Announcements

CLUE sessions for 204 start this week!

Sessions will be held every Thursday 6:30-8:00pm, Mary Gates Hall Room 248.

We will study 4 important theories that claim to explain development

Modernization (Lipset) Dependency (Evans) Statism (Gerschenkron) Neo-liberalism (Smith)

Note change in order of reading Smith

Modernization Theory: Basic Relationship

Economic

→development

Democracy

Modernization Theory: What’s in the black box?

Economic

→development

→ Democracy

Modernization Theory: What’s in the black box?

Economic → Modern → Democracy

development values

Modernization Theory:Implications

Implications of a value-based understanding of development Value diffusion as a possible substitute for

economic development Agents of diffusion therefore seen as desirable

Colonialism “Desirable” because bearers of “modern” values

Human Rites

Africa's Culture War: Old Customs, New Values By HOWARD W. FRENCH February 2, 1997

ADIDOME, Ghana— Mark Wisdom is a 54-year-old Baptist preacher and a native Ghanaian.

“Mr. Wisdom's campaign against slavery -- not to mention witchcraft, demon worship and ritual sacrifice -- is emblematic of a much broader struggle taking place across Africa. Throughout much of the continent, from the ritual slavery of the Ewe to female genital mutilation to polygamy, ancient practices that strike both Westerners and many Africans as abhorrent coexist side by side with modernity, and show no sign of imminent abandonment.

The clash between modern values shaped by colonialism and contact with the West and ancestral ones is by no means unique to Africa. In China, for example, the last imperial eunuch only recently died, and in rural villages elderly women whose feet were bound as infants can still be found, relics of another time. Under the harsh interpretation of Islamic law governing Afghanistan today, criminals are often punished with amputation.”

Modernization Theory:Implications

Implications of a value-based understanding of development Agents of diffusion are as desirable

Multi-national corporations (MNCs) “Desirable” because bearers of “modern”

values

Multinational Corporations as Diffusers of Modern Values

Motorola is investing a lot of money and time in developing its corporate culture in China and elsewhere in the world. As Glenn Gienko, Motorola's executive vice-president and director of human resources, trumpets, "Motorola's facilities in China are world-class in all aspects and demonstrate what is possible when you apply Motorola's global values of `Constant Respect for People and Uncompromising Integrity' with the talents of our Chinese associates." The human resources objectives and corporate values that underpin this corporate culture are as state-of-the-art as the high-tech machinery in Tianjin. The company is trying to create a first-class corporate workforce of Chinese workers. It wants its line personnel and managers to take initiative, exert leadership, assume responsibility, manage rapid change, and work in teams. These kinds of behaviors and the values that underpin them are typical of successful organizations in the United States and Europe. In many respects, however, they are antithetical to the values and behaviors a Chinese worker would typically learn by working in a state-owned enterprise and living in Chinese society. ”

A173.- Some people feel they have completely free choice and control over their lives, while other people feel that what they do has no real effect on what happens to them. Please use this scale where 1 means "none at all" and 10 means "a great deal" to indicate how much freedom of choice and control you feel you have over the way your life turns out.

Total China Japan Mexico NigeriaRussian

FederationGreat

Britain

None at all4.50% 2.70% 3.50% 2.40% 3.40% 9.40% 1.00%

2 2.60% 2.80% 1.90% 0.60% 3.20% 4.40% 0.90%

3 5.30% 6.80% 5.40% 2.40% 4.80% 7.80% 2.20%

4 5.20% 3.70% 6.60% 2.00% 3.90% 8.20% 4.30%

5 13.40% 9.40% 15.90% 7.10% 8.20% 22.30% 11.10%

6 12.30% 10.40% 27.80% 6.40% 9.50% 10.00% 13.30%

7 13.10% 12.70% 17.50% 8.20% 14.60% 11.40% 15.30%

8 16.90% 16.40% 14.50% 15.20% 19.60% 13.20% 26.70%

9 9.90% 9.00% 3.90% 10.80% 18.20% 4.90% 12.90%

A great deal 16.90% 26.10% 3.00% 45.00% 14.60% 8.30% 12.30%

Total 9034 (100%) 935 (100%)

1286 (100%)

1390 (100%)

2011 (100%) 2422 (100%) 989 (100%)

Base for mean 9034 935 1286 1390 2011 2422 989

Mean 6.7 7.1 6 8.2 7.1 5.6 7.2

Standard Deviation 2.5 2.54 1.92 2.27 2.41 2.56 1.94

BASE=9034

Weight [with split ups]

Country/region

How much freedom of choice and

control

→

12

Dependency Theory

Emerged in late 1960s – early 1970s as a critique of modernization theory:

Ethnocentric Simplistic Wrong

Dependency Theorists —Modernization Theory was wrong

Take Brazil and Argentina in 1960s

65% of population of Lat Am

75% of region’s industrial output

Economic growth BUT

Massive inequality “transnational

kernel” Military coups leading

to dictatorship Brazil 1964,

Argentina 1966

Why?

14

Dependency Theory

Key elements of dependency theory: focuses on country’s position in global

political economy countries are located in either core or

periphery

15

The “core”

is comprised of earlier industrializing countries that could use industrial might to pursue imperial expansion

controls capital, technology needed by periphery

16

Origins of “core” countries

Two waves of imperial expansion1. First wave 1400s-1700s2. Second wave mid-1800s-1900s2nd wave coincided with industrialization:1. Countries that could industrialize successfully could

exercise of domination over less developed areas.2. Not only European industrialized states (first Britain, than France, Germany, others) but also non-European industrialized states (US, Japan) became imperial powers in the late 19th

and early 20th C.3. Such domination took the form of colonialism and “neo-colonialism.”

17

Colonialism by core countries

The establishment, through military force, of a formal government administration, controlled by a conquering imperial power in a foreign territory, leading to economic, cultural, and political domination of that territory by the imperial power.

18

Neo-colonialism by core countries

The exercise of economic and cultural domination over a nominally sovereign state by a core power, often through the presence of multinational corporations based in the core and through the extension of bilateral military aid, without establishment of a formal colonial administration.

19

Motivations for colonialism and neo-colonialism by core countries

new sources of raw materials in short supply in the core country

new markets for products from the core country

new, profitable outlets for investment capital based in the core country

20

21

The “periphery”

is comprised of countries historically integrated into global political economy in subordinate positions--often as colonies of imperial powers

22

Characteristics of countries in the periphery

provide raw materials, cheap labor for core concentrate on few primary commodities

(commodity concentration) Example: cocoa

are vulnerable to volatility of raw material prices Example: oil

are often dependent on one core country (trade partner concentration)

depend on core for capital, technology

23

24

Predicted outcomes for periphery

economic results in continued

underdevelopment, i.e. poverty social

produces inequality, conflict w/in periphery (“transnational kernel”)

political reinforces authoritarian government

w/in periphery