Annual Conference on Watershed Conservation 2002 September ...libvolume3.xyz/civil/btech/semester8/water... · Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E. Center for Energy Efficiency

Stormwater Management Stormwater Management

Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E.

Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

University of Massachusetts

Annual Conference on Watershed Conservation 2002

September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA

www.ceere.org

Annual Conference on

Watershed Conservation 2002

September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA

www.ceere.org Center for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, UMass, Copyright, 2002

Presentation Outline Presentation Outline

�Water Quantity and Quality Issues

�Rules Today and Tomorrow

�Structural and Non-Structural Controls

�Metrics and Measures



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic Cycle

http://www.mde.state.md.us/environment/wma/stormwatermanual/



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Inland Natural Systems Inland Natural Systems



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quantity Effects Water Quantity Effects

� Increased flooding

potential

� Changes to streambed

morphology

http://www.forester.net, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quantity Effects Water Quantity Effects

� Decrease in base flows



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quality Effects Water Quality Effects

� Increased pollutant load

– Habitat degradation

– Public health and recreation impacts

Sean Chamberlain, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quality Effects Water Quality Effects

� Nutrient and Sediment Transport



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Stormwater Pollution Sources Stormwater Pollution Sources

� Urban runoff

� Construction

� Agriculture

� Forestry

� Grazing

� Septic systems

� Recreational boating

� Habitat degradation

� Physical changes to stream channels

http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Flood Control /Conveyance Flood Control /Conveyance

http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/recreati/lvl, 2002

http://www.lawrenceks.org, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quality – Stormwater Constituents Water Quality – Stormwater Constituents

�Sediment

�Nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorous

�Oil, grease, and organic chemicals

�Bacteria and viruses

�Salt

�Metals

http://www.txnpsbook.org, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Stormwater Constituents Median Concentrations Stormwater Constituents Median Concentrations

Constituent Units Urban Non-Urban

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) mg/l 67-101 70

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 57-73 40

Total Phosphorous (P) µg/l 201-383 121

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen µg/l 1179-1900 965

Nitrate + Nitrite µg/l 558-736 543

Lead µg/l 104-144 30

Copper µg/l 27-33 --

Zinc µg/l 135-226 195

Source: U.S. EPA, Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, 1983.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Stormwater Management Challenges Stormwater Management Challenges

� Variability of Flows (Duration, Frequency, Intensity)

� Difference between peak control and treatment

objectives

� Different water quality constituents require different

treatment mechanisms

� Site-to-site variability of quantity and quality

� Maintenance of non-centralized treatment units

� Monitoring and measurement



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Treatment Events Treatment Events

� Criteria for Storm Events

Boston Logan Rainfall Record 1920 - 1999

Cumulative Rainfall Depth Pe rcentage

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

Rainfall Depth (in)

Percent of Total Cumultive Depth

Figure 6. Cumulative Rainfall record for Boston Logan 1920 - 1999.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Sizing Systems Sizing Systems

� Intensity / Duration Frequency Relation



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Calculating Peak Runoff Rates Calculating Peak Runoff Rates

� Rainfall Runoff Analysis /Rational Method

Qp = CiA

C = constant runoff coefficient

i = rainfall intensity

A = drainage area (tc = time of concentration < rainfall duration)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

t / Tp

Q / Qp



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Federal Regulations Federal Regulations

� 1987 Clean Water Act Amendments (U.S.

EPA)

– 1990 Phase I National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System (NPDES) Storm Water

Program

– 1999 Phase II NPDES Storm Water Program

� 1990 Costal Zone Act Reauthorization

Amendments, Section 6217 (U.S. EPA /

NOAA)

– Costal Zone Management Program



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


NPDES Permit Program NPDES Permit Program

� Goal: reduce negative impacts to water quality and

aquatic habitat

� Requirement: develop storm water pollution

prevention plans (SWPPPs) or storm water

management programs with minimum control

measures

� Implementation: use best management practices

(BMPs)



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


NPDES Applicability NPDES Applicability

Phase I

� "Medium" and "large"

municipal separate storm

sewer systems (MS4s)

located in incorporated

places or counties with

populations of 100,000 or

more

� Eleven categories of

industrial activity, one of

which is construction activity

that disturbs five or more

acres of land

Phase II

� Certain regulated small

municipal separate storm

sewer systems (MS4s)

� Construction activity

disturbing between 1 and 5

acres of land (i.e., small

construction activities)



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Phase II Minimum Control Measures Phase II Minimum Control Measures

� Public education and outreach on storm water

impacts

� Public involvement/participation

� Illicit discharge detection and elimination

� Construction site storm water runoff control

� Post-construction storm water management in new

development and redevelopment

� Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal

operations

Website for EPA NPDES Phase II Fact Sheets: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/swfinal.cfm



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Massachusetts Regulations Massachusetts Regulations

� Clean Waters Act

� Wetlands Protection Act

� Rivers Protection Act

� 1997 Stormwater Management Standards – Developed jointly by CZM and DEP

– Federal permits need to meet Stormwater Management Standards

– Administered by DEP and Conservation Commissions



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Stormwater Management Standards Stormwater Management Standards

1. No new untreated storm water discharges allowed

2. Post-development peak flow discharge rates <

pre-development peak rates

3. Minimize loss of recharge to groundwater

4. Remove 80% of average annual total suspended

solids (TSS) load (post development)

5. Discharges from areas with higher potential

pollutant loads require use of specific BMPs



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Stormwater Management Standards Stormwater Management Standards

6. Storm water discharges to critical area require use of approved BMPs designed to treat 1 inch runoff volume (post development)

7. Redevelopment sites must meet the Standards

8. Construction sites must utilize sediment and erosion controls

9. Storm water systems must have an operation and management plan



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Non-Structural BMPs Non-Structural BMPs

� Pollution prevention/source

control

� Street sweeping

� Storm water collection system

cleaning and maintenance

� Low impact development and

land use planning

� Snow and snowmelt

management

� Public Education

http://www.tennatoco.com/stormwater, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Better Design Better Design

� Green roofs

� High Density

� Grassed/Porous Pavement

http://www.lrcusace.army.ml, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Structural BMPs Structural BMPs

� Detention/Retention and Vegetated Treatment: detention

basins, wet retention ponds, constructed wetlands, water

quality swales

� Filtration: sand and organic filters

� Advanced Sedimentation/Separation:

hydrodynamic separators, oil and grit chamber

� Infiltration: infiltration

trenches, infiltration basins,

dry wells (rooftop infiltration)

� Pretreatment: water quality

inlets, hooded and deep

sump catch basins, sediment

traps (forebays), and

drainage channels

Source: MADEP/MACZM Massachusetts Stormwater Management, Volume 2: Stormwater Technical Handbook, March 1997



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Detention Basins Detention Basins

� TSS Removal Efficiency:

– 60-80% average

– 70% design

� Key Features:

– Large area

– Peak flow control

� Maintenance: low

� Cost: low to

moderate



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Wet (Retention) Ponds Wet (Retention) Ponds

� Removal Efficiency:

– 60-80% average

– 70% design

� Key Features:

– Large area


� Maintenance: low to moderate

� Cost: low to high





September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Constructed Wetlands Constructed Wetlands


– 65-80% average

– 70% design

� Key Features:

– Large area


– Biological treatment


� Cost: marginally higher than wet ponds





September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quality Swales Water Quality Swales


– 60-80% average

– 70% design

� Key Features:

– Higher pollutant removal rates than drainage channels

– Transport peak runoff and

provide some infiltration


� Cost: low to moderate





September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Infiltration Trenches/Basins Infiltration Trenches/Basins


– 75-80% average

– 80% design

� Features:

– Preserves natural water balance on site

– Susceptible to clogging

– Reduces downstream impacts

� Maintenance: high

� Cost: moderate to high


StormTech, subsidiary to Infiltrator Systems, Inc, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Dry Wells Dry Wells


– 80% average

– 80% design

� On-site infiltration

� For untreated storm water from roofs only

(copper excluded)




September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Sand and Organic Filters Sand and Organic Filters


– 80% average

– 80% design

� Design Features:

– Large area


� Maintenance: high

� Cost: high





September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Inlets and Catch Basins Inlets and Catch Basins


– 15-35% average

– 25% design


– Debris removal

– Pretreatment

� Maintenance: moderate to

high

� Cost: low to high




September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Sediment Traps/Forebays Sediment Traps/Forebays


– 25% average

– 25% design


– Pretreatment

– Retrofit expansion

– Larger space

requirement than inlet.

