefinedbytheSingleEuropeanSkyATMResearch (SESAR)programme.Iris,Element10oftheARTESProgramme, isdedicatedtodevelopinganewair-to-groundcommunication systemforAirTrafficManagementasthesatellite-based communicationsolutionfortheSESARprogramme. FollowingthecompletionofPhase1inearly2009,involving severalindustrialstudiesdedicatedtoassessingthefeasibility oftheconceptandpreliminaryanalysisofitsfeatures,ESAhas undertakenPhase2.1,whichaddressesthein-depthdesign anddevelopmentofthesystem.Thisdesigninvolvesthe definitionofanewair-to-groundcommunicationstandard, therequiredspacesegment,groundsegmentanduser terminals,aswellasthemechanismsforend-to-endsystem integrationandsystemvalidation.Thecontractrelatedtothis activitybeganinNovember.

IntegratedApplicationsPromotion (IAP)TheIAPprogrammedevelopsapplicationsutilisingdifferent spaceassetsinpartnershipwithstakeholdersanduser communitiesonaregional,nationalorinternationalscale. TheFlySafepre-operationalproject(http://public.flysafe. sara.nl)isagoodillustrationofthis. TheIAPprogrammeisorganisedaroundtwomainelements: Awarenessandfeasibilityactivitiesincludedthe establishmentofAmbassadorPlatformswithinseveral Europeancountries,adedicatedwebportalandthe initiationofmorethanadozenfeasibilityprojectsinthe fieldsofhealth,safety,transport,energyanddevelopment. Demonstrationactivities:fournewdemonstration projectswereinitiated,inthefieldsofhealth(Telemedicine forMedicalOperationsinDistantAreasandReal-time Satellite-basedTelemedicineService),energy(SpaceGrid) andagriculture(TalkingFields:IntegrativeUseofSatellite TechniquestoOptimiseAgriculturalProduction). ESAandtheEuropeanCommissioninitiatedSatellite-based AutomaticIdentificationSystem(SAT-AIS)systemstudies withthefullrangeofEuropeanactors.TheAISprovides identificationandlocationinformationtovesselsand shorestationsforcollisionavoidanceandship-monitoring services.WithSAT-AISdata,theEuropeanMaritime SafetyAgency(EMSA)willbeabletoenhancetheservices currentlyprovidedtothecommunity.

The EDRS system

The Iris system

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galileo & navigation-related activities

galileo & navigation-related activitiesSome of the highlights were GIOVE-A and GIOVE-B completing three years and one year of operations respectively, Galileo ground and satellite infrastructure development progressing towards a first launch in 2010 and the introduction of a whole set of new navigation technologies under the GNSS Evolution Programme.

GalileoGIOVE-Aand-bOn12January,GIOVE-Acompletedthreeyearsof successfuloperations.Havinglargelysurpassedits designlifetime,andgiventhelackofredundancyof thetelemetrytransmitter,itwasdecidedtoreposition theGIOVE-Aspacecraftinitsgraveyardorbitandthen resumepayloadoperationswithtransmissionintheL1/ E5bandsuntilend-of-life.On28April,GIOVE-Benteredits secondyearofoperations.Someanomaliesweredetected andcorrected,thusmaintainingcontinuoussignal transmission. TheGalileoControlSegment(GCS)andGalileoMission Segment(GMS)madesubstantialprogressindeployment andintegrationofGCSfacilitiesintheDLRcontrolcentre atOberpfaffenhofen,Germany,andGMSfacilitiesinthe Telespaziocontrolcentre,Fucino,Italy.Inparallel,the preparationanddeploymentofTTC,ULS,GSSandIOT groundstationsproceededatthevarioussitesworldwide.

GalileoIn-OrbitValidation(IOV)TwomajorreviewprocesseswerecarriedoutintheIOV phase:theSystemReviewandtheSatelliteCriticalDesign Review.ThesereviewsfrozetheIOVsystemdesignand plansforassembly,integration,validationandoperations, andthesatellitedesignandassembly,integrationandtest plans,leadingtotheQualificationandAcceptanceReview plannedforthethirdquarterof2010.

The fairing of GIOVE-A, the first Galileo test satellite in orbit. GIOVE-A was moved to a higher graveyard orbit to ensure that it does not cross the operational Galileo constellation orbits for more than 100 years The Galileo Control Segment (GCS) facilities at the DLR control centre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany

Galileo&Navigation-relatedActivities

IOVsatelliteactivitiesproceededwiththeEngineeringModel payloadtestingandplatformintegration.ThefirstSystem ValidationTestinvolvingreal-timeconnectivitybetween thesatelliteintegrationsiteandthegroundcontrolcentre wascarriedout.Criticalissueswereanalysedindepthand work-aroundsolutionsagreed.Thesatellitelaunchschedule remainsverycritical,requiringveryclosesupervisionfrom ESAandcollaborationwiththesatelliteprimecontractor.

GalileoFullOperationalCapability (FOC)UndertheEC/ESADelegationAgreementthatentered intoforceon19December2008,theEuropeanCommunity delegatestoESAtheroleofsystemprime,designand procurementagentrelatingtotheFOCdeployment.

The site of the Galileo ground station at Kourou in French Guiana was inaugurated on 19 November 2009, in the presence of Ren Oosterlinck, ESA Director of the Galileo Programme and Navigation-related Activities, and Jol Barre, Director of CNES/CSG (ESA/CNES/Arianespace/Photo Optique Video CSG/P. Baudon)

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The Galileo Mission Segment (GMS) facilities at the Telespazio control centre, Fucino, Italy

FOCprocurementisnowwelladvancedwiththeDialogue Phasebeingcompletedforthesystemsupport,satellitesand launchservices.Contractorswereselectedwiththecontract signatureplannedforthebeginningof2010.Theprocurement processfortheotheractivitieswilltakeplacein2010.

placeinMarch.TheReviewBoardagreedonthesatisfactory statusoftheprogrammeandqualificationofEGNOSV2.2was declaredsuccessful. ImplementationofEGNOSV2.3activitieswasperformed andtheCriticalDesignReviewwasclosedoutinMarch.The newcommunicationnetworktechnologywasqualifiedasa satisfactoryalternativetoreplaceframerelaytechnology.The EGNOSV2.3testcampaignwascompletedandtheSystem QualificationReviewcompleted.Withtheconclusionofthe EGNOSV2.3review,ARTES-9activitiesarenearlycompleted withtheremainingactionsinawell-definedcloseoutplan.

EGNOSAvailabilityoftheEGNOSoperationalsignalhasbeenvery goodandabovethe99%targetsincethebeginningof2008. TheFinalDevelopmentCompletionReviewtogetherwiththe OperationQualificationReviewforsystemreleaseV2.2took

The Galileo IOV Engineering Model satellite payload undergoing integration at EADS Astrium, Portsmouth, UK (Astrium)

Antennas for the Galileo IOV Engineering Model satellite under test in the anechoic chamber at EADS Astrium, Portsmouth, UK (Astrium)

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Galileo&Navigation-relatedActivities

TheformaltransferofEGNOSassetstotheEuropean Communitytookplaceon1April,withtheEC/ESADelegation AgreementonthefurtherimplementationofEGNOSand theassociatedProgrammeManagementPlanentering intoforcethesameday.Accordingtothisagreement,the EuropeanCommunitydelegatestoESAthetasksofdesign andprocurement;inparticular,thedesign,specificationand validationactivitiesrequiredforconstantimprovementof thesystemandthemanagementofobsolescence,andalso theassociatedindustrialprocurementactivities.

GNSSEvolutionProgrammeThemajorityofthesystemarchitecturestudiesarealmost complete.Thoughoneoftheseretainsthebasicprinciplesofthe currentGalileoarchitecture,awholesetofnewtechnologies havebeenintroduced,includingonboardsignal-in-spaceintegrity monitoring,intersatelliteranginganddigitalbeamformingfor groundreferencestations.Theintroductionofthesetechnologies bringssignificantimprovementinperformance. TheMulti-constellationRegionalSystem(MRS)studybyThales AleniaSpaceFrancemadeprogresswiththedefinitionofa baselinedesign,combininggroundintegrity(GIC)andreceiver integrity(RAIM)functionalities.TheMRSstudybyIndra(ES) enteredtheexperimentationphaseinwhichanumberof scenarioswillbetestedinthelaboratoryprototypesdeveloped forliability-criticalandhigh-precisionapplications. TheCriticalDesignphaseforthedevelopmentofthe SystemPlatformforEGNOSEvolutionsandDemonstrations (SPEED)wascompleted.Oneofthetwodevelopmentsof thenext-generationRangingandIntegrityMonitoring Station(RIMS),tobeusedwithSPEED,completedthe requirementsreview,inwhichtheRIMScapabilitiesand interfacetoSPEEDwerebaselined.Theothercontractwas slightlybehindduetoachangeintheindustrialteam. ThedevelopmentoftheNavigationLand-EarthStation (NLES)L1/L5prototypeforlong-looptechnologieshadits CriticalDesignReview,andthecontractormovedtothe designstagefocusingonprocurementofthehardwareand developmentofthesoftware. Thefinalreviewswerecompletedontheparallelprojects forassessmentoftheuseofC-bandforGNSS.Bothstudies concludedthatasystemusingthecurrentallocation(501030 MHz)isfeasible,despitethestringentout-of-bandemissions. Onclockdevelopmentactivities,workontheminiaturised PassiveHydrogenMaser(PHM)proceededasexpectedthus confirmingthepossibilityoffurtheroptimisingthecurrent designusedforGalileo.Workonthespacecaesium(Cs) clockbreadboardingstartedwiththepreliminarydesign. Thedesignoflaserdiodes,criticalfortheCsclocks,was consolidatedandbreadboardingofcriticalitemsforthe groundCsclockprototypebegan.

Mr Antonio Tajani, European Commission Vice-President and Transport Commissioner, announced on 1 October the official start of operations for EGNOS, with the EGNOS Open Service now available (EC/G. Boulougouris)

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launchers

launchersSeven Ariane 5 launches highlighted the launchers reliability, launcher development activities progressed towards the first Vega and Soyuz flights from Europes Spaceport in French Guiana, and the Ariane 5 Post-ECA and Future Launchers Preparatory Programmes both reached significant milestones.

Thevolumeofactivitiesperformed,contractedandmanaged byESAincreasedsteadilyinthelastfiveyearstoreacha recordlevelwithpaymentsintheorderof780millionin 2009,implementingdecisionstakenbyESAMemberStates sincethe2003MinisterialConference.

ArianeForAriane,thehighlightoftheyearwasthelaunchofthe ESAHerschel/Planckmissionson14May,releasingboththe Herschelfar-infraredspacetelescopeandthePlanckcosmic backgroundmapperonanescapetrajectorytowardsavirtual pointinspacecalledL2.ThefinalAriane5GSmission,on 18December,deliveredtheFrenchmilitaryreconnaissance satelliteHelios-2BintoSun-synchronouspolarorbit. FiveotherAriane5ECAlaunchescarriedatotalofnine satellitesintoorbit,namelyHotBird10andNSS-9on 12February;TerreStar1,theheaviestandmostpowerful telecommunicationssatelliteeverlaunched,on1July;JCSat-12 andOptusD3on22August;Amazonas2andComSatBw-1on 1October;andfinallyNSS-12andThor6on29October. AfterthematurationperiodperformedintheFutureLaunchers PreparatoryProgramme(FLPP)withitshot-firingtestresults, improvingmodellingandupgradingtestbenches,theVinci engineenteredthedevelopmentphaseasanupperstageofthe ArianeMEconfigurationundertheAriane5Post-ECAProgramme. The seventh and last Ariane 5 flight of 2009, V193, used the last GS variant of the launcher to place the French Helios-2B satellite into orbit (ESA/CNES/ Arianespace - Optique vido du CSG/L. Boyer) Flight V188, the launch of Herschel and Planck in May 2009

IntheARTAProgramme,whichhelpstomaintainthequalification statusoftheAriane5launchsystemduringitsexploitation, severalmajoractivitieswerecarriedout,includingtheVulcain 2ARTA8testcampaignwithsixtestsperformedoutofseven, thelastbeingscheduledfor2010,andtheHM7BARTAM1225 enginetestcampaign,whichwascompletedinSeptember.

Launchers

Flight V189 placed Terrestar 1, the heaviest and most powerful telecommunications satellite ever launched, into space

Flight V190 lifts off on its mission to place two telecommunications satellites, JCSat-12 and Optus D3, into orbit

Flight V192 was the sixth Ariane 5 launch of 2009, carrying the NSS-12 and Thor 6 satellites

VegaRegardinglaunch-vehicle-relatedactivities,thesecond test-firingoftheZefiro9Asolidrocketmotorwas performedinAprilinSardinia.Themainobjectivesof thetestweretoverifymotorbehaviourinafullyflightrepresentativeconfiguration,toconfirmthedesign performanceandtocollectinformationforstage-level systemstudies.TheZ9QualificationSteeringBoardwas heldinJuly.ConcerningZefiro23(qualifiedin2008),the firstarticleacceptancereviewwasunderpreparation attheendoftheyear.ConcerningP80,theInsulated MotorCasegenericqualificationtestswerefinalisedin Decemberwiththelastcase-bursttest;theThrustVector Controlactivitiesarecomplete. Launchermainsystemsandsubsystemsactivitiesareongoing withthesuccessfulqualificationoftheinter-stage2/3. FollowingthesuccessfulAVUMstage-levelfiringtestcampaign (UCFire)inJuly,thepayloadadaptor,propellanttanksandliquid

Test-firing of the Zefiro 9A solid rocket motor at Salto di Quirra in Sardinia

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AnnualReport2009

propulsionsystemqualificationreviewswerecompleted. Vegagroundsegmentactivitiesenteredtheirfinal phasewiththefinalintegrationofvarioussubsystems (mechanical,fluidandcontrolcentre). InFebruary,theVegaMobileGantryalsocompletedits firstfull-travelmovementtests,checkingboththemoving systemperformanceandtheinterfaceswiththelaunch padstructures. Decembersawthesignatureoftheframeworkcontract forVERTA,providingforfiveVegamissions.

TheSoyuzLaunchSystemCriticalDesignReviewstartedin MayandtheSteeringCommitteewasheldinDecember. ForthePayloadPreparationFacilities,S3B,theGeneralTests AcceptanceReviewwasheldinDecember,whilethetechnical qualificationcampaignstartedinOctoberwiththefirstlaunch scheduledfortheendofDecember2010.

SoyuzatCSGPreparationsoftheSoyuzlaunchsiteatEuropesSpaceport, theCentreSpatialGuyanais(CSG),sawitchangein appearanceconsiderablyin2009,withallremaining Russiangroundsystemequipmentbeingdelivered fromJanuarytoJuneandsuccessfullyintegrated.On theEuropeanside,finalinfrastructureacceptancewas completedinNovember. IntermsofactivitiesrelatedtotheMobileGantrystructure, authorisationtobeginmountingactivitieswasgivenin Decemberanderectionofthestructurebegan. ThefirsttwolaunchersarrivedinFrenchGuianainNovember.

View from inside the concrete flame trench, underneath the Soyuz launch platform at Kourou

The Vega Mobile Gantry at Kourou (ESA/CNES/Arianespace)

The Soyuz launch site takes shape at the Centre Spatial Guyanais, Kourou

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Launchers

FutureLaunchersPreparatory Programme(FLPP)Development of the Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle (IXV)FollowingthesubscriptionattheMinisterialCouncilin2008 ofaspecificsub-envelopewithintheFLPPforIXVreentry systemdevelopment,theprimecontractorwasselected andtheindustrialorganisationconsolidatedinlinewiththe projectgeographicreturninvolvingEuropeanpartnerswidely intheirareasofcompetence. ThevehiclePreliminaryDesignReview(PDR)wascompleted inearly2009,followedbythedifferentsubsystemPDRs.A consolidationofthetechnicalbaselinewasthenperformed bythenewindustrialorganisation.Whilepreservingthe experimentalobjectivesofthevehicle,thisalsomadeit possibletostreamlinesomesubsystemsandconsequentlyto consolidatethedevelopmentschedule. ThePhase-C2contractwasplacedandtheprocurement proposalforthefullPhase-Dwasapproved,thusprovidingthe completeframeworkforthisatmosphericreentrymission.

Preparation of the Next-Generation Launcher (NGL)AfterthesubscriptionofthesecondstepofPeriod2ofFLPP,achange intheprocurementapproachwasputinplacewiththetermination ofthecontractswithNGLPrimeSpA.Thenewprocurement approachincludesdirectcontractswithtechnologydevelopment providers,enablingbestvalueformoneywhilekeepingasystemdrivenapproachwithacentralrolefortheAgencyandrelyingon framecontractswithexistinglauncherprimecontractors. Significantprogresswasachievedintechnicalactivitiesinthe areasofsystemstudies,liquidandsolidpropulsionaswellas intechnologydevelopment.Inparticular,majordemonstrators passedtheirrequirementsreviews,onenotableexamplebeingthe PreliminaryRequirementsReviewforthestagedcombustionHigh ThrustEngineDemonstrator,whiledevelopmentbeganofcritical technologiesforareignitablecryogenicupperstage.Inparallel withtechnologyanddemonstratordevelopments,launchsystem conceptstudieswereresumed,followingaconvergingprocess,with theselectionofconceptstowardspreparationoftheNGL.

Antonio Fabrizi (left), ESA Director of Launchers, signs the contract for the High Thrust Engine Demonstrator for the Next-Generation Launcher with the Joint Propulsion Team, a consortium composed of Avio SpA, Astrium GmbH and Snecma

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human spaceflight

human spaceflight2009 was an important year for human spaceflight and, in particular, for the International Space Station. ESA carried out two successful missions, OasISS and Aliss, and ESA astronaut Frank De Winne became the first European commander of an ISS Expedition.

DuringtheOasISSmission,acomprehensiveEuropeanresearch programmewascarriedoutwithmanyexperimentsutilising theinternalandexternalresearchfacilitiesoftheEuropean Columbuslaboratory.TheISSalsoreachedanimportant internationalmilestonewhenExpedition20inauguratedthe Stationsfirstsix-personcrew,andalsomarkedthefirsttime thatacrewhadrepresentedallfiveISSpartners. DuringtheAlissmission,aspartoftheSTS-128crew,ESA astronautChristerFuglesangwasinchargeofoperations involvingtheEuropean-builtMulti-PurposeLogisticsModule (MPLM)Leonardoandalsoperformedtwoofthethree keySTS-128spacewalks.STS-128alsodeliveredimportant hardwaretotheISSsuchastheMELFIfreezerandtheESA MaterialScienceLaboratory(MSL). Europeanhumanspaceflightactivitiescanlookforwardtoa brightfuturefollowingthecarryingoutofalargenumberof humanspaceflightandexplorationprojectsandtheselection ofsixnewESAastronautcandidates.Followingastringent selectionprocesswhichbeganinMay2008,DirectorGeneral Jean-JacquesDordainandDirectorofHumanSpaceflight SimonettaDiPippopresentedthenewclassofEuropean astronautson20May:SamanthaCristoforetti(IT),Alexander Gerst(DE),AndreasMogensen(DK),LucaParmitano(IT), TimothyPeake(UK)andThomasPesquet(FR).

Inthecourseoftheyear,thefirstcrewoftheMars500studies, includingtwoESAparticipants,OliverKnickelandCyrille Fournier,completedtheir105-daysimulatedMarsmissionas partofacooperativeprojectbetweenESAandtheRussian InstituteforBiomedicalProblems(IBMP),whilepreparations forthefull520-daymissionin2010/11gotunderway.2009 alsomarked25yearsofESAparticipationinparabolic flightcampaigns.Duringthe50thand51stflights,several experimentswereconductedinphysicalandlifesciences.

ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang during a spacewalk on the STS-128 flight Astronaut Frank De Winne gives a thumbs-up sign while helping ESA colleague Christer Fuglesang get ready for his first spacewalk on STS-128

HumanSpaceflight

Inaddition,theseparabolicflightcampaigns,combined withtheTexus-46soundingrocketflightwhichtookplace in2009,providedplatformsforresearchthatwillbeof serviceforfutureexplorationmissions.

EuropessecondAutomatedTransferVehicle,ATVJohannes Kepler,wasdeliveredtoEADSAstriuminBremenin SeptemberinadvanceofitslaunchtotheISSinNovember 2010.Furthermore,inJuly,ESAsignedthestudycontract fortheAdvancedReentryVehicle(ARV)AdvancedPhase-A tasks.ARVwilleventuallyprovideESAwiththemeansto undertakecompletespacetransportationmissions.

Timothy PeakeTest pilot UK

Andreas MogensenSystems engineer DK

Alexander GerstGeophysicist DE

Luca ParmitanoTest pilot IT

Samantha CristoforettiJet pilot IT ESAs new astronauts

Thomas PesquetCommercial pilot and engineer FR

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AnnualReport2009

TheFirstEU/ESAInternationalConferenceonHuman SpaceExplorationwasheldinPragueinOctober.The conferencewasasuccess,withMinistersandDelegates fromthe29ESAandEUMemberStatesagreeingthat explorationwasafieldinwhichEuropemustactglobally andaimforalong-termvision. Inthedevelopmentoftechnologyandlife-support capabilitiesforfuturemissions,theESA/CNESPHARAO (ProjetdHorlogeAtomiqueparRefroidissementdAtomes enOrbite)agreementwasreached.ThePHARAOagreement, signedon15December,pavesthewayforlaunchtotheISSof ahigh-accuracyAtomicClockEnsembleinSpace(ACES). Thesecond-generationMELiSSA(Micro-EcologicalLife SupportSystemAlternative)PilotPlantisanartificial ecosystemthatcouldonedayrecyclewasteproductsand supplyessentialfood,waterandoxygentohumansliving onthesurfaceoftheMoonorMars.InJune,theSpanish MinisterofScienceandInnovationinauguratedthe MELiSSAPilotPlantintheEngineeringSchoolofUniversity AutonomaofBarcelona.ThelaboratoryispartoftheESA MELiSSAprojectandaimstobethesolefacilityinEurope fordemonstrationofClosedLoopLifeSupportSystems.Left to right, Prof. Godia, MELiSSA pilot plant manager, with Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation, Cristina Garmendia, and ESA Director General, JeanJacques Dordain, at the inauguration of the MELiSSA plant

The first Mars500 crew leave the special isolation facility in Moscow on 14 July

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HumanSpaceflight

TheformalhandoverofNode-3fromESAtoNASAon 20Novembercompletedthefinalmajorelementofthe barteragreementbetweenESAandNASAunderwhich ESAprovidedNode-2and-3plusadditionalequipmentand knowhowinreturnfortransportationoftheESAColumbus laboratorytotheISS.Node-3isalsotheconnectingpoint fortheEuropean-builtCupolaobservationmodule, whichenablesthemonitoringofroboticoperationsand observationofourplanet.OnceNode-3andCupolaare attachedtotheISSinFebruary2010,morethanonethirdof thepressurisedISSelementswillhavebeenbuiltinEurope. Lookingtowardsfuturedevelopments,ESAissuedaCall forIdeas(ExperimentsforGlobalClimateChangeonISS) togaugetheinterestinusingtheISSasaplatformto conductresearchintoglobalclimatechange.Inparallel, therewasanexcellentresponsetothethreeELIPSresearch solicitations(43forESA-AO-09,29fortheBedrest-AO,and 111forILSRA-09)aswellasfortheLunarLanderRequestfor InformationissuedbytheAgencyinMarch. Withthesesuccesses,ESAhasalsomanagedtoreachout andinspiretheyoungergeneration. Severaleducationalandpromotionaleventswereheld, includingTakeyourClassroomintoSpace.Educators throughoutEuropewereinvitedtoproposeideasfor experimentstobecarriedoutontheISSbyFrankDeWinne todemonstratetheeffectsoffreefalltoEuropeanstudents.

Bernardo Patti, ESAs ISS Programme Manager, and Michael Suffredini, NASAs ISS Programme Manager, sign the handover agreement for Node-3

Node-3 was officially handed over from ESA to NASA in November

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AnnualReport2009

Spaceinfrastructuredevelopment andexploitationATV follow-on productionFollowingtheflawlessmissionofESAsfirstAutomated TransferVehicle,ATVJules Verne,ESAhasalreadycontracted industrytoproducefourmoreATVstobeflownby2015. ProductionofESAssecondATV,namedJohannes Keplerafter theGermanastronomerandmathematician,isnearing completionandissetforlaunchreadinessattheendof2010. ATV-3equipmentprocurementwasinitiatedandisproceeding withoutanyparticularproblemsforanATV-3launch provisionallysetfortheendof2011.

UtilisationTheprincipalfocusofEuropeanISSutilisationwastheColumbus laboratorytogetherwiththeexternalpayloads(SOLARandEuTEF). ISSIncrement18concludedon8Aprilwithawidevarietyofscientific activitiesandpromisingresults(3D-Space,DEBIE-2,EuTemp,Expose, Geoflow,Immuno,SOLACES,SOLO,SOLSPECandothers).The Increment19experimentprogrammewascompletedon 29Maywithavarietyofhumanphysiologyandrackmaintenance activitiesandthestartoftheproteincrystallisationexperimentsin theProcessingUnitoftheProteinCrystallisationDiagnosticFacility, whichwaslaunchedtotheISSinactivemodeon15March. TheISSIncrement20experimentprogrammewascompletedon 11OctoberwiththeundockingofSoyuzTMA-14(18S).Asubstantial numberofthemissionobjectiveswereaccomplishedandarecord ofabout100crewhourswereusedforEuropeanexperimentsin Columbus(Yeast,CARD,SOLO,DOSISand3D-Spaceamongothers). FollowingcompletionoftheIncrement21experiment programmeandtheexcellentresultsobtained(physiology experiments,SODI-IVIDIL,MSL,etc.),Increment22gotunderway andwillrununtilearlyApril2010. EuTEFandSOLARcontinuedtohouseexperimentsrequiring exposuretothespaceenvironment.EuTEFwasreturnedto EarthontheSpaceShuttleDiscoveryinSeptemberfordetailed analysisandevaluationofthespacesamples.TheExpose-R payloadwasinstalledoutsidetheZvezdaServiceModulein Marchandhascontinuedtofunctionwell.Expose-Rcomprises asuiteofninenewastrobiologyexperiments(eightfrom ESAandonefromIBMP,Moscow),someofwhichcouldaid understandingofhowlifesurvivedharshconditionsinopen spaceandmayhaveoriginatedonEarth.

ATV Johannes Kepler under construction at EADS Astrium in Bremen, Germany

Frank De Winne stores biological samples in MELFI in the Kibo laboratory

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HumanSpaceflight

AstronautsInAugust,itwasannouncedthatESAastronautAndr KuiperswillflytotheISSforsixmonths,startingatthe endof2011asamemberofExpedition30/31,whileESA astronautRobertoVittoriwasassignedonanASIflight opportunityasaMissionSpecialistontheSpaceShuttle STS-134missionin2010. VittoriandPaoloNespoliaretrainingfortheirplanned missionsin2010.On26October,Kuipersstartedmission trainingfortheESAISSincrementin2011atNASAsJohnson SpaceCenterinHouston. BasictrainingforthenewESAastronautcandidatesbegan on1SeptemberattheEuropeanAstronautCentreandwill lastfor14months.

Andr Kuipers during EVA familiarisation training at EAC, Cologne

Astronauts remove EuTEF from the outside of Columbus during the STS-128 Shuttle mission

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AnnualReport2009

Europeantransportation andhumanexplorationAdvanced Reentry Vehicle (ARV)AproposalfortheARVPhase-Astudywasapprovedfor implementationbytheprogrammesParticipatingStates inmid-March.ThecontractfortheARVAdvancedPhase-A taskswassignedon7July.ARequestforQuotationfor thefullPhase-AwasissuedtoAstriumBremenattheend ofJuly.Followingevaluationoftheindustrialproposal received,aPre-AuthorisationtoProceedtoARVPhase-A wasgrantedtoindustryinDecember.

Human Exploration TechnologyOntheHabitationandLifeSupportside,twoactivities forimplementation,namelythedevelopmentofaWater TreatmentUnitBreadboardandfurtherdevelopmentof theMELiSSAPilotPlant,wereendorsedbytheprogrammes ParticipatingStateson1718Februaryandwereapproved attheIndustrialPolicyCommitteemeetingon7May. OntheAuroraCoreprogramme,workcontinuedon thepackageofautonomoussoft-landingtechnology developmentactivities,withthecompletionoftheearly phasesofthevision-basednavigationdemonstratorand sensorarchitectureactivities.Thereisnowagreement onthebasiccontentoftheactivityproposalsforthe AdvancedClosedLoopSystem,formerlyknownastheAir RevitalisationSystem,intheGeneralSupportTechnology Programme(GSTP-5)WorkPlan.

International Berthing Docking Mechanism (IBDM)AseriesofTechnicalInterchangeMeetingstookplace withESA,NASA,JAXA,RoscosmosandCSAtodefinean internationalstandardforfuturedockingandberthing systemsforexplorationandlowEarthorbitactivities andtoworkonIBDMinteroperabilityaspects.Asuitable configurationforthenewdockingstandardwasidentified andconvergencebyallpartnersisnownecessary.JAXAhas expressedaninterestinjoiningtheIBDMprogramme.

International Architecture Development and Scenario StudiesTheInternationalArchitectureDevelopmentandScenario Studieshavehelpedtoincreasetheunderstandingof integratedarchitecturesforhumanoperationsinlowEarth orbitandhumanmissionstotheMoonandMarsand,in particular,haveprovidedastrongrationaleforaEuropeanprovidedlunarcargolanderinsupportofinternational humanmissionstotheMoon. TheESAHumanSpaceflight,MicrogravityandExploration ProgrammeBoardapprovedtheimplementationand procurementapproachfortheSpaceExplorationScenario StudiesinNovember.TheInvitationtoTenderforthe ScenarioStudiesforHumanSpaceflightandExploration wasissuedon21December. TheESA/JAXAComparativeArchitectureAssessment(CAA) formalPhase-1closeoutandPhase-2kick-offmeeting washeldinJapanon9July.IntheframeworkoftheESA/ NASACAA,meetingswereheldin2009toconsolidatethe objectivesandworkplanforPhase-2. TheSixthIAWG-IOWG-CIT(InternationalArchitectureWorking Group-InternationalObjectivesWorkingGroup-Common InterfaceTeam)WorkshopwasheldinESTECon26November. Themainoutcomewasthedraftingofthemissionstatement forglobalhumanlunarexploration,whichwasfinalisedatthe FourthInternationalSpaceExplorationCoordinationGroup (ISECG)meetingheldinESTECon23December.

ExpertTheExpertPayloadQualificationReviewwassuccessfully closedandthePayloadFlightModelmanufacturing activitiesinitiatedbytheinstitutesandpayloadproviders. FollowingconfirmationofadditionalfundingfromItalyand theNetherlands,theindustrialcontractforthefinalphase oftheExpertprogramme,Phase-C/D/E,wassignedinRome on20JulybytheDirectorofHumanSpaceflightSimonetta DiPippowithThalesAleniaSpaceItaly.Expertisscheduled tobelaunchedonasuborbitaltrajectoryinlate2010.

Lunar LanderAlternativeapproachesforthedevelopmentofaEuropean LunarLanderhavebeenexplored.Inpreparationforand supportoffutureworkonthesemissionsaLunarLander RequestforInformationwasissuedbyESAon2March invitingindustrial,technologyandscientificcommunities toprovideinputsforexperimentsandpayloadelements foraccommodationonitsfirstLunarLander. Followingareviewandassessmentofthenearly200 proposalsreceived,theLunarExplorationDefinitionTeam definedthepriorityobjectivesforthefirst