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Report No. NPS D-1003
Annual Data Summary
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
2002
National Park ServiceGaseous Air Pollutant Monitoring Network
AIR RESOURCES DIVISIONRESEARCH AND MONITORING BRANCH
12795 West Alameda ParkwayP.O. Box 25287
Lakewood, Colorado 80225Telephone: (303) 969-2820
Fax: (303) 969-2822
This Annual Data Summary was prepared under NPS Contract C2350010840 by:
Air Resource Specialists, Inc.1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E
Fort Collins, Colorado 80525Telephone: (970) 484-7941
Fax: (970) 484-3423
For additional copies of this report or reports for other NPS units, contact:
National Park Service Air Resources DivisionInformation Management Centerc/o Air Resource Specialists, Inc.1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E
Fort Collins, Colorado 80525Telephone: (970) 484-7941
Fax: (970) 484-3423E-Mail: [email protected]
or
National Park ServiceAir Resources Division
P.O. Box 25287Lakewood, Colorado 80225-02587
Telephone: (303) 969-2130E-Mail: [email protected]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Park Service Air Resources Division (ARD) recognizes the level of effortrequired by individual park units, site operators, auditors, cooperating state and local agencies,and ARD contractors. ARD sincerely appreciates the contributions of all participants in assistingwith the collection, validation, and reporting of these air quality and meteorological data.
At Yellowstone National Park, ARD specifically recognizes Susan Ross for performingthe technical and administrative skills required to help produce the data presented within thisreport.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 The National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Network 1-1 1.2 Yellowstone National Park 1-3 2.0 DATA SUMMARY 2-1 2.1 Overview 2-1 2.2 Ozone Data Summary 2-7 2.3 Meteorological Data Summary 2-23 2.4 Dry Deposition Data Summary 2-27 3.0 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AIR RESOURCES DIVISION DATA SOURCES 3-1 4.0 GLOSSARY 4-1 4.1 Definitions and Computational Procedures for National Park Service 4-1 Quick Look Annual Summary Statistics Table 4.2 Air Quality Glossary 4-4 4.3 Glossary of Units 4-6
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Page Map of National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Network 1-2 Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Sites Site Specifications 1-4 Data Collection Statistics 2-2 First Quarter Data Stackplot 2-3 Second Quarter Data Stackplot 2-4 Third Quarter Data Stackplot 2-5 Fourth Quarter Data Stackplot 2-6 Ozone Quick Look Annual Summary Statistics 2-8 Ozone Annual Frequency Distribution 2-9
ii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES (Continued) Page Ozone Daily 1-Hour Maximum Concentrations and National Ambient 2-10 Air Quality Standards Comparison Attainment Status with EPA Proposed Primary Ozone Standards 2-11 Ten Highest 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations 2-12 Episodes with 1-Hour Ozone Concentrations > 100ppb and > 124 ppb 2-13 Episodes with 8-Hour Ozone Concentrations >84 ppb 2-14 Ozone Rank Listings of Second Highest 1-Hour Average Concentrations, Maximum 2-15 8-Hour Average Concentrations, and Annual Sum60 Exposure Index for All NPS Monitoring Sites Plot of Maximum Ozone Concentration Comparison for Three Years 2-16 Map of National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Network, 2-17 Second Highest Hourly Ozone Concentration Quarterly Diurnal Ozone Plots 2-18 Annual Diurnal Ozone Plot 2-19 Quarterly Ozone Pollutant Roses 2-20 Annual Ozone Pollutant Rose 2-21 Ozone Precision Check Data Summary 2-22
Summary of Selected Meteorological Data 2-24 Quarterly Wind Roses 2-25 Annual Wind Rose 2-26 Quarterly and Annual Average Concentrations 2-28 Weekly Concentrations Report 2-29 Three Year Comparison of Maximum and Average Concentrations 2-30 Average Particulate Nitrate Concentrations 2-31 Nitric Acid Concentrations 2-32
iii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES (Continued) Page Average Total Nitrate Concentrations 2-33 Average Ammonium Concentrations 2-34 Average Particulate Sulfate Concentrations 2-35 Average Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations 2-36 SO4/SO2 Ratio 2-37
1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE GASEOUS POLLUTANT MONITORING
PROGRAM (GPMP) Gaseous air pollutants, including ozone and sulfur dioxide, are of concern to the National Park Service (NPS). Pollutants like these can affect park unit biological resources as well as the health of park unit residents and visitors. The NPS established a gaseous pollutant monitoring program for several pollutants linked to effects on NPS resources. This program was designed to meet certain resource management objectives. The primary objective of this monitoring program is to establish the status and trends of park unit air quality conditions and to determine if a park unit is exceeding the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health and welfare. In addition, such monitoring is designed to detect changes or trends in pollution levels over time. A monitoring station may also be established if there is documented biological injury due to air pollution in a park unit. Information on ambient air pollution levels is an important part of research on effects of air pollutants on NPS resources, and can help confirm suspected causes of observed effects. Other monitoring objectives call for the collection of data to support the National Park Service's required involvement in both the development of state air quality control plans, and the evaluation of permit applications for new or expanding air pollution sources wishing to locate near park units. The Clean Air Act gives federal land managers and superintendents an affirmative responsibility to protect air quality related values in Class I areas and to assess whether new sources will have an adverse impact on park unit resources and values. Information on air quality levels in NPS units can also be used to evaluate the performance of atmospheric models that simulate how pollutants are transported into park units and predict impacts on the park unit caused by air pollution sources. The National Park Service Gaseous Pollutant Monitoring Program site locations and measured parameters collected in this reporting year are shown on the map on the following page. During this reporting period, 47 monitoring sites in 37 units of the National Park System had some combination of ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, meteorological, and Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) dry deposition monitoring. Monitoring methods and quality assurance procedures used in the national park network meet the applicable 40 CFR Part 58 EPA requirements. This allows for the direct comparison of NPS collected data with that collected by the EPA, and state and local air pollution control agencies. Data collected by this network are incorporated in the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) database which is a national database of all air quality data collected throughout the country. These data are also stored in the NPS Air Resources Division’s Information Management Center (IMC) that allows for easy access and analysis of data. This report includes a variety of data summaries for data collected at an individual monitoring site at a national park unit during this reporting period. These summaries highlight the average range and frequency of the data collected during the year. A digital copy of all data collected during the year and data summary products are available; see Section 3.0 for information on obtaining these data. Individual reports are generated for each site where monitoring was conducted in the national park network.
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logy
1.2 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
Yellowstone National Park, a Class I area, is primarily located in northwestern Wyomingwith portions extending into southwestern Montana and southeastern Idaho. Its location and sitespecifications are presented on the following page.
Yellowstone National Park was created by an act of Congress in 1872 and became theworld's first national park. It was "dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground forthe benefit and enjoyment of the people" and "for the preservation, from injury or spoilation, of alltimber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders...and their retention in their naturalcondition." In 1972, Yellowstone became the first American area to be designated as a BiosphereReserve by the United Nations Educational, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). In1978, UNESCO designated Yellowstone a World Heritage Site.
The park is situated on a large mountainous plateau in the northern Rocky Mountains.Elevations range from 5,200 feet to over 11,000 feet and average 8,000 feet. Yellowstone ischaracterized by several broad, forested, volcanic plateaus surrounded by the Absaroka MountainRange on the east, the Gallatin Mountain Range on the north, and the Red Mountains on the south.Lakes such as Yellowstone, Shoshone, Lewis, and Heart are prominent features in the park, as arethe Yellowstone, Snake, Lewis, Madison, Gibbon, Firehole, Gardner, and Lamar rivers. The parkcontains the world's largest and most active geothermal areas. Approximately 120 thermal areas innine major basins have been identified. These areas include geysers, hot springs, mud pots, andfumaroles.
The Yellowstone and Lamar river valleys are covered by dry grasslands and sagebrushsteppe communities with Douglas fir found on the north-facing slopes. These treeless areas makeup nearly 20 percent of the park. The mountains and high plateaus are generally covered by coniferforests or moist meadows. Lodgepole pine occupies approximately 80 percent of the forested areaof Yellowstone.
Yellowstone is home to such wildlife species as black bear, elk, bison, moose, pronghornantelope, mule deer, bighorn sheep, coyote, mountain lion, badger, porcupine, snowshoe hare, riverotter, marten, long-tailed weasel, red squirrel, beaver, golden eagle, osprey, trumpeter swan,harlequin duck, American white pelican, loon, sandhill crane, great gray owl, Steller's jay, redcrossbill, sagebrush lizard, rubber boa, Arctic grayling, and cutthroat trout.
Human occupation in the greater Yellowstone area began at least 10,000 years ago.American Indian hunting and gathering camps, trails, and obsidian quarries are among thearcheological sites found. Also found within the greater Yellowstone area are Euro-Americanarcheologic sites such as roads, building foundations and dumps. A number of historic structures,such as Old Faithful Inn, have been designated as National Historic Landmarks.
1-3
Yellowstone National Park
Ozone Monitoring
NPS Gaseous Air Pollutant Monitoring Network
Air Quality Station
SITE IDENTIFICATION MAP INFORMATION Site Abbreviation: AIRS ID NO.: O3 Analyzer Calibrator Wind Speed Wind Direction Relative Humidity Wetness
YELW 56-039-1011 Temperature Solar Radiation Precipitation Delta Temperature Filter Pack
Mean Elevation: Longitude: Latitude: UTM Zone: Easting: Northing: Map Reference:
2400 m 110° 24' 02"W 44° 33' 55"N 12 547599 m 4934620 m Yellowstone Natl. Park N. 44110-E1 1:100,000
INSTRUMENTATION
♦
WYOMING
♦ Yellowstone NP
2.0 DATA SUMMARY
2.1 OVERVIEW
Based on the site specifications during this annual reporting period, data summaries andstatistics are provided in this section.
Data Collection StatisticsYellowstone National Park
Valid DataData Recovery
Final Validation
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002
No.Collected
%Collected
No.Valid
%Valid
No.Possible
ParameterPar
CodeInterval
8128 92.88760 8146 93.0Ozone Analyzer O3hourly
8563 97.88760 8564 97.8Scalar Wind Speed SWShourly
8563 97.88760 8564 97.8Vector Wind Speed VWShourly
8563 97.88760 8564 97.8Vector Wind Direction VWDhourly
8563 97.88760 8564 97.8Standard Deviation for Wind Direction SDWDhourly
8564 97.88760 8565 97.8Ambient Temperature (aspirated) TMPhourly
6971 79.68760 8567 97.8Delta Temperature DTPhourly
8570 97.88760 8571 97.8Relative Humidity RHhourly
8502 97.18760 8503 97.1Precipitation RNFhourly
6864 97.17072 6866 97.1Wetness Sensor WEThourly
7802 89.18760 8571 97.8Solar Radiation SOLhourly
8572 97.98760 8573 97.9Filter Pack Flow Rate FLOWhourly
Notes: The percent valid is calculated against the number possible.Automatic zeros and spans are performed daily on most ambient gas analyzers, therefore, noambient data can be collected during this time. As a result, the maximum percent valid forambient gas data typically can not be greater than 95.8.
Performance Goals: Quarterly Criteria:100% of sites, >= 85% valid data capture 90% of sites, >= 90% valid data capture 80% of sites, >= 95% valid data capture
Monthly Criteria:100% of sites, >= 60% valid data capture 90% of sites, >= 75% valid data capture 80% of sites, >= 85% valid data capture
Final Validation 2-2 04/28/2003
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
-30
-10
10
30
50
TM
P(de
gC)
0
10
20
30
40
RN
F(m
m/h
r)
0
4
8
12
16
SWS(
m/s
)
0
90
180
270
360
VW
D(d
eg)
0
25
50
75
100
RH
(%)
0
25
50
75
100
O3(
ppb)
01/0
1/02
01/0
8/02
01/1
5/02
01/2
2/02
01/2
9/02
02/0
5/02
02/1
2/02
02/1
9/02
02/2
6/02
03/0
5/02
03/1
2/02
03/1
9/02
03/2
6/02Date
First Quarter 2002 Final Validation
Yellowstone National Park - Near Water Tower
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
-30
-10
10
30
50
TM
P(de
gC)
0
10
20
30
40
RN
F(m
m/h
r)
0
4
8
12
16
SWS(
m/s
)
0
90
180
270
360
VW
D(d
eg)
0
25
50
75
100
RH
(%)
0
25
50
75
100
O3(
ppb)
04/0
1/02
04/0
8/02
04/1
5/02
04/2
2/02
04/2
9/02
05/0
6/02
05/1
3/02
05/2
0/02
05/2
7/02
06/0
3/02
06/1
0/02
06/1
7/02
06/2
4/02Date
Second Quarter 2002 Final Validation
Yellowstone National Park - Near Water Tower
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
-30
-10
10
30
50
TM
P(de
gC)
0
10
20
30
40
RN
F(m
m/h
r)
0
4
8
12
16
SWS(
m/s
)
0
90
180
270
360
VW
D(d
eg)
0
25
50
75
100
RH
(%)
0
25
50
75
100
O3(
ppb)
07/0
1/02
07/0
8/02
07/1
5/02
07/2
2/02
07/2
9/02
08/0
5/02
08/1
2/02
08/1
9/02
08/2
6/02
09/0
2/02
09/0
9/02
09/1
6/02
09/2
3/02
09/3
0/02Date
Third Quarter 2002 Final Validation
Yellowstone National Park - Near Water Tower
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
0
350
700
1050
1400
SOL
(w/m
2)
-30
-10
10
30
50
TM
P(de
gC)
0
10
20
30
40
RN
F(m
m/h
r)
0
4
8
12
16
SWS(
m/s
)
0
90
180
270
360
VW
D(d
eg)
0
25
50
75
100
RH
(%)
0
25
50
75
100
O3(
ppb)
10/0
1/02
10/0
8/02
10/1
5/02
10/2
2/02
10/2
9/02
11/0
5/02
11/1
2/02
11/1
9/02
11/2
6/02
12/0
3/02
12/1
0/02
12/1
7/02
12/2
4/02
12/3
1/02Date
Fourth Quarter 2002 Final Validation
Yellowstone National Park - Near Water Tower
2.2 OZONE DATA SUMMARY
Ozo
ne Q
uick
Loo
k A
nnua
l Sum
mar
y St
atis
tics
Yel
low
ston
e N
atio
nal P
ark
Fina
l Val
idat
ion
01/0
1/20
02 -
12/
31/2
002
STA
TIS
TIC
MA
Y-
SEP
AN
NU
AL
DE
CN
OV
OC
TSE
PA
UG
JUL
JUN
MA
YA
PRM
AR
FEB
JAN
DA
ILY
1-H
R M
AX
IMU
M74
7447
5257
6471
7471
7373
6662
52
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(148
)(3
60)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(30)
(26)
(30)
(31)
(28)
(31)
AV
ER
AG
E D
AIL
Y M
AX
IMU
M56
5242
4346
5159
5459
5959
5452
45
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(148
)(3
60)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(30)
(26)
(30)
(31)
(28)
(31)
MA
XIM
UM
DA
ILY
ME
AN
5963
4447
5055
5958
5858
6358
5847
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(144
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(24)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(31)
AV
ER
AG
E D
AIL
Y M
EA
N47
4538
3940
4250
4348
5152
4948
43
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(144
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(24)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(31)
MA
X P
EA
K:M
IN R
AT
IO3.
722
3.72
21.
480
2.42
92.
105
2.50
02.
071
3.15
43.
722
2.84
21.
966
1.55
61.
324
1.41
9
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(144
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(24)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(31)
AV
ER
AG
E P
EA
K:M
IN R
AT
IO1.
759
1.47
71.
234
1.36
01.
454
1.77
71.
580
1.88
91.
964
1.56
11.
355
1.20
61.
184
1.17
8
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(144
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(24)
(30)
(29)
(28)
(31)
MA
X 9
AM
-4PM
AV
ER
AG
E66
7045
5053
6166
6364
6570
6059
48
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(145
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(30)
(29)
(31)
(31)
(29)
(25)
(29)
(30)
(28)
(31)
MO
NT
HL
Y 9
AM
-4PM
AV
ER
AG
E51
4840
4043
4654
4853
5355
4948
43
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(145
)(3
54)
(31)
(30)
(30)
(29)
(31)
(31)
(29)
(25)
(29)
(30)
(28)
(31)
MA
X 7
AM
-7PM
AV
ER
AG
E64
6844
4852
5962
6160
6468
5858
48
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(145
)(3
56)
(31)
(30)
(30)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(25)
(30)
(31)
(28)
(31)
MO
NT
HL
Y 7
AM
-7PM
AV
ER
AG
E49
4739
4042
4452
4651
5254
4948
43
NO
. OF
DA
YS
(145
)(3
56)
(31)
(30)
(30)
(30)
(31)
(31)
(28)
(25)
(30)
(31)
(28)
(31)
MO
NT
HL
Y M
EA
N47
4538
3940
4250
4348
5052
4948
42
NO
. OF
HO
UR
S(3
311)
(812
8)(7
07)
(686
)(7
05)
(684
)(7
04)
(706
)(6
58)
(559
)(6
80)
(694
)(6
36)
(709
)
SUM
0 E
XPO
SUR
E I
ND
EX
1541
7536
6005
2713
426
591
2816
428
710
3545
630
553
3128
628
170
3532
834
104
3041
330
096
NO
. OF
HO
UR
S(3
311)
(812
8)(7
07)
(686
)(7
05)
(684
)(7
04)
(706
)(6
58)
(559
)(6
80)
(694
)(6
36)
(709
)
SUM
60 E
XPO
SUR
E I
ND
EX
1929
929
522
- -
- 49
669
3523
7353
4041
5579
4913
0197
3 -
NO
. OF
HO
UR
S(3
07)
(470
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(8
)(1
11)
(37)
(85)
(66)
(126
)(2
1)(1
6)(0
)
SUM
80 E
XPO
SUR
E I
ND
EX
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
NO
. OF
HO
UR
S(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)(0
)
W12
6 E
XPO
SUR
E I
ND
EX
2121
740
127
879
1089
1543
2218
6089
3249
4889
4773
6730
4064
3090
1516
NO
. OF
HO
UR
S(3
311)
(812
8)(7
07)
(686
)(7
05)
(684
)(7
04)
(706
)(6
58)
(559
)(6
80)
(694
)(6
36)
(709
)
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
par
ts p
er b
illio
n (p
pb)
* St
atis
tics
defi
ned
in th
e Q
uick
Loo
k su
bsec
tion
of th
e G
loss
ary
Exp
osur
es in
par
ts p
er b
illio
n-ho
urs
(ppb
-hr)
Fin
al V
alid
atio
n4/
21/0
3
Fre
quen
cy D
istr
ibut
ion
Peri
od%
Obs
.#
Obs
.O
bs.
1030
5070
9095
Min
.A
vera
ging
Mon
itori
ng S
easo
n: 0
4/01
/02
- 10
/31/
02
Geo
.St
dv.
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nG
eo.
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rith
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Obs
.M
ax.
99
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e N
atio
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ark
1
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4
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entil
e5
0.04
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0.05
60.
060
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50.
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4696
0.03
31.
160.
0549
0.05
550.
073
0.07
40.
073
951-
Hou
r
Con
cent
ratio
ns in
par
ts p
er m
illio
n (p
pm)
Rec
ords
for
this
rep
ort a
re s
elec
ted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e A
IRS
Geo
-Com
mon
file
cri
teri
a. T
hese
cri
teri
a ar
e ba
sed
on th
e st
ate-
spec
ific
Mon
itori
ng S
easo
n de
fine
d in
AIR
S.
1
The
min
imum
obs
erva
tion
valu
e (M
in. O
bs.)
is th
e m
inim
um d
aily
max
imum
rec
orde
d du
ring
the
Mon
itori
ng S
easo
n.T
he p
erce
ntile
s an
d ot
her
stat
istic
s ar
e de
rive
d fr
om th
e da
ily m
axim
ums.
4 5
The
per
cent
of
valid
obs
erva
tions
(%
Obs
.) is
the
perc
enta
ge o
f va
lid d
ays
to th
e nu
mbe
r of
pos
sibl
e m
onito
ring
day
s du
ring
the
Mon
itori
ngSe
ason
. A v
alid
day
is d
efin
ed a
s a
day
with
9 o
r m
ore
valid
obs
erva
tions
bet
wee
n 9:
00 a
.m. a
nd 9
:00
p.m
..32T
he n
umbe
r of
obs
erva
tions
(#
Obs
.) in
clud
es a
ll va
lid o
bser
vatio
ns r
ecor
ded
with
in th
e M
onito
ring
Sea
son.
4/2
2/0
3
Fina
l Val
idat
ion
Ozo
ne S
tand
ards
Rep
ort a
ndD
aily
Max
imum
1-H
our
Con
cent
ratio
ns (
ppm
)
Yel
low
ston
e N
atio
nal P
ark
Day
Dec
-02
Nov
-02
Oct
-02
Sep-
02A
ug-0
2Ju
l-02
Jun-
02M
ay-0
2A
pr-0
2M
ar-0
2Fe
b-02
Jan-
02
01/0
1/20
02 -
12/
31/2
002
1F
FM
WS
MT
ST
FS
T.0
36.0
49.0
43.0
64.0
56.0
70.0
58.0
52.0
55.0
50.0
44.0
442
SS
TT
ST
FM
WS
MW
.033
.044
.033
.045
.054
.074
.055
.057
.073
.054
.047
.045
3S
SW
FM
WS
TT
ST
T.0
37.0
46.0
42.0
50.0
51.0
57.0
57.0
60.0
68.0
55.0
48.0
444
MM
TS
TT
SW
FM
WF
.037
.050
.036
.061
.056
.065
.056
.073
.065
.052
.049
.044
5T
TF
SW
FM
TS
TT
S.0
38.0
48.0
38.0
50.0
59.0
57.0
65.0
58.0
64.0
59.0
46.0
436
WW
SM
TS
TF
SW
FS
.042
.046
.042
.042
.053
.053
.068
.052
.066
.055
.054
.043
7T
TS
TF
SW
SM
TS
M.0
44.0
52.0
43.0
43.0
56.0
55.0
63.0
64.0
52.0
48.0
54.0
388
FF
MW
SM
TS
TF
ST
.045
.049
.052
.050
.054
.057
.062
.057
.057
.049
.052
.042
9S
ST
TS
TF
MW
SM
W.0
44.0
44.0
55.0
57.0
53.0
61.0
71.0
63.0
56.0
52.0
46.0
4610
SS
WF
MW
ST
TS
TT
.041
.043
.050
.052
.058
.051
.048
.058
.052
.049
.046
.044
11M
MT
ST
TS
WF
MW
F.0
47.0
42.0
48.0
56.0
58.0
42.0
50.0
65.0
49.0
48.0
54.0
4812
TT
FS
WF
MT
ST
TS
.040
.044
.056
.052
.051
.043
.053
.058
.054
.050
.050
.052
13W
WS
MT
ST
FS
WF
S.0
41.0
43.0
57.0
48.0
49.0
46.0
59.0
62.0
59.0
55.0
54.0
4614
TT
ST
FS
WS
MT
SM
.041
.042
.055
.051
.052
.050
.060
.065
.050
.051
.053
.051
15F
FM
WS
MT
ST
FS
T.0
45.0
46.0
50.0
51.0
67.0
59.0
60.0
64.0
54.0
49.0
55.0
4616
SS
TT
ST
FM
WS
MW
.046
.046
.050
.057
.064
.060
.059
.056
.049
.055
.055
.044
17S
SW
FM
WS
TT
ST
T.0
46.0
44.0
49.0
52.0
65.0
60.0
62.0
57.0
60.0
52.0
62.0
4518
MM
TS
TT
SW
FM
WF
.044
.043
.051
.036
.063
.060
.067
.052
.052
.062
.044
19T
TF
SW
FM
TS
TT
S.0
43.0
41.0
48.0
41.0
62.0
54.0
64.0
54.0
52.0
55.0
4620
WW
SM
TS
TF
SW
FS
.044
.034
.052
.054
.063
.053
.054
.059
.053
.054
.050
.044
21T
TS
TF
SW
SM
TS
M.0
40.0
33.0
46.0
50.0
62.0
54.0
54.0
61.0
61.0
47.0
53.0
4922
FF
MW
SM
TS
TF
ST
.044
.037
.039
.050
.060
.064
.063
.063
.056
.052
.047
23S
ST
TS
TF
MW
SM
W.0
44.0
44.0
50.0
65.0
51.0
53.0
62.0
57.0
4424
SS
WF
MW
ST
TS
TT
.042
.043
.045
.051
.064
.054
.067
.060
.055
.049
.045
25M
MT
ST
TS
WF
MW
F.0
41.0
47.0
48.0
53.0
64.0
49.0
63.0
65.0
48.0
48.0
5026
TT
FS
WF
MT
ST
TS
.042
.046
.051
.062
.059
.049
.063
.066
.050
.049
.047
27W
WS
MT
ST
FS
WF
S.0
40.0
43.0
50.0
55.0
64.0
53.0
63.0
56.0
66.0
52.0
4728
TT
ST
FS
WS
MT
SM
.039
.034
.047
.055
.058
.049
.065
.057
.063
.050
.047
29F
MW
SM
TS
TF
ST
.047
.030
.036
.050
.071
.053
.063
.052
.062
.063
.046
30S
TT
ST
FM
WS
MW
.043
.034
.036
.048
.067
.041
.062
.060
.063
.053
.045
31S
FW
ST
T.0
42.0
60.0
44.0
54.0
57.0
43
Vio
latio
ns
Val
id D
ays
0M
axim
um30
.047 0
30.0
52 0
30.0
57 0
30.0
64 0
31.0
71 0
31.0
74 0
28.0
71 0
24.0
73 0
29.0
73 0
31.0
6628
.062 0
31.0
52 0
Fin
al V
alid
atio
n4/2
2/0
3
8107
Tot
al S
ampl
es92
.8 %
Pos
sibl
e35
3 V
alid
dai
ly m
axim
aC
once
ntra
tions
in p
arts
per
mill
ion
(ppm
)
0 D
aily
-max
ima
exce
edin
g th
e st
anda
rd o
f .1
2 pp
m (
star
red[
*])
2 M
issi
ng d
ays
assu
med
to b
e le
ss th
an th
e st
anda
rd0
Dai
ly m
axim
as e
xcee
d th
e al
ert l
evel
of
.200
ppm
2002 Attainment Status With U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)PRIMARY Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard
Ozone Season: April through October
The primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone is designed to protect human health. The level of the primary ozone standard promulgated by the EPA on July 18, 1997 is 0.08 parts per million (ppm) [80 parts per billion, (ppb)], daily maximum 8-hour average. The primary ozone standard is met at an ambient monitoring site when the 3-year average of the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentration is less than or equal to 0.08 ppm. This standard isnot met when the 3-year average is greater than 0.08 ppm. Using the EPA's rounding convention, a computed 3-year average ozone concentration of 0.085 ppm (85 ppb) is the smallest value that is greater than the level of the 0.08 ppm standard.
The primary standard requires 90 percent data completeness, on average, during the 3-year period, with no single year within the period having less than 75 percent data completeness. This data completeness requirement would have to be satisfied in order to determine that the standard has been met at a monitoring site. However, calendar years with less than 75 percent data completeness are included in the computation if the annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration is greaterthan the level of the standard. A site could be found not to have met the standard with less than complete data. The percent data completeness is the percent of valid ozone monitoring days. A day isvalid if valid 8-hour averages are available for at least 75 percent of possible hours in the day (i.e., at least 18 of the 24 averages). An 8-hour average is considered valid if at least 75 percent (or 6) of the hourly averages for the 8-hour period are available.
The table below lists the 3-year average fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration based on data collected during the reported year and the two previous years. This is the number to compare to the level of the new primary standard. The 3-year average data completeness percent and the reported year highest five daily maximum 8-hour averages are also tabulated. A 'No' in the Data Comp % Met? column indicates EPA data completeness requirement was not met for the three-year period.
Yellowstone National Park
Year
3-YearAvg
4th HighDaily
Max 8-hrOzone(ppb)
3-YearAvgData
Complete %
DataComplete
% Met?
Annual1st High
DailyMax 8-hr
Ozone(ppb)
Annual2nd High
DailyMax 8-hr
Ozone(ppb)
Annual3rd High
DailyMax 8-hr
Ozone(ppb)
Annual4th High
DailyMax 8-hr
Ozone(ppb)
Annual5th High
DailyMax 8-hr
Ozone(ppb)
2002 65 97% Yes 70 70 66 66 66
Final Validation 2-11 04/23/2003
ConcentrationValue Date Hour (ppb)
Ozone Analyzer
10 Highest Daily 1-Hour Average Maximum ConcentrationsYellowstone National Park
Final Validation01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002
Ozone AnalyzerOzone Analyzer 1 07/02/2002 17 74
Ozone Analyzer 2 04/02/2002 9 73
Ozone Analyzer 3 05/04/2002 18 73
Ozone Analyzer 4 06/09/2002 12 71
Ozone Analyzer 5 08/29/2002 14 71
Ozone Analyzer 6 07/01/2002 14 70*
Ozone Analyzer 7 04/03/2002 13 68
Ozone Analyzer 8 06/06/2002 16 68
Ozone Analyzer 9 05/18/2002 17 67*
Ozone Analyzer 10 06/24/2002 12 67* **
** This value was also recorded on one or more days later in the reported period.* This value was also recorded during one or more hours later in the day.
Final Validation 04/16/2003
Episodes with 1-Hour Ozone Concentrations > 100 ppb and > 124 ppb
> 100 ppb
No. Hours Max
_
_Beginning
Hour >124 ppb (ppb)Site Date
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002FINAL VALIDATION
Yellowstone National Park
No values greater than or equal 100 ppb during this period
Note: The primary and secondary national ambient air standard for ozone that applied in 1996 is 0.12 ppm over a one hour period not to be exceeded more than once per year. (A value greater than .12 ppm, 124 ppb, or 235 ug/m³ exceeds the standard.) (40 CFR 50.9 with reference to Appendix D and H.)
Total 0 0
Final Validation 4/17/032-13
Start and End Time ofDaily Maximum8-Hour Average > 84 ppb (hr)
Daily Maximum8-Hour Average
(ppb)
Number of 8-HourAverages > 84 ppb
During the DaySite Date
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002FINAL VALIDATION
Yellowstone National Park
Episodes with 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentrations > 84 ppb
No values exceeded 84 ppb during this periodDays with 8-hour average concentrations > 84 ppb0
Note: This table presents episodes of high ozone based on running 8-hour averages. In 1997, the EPA published new primary and secondary national ambient air quality standards for ozonebased on 8-hour average ozone concentrations. Attainment of the new primary standard is reached if the annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration, averaged over three years, does not exceed 0.08 ppm (84 ppb or 157 ug/m³).
4/17/03
Ozone Rank Listings of Second Highest 1-Hour Average Concentrations, 4th Highest8-Hour Average Concentrations, and Annual SUM60 Exposure Index for All NPS Monitoring Sites
Second Highest1-Hour Average Concentration
AnnualSum60 Exposure Index
Site Rank CountSum60
4th Highest 8-hourAverage Concentration
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002
Site RankConcentration
(ppb) Site RankConcentration
(ppb)
ACAD-CM 1 SEKI-LP 1 SEKI-LK 1 204306 2639127 109
CHAM-XX 2 SEKI-LK 2 SEKI-AS 2 196849 2529127 108
JOTR-YV 3 JOTR-YV 3 SEKI-LP 3 193795 2491127 107
SEKI-LK 4 SEKI-AS 4 JOTR-YV 4 175177 2398126 107
SEKI-AS 5 GRSM-CM 5 GRSM-CM 5 169849 2320124 103
SEKI-LP 6 GRSM-LR 6 YOSE-TD 6 164764 2298124 102
GRSM-LR 7 GRSM-CD 7 GRSM-LR 7 131936 1794122 101
CACO-XX 8 ACAD-CM 8 GRSM-CD 8 130649 1793118 100
COWP-XX 9 GRSM-PK 9 GRSM-PK 9 118538 1656118 94
ACAD-MH 10 CACO-XX 10 DEVA-PV 10 106174 1586117 93
GRSM-CM 11 COWP-XX 11 GRCA-AS 11 104360 1584117 93
GRSM-CD 12 YOSE-TD 12 ROMO-LP 12 95145 1403115 93
COSW-BL 13 ACAD-MH 13 SHEN-BM 13 88006 1273111 89
MACA-HM 14 CHAM-XX 14 CANY-IS 14 68738 1068110 89
PINN-ES 15 ROMO-LP 15 COWP-XX 15 66858 924110 87
GRSM-CC 16 PINN-ES 16 PINN-ES 16 54322 767108 86
ROMO-LP 17 SHEN-BM 17 MEVE-MY 17 49400 771106 86
GRSM-PK 18 MACA-HM 18 GRSM-CC 18 42779 611105 85
YOSE-TD 19 DEVA-PV 19 CACO-XX 19 39974 546105 83
SHEN-BM 20 COSW-BL 20 MACA-HM 20 39775 571103 82
DEVA-PV 21 GRSM-CC 21 ACAD-CM 21 39360 52997 82
SAGU-PC 22 GRCA-AS 22 SAGU-PC 22 35867 54090 79
GRBA-MY 23 SAGU-PC 23 COSW-BL 23 34655 49189 77
GRCA-AS 24 LAVO-ML 24 CHAM-XX 24 34216 48285 75
LAVO-ML 25 GRBA-MY 25 CRMO-VC 25 34186 53784 74
CHIR-ES 26 CANY-IS 26 CHIR-ES 26 32418 50380 72
YOSE-MR 27 YOSE-MR 27 GRBA-MY 27 30461 46680 72
MEVE-MY 28 MEVE-MY 28 YELL-WT 28 29522 47079 70
CHIS-XX 29 CHIR-ES 29 ACAD-MH 29 26476 36278 69
CANY-IS 30 CRMO-VC 30 LAVO-ML 30 26432 39477 69
CRMO-VC 31 CHIS-XX 31 YOSE-MR 31 22272 33475 66
YELL-WT 32 YELL-WT 32 VOYA-SB 32 7405 11673 66
THRO-VC 33 VOYA-SB 33 BIBE-KB 33 7215 11671 65
MORA-TW 34 BIBE-KB 34 CHIS-XX 34 6974 10670 62
NOCA-MM 35 THRO-VC 35 THRO-VC 35 4004 6370 62
VOYA-SB 36 EVER-BC 36 DENA-HQ 36 996 1670 57
PEFO-HB 37 DENA-HQ 37 PEFO-HB 37 951 1569 55
BIBE-KB 38 PEFO-HB 38 EVER-BC 38 833 1368 55
EVER-BC 39 GLAC-WG 39 MORA-TW 39 453 768 52
DENA-HQ 40 MORA-TW 40 NOCA-MM 40 267 465 52
GLAC-WG 41 VIIS-LP 41 GLAC-WG 41 124 259 48
VIIS-LP 42 NOCA-MM 42 HAVO-TH 42 0 057 46
HAVO-TH 43 HAVO-TH 43 OLYM-VC 43 0 050 42
OLYM-VC 44 OLYM-VC 44 VIIS-LP 44 0 044 39
5/9/2003
ppb
Second Highest 1-Hour Average Ozone Concentration
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ppb
ppb
Highest 8-Hour Average Ozone Concentration
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NAAQS
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ppb
Monthly Average Ozone Concentration
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ppb
Yellowstone National Park
OzoneThree Year Comparison
2000 - 2002
Final Validation 04-23-2003
Legend
2000
2001
2002
2-16
AC
AD
IA
CA
PE
CO
D
SH
EN
AN
DO
AH
MA
MM
OT
HC
AV
E
GR
EA
T S
MO
KY
MO
UN
TA
INS
CO
WP
EN
S
CO
NG
AR
EE
SW
AM
P
EV
ER
GLA
DE
S
VO
YA
GE
UR
S
TH
EO
DO
RE
RO
OS
EV
EL
T
RO
CK
YM
OU
NT
AIN
YE
LL
OW
ST
ON
E
ME
SA
VE
RD
E
CA
NY
ON
LA
ND
S
BIG
BE
ND
CH
AM
IZA
L
CH
IRIC
AH
UA
SA
GU
AR
O
GR
AN
DC
AN
YO
N
GR
EA
TB
AS
INCR
AT
ER
SO
F T
HE
MO
ON
GLA
CIE
R
NO
RT
HC
AS
CA
DE
S
OL
YM
PIC
MO
UN
TR
AIN
IER
LA
SS
EN
VO
LC
AN
IC
YO
SE
MIT
E
PIN
NA
CL
ES
SE
QU
IOA
AN
DK
ING
S C
AN
YO
N
DE
AT
HV
ALLE
Y
JOS
HU
AT
RE
E
HA
WA
IIV
OL
CA
NO
ES
DE
NA
LI
CH
AN
NE
LIS
LA
ND
S
PE
TR
IFIE
DF
OR
ES
T
68
77
80
75
68
59
85
12
2
70 1
27
84
11
0
70
44
11
0
10
6
90
12
6
10
3
71
70
73
65
50
79
97
89
11
8
11
8
12
7
10
5
57
78
11
1
12
7
69
NA
TIO
NA
L P
AR
K S
ER
VIC
EG
AS
EO
US
PO
LL
UT
AN
T M
ON
ITO
RIN
G N
ET
WO
RK
2002
Sec
ond
Hig
hest
1-H
our
Ozo
ne C
once
ntra
tion
s
HA
WA
II
AL
AS
KA
VIR
GIN
IS
LA
ND
S
ppb
Hour#Samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
090 90
289 88
488 88
688 88
887 89
1088 86
1288 88
1486 89
1689 90
1890 90
2090 90
2290 0
FIRST QUARTER (JAN-MAR)
ppb
Hour#Samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
084 84
284 84
483 83
683 81
883 82
1081 82
1279 79
1480 78
1681 83
1884 84
2080 57
2285 33
SECOND QUARTER (APR-JUN)
ppb
Hour#Samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
092 92
292 92
492 92
692 92
890 90
1089 92
1292 89
1488 92
1690 90
1889 92
2092 0
2292 91
THIRD QUARTER (JUL-SEP)
ppb
Hour#Samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
092 92
292 92
492 92
692 92
891 90
1090 90
1291 91
1490 91
1690 88
1892 92
2092 0
2292 92
FOURTH QUARTER (OCT-DEC)
Average of Valid O3 in ppb(Bar is equal to +/- one standard deviation)Maximum of Valid O3 in ppb
( Indicates Data Exceeds Plot Scale) Minimum of Valid O3 in ppb
Final Validation 04-24-2003
Yellowstone National ParkNear Water Tank
Quarterly DiurnalOzone Plots
2002
2-18
ppb
Hour
#Samples
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
358 358
2
357 356
4
355 355
6
355 353
8
351 351
10
348 350
12
350 347
14
344 350
16
350 351
18
355 358
20
354 147
22
359 216
Average of Valid O3 in ppb(Bar is equal to +/- one standard deviation)Maximum of Valid O3 in ppb
( Indicates Data Exceeds Plot Scale) Minimum of Valid O3 in ppb
Final Validation 04-18-2003
Yellowstone National ParkNear Water Tank
Annual DiurnalOzone Plot
2002
2-19
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM1.67%
95.1% Collected 94.4% Valid2160 Possible /2054 Collected /2039 Valid(includes WS and WD)
FIRST QUARTER (JAN-MAR)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM1.05%
86.9% Collected 86.8% Valid2184 Possible /1897 Collected /1896 Valid(includes WS and WD)
SECOND QUARTER (APR-JUN)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM0.14%
94.9% Collected 94.8% Valid2208 Possible /2095 Collected /2094 Valid(includes WS and WD)
THIRD QUARTER (JUL-SEP)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM0.53%
94.9% Collected 94.8% Valid2208 Possible /2095 Collected /2094 Valid(includes WS and WD)
FOURTH QUARTER (OCT-DEC)
Final Validation 04-18-2003
Yellowstone National Park
Quarterly Ozone Pollutant Rose
2002
Ozone (ppb)
0-19
20-39
40-59
60-79
80-99
100-119
120-139
140+
2-20
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM
0.84%
92.9% Collected 92.7% Valid
8760 Possible /8141 Collected /8123 Valid
(includes WS and WD)
Yellowstone National Park
Annual Ozone Pollutant Rose
2002
Final Validation 04-18-2003
Ozone (ppb)
0-19
20-39
40-59
60-79
80-99
100-119
120-139
140+
2-21
CalendarQuarter
Final Validation
Precision checks are required by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of all monitoringinstruments collecting data which are to be submitted to the EPA Aerometric Information RetrievalSystem (AIRS). A precision check is performed by challenging the pollutant analyzer with a knownconcentration of gas from the pollutant transfer standard. This precision check must be performed atleast every 14 days of monitoring operation. The percent difference between the analyzer and thetransfer standard is then calculated.¹ According to NPS Standard Operating Procedures, the pollutantanalyzer must respond within 10% of the transfer standard. The table below gives the number ofprecision checks performed during each quarter, the average² of all the individual precision checkpercent differences for the quarter, and the upper and lower 95% probability limits³ for precisionchecks. The probability limits represent the interval having a 95% chance of containing the trueaverage percent difference. The quarterly average percent difference and probability limits shouldideally be within +/- 10%.
Yellowstone National Park
Ozone Analyzer Precision Check Summary
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002
AveragePercent
Difference ¹ ²
Upper 95%Probability
Limit ³
Lower 95%Probability
Limit ³
Number ofPrecisionChecks
1 90 2.00 1.03 2.962 81 1.56 -0.15 3.273 92 1.24 -2.80 5.294 92 2.72 0.82 4.63
X 100.Percent Difference=
2
3
Average Percent Difference is the mean of all individual precision check percent differencesduring the quarter.
Upper/Lower 95% Probability Limits=(Average Percent Difference) +/- (1.96)(StandardDeviation of precision check percent differences in the quarter.)
analyzer - transfer std transfer std
1
7/7/03Final Validation
2.3 METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Summary of Selected Meteorological Data
Yellowstone National Park
Final Validation
Parameter Value Units Number Std Dev
01/01/2002 - 12/31/2002
SCALAR WIND SPEED
1.6 m/s 8563 1.0 Average
7.6 m/s Maximum
Percent calm = 0.85
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
0.8 degC 8564 10.4 Average
28.4 degC Maximum
-30.3 degC Minimum
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
66 percent 8570 22 Average
99 percent Maximum
10 percent Minimum
PRECIPITATION (Rainfall or Snow melt)
.7 mm/hr 641 1.0 Average non-zero rate
7.6 mm/hr Maximum non-zero rate
.1 mm/hr Minimum non-zero rate
446.2 mm Accumulated during period
SOLAR RADIATION
10,456,987 joules/m2day 308 7,918,676 Average Daily Total
26,867,200 joules/m2day Maximum Daily Total
137,600 joules/m2day Minimum Daily Total
Note: Calms are included in the average scalar wind speed and are defined as winds less than 0.5 m/s (1.0 mph).
NA indicates instrument not available.
Solar radiation terms are based on the calculation of the total amount of solar energy incident on a unit area during each day. The maximum and minimum daily totals are selected from the list of daily totals.The totals for all days are then added and divided by the number of days to yield the average daily total. Only days with 24 valid values are included in these statistics.
Final Validation 04/17/20032-24
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM1.67%
100.0% Collected 100.0% Valid2160 Possible /2160 Collected /2160 Valid(includes WS and WD)
FIRST QUARTER (JAN-MAR)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM1.10%
91.8% Collected 91.7% Valid2184 Possible /2004 Collected /2003 Valid(includes WS and WD)
SECOND QUARTER (APR-JUN)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM0.14%
99.5% Collected 99.5% Valid2208 Possible /2197 Collected /2197 Valid(includes WS and WD)
THIRD QUARTER (JUL-SEP)
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM0.54%
99.8% Collected 99.8% Valid2208 Possible /2203 Collected /2203 Valid(includes WS and WD)
FOURTH QUARTER (OCT-DEC)
Final Validation 04-18-2003
Yellowstone National Park
Quarterly Wind Rose
2002
Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)
CALM < .5
0.5-0.9
1.0-3.9
4.0-6.9
7.0-9.9
10.0-12.9
13.0-15.9
16.0-18.9
19.0+
2-25
N NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSES
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
10%
20%
CALM
0.85%
97.8% Collected 97.8% Valid
8760 Possible /8564 Collected /8563 Valid
(includes WS and WD)
Yellowstone National Park
Annual Wind Rose
2002
Final Validation 04-18-2003
Scalar Wind Speed (m/s)
CALM < .5
0.5-0.9
1.0-3.9
4.0-6.9
7.0-9.9
10.0-12.9
13.0-15.9
16.0-18.9
19.0+
2-26
2-27
2.4 DRY DEPOSITION DATA SUMMARY
Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNet) Dry Deposition Monitoring
In 1995, the National Park Service (NPS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) entered a partnership to jointly measure dry deposition in park units, mostly in the West. A portion of the 2000, 2001, and 2002 data collected from this partnership is presented in this section. These data are presented using local conditions. Data presented in reports prior to 2002 are based on standard conditions. Atmospheric deposition of acidic species takes two pathways: wet deposition and dry deposition. Wet deposition is the result of precipitation events (rain, snow, or fog) that remove particles and gases from the atmosphere. Dry deposition is less event driven, but still involves the transfer of particles and gases from the atmosphere to surfaces and plants. Wet deposition has been well documented for many years. In the national parks, the National Acidic Deposition Program (NADP) measures and reports wet deposition (see the web site at http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu for further information). Dry deposition is much harder to measure and a smaller network of monitoring stations is involved. The method used to measure dry deposition is sometimes called the "inferential method" because air quality concentration data are combined with meteorological measurements and land use functions to compute deposition velocities. The CASTNet program provides long-term estimates of total acidic deposition by adding dry deposition values to wet deposition values. This annual summary report presents the air quality concentration portion of the dry deposition inferential method, which is the only currently available data set. These data were compiled from the analyses of filters collected by CASTNet deposition filter pack systems in the parks. The filter pack analyses yielded weekly average concentrations of particulate sulfate (SO4
2-), particulate nitrate (NO3-), particulate ammonium (NH4
+), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitric acid (HNO3). In some cases, the positive ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were also measured from the filter samples. These concentration data for the individual ionic species are presented as annual bar charts and summarized by quarter and by year in this report. Concentration data can be used to compare sites and to indicate the amount of acidic species available for deposition. As with the continuous analyzer data, the filter pack concentration data are included on a computer diskette that accompanies this report. Estimated dry deposition values derived from EPA modeling will be reported at a later time to complete the inferential analyses. When available, these modeling results will be posted on the NPS Air Resources Division Internet web site at http://www.aqd.nps.gov/ard1 or on the EPA CASTNet site. Initial CASTNet results have shown that dry deposition can be a significant portion of total acidic deposition.
Yellowstone National Park1/1/02 12/31/02-
Quarterly and Annual Average Concentrations
CASTNet Dry Deposition Monitoring
Quarter NH HNO SO p-SO Total NO SO /SO No.Valid Samples (ug/m )
p-NO (ug/m )
33 3 4 4 2 4 2
Ratio (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m ) 33 3 3 3 3
1 0.1830.184 0.9040.3460.39313 0.212 0.383
2 0.2760.447 0.8570.6880.73213 0.293 0.802
3 0.2120.356 0.7720.4870.47812 0.128 0.631
4 0.1760.198 0.4880.3740.42013 0.226 0.767
0.217Annual Average
Standard Deviation
0.5070.295 0.4740.212 0.755
0.159 0.5170.415 0.3060.150 0.497
0.627
Total No. Filters
51
No. Invalidated
0
Data Capture
100.0%
No. Valid Hours
8707.0
Data Recovery Table
5/15/032-28
Yellowstone National ParkCASTNet Dry Deposition Monitoring Weekly Concentrations Report
1/1/02 12/31/02-
On Date Off Date p-SO p-NO NH HNO Total NO
(ug/m )(ug/m ) (ug/m ) (ug/m )(ug/m )SO
(ug/m ) RatioSO /SO
34 2
3 33 3 33 3 3 24 4
12/25/01 0.1950.026 0.0880.033 1.3570.058 0.14401/01/02
01/01/02 0.1640.025 0.0730.079 1.4100.103 0.11601/08/02
01/08/02 0.1530.105 0.0940.184 0.5600.287 0.27401/15/02
01/15/02 0.3680.402 0.2560.131 0.3230.531 1.14001/22/02
01/22/02 0.2820.340 0.1590.149 0.3980.486 0.70801/30/02
01/30/02 0.3840.151 0.1830.213 0.8630.361 0.44502/05/02
02/05/02 0.0420.037 0.0190.057 0.9250.093 0.04602/12/02
02/12/02 0.5190.474 0.2990.342 1.9000.811 0.27302/19/02
02/19/02 0.3480.066 0.1490.275 0.7490.337 0.46402/26/02
02/26/02 0.8040.323 0.3870.290 1.6560.609 0.48503/05/02
03/05/02 0.3650.190 0.1680.139 0.2340.327 1.56103/12/02
03/12/02 0.3330.224 0.1930.131 0.7800.353 0.42703/19/02
03/19/02 0.5430.401 0.3140.362 0.5980.757 0.90803/26/02
03/26/02 0.6350.350 0.2940.239 0.2810.585 2.26304/02/02
04/02/02 0.6490.404 0.2070.232 1.2190.633 0.53204/09/02
04/09/02 0.3070.185 0.0910.128 0.1350.311 2.26904/16/02
04/16/02 0.8010.261 0.2890.143 0.6860.402 1.16804/24/02
04/24/02 0.7690.440 0.2770.247 1.0230.683 0.75104/30/02
04/30/02 0.5070.344 0.1490.108 0.3190.450 1.58705/07/02
05/07/02 0.6210.200 0.2710.187 1.1310.385 0.54905/14/02
05/14/02 0.7200.320 0.2720.308 1.2160.623 0.59205/21/02
05/21/02 2.1930.896 1.0753.098 2.7373.945 0.80105/28/02
05/28/02 0.4200.066 0.1130.409 0.4720.468 0.89006/04/02
06/04/02 0.3140.155 0.1370.189 0.3010.341 1.04606/11/02
06/11/02 0.5680.091 0.2420.213 0.8670.301 0.65606/19/02
06/19/02 0.4340.095 0.1730.305 0.7550.395 0.57506/25/02
06/25/02 0.5850.130 0.2430.501 1.0600.623 0.55207/02/02
07/02/02 0.6970.134 0.2860.529 0.7590.654 0.91807/09/02
07/09/02 0.4570.151 0.1800.495 1.3080.638 0.35007/16/02
07/16/02 0.6110.070 0.2660.403 0.4080.467 1.49807/23/02
07/23/02 0.3990.073 0.1420.277 0.3820.346 1.04508/01/02
08/01/02 0.5220.168 0.2620.342 0.6720.505 0.77808/06/02
08/06/02 0.3400.091 0.1660.286 0.4870.372 0.69908/13/02
08/13/02 0.3440.208 0.1830.297 0.7030.501 0.48908/22/02
08/22/02 0.5280.150 0.2750.347 1.3650.491 0.38708/27/02
08/27/02 0.5690.151 0.1590.297 0.3870.443 1.47009/10/02
09/10/02 0.5160.144 0.2410.269 1.1510.409 0.44809/17/02
09/17/02 0.2780.070 0.1430.225 0.5810.292 0.47909/24/02
09/24/02 0.6520.238 0.2790.249 0.7450.483 0.87610/01/02
10/01/02 0.3240.061 0.1470.219 0.4780.277 0.67910/08/02
10/08/02 0.3550.232 0.0170.253 0.5280.481 0.67310/15/02
10/15/02 0.4890.273 0.2030.271 0.6540.539 0.74710/29/02
10/29/02 0.7030.264 0.3540.189 0.7720.450 0.91111/05/02
11/05/02 0.1980.208 0.1130.244 0.2200.448 0.89811/13/02
11/13/02 0.5030.324 0.2700.205 0.2100.526 2.39411/19/02
11/19/02 0.1930.057 0.0870.213 0.7590.266 0.25511/26/02
11/26/02 0.3390.545 0.2810.123 0.3350.666 1.01312/03/02
12/03/02 0.3320.225 0.2090.252 0.6260.473 0.53112/10/02
12/10/02 0.2900.219 0.0980.105 0.1070.322 2.70412/17/02
12/17/02 0.1620.076 0.0740.140 0.7050.214 0.22912/24/02
12/24/02 0.3230.212 0.1530.108 0.2020.318 1.60012/31/02
5/9/032-29
NH4
HNO3
SO2 p-SO4
Total NO3
p-NO3
CASTNet Dry Deposition Monitoring
Three Year Comparison of Maximum and Average Concentrations
Yellowstone National Park
Maximum Concentration (ug/m3 ) Average Concentration (ug/m3 )
2-30
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2000 2001 2002
0.0
0.5
1.01.5
2.02.5
3.0
3.5
2000 2001 2002
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
2000 2001 2002
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2000 2001 2002
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5
2000 2001 2002
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2000 2001 2002
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.14
0.17
0.65
1.060.
19
0.22
0.57
0.52
1.66
0.30
1.28
0.54
0.36
0.13
0.38
0.34
0.29
0.51
0.44
0.47
0.35
0.06
1.17
0.23
Ave
rage
Par
ticul
ate
Nitr
ate
(p-N
O3)
Con
cent
ratio
ns (
ug/m
3) f
or E
ntir
e Y
ear
2002
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
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VO
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SHE
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AC
AD
GR
CA
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NA
CH
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HA
VO
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TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
0.28
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 0.65
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
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NP
Gre
at B
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Gra
nd
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NP
Gra
nd
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NP
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ua
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e N
PJo
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NP
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sen
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can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
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PM
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Ver
de
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Mou
nt
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nie
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Nor
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Nor
th C
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des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
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tain
NP
Seq
uoi
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equ
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NP
Sh
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h N
PS
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and
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NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
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NP
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low
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PY
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wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
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ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
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NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
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TH
RO
TH
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GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
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NP
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rgla
des
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Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
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NP
Vir
gin
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and
s N
PV
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n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.09
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
0.62##
PEFO
1.24
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.21
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.30
0.36
0.36
1.300.
49
0.29
0.72
0.99
1.62
0.96
2.84
0.74
0.61
0.14
1.26
0.84
0.84
1.00
2.46
0.51
0.61
0.08
0.45
0.48
Ave
rage
Nitr
ic A
cid
(HN
O3)
Con
cent
ratio
ns (
ug/m
3) f
or E
ntir
e Y
ear
2002
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
YO
SEPI
NNLA
VO
JOT
R
SEK
IM
EV
E
CA
NY
SHE
N
AC
AD
GR
CA
DE
NA
CH
IR
HA
VO
EV
ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
2.40
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 0.05
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.2
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
2.16##
PEFO
1.98
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.28
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.43
0.53
1.00
2.340.
66
0.51
1.29
1.50
3.25
1.24
4.08
1.26
0.96
0.26
1.62
1.17
1.12
1.49
2.85
0.98
0.95
0.14
1.62
0.70
Ave
rage
Tot
al N
itrat
e (T
otal
NO
3) C
once
ntra
tions
(ug
/m3)
for
Ent
ire
Yea
r 20
02
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
YO
SEPI
NNLA
VO
JOT
R
SEK
IM
EV
E
CA
NY
SHE
N
AC
AD
GR
CA
DE
NA
CH
IR
HA
VO
EV
ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
2.63
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 0.70
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.3
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
2.75##
PEFO
3.19
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.49
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.22
0.20
0.35
0.310.
18
0.21
0.51
0.34
0.82
0.24
0.50
0.67
0.34
0.16
0.30
0.26
0.22
0.52
1.44
0.48
0.28
0.12
0.40
0.19
Ave
rage
Am
mon
ium
(N
H4)
Con
cent
ratio
ns (
ug/m
3) f
or E
ntir
e Y
ear
2002
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
YO
SEPI
NNLA
VO
JOT
R
SEK
IM
EV
E
CA
NY
SHE
N
AC
AD
GR
CA
DE
NA
CH
IR
HA
VO
EV
ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
1.20
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 0.16
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.1
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
0.68##
PEFO
1.95
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.25
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.66
0.56
1.12
1.140.
44
0.47
1.30
0.74
1.21
0.64
1.08
2.20
0.97
2.14
0.89
0.71
0.65
2.10
4.40
1.25
0.64
0.33
2.36
0.54
Ave
rage
Par
ticul
ate
Sulf
ate
(p-S
O4)
Con
cent
ratio
ns (
ug/m
3) f
or E
ntir
e Y
ear
2002
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
YO
SEPI
NNLA
VO
JOT
R
SEK
IM
EV
E
CA
NY
SHE
N
AC
AD
GR
CA
DE
NA
CH
IR
HA
VO
EV
ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
4.29
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 1.67
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.4
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
1.70##
PEFO
5.17
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.59
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
0.22
0.34
1.62
0.380.
30
0.75
1.08
0.50
0.94
0.49
0.60
0.70
0.54
31.7
20.35
0.73
0.37
1.90
5.39
0.73
0.46
0.37
1.00
0.21
Ave
rage
Sul
fur D
ioxi
de (S
O2)
Con
cent
ratio
ns (u
g/m
3) fo
r Ent
ire
Yea
r 200
2
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
OL
YM
GL
AC
YE
LL
RO
MO
YO
SEPI
NNLA
VO
JOT
R
SEK
IM
EV
E
CA
NY
SHE
N
AC
AD
GR
CA
DE
NA
CH
IR
HA
VO
EV
ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
4.55
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
Isla
nds
##
VII
S 0.43
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
olca
nos
NP
0.4
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
2.40##
PEFO
5.43
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
0.38
HA
WA
II
ALA
SKA
CA
STN
et D
ry D
epos
ition
Mon
itori
ng S
ites
/ Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e U
nits
3.01
1.65
0.69
3.041.
45
0.63
1.20
1.49
1.29
1.29
1.80
3.14
1.79
0.07
2.54
0.97
1.76
1.10
0.82
1.71
1.39
0.90
2.35
2.57
(Ave
rage
SO
4)/(
Ave
rage
SO
2) R
atio
for
Ent
ire
Yea
r 20
02
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
####
##
####
####
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
BIB
E
NO
CA
MO
RA
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YM
GL
AC
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RO
MO
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VO
JOT
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SEK
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NY
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N
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GR
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DE
NA
CH
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HA
VO
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ER
TH
RO
VO
YA
GR
BA
DE
VA
0.94
##G
RSM
Vir
gin
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nds
##
VII
S 3.91
Key
:
BIB
EB
IBE
CA
NY
CA
NY
CH
IRC
HIR
DE
VA
DE
VA
GL
AC
GL
AC
GR
BA
GR
BA
GR
CA
GR
CA
JOT
RJO
TR
LA
VO
LA
VO
ME
VE
ME
VE
MO
RA
MO
RA
NO
CA
NO
CA
PIN
NP
INN
RO
MO
RO
MO
SE
KI
SE
KI
SH
EN
SH
EN
VO
YA
VO
YA
YE
LL
YE
LL
YO
SE
YO
SE
Big
Ben
d N
PB
ig B
end
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Can
yon
lan
ds
NP
Ch
iric
ahu
a N
MC
hir
icah
ua
NM
Dea
th V
alle
y N
PD
eath
Val
ley
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gla
cier
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gre
at B
asin
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Gra
nd
Can
yon
NP
Josh
ua
Tre
e N
PJo
shu
a T
ree
NP
Las
sen
Vol
can
ic N
PL
asse
n V
olca
nic
NP
Mes
a V
erd
e N
PM
esa
Ver
de
NP
Mou
nt
Rai
nie
r N
PM
oun
t R
ain
ier
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Nor
th C
asca
des
NP
Pin
nac
les
NM
Pin
nac
les
NM
Roc
ky
Mou
nta
in N
PR
ock
y M
oun
tain
NP
Seq
uoi
a N
PS
equ
oia
NP
Sh
enan
doa
h N
PS
hen
and
oah
NP
Voy
ageu
rs N
PV
oyag
eurs
NP
Yel
low
ston
e N
PY
ello
wst
one
NP
Yos
emit
e N
PY
osem
ite
NP
AC
AD
AC
AD
VII
SV
IIS
DE
NA
DE
NA
OL
YM
OL
YM
EV
ER
EV
ER
TH
RO
TH
RO
GR
SM
GR
SM
Aca
dia
NP
Aca
dia
NP
Den
ali
NP
Den
ali
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Eve
rgla
des
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Gre
at S
mok
ies
NP
Oly
mp
ic N
PO
lym
pic
NP
Th
. Roo
seve
lt N
PT
h. R
oose
velt
NP
Vir
gin
Isl
and
s N
PV
irgi
n I
slan
ds
NP
HA
VO
HA
VO
Hav
aii
Vol
can
os N
PH
avai
i V
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nos
NP
0.98
##YU
FL
YU
FL
YU
FL
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
Yu
kon
Fla
ts N
WR
0.71##
PEFO
0.95
##M
AC
AM
AC
AM
AC
AM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
PM
amm
oth
Cav
e N
P
PE
FO
PE
FO
Pet
rifi
ed F
ores
t N
PP
etri
fied
For
est
NP
Haw
aii
Ala
ska
1.57
3-1
3.0 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AIR RESOURCES DIVISION DATA SOURCES
Meteorological and hourly gaseous data contained in this report may be obtained from the following sources:
• National Park Service AIRWeb (http://www.aqd.nps.gov/natnet/ard) • EPA AIRS database • Data requests directed to:
NPS Air Resources Division Information Management Center
c/o Air Resource Specialists, Inc. 1901 Sharp Point Drive, Suite E Fort Collins, Colorado 80525 Telephone: (970) 484-7941 Fax: (970) 484-3423 E-Mail: [email protected]
CASTNet concentration data may be obtained from the following Web site:
http://www.epa.gov/castnet/data.html
4-1
4.0 GLOSSARY
4.1 DEFINITIONS AND COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES FORNATIONAL PARK SERVICE QUICK LOOK ANNUAL SUMMARY STATISTICS REPORT
The National Park Service Quick Look Annual Summary Statistics Table (Page 2-8)provides ozone summary statistics for various indices computed on a monthly basis for an entireyear. Growing season (generically defined to be May 1 - September 30) and annual statistics arealso presented under the "MAY-SEP" and "ANNUAL" columns, respectively. Allconcentrations are expressed in the units of parts per billion (PPB) and exposures in parts perbillion-hours (PPB-HR). The definitions for each of the statistics appearing on the Quick LookAnnual Summary Table are given below.
(1) Daily 1-Hr Maximum. The maximum 1-hour average concentration recorded duringeach month, the growing season or the year regardless of the number of valid hourlyobservations recorded during a given day. The number in parentheses below thisstatistic, (N), indicates the number of days in the month, growing season, or year withvalid data.
(2) Average Daily Maximum. The average of all Daily 1-Hr Maxima during the monthregardless of the number of Daily 1-Hr Maxima recorded during the month. For the"MAY-SEP" column the average of all the Daily Maxima recorded during the growingseason is given. For the "ANNUAL" column the average of all the Daily Maxima isgiven. N is as in (1) above.
(3) Maximum Daily Mean. The maximum of the valid daily means computed for eachmonth, the growing season ("MAY-SEP" column), and the year ("ANNUAL" column). A valid daily mean is one for which 75% of the observations are available for each day,i.e., 18 hours. N is the number of days during each month, growing season, and year withat least 18 observations.
(4) Average Daily Mean. The average of all valid daily means for the month, the growingseason ("MAY-SEP" column), and the year ("ANNUAL" column). N is as in (3) above.
(5) Max Peak:Min Ratio. The ratio of the Daily 1-Hr Maximum to the Daily 1-HrMinimum. A ratio is computed only if a valid Daily Mean is computed and if the Daily1-Hr Minimum is not equal to zero. N is the number of days with a valid Peak:Min ratio.
(6) Average Peak:Min Ratio. The average of all Peak:Min ratios for the month, growingseason, or year. N is as in (5) above.
(7) Max 9AM-4PM Average. The maximum of all valid 9AM-4PM Averages computedfor the month, growing season, or year. A valid 9AM-4PM Average is one which has75% of the observations available during that time period (i.e., 6 hours. N is the numberof days with valid averages.)
4-2
(8) Monthly 9AM-4PM Average. The average of all valid 9AM-4PM Averages for the month,growing season, or year. N is as in (7) above.
(9) Max 7AM-7PM Average. The maximum of all valid 7AM-7PM Averages computed for themonth, growing season, or year. A valid 7AM-7PM Average is one which has 75% of theobservations available during that time period, i.e., 9 hours. N is the number of days with validaverages.
(10) Monthly 7AM-7PM Average. The average of all valid 7AM-7PM averages for the month,growing season, or year. N is as in (9) above.
(11) Monthly Mean. The average of all 1-Hr ozone concentrations recorded during the month,growing season, or year. A mean is computed regardless of the number of hours with valid data. N is the number of hours with valid observations.
(12) SUM0 Exposure Index. The monthly sum of all hourly ozone concentrations. Units are PPB-HR. The "MAY-SEP" column sums across the months of May through September to give thecumulative exposure for the growing season. The "ANNUAL" column sums across every monthto give the cumulative exposure for the year. N is the number of hours with valid observationsand is the same N as in (11) above.
(13) SUM60 Exposure Index. The monthly sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling orexceeding 60 PPB. Units are PPB-HR. The "MAY-SEP" column sums across the months ofMay through September to give the cumulative exposure for the growing season. The"ANNUAL" column sums across every month to give the cumulative exposure for the year. N isthe number of hours equaling or exceeding 60 PPB during the month, growing season, or year.
(14) SUM80 Exposure Index. The monthly sum of all hourly ozone concentrations equaling orexceeding 80 PPB. Units are PPB-HR. The "MAY-SEP" column sums across the months ofMay through September to give the cumulative exposure for the growing season. The"ANNUAL" column sums across every month to give the cumulative exposure for the year. N isthe number of hours equaling or exceeding 80 PPB during the month, growing season, or year.
(15) W126 Exposure Index. The monthly sum of all hourly ozone concentrations where eachconcentration is weighted by a function that gives greater emphasis to the higher hourlyconcentrations while still including the lower ones. This weighting function provides aweighting value that is unique for each hourly ozone concentration. The weighting function, asdescribed by Lefohn, Laurence, and Kohut1 is:
1wi = ________________________
1 + 4403 exp ( -.126ci )
where
4-3
wi = weighting value for hourly concentration i,and
ci = hourly concentration i in PPB.
The graph of weighting value versus ozoneconcentration, in the figure to the left, illustratesthe greater weights given to higher hourly ozoneconcentrations.
Each hour's weighting value is multiplied by itscorresponding hourly concentration. This product
is summed over all the valid hours in each month to calculate the monthly W126 exposure.
Thus, the monthly W126 exposure is:
W 1 2 6 = w ci= 1
n
i i∑
whereW126 = monthly W126 exposure index,wi = weighting value for hourly concentration i,ci = hourly concentration i in PPB, andn = number of hours in the month with valid ozone concentrations.
The "MAY-SEP" column sums across the months of May through September to give the cumulativeexposure for the growing season. The "ANNUAL" column sums across every month to give thecumulative exposure for the year. The exposure units are PPB-HR.
Because each hour contributes to this exposure index, N is the number of hours with valid observationsand is the same N as in (11) and (12) above.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency usually considers air quality statistics, such as a mean, to be"valid" (i.e., representative of the parameter being estimated for the time interval in question) only if 75%or more of the total possible observations have been measured during that time interval. Therefore, oneshould exercise caution when comparing these statistics between months and sites, particularly those thatare not averages (e.g., maxima and exposures) whenever the number of valid observations is less than75% of the total possible.
References
1. Lefohn, A.S., J. A. Laurence, and R. J. Kohut. 1988. A Comparison of Indices That Describethe Relationship Between Exposure to Ozone and Reduction in the Yield of Agricultural Crops.Atmospheric Environment 22, 1229-1240.
4-4
4.2 AIR QUALITY GLOSSARY
Acid Deposition: Air pollution produced when acid chemicals are incorporated into rain,snow, fog, or mist.
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS): A computer-based database ofU.S. air pollution information administered by the EPA Office of Air Quality Planningand Standards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
AIRWeb: Air Resources Web, an air quality information retrieval system for U.S. parksand wildlife refuges developed by the Air Resources Division of the National ParkService and the Air Quality Branch of the Fish and Wildlife Service.
Air Pollutant: An unwanted chemical or other material found in the air.
Air Pollution: Degradation of air quality resulting from unwanted chemicals or othermaterials occurring in the air.
Air Quality: The properties and degree of purity of air to which people and natural andheritage resources are exposed (in the context of national parks).
Air Pollution Control Permitting Process: Process by which facilities are permitted toemit specified types and quantities of air pollutants.
Air Quality Related Values (AQRVs): Values including visibility, flora, fauna, culturaland historical resources, odor, soil, water, and virtually all resources that are dependentupon and affected by air quality. "These values include visibility and those scenic,cultural, biological, and recreation resources of an area that are affected by air quality."(43 Fed. Reg. 15016)
Ambient Air: Air that is accessible to the public.
Class I: Areas of the country set aside under the Clean Air Act to receive the moststringent degree of air quality protection.
Class II: Areas of the country protected under the Clean Air Act but identified forsomewhat less stringent protection from air pollution damage than Class I, except inspecified cases.
Clean Air Act: Originally passed in 1963, our current national air pollution controlprogram is based on the 1970 version of the law. Substantial revisions were made by the1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
Continuous Sampling Device: An air analyzer that measures air quality componentscontinuously.
4-5
Criteria: Information on health and/or environmental effects of pollution (in the contextof criteria air pollutants).
Criteria Air Pollutant: A group of very common air pollutants regulated by EPA on thebasis of criteria and for which a National Ambient Air Quality Standard is established(SO2, NO2, PM10, Pb, CO, O3).
Emissions: Release of pollutants into the air from a source.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): The federal agency responsible forregulating air quality.
Monitoring: Measurement of air pollution.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Permissible levels of criteria airpollutant established to protect public health and welfare.
Ozone (O3): A criteria air pollutant that is a strong oxidizing agent, reactive with manyother compounds and surfaces, and a health hazard in high concentrations. Ozone isformed by nitrogen oxides and organic compounds reacting in sunlight.
Source: Any place or object from which air pollutants are released. Sources that arefixed in space are stationary sources; sources that move are mobile sources.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A criteria air pollutant that is a gas produced by burning coal andsome industrial processes.
* Recent updates to this glossary may be found on the NPSARD AIRWeb - http://www.aqd.nps.gov/natnet/ard/glossary.htm.
4-6
4.3 GLOSSARY OF AIR QUALITY UNITS
Units Conversion Table
Parameter Type Multiply By To Obtain
Pollutant ppm 1000 ppb
ppm 1960 µg/m3 Ozone (at 25°C)
ppm 2615 µg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide (at 25°C)
ppb 0.001 ppm
ppb 1.960 µg/m3 Ozone (at 25°C)
ppb 2.615 µg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide (at 25°C)
µg/m3 Ozone (25°C) 0.0005102 ppm
µg/m3 Ozone (25°C) 0.5102 ppb
µg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide (25°C) 0.0003824 ppm
µg/m3 Sulfur Dioxide (25°C) 0.3824 ppb
Wind Speed m/s 2.05 mph
mph 0.489 m/s
Solar Radiation ly/min 697 w/m2
w/m2 0.00143 ly/min
Precipitation mm/hr 0.0394 in/hr
in/hr 25.4 mm/hr
Temperature °C + 17.78 1.8 °F
°F - 32 5/9 °C
Where:ppm = parts per millionppb = parts per billionµg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter (at 25°C)m/s = meters per secondmps = miles per hourly/min = langleys per minutew/m2 = watts per square metermm/hr = millimeters per hourin/hr = inches per hour°C = degrees centigrade°F = degrees fahrenheit