� Maintenance: moderate

� Cost: low to moderate




September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Innovative BMPs - Advanced Sedimentation Innovative BMPs - Advanced Sedimentation


– 50-80% average

– 80% design


– small area

– Oil and Grease

control


� Cost: moderate

Rinker Inc, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Innovative BMPs - Sand Filtration Innovative BMPs - Sand Filtration


– 50-80% average

– 80% design


– small area

– Nutrient and

pathogen (potential)


� Cost: moderate

Stormtreat Inc, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Innovative BMPs - Hydrodynamic Innovative BMPs - Hydrodynamic


– 50-80% average

– 80% design


– small area

– Oil and Grease

control


� Cost: moderate

Vortechs Inc, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Innovative BMPs – Media Filtration Innovative BMPs – Media Filtration


– 50-80% average

– 80% design


– small area

– Oil and Grease

control


� Cost: moderate

Stormwater Management Inc, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Innovative BMPs – Inlet Inserts Innovative BMPs – Inlet Inserts


– To be determined


– Retrofit

– Construction

– Oil and Grease

control


� Cost: moderate

http://www.stormdrainsfilters.com, 2002



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Water Quality Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring

� Address technology review and approval barriers in policy and regulations;

� Accept the performance tests and data from

partner’s review to reduce subsequent review and approval time;

� Use the Protocol for state-led initiatives,

grants, and verification or certification programs; and

� Share technology information with potential

users in the public and private sectors using existing state supported programs

TARP- Technology Acceptance Reciprocity Program

CA

IL

MA

MD

NJ

NY

PA

VA

TX



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Performance Verification - TARP Performance Verification - TARP

� Storm Event Criteria to Sample 2 More than 0.1 inch of total rainfall.

2 A minimum inter-event period of 6 hours, where cessation of flow from the system begins the inter-event period.

2 Obtain flow-weighted composite samples covering a minimum of

70 % of the total storm flow, including as much of the first 20 % of the storm as possible.

2 A minimum of 10 water quality samples (i.e., 10 influent and 10

effluent samples) should be collected per storm event.

� Determining a Representative Data Set 2 At least 50 % of the total annual rainfall must be sampled, for a

minimum of 15 inches of precipitation and at least 15, but

preferably 20, storms.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA



� Stormwater Sampling Locations – Sampling locations for stormwater BMPs should be

taken at inlet and outlet.

� Sampling Methods – Programmable automatic flow samplers with

continuous flow measurements should be used

– Grab samples used for: pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual

chlorine, oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), E coli, total

coliform, fecal coliform and streptococci, and enterococci.

� Stormwater Flow Measurement Methods

– Primary and secondary flow measurement devices are required.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA



� Sample Data Quality Assurance and Control

− Equipment decontamination,

− Preservation,

− Holding time,

− Volume,

− QC samples (spikes, blanks, splits, and field and lab duplicates),

- QA on sampling equipment

− Packaging and shipping,

− Identification and labeling, and

− Chain-of-custody.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA



Calculating BMP Efficiencies (ASCE BMP Efficiencies Task 3.1)

� Process efficiencies or removal rates should be determined from influent and effluent contaminant concentration and flow data.

– Efficiency Ratio,

– Summation of Loads,

– Regression of Loads,

– Mean Concentration, and

– Efficiency of Individual Storm Loads. Note: The Efficiency Ratio method is preferred.



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Contacts Contacts

Eric Winkler, Ph.D. Director, Technical Services

(413) 545-2853 (Voice)

[email protected]

Susan Guswa, P.E.

Environmental Analyst (413) 545-2165 (Voice)

[email protected]

Center for Energy Efficiency

and Renewable Energy

Energy and Environmental Services

160 Governors Drive

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA 01003-9265

www.ceere.org/ees



September 20, 2002

Amherst, MA


Questions and Answers Questions and Answers

Documents

Annual Conference on Watershed Conservation 2002 September ...libvolume3.xyz/civil/btech/semester8/water... · Eric Winkler, Ph.D. and Susan Guswa, P.E. Center for Energy Efficiency