ANNEX of the DRAFT FINAL REPORT (Georgia), Kazbegi Project ...tjs-caucasus.org/.../Feasibility-Study-BR-Kazbegi... · 4/1/2010 · Kazbegi region (Khevi) situated on Kavkasioni ridge

GEORGIA

Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources (MEPNR)

Agency for Protected Areas (APA)

Ecoregional Programme III (Georgia), Kazbegi Project

ANNEX of the DRAFT FINAL REPORT

Feasibility Study for the Ecoregional Programme III (Georgia), Kazbegi Project

ANNEX German Financial Cooperation with Georgia

1 April 2010

Deutsche Forstservice GmbH AGEG Consultants eG

GEO - ERP III Draft Final Report Feasibility Study Kazbegi 1


Draft Final Report

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1 Situation Analysis

Annex 1.1: List of Contacts

Annex 1.2: Biophysical Framework

Annex 1.3: List of Plant Species

Annex 1.4: List of Vertebrates of Kazbegi District (excl. birds)

Annex 1.5: List of Birds

Annex 1.6: List of Mammals of Kazbegi Region

Annex 1.7: List of Endangered Species

Annex 1.8: Summary List of Village Profiles

Annex 1.9: Report on the Tourism Sector of the Kazbegi Region

Annex 1.10: Waste Management State and Environmental Pollution

Annex 1.11: Legal Framework Analysis Biosphere Reserve

Annex 1.12: Stakeholder Analysis Annex 2 Options for Meeting Goals and Objectives

Annex 2.1: Decision Support Tool Discussion Biosphere Reserve vs. National Park and Support Zone

Annex 3 Proposed Project Area and Zoning

Annex 3.1: Gudauri SWOT Analysis

Annex 3.2: Setting Site-Based Conservation Priorities Annex 4 Proposed Project

Annex 4.1: Logframe

Annex 4.2: Midterm Report: Quick-Start Measures and Priority Interventions

Annex 4.3: Recommendations on the Waste Management

Annex 4.4: Recommendations on the Toursm Sector Development



Draft Final Report

Annex 4.5: Other Proposed Interventions

Annex 4.6: Co-Management Structure Annex 5 Project Implementation

Annex 5.1: Project Executive Agency (MEPNR) and Project Implementation Agency (APA

Annex 5.2: Implementation Schedule

Annex 5.3: Draft Budget

Annex 5.4: Flow of Funds

Annex 5.5: Caucasus Protected Area Fund Annex 6 Reports and Minutes of Meeting

Annex 6.1: Inception Report

Annex 6.2 Minutes of Meeting:



Draft Final Report

Annex 1.1:

List of Contacts



Draft Final Report

LIST OF CONTACTS

Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources

Agency of Protected Areas Mariam Mrevlishvili Deputy Head 832752356 05.окт

Forestry Department Papuna Khachidze Head of Department 895167777 07.окт

Department of Policy and International Relations

Ninko Tkhilava Head of Department 832727250 08.окт

Environmental Inspectorate Maia Chkhobadze Head of Biodiversity Control Division

832727271 07.окт

Biodiversity Protection Division Soso Kartsivadze Head of Department 895119795 21.окт

Ministry of Econonmic Development

Department of Tourism and Resorts

Natalia Partskhaladze Deputy Head 83220222 or 895117477

09.окт

Department of Transport Mamuka Vatsadze Head of Department 832991108 6-Oct, E-mail

Department of Natural Resource Licensing

Nino Kvernadze Chief Specialist 832991125 09.окт

Ministry of Justice National Agency of Public Registry

Eka Meshkhidze Manager, Head of Internal Dvision

- 28.окт

Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure

Department of Reforms and Innovations

David Chichinadze Head of Department 832282334 07.окт

Tamar Pataridze

Project Associate (Environment and International Cooperation of Regions)

832250041/92 06.окт



Draft Final Report

Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date

Ministry of Agriculture Department of Regional Management

Omar Tedoradze Head of Department 832961934 29.окт

Ministry of Culture Georgian National World Heritage Committee

Irakli Metreveli President 895260110 06.окт

Office of State Representative - Governor in Mtskheta-Mtianeti Region

Nunu Mgebrishvili Deputy of Representative 832244552 16.окт

Marina Zurabishvili State Advisor 899290062 12.окт

Dato Tabatadze Specialist 244553 or 244552

16.окт

Kazbegi Municipality Gamgeoba Gocha Malania Gamgebeli 824552489 16.окт

Georgian Academy of Sciences

Tbilisi Botanical Garden and Institute of Botany

Prof. Dr. George Nakhutsrishvili

Principal Scientist 899114034 19.окт

Dr. Otar Abdaladze Head of Department of High Mountain Plant Ecology

- 19.окт

Ilia Chavchavadze Tbilisi State University

Institute of Zoology Dr. Alexandre Gavashelishvili

Associate Professor 899496552 10.окт

Ivane Javakhelishvili Tbilisi State University

MAB National Committee Prof. Dr. Tengiz Urushadze

Vice Chair 832290807 20.окт

Ministry of Internal Affairs Border Police, Land Border Defense Department

Koba Bochorishvili Director 832381501 19.окт

Mindia Arabuli Commanding Officer Kazbegi District

- 11.окт



Draft Final Report


UNDP Energy and Environment Team Mariam Shotadze Team Leader 23.окт

IUCN Programme Office for the Southern Caucasus

Ramaz Gokhelashvili Director 832473070/71 09.окт

NGO Georgian Center for the Conservation of Wildlife

Nata Dolidze Managing Director 893932568 09.окт

Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus

Mountain Programme Nina Shatberashvili Manager 877748392 28.окт

NGO NACRES Irakli Shavgulidze Director 832537125 08.окт

Transboundary Joint Secretariat for the Southern Caucasus

Mike Garforth Director 832225263 08.окт

NGO ELKANA Mariam Jorjadze Director 832536485

NGO CENN Kakha Bakhtadze GIS Expert 832751903 20.окт

NGO Sustainable Tourism Centre

Vano Vashakhmadze Board Member 899578449 07.окт

NGO CUNA Georgica Udo Hirsch Director 832774811 11/20/2009, Email

NGO People in Need Georgia Office Pavel Pinkava Head of Mission 832986039 09.окт

WWF Caucasus Programme Office Dr. Nugzar Zazanashvili

Conservation Director 832330154/55 08.окт

Dr. Gogi Sanadiradze Director 8323301454/55 07.окт

KfW South Caucasus Regional Office

Carsten Kilian Director 832776109/10 21.окт



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Levan Tsitskishvili Local Project Coordinator 832776109/10 27.окт

Nino Shanidze Local Project Coordinator 832776109/10 27.окт

GTZ Regional Office South Caucasus

Dr. Gabriele Böhringer

Office Director 832201800 09.окт

Frank Flasche Programme Head 895745107 09.окт

USAID Energy and Environment Section

Mariam Ubilava Programme Officer 832544174 04.ноя

US Department of the Interior

International Technical Assistance Program

Paata Shanshiashvili In-country Coordinator 899572184 21.окт

SDC Derek Mueller Director - 12/5/2009, E-mail

EC Delegation to Georgia Michal Nekvasil Second Secretary 832943763/68 21.окт

Philippe Bernhard Project Manager 832943763/68 21.окт

Ministry of Foreign Affairs Georgian National Committee for UNESCO

Ketevan Kandelaki Secretary General 899551215 28.окт

Asian Development Bank Georgia Resident Mission Giorgi Kiziria Country Coordination Officer

895512244 22.окт

Georgian Tourism Association

Soso Mekvrevrishvili Project Coordinator 897298297 30.окт

NGO Spectri Keti Tskhakaia Director - 30.окт



Draft Final Report

Annex 1.2:

Biophysical Framework

BIOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK OF KAZBEGI DISTRICT

Introduction

Kazbegi region (Khevi) situated on Kavkasioni ridge was called Tsanareti in Middle Ages. In chronicle “Moktsevai Khartlisai” (IX century) is mentioned “Khevi Tsanaretisa” (Khevi of Tsanareti) when describing events of sixth (VI) century. Later the name “Tsa-nareti” was not used and remained general name “Khevi”. At the same time “Tsaneri-ans” are now called as “Mokhevians”. Description of Kazbegi Region

Physical-Geographical location of Khazbegi (Khevi) region is the north slope of Cauca-sus Mountains ridge, between the central and the east Caucasus, near the beginning of the river Tergi. The whole size of the region is 1081, 9 km2. The regional centre Stephantsminda (Kazbegi) (coordinates: north latitude - 42039/40,53//; east longitude - 44038/37,54//) and 45 villages (26 villages among them are abandoned) belong to the region. Distance from Tbilisi to Stephantsminda is 152 km. From north and north-east sides Russian Federation borders Kazbegi region; from south and south-east sides – Dusheti region and from south-west – Java and Akhalgori regions. The geographical coordinates of the borders are:

Border North latitude East longitude

West 42038/42,66// 44030/48,55//

North 42045/05,89// 44030/55,15//

East 42036/02,29// 44051/09,66//

South 42028/44,62// 44029/57,48//

The south border of Khevi landscape follows top of Great Caucasus ridge from Zilgaik-hokhi mountain to Bursachiri pass; the west border follows Ardon-Tergi watershed from Zilgaikhokhi mountain to Siverauti mountain and separates Khevi from South Osetia (Dvaleti cave). The north boarder coincides with top of Khokhi and other massifs of Caucasus lateral ridge. It follows Siatisi, Jimara and Mkhinvartsveri mountain peaks, crosses Dariali rock (between the villages of Gveleti and Larsi (Russia)), then follows the mountain peaks of Mgvirgala, Shavana and Gvelis Mta. The east border follows the watershed of rivers Tergi and Khevsureti Aragvi from the mountain Gvelis Mta passing by Chaukhi mountain to Bursachiri pass.



Draft Final Report

The physical and geographical characteristics of Kazbegi (Khevi) region are very de-veloped high mountainous relief; existence of old granite outlets and young volcanic constructions; significant glaciations and glacier regime of rivers; great number of min-eral waters; comparatively dry climate; and full lack of forests in high mountainous ra-vines. The described characteristics make distinguish very much Kazbegi relief from neighboring regions. Relief

Great Caucasus and lateral ridges and their braches, as well as three large flat-bottomed ravines of Khevi, Truso and Sno constructed built young river sediments make the relief of Kazbegi. Khokhi ridge

Khokhi ridge is one of the great massifs of Caucasus lateral ridge. It borders the region only with its east side. It is connected to main ridge with cross-cut hill where the Thruso pass is located (3150 m). On this ridge, from west to east Midargrabini pass and Siv-erauti (3785 m), Suatisi (4480 m), Jimara (4777 m), Maili (4622 m) and Mkhinvartsveri mountains are located. (the highest peak of Khokhi ridge is at 5047 m). An axial zone is constructed with diorites and dolerites. The mountains group of Khda

The mountains group of Khda is located at the east of meridional section of Tergi ra-vine and at the north of Sno ravine. It is a part of the lateral ridge. From its slopes be-gins the right tributary of the river Tergi – called “Khdis Tskali” (Water of Khda). This group includes three meridional ridges: Khuro, Shavana and Kidegani. Their east ends are connected with each other longitudinally. Khuri ridge is the watershed of the river Tergi and Khdis Tskali, where the peak of Khuro mountain (4091 m) and mountain Shino are located. Shavana (Shana) ridge is the watershed of Khdis Tskhali and Armkhi (Ingushetia). It is higher than Khuro ridge. The highest peak of Shavana ridge is at 4430 m. On the Kidegani ridge bordering Khevsureti mountains Kideganis Maghali (4219 m) and Gvelis Mta (3881 m) are located. Above motioned three ridges are constructed with clay shale of early Jurassic period and saturated with quartz veins. On the both slopes of Shavana ridge and east slope of Khuro ridge there are several hanging and circular glaciers. At the longitudinal hill connecting the three ridges mentioned above there are two sad-dle-like lowlands – Khibe (staits) and Samtrekhloghele passes. Through the paths they connect the Sno ravine to Khda and Armkhi ravines.



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The main hydro artery of the region is the river Tergi. It begins in Thruso ravine, follows narrow places till the village Kobi, sharply turns to the north and flows to the border of Georgia to Russia. Description of ravines of the region

Thruso ravine

Thruso high mountainous ravine is located from the beginning of the river Tergi to the the village Kobi, between the main and Khokhi ridges and is directed to the south-east. Its altitude at the village Kobi is 1950 m, at the village Abano – 2200 m and at the out-fall of the river Siverauti – 2450 m. According geomorphologic features Thruso ravine can be divided in four parts. From the beginning to the Siverauri outlet (7 km) it has U-like form. A bit lower the ravine is directed to the south-east, widens and has a large bottom covered with plane alluvion. The length of this plane hill is over 15 km and the width – about 1-2 km. Ever more low begins Kasari erosive rock. Its creation is related to the volcanic eruption of Kharisari. The length of these narrow places is about 3-4 km. The right side of the river is con-structed with lava outflow rocks, and the left side – with schist. After the Kasari narrow places the ravine widens again and has a large bottom covered with plane alluvion. Travertine accumulated by mineral waters is well represented at the upper end of Ka-sari narrow places, in the ravine of the river Suatisi, near the village Okhrokhana and other places. Thickness of travertine is about 12 m. Sno ravine

Like Thruso ravine, Sno ravine is a longitudinal cave. It is mainly constructed with clay shale and sand rock layers of early and middle Jurassic periods. They make isoclinal lines system moved forward to the south direction like scales. Dolerites make certain island at south-east of the main ridge, between the passes of Bursachiri and Sadzelis-ghele. Geo-morphological formation of Sno water basin is influenced by normal erosion and accumulation processes. It appears that at the beginnings of the river and its tributaries significant role played the mechanical work of quaternary glaciers that was resulted in formation of different forms (Trog, Tsirk, Kar, Morine forms). The whole lower part of Sno ravine, oriented to north-west from Nadarbazevi to Tergi tributary, is represented with large hill. The right tributaries of the river Snos Tskhali are: Shinos Tskhali, Khoras Tskhali, Jortkhorkha; the left tribitaries are: Khorkhi, Khve-namtis Tskhali and Chaukhis Tskhali.



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Khevi ravine

Khevi ravine is the part of Tergi ravine from the village Kobi to Staphantsminda. It is directed to the east and formed in Lias schist. Some places at the left side of the ravine are covered quaternary lava coming from Mkhinvartsveri (lava outflows of Mna, Pkhel-shi, Arshi and Chkheri). The large, plane bottom of the ravine is filled with cobble-stones and sand rocks, formed though accumulation of Ckheri lava outflow. Tkharcheti lava outflow and fossil (buried) forest is the unique for Khevi ravine. There are two barriers in Tergi ravine (Sioni-Goristsikhe and Stephantsminda-Gergeti) that make narrow ways. From Stephantsminda begins antecedent part of Tergi called Dariali ravine. On its way of 11 km length it is lowering on 1000 m, cuts Caucasus axial zone and lateral ridge with rocky corridors. There is no soil and plant cover in most part of steep precipices of Tergi. Khde ravine

The river Khdis Tskhali begins from the Kibe glacier and flows to north-west direction. Khde ravine is surrounded by Shavana and Khuro ridges and represents the kingdom of rocks, glaciers, alpine meadows and waterfalls. The upper part of the ravine is stepped woodless place with marshland and watersheds. Due to full absence of wind the ravine is rich with butterflies. During winter period there are many aurochs living in the form of herds. The middle part of the river Khdis Tskhali enters in the erosive ra-vine, cuts the Dariali granite massif and creates continuous steps of 4 km length. Dis-tance between the steps is 300 m. The main river in Kazbegi region begins from glaciers. That’s why inundation occurs in summer and low level of water is observed in winter period. The rivers are maintained through underground water, snow and rain water. Small marshlands are observed in bottomlands of the river Tergi. The main tributaries of Tergi are: Suatisi, Mna, Bidara, Snos Tskhali, Chkheri, Devdoraki, Khde, ect. Climate

In the lower zone of Kazbegi region (altitude 2000 m) the climate is moderately damp. Winter is comparatively dry and cold and the summer is prolonged and cool. The aver-age temperature in January is between -3˚C and -8˚C; in July – between 14˚C and 19˚C; Atmospheric precipitations – between 650 mm and 1000 mm a year (maximal – in May and minimal – in January). Snow cover exists during 3-4 months. At the zone of 2000 – 2600 m altitude the climate is moderately damp. Winter is com-paratively dry and cold and the summer is short and cool. Snow cover exists during 3-4 months. The temperature is higher than 10˚C only for 1-3 months and higher than 5˚C only for 4-5 months. The temperature of the warmest month is about 10-14˚C. Winds are characteristic for mountains and gorges. Atmospheric precipitations are between 1000 mm and 1200 mm a year. Snow cover exists during 5-7 months.



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At the zone of 2600 – 3600 m altitude the climate is moderately damp. There is no real summer. The average temperature in winter is between -11˚C and -15˚C; in July – less than 10˚C. At the zone higher than 3600 m there is mountainous moderately damp climate, per-manent snow and glaciers. The average temperature in January and February is 13-15˚C; in July and August – positive temperature. Precipitates are mainly snow. West-erly winds predominate. Geology

Kazbegi region is characterized with complex geological structure. The oldest rocks in Tergi ravine are Paleolithic (330 million years) granites of Gveleti and Dariali. Sediment rocks are mainly of Jurassic period and are represented with early, middle and upper Jurassic period. Early Juristic period starts with Kistink layers transgressively laying on Dariali and Gveleti Granites and are represented with small-grained grey quartzite, sand rocks, siltstones and black phylites. Often dolerite dykes (5-6 m) cut the layers. The power of Kistink layers is 1500 m. It gradually transforms in Tsiklauri layer that is represented with silk-like sparkling dark Aspidic schist sometimes with quartz-like sand rock and tuff inclusions. Dolerite dykes (5-6 m) cut the layers. The power of the layer is 2500 m. Kistink and Tsiklauri layers belong to Sinemalic-Plinsbakhic layers. Tsiklauri layer is followed by Kazbegi layer, represented with dark grey clay shale and grey quartz-like sand rock. They often alternate with each other and give the layer stripy look. Quartz viens and pyrite cubic crystals as well as dolerite dykes are fre-quently observed. Their number decreases at the Tsiklauri layer. The power of Kazbegi layer is 1500 m. Kazbegi layer is followed by Ghudushauri layer, represented by dark grey/black clay shale. Sometimes small-grained grey sand rocks intermediate layers occur. The power is 1500-1700 m. Ghudushauri layer is followed by Shevardeni layer, represented by dark grey shale and sand rocks. The power is 200 - 400 m. Kazbegi, Gudushauri and Shevardeni layers belong to Toarsik-Alenic layers. Shevardeni layer is followed by Byrsachiri layer, represented by black clay shale and sand rocks. Pyrite and siderite concretions are also observed. The power is 1000 – 3000 m. Belong to Buyosic-Bathik layers. Bursachiri layer is followed by clay-shale layer. It is under the upper Juristic carbonate flysch. It is represented with grey marly and small-grained carbonate sand rock. Some-times limestone is observed. The power is 600 m.



Draft Final Report

Clay-shale layer is followed by Kasara layer, dark grey shale with black marly. Some-times grey limestone and black clay shale is met. The power is 500 m. Shale – sand rock and Kasara layers belog to Kaloviar and Oxford layers. The following is the Kimerijic Dumatskho layer, represented by pseudo-oolite, oolite and sand rock limestone, conglomerate middle layers. The power is 150 – 200 m. Dumatskho layer is followed by lower limestone layer, represented by homogenous dark grey sandy limestone and shale marly, often pyrite concretions are met. The power is 350-400 m. The layer belongs to Titonic layer. Tectonics

In the region from the north to the south complex tectonic elements are met: I . Anticline of lateral ridge II. Syncline of Bejitini III. Anticline of main ridge IV. Chiauri (Gudamakhari zone) syncline I. In structure of lateral ridge anticline in important role plays compressed isoclinic wrin-kles. They are inclined at the south and complicated with frequent breaks. The breaks have a regional character are observed in the core. Dykes and ledges are related to it. In anticline core Gveleti and Dariali granites and gneiss are striped. They have tectonic contact with Kistinka and Tsiklauri layers at the north and south. At the village Tsdo strong break is observed, where Plinsbackhi layer lays on Tuarsik one and is called Adaikom-Kazbegi break. II. Bejineti syncline is represented with strong shale layers from Kazbegi and Gudushauri layers. At the south of syncline, near the village Sioni, Ameli break is lo-cated. Here Kazbegi layer lays on Gudushauri layer. III. The main ridge anticline represents the narrow stripe of early and middle Juristic metamorphic-terrigenous rocks. At the north side Bejinta syncline and at the south – Thruso break borders it. At this place anticline is lowering significantly. IV. Chiauri (Gudamakhari zone) syncline is characterized with asymmetric and over-turned wrinkles with small breaks. The geological development history of the region we can consider as the following: In early and middle Juristic periods the geo-syncline pit was located here. It was filling with sandy and clay sediments. Movement inducing formation of wrinkles and partial upheaval of the territory is related to the prekalovial phase of wrinkling that caused the appearance of underwater upheavals and chain of islands in the central part of the pit and formation of two independent pits at the north and south. Evidently dolerite dykes are related to this wrinkling phase. From the beginning of Malm till late Eocene sub-



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platform sediments were accumulated in the north pit, and flysch sediments – in the south pit. The main wrinkling of the south pit took place at the enc of Eocene. From the beginning og Oligocene upheaval of divided pits started and the land was united. But the high mountainous relief was not formed yet. During the late orogenesis (recent phase) the central upheaval significantly raised and high mountainous relief was formed. Volcanic activities were expressed in multiple volcanic explosions and multiple glaciations. There are several layers of minerals in the region: copper-polymetallic layer in Devdoraki, Elia antimonite (St) layer, small crystal layers in Khde and building stone layers (dolerite, granite, diorite, andesite and travertine). There are also many inert materials. From the above mentioned resources only Devdoraki copper-polymetallic layer had an industrial importance, managed by Belgians in 1900 years. The region is also rich with mineral waters. In certain circumstances their output is very big. For example, the mineral water near the village Khetrisi is rich with calcium hydro carbonate and its output is 25-30 million liters a day (24 hours). Mineral lake of Abano is raised from accumulated spring water enriched with carbon dioxide. It belongs to calcium-hydro carbonate-sulfate type. Daily output of this spring is 2,5 million liters. Also Fansheti and Goristsikhe mineral waters are known. Quaternary (recent) sediments

Khevi is very diverse in point of view of geo-morphological characteristics. The back-ground of high mountainous tectonic-erosive relief is complicated with glacier, volcanic, karst and other forms. On the territory of the region diverse quaternary (recent) sediments are widely spread. Alluvial, proluvial and deluvial sediments are observed. Alluvial sediments in Tergi ra-vine makes four terraces. In high mountainous places Alluvial sediments are aggre-gated with fluvioglacial lake-glacier and morenic forms. In Kazbegi and Kheli volcanic regions there are quaternary period volcanic eruption products of different ages: lava outflow, pyroclastic accumulations, andesite-dacite and andesite-basalt. There are many dead volcanoes in the region, among them are: • Mkhinvartsveri (5047 m) – the best-known is Caucasus. It has a complicated

structure. It was developing more than one million years, from late Pliocene to Holocene. Its central part is the caldera situated from the west to the east. There is an upheaval of the central two peak cone on it, constructed with dacite lava. If we count its height from Jurassic period pedestal, the west side is raised on 600 m, and the east – on 1500 m. The east peak is at 5047 m and the west – at 5025 m. Mkhinvartsveri volcano has three craters, from where the outflows took place in different periods. At present volcano is not active.



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• Tkharsheti (3431 m) – is located at the left bank of the river Tergi and is repre-sented with threefold dome of Holocene age. In Tergi ravine Andesite period lava streams of 7 km length are presented. At present volcano is not active.

• Khabarjina (3140 m) – is located at the right bank of the river Tergi. It has a com-plicated structure of middle and upper Pleistocene andesite-dacite strato-volcano. The main peak is at 900 m height. Volcano is deformed with young breaks. Vol-cano is not active.

There are also some young volcanoes on the main ridge, at the north-west and north-east of Jvari pass. Among them is Small Kharisari located at the noth-west and repre-sents a volcanic cone with crater. At the north the very beautiful lava stream of 8 km length is located and borders the right side of the river Tergi in lower part of Truso ra-vine. More higher is Big Kharisari volcano cone extrusion. It is characterized with ab-sence of lava outflows. At the north-east are located the following volcanoes: a) Sa-kokhe, Sadzele, lava stream of which is directed to the south, to Mtiuleti; b) Miliona, making lava stream of 3 km length in the ravine of the river Narovani; c) Tsiteli (red), which is situated at the left side of the river – Artkhmos Tskali. Artkhmos Tskhal is the left tributary of the river Snos Tskhali. Glaciers in the region

According to some authors the total number of glaciers is about 104. The main glaciers are met at the main and lateral ridges of Great Caucasus. The height of the main ridge is over 3500 m. The lateral ridge consists with some mountain massifs and has its own name: Kazbegi-Jimarai and Khuro-Shani. Most of the glaciers in the region have the door-like and hanging form. Most of them have north-west, north-east and south-west exposition. The longest glacier of the basin is Gergeti glacier (7,1 km). The broadest are glacier is Suatisi (10,2 km2); The average lenth of glaciers is 1,3 km. Devdoraki glacier is known with its catastrophic destructions caused by intensive movement of the glacier. It is located at the north slope of Mkhinvartsveri. The length is 5,1 km, size – 7,13km2. The glacier tongue (ice stream) goes downward till 2260 m altitude.



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Table 1: Glaciers complex in Kazbegi-Jimarai ridge 1

Altitude Name of

the glacier

Basin of the river

Morphological type Exposition

Length (km)

Size (km2) Lower

point Glacier snow line

Upper point

Chata Amali Hanging - ravine North-east 3,2 2,8 3230 3660 4430

Devdoraki Amali Hanging - ravine North-east 7,3 7,0 2260 3260 5047

Abano Chkheri Hanging - ravine South-east 4,1 2,0 2950 3700 5047

Gergeti Chkheri Hanging - ravine South-east 8,5 8,3 2870 3650 5047

Denkra Mna Hanging - ravine South-west 2,3 2,4 3500 3770 4230

Mna Mna Hanging - ravine South-east 4,1 4,6 2860 3480 4600

East Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South-west 5,4 10,2 3000 3500 4580

Middle Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South 4,7 2,5 2850 3520 4760

West Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South-west 3,5 2,4 3070 3600 4460

The main landscapes of the region

1) Canyon-like ravines with rock plants and washed out soils;

2) Middle mountains with pine-tree and birch wood, and with brown forest soils;

3) Landscape of mountains and ravines with forest/meadow plants and alluvial soils;

4) Subalpine forests and meadows, with mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils;

5) Glaciers and rocks with weakly developed plant cover and soils. Important monuments of non-organic nature requiring special care and protection: • “Bethlemis Beri” – column of 12 m height situated at the beginnings of the river

Chkheri;

• Khde ravine – Example of first-born nature;

• Lava outlet and buried forest of Tkharsheti;

• Ramura cave under “Lava Organ” – Andesite columns of beautiful shape;

• Kharisari volcanic outlet – Classical form of lava stream;

• Thruso travertine;

1 Besides the listed above the complex of glaciers also include 6 small glaciers with total size

of 5 km2



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• Abano mineral lake;

• Mineral voclus of Khetrisi Short history of Khevi and main monuments

The old historical “Tsanareti Khevi” was the organic part of Georgia since ancient times. It had a great strategic importance for security of Khartly Kingdom, protecting from nomadic people living in North Caucasus. “Tsanareti Khevi” was always under special care of zGeorgian government. The road connecting the south Caucasus to the north Caucasus crossed Dariali ravine since ancient times. The strategic importance of the ravine caused existence of fortress system. During centuries Khevi by its political and administrative status had been sub-ordinated to the kingdom governance, besides the period when it was subordinated to Aragvi Eristavies (from 20th of XVII century till 1742 – the year of cancellation of Aragvi feudal unit – “Saeristavo”). In XVIII Khevi was divided in Stephantsminda, Sno, Fan-sheti and Mne administrative units (Samourao). Mokhevians actively participated in 1804 Mtiuleti uprising against Russian politics. Architectural monuments existed in Khevi are: Garbani church of IX-X century, Sioni basilica, Thruso Archangel church, basilica of village Akhaltsikhe, monastery complex of Betlemi, constructions of Middle Ages – Sno, Arshi and Dariali castle; Gergeti temple of XIV century, etc.



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Annex 1.3:

List of Plant Species



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PLANT SPECIES OF KHEVI – KAZBEGI REGION

Based on Gia Nakhutsrishvili, Otar Abdaladze, Archil Kikodze (2005). The flora of the Khevi region numbers more than 1100 species of vascular plants, while there are about 6350 species registered in the whole Caucasus, and 4130 of them oc-cur in Georgia. Most of the genera and species of the Khevi flora belong to the family Aseraceae. Floral diverse is also emphasized by the presence of 6 of 11 Caucasian endemic genera: these are: • Agasyllis Hoffm.,

• Symphyoloma C. A Mey.,

• Cladochaeta DC. (the existence of the genus in the region has become dubious recently),

• Dolichorrhiza (Pojark.) Galushko,

• Trigonocaryum Trautv.,

• Pseudovesicaria (Boiss.) Rupr. The following endemic species of the Georgian flora must be mentioned: • Heracleum latifolium,

• Arabis kazbegi,

• Campanula darialica

• Gladiolus tenuis,

• Lilium georgicum,

• Heracleum osseticum,

• Jurinea exuberans,

• Scorzonera charadzeae,

• Isatis reticulata,

• Vicia sosnowskyi,

• Ranunculus baidarae,

• Alchemilla laeta,

• Rosa ermanica,

• Rosa marschalliana,

• Sorbus buschiana. Gradually are extincting the species: • Delphinium caucasicum,

• Primula bayernii,

• Eritrichium caucasicum,



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• Glanthus platyphyllus from the Kazbegi region raises particular alarm Such Caucasian endemic species as Cladochaeta candissima, Primula darialica and Lilium georgicum have also become rare. The vegetation of rocks and scree predominate there. Principal species are the follow-ing: Pinus kochiana, Juniperus hemisphaerica, Heracleum liskowii, Campanula sar-matica, etc. Communitis of the Caucasian endemic species Campanula bellidifolia described from Kazbegi are very interesting floristically. The endemic of Georgia Astragalus kazbeki described from the same region is also worth mention. Two endemic varieties, Hera-cleum roseum var. latilobum beghi, occur only in the Kazbegi region. The Kobresia capilliformis meadows and the Dryas caucasica communities characteris-tic of the Truso region (the Truso gorge) are of special interest. Biotopes of woody plants:

1. Biotop type: Birch forest (Betula litwinowii) Characteristic species: • Betula radeana

• Salix caprea

• Heracleum roseum

• Aconitum nasutum

• A. orientale

• Swertia iberica

• Geranium silvaticum

• Campanula latifolia

• Dolichorrhiza caucasica

• Senecio propinquus

• Aquilegia caucasica

• Vicia balansae

• Lathyrus roseus

• Cephalanthera longifolia

• Platanthera chlorantha 2. Biotop type: Elfin birch forest Characteristic species: • Sorbus caucasigena

• Salix kazbekensis

• Rhododendron caucasicum

• Vaccinium myrtillus

• Anemone fasciculata

• Swertia iberica


• Calamagrostis arundinacea

• Dolichorrhiza renifolia

• D. caucasica

• Cicerbita racemosa

• Cephalanthera longifolia 3. Biotop type: Rose bay shrubbery (Rhododendron caucasicum) Characteristic species: • Vaccinium myrtillus

• V. vitis-idaea

• Empetrum caucasicum

• Daphne glomerata

• Pyrola minor

• P. rotundifolia

• Anemone fasciculata



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4. Biotop type: Shrubbery with the dominant Rhododendron luteum Characteristic species: • Brachypodium silvaticum

• Calamagrostis arundinacea

• Melissa officinalis

• Geranium silvaticum

• G. palustre

• Rhynchocorys elephas

• Linea borealis

• Anemone caucasica

• Senecio propinquus 5. Biotop type: Low scrub with the dominant Dryas caucasica Characteristic species: • Deschampsia flexuosa

• Daphne glomerata

• Vaccinium vitis-idaea

• Selaginella helvatica

• Primula amoena

• Polygonum viviparum

• Leontodon danubialis

• Parnassia palustris 6. Biotop type: Scrub withe the dominant Juniperus hemisphaerica Characteristic species: • Artemisia sosnovskyi

• Astragalus kazbeki

• Festuca ovina

• Pulsatilla violacea

• Veronica petraea

• Carex buschiorum

• Iris taurica 7. Biotop type: Elfin birch forest Characteristic species:

• Ephedra procera

• Spiraea hypericifolia

• Bromopsis biebersteinii

• B. riparia

• Stipa tirsa

• Artemisia sosnovskyi

• Thymus collinus

• Agropyron gracillinum

• Scutellaria leptostegia Biotopes of herbaceous plants:

1. Biotop type: Subalpine tall herba-ceous vegetation. Characteristic species: • Heracleum sosnowskyi


• A. orientale

• Cephalaria gigantea

• Angelica tatiannae

• Cecerbita macrophylla

• Seneceio rhombifolius

• Agasyllis latifolia

• Doronicum macrophyllum 2. Biotop type: Meadowes with the dominant Bromopsis variegata Characteristic species: • Agrostis tenuis

• Anthoxanthum odoratum

• Festuca ovina

• Koeleria luerssenii

• Trifolium ambiguum

• T. trichocephalum

• Ranunculus oreophilus

• Alchemilla sericata

• Leontodon hispidus

• Lotus caucasicus



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• Platanthera chlorantha 3. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the dominant Agrostis tenius Characteristic species in the subalpine belt: • Bromopsis variegata

• Festuca ovina

• Phleum phleoides

• Koeleria luerssenii

• Helictotrichon asiaticum

• Pedicularis chroorrhincha

• Ranunculus oreophilus

• R. caucasicus


• Alchemilla sericata

• Gymnadenia conopsea

• Coeloglossum viride Characteristic species in the alpine belt: • Poa alpina

• Phleum alpinum

• Carum caucasicum

• Taraxacum confusum

• Sibbaldia semiglabra 4. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the dominant Festuca varia Characteristic species: • Calamagrostis arundinacea

• Oxytropis cyanea

• Betonica macrantha

• Inula orientalis

• Polygonum carneum

• Pyrethrum roseum

5. Biotop type: Cold dry meadows with the dominant Kobresia capilli-formis: Characteristic species: • Kobresia persica

• Alchemilla elisabethae

• Thalictrum alpinum

• Polygonum vivaparum


• Campanula biebersteiniana 6. Biotop type: Humid broadleaved meadows with the dominant Trollius ranunculus Characteristic species: • Veratrum lobelianum

• Dactylorhiza euxina

• Poa alpina

• Swertia iberica

• Deschampsia flexuosa

• Pedicularis crassirostris 7. Biotop type: Broad-leaved meso-philous meadows with the dominant Anemone fasciculata Characteristic species: • Trollius patulus

• Geranium ibericum

• Scabiosa caucasica

• Betonica macrantha

• Veratrum lobelianum

• Polygonum carneum 8. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the dominant Astragalus captiosus Characteristic species: • Campanula bellidifolia

• Carex buschiorum

• Thymus collinus



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• Sempervivum pumilum

• Festuca ovina

• Chamaesciadium acaule 9. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows withe the dominant Nardus stricta Characteristic species: • Agrostis tenius

• A. planifolia

• Luzula pseudosudetica

• Anthoxanthum odoratum

• Trifolium trichocephalum

• T. ambiguum

• Leontodon danubialis

• Phleum alpinum

• Poa alpina

• Sibbaldia semiglabra

• Hieracium pilosella


• Dactylorhiza euxina 10. Biotop type: Rare-turf dry mead-ows with the dominant Trisetum fla-vescens Characteristic species: • Festuca ovina

• Bromopsis variegata

• B. riparia

• Medicago glutinosa

• Onobrychis petraea

• Salvia tesquicola

• Scrophularia variegata 11. Biotop type: Dry rare-turf mead-ows withe the dominant Brachypo-dium pinnatum Characteristic species: • Bromopsis riparia

• Agrostis tenuis

• Trisetum flavescens

• Trifolium trichocephalum 12. Biotop type: Dense-turf steppe meadows with the dominant Festuca ovina Characteristic species: • Carex buschiorum

• Bromopsis riparia

• Pulsatilla violacea

• Koeleria caucasica

• Medicago glutinosa

• Alchemilla tephroserica

• Stipa tirsa

• Artemisia sosnowskyi 13. Biotop type: Dense-turf steppe meadows with the dominant Festuca vallesiaca Characteristic species: • Koeleria caucasica

• K. luerssenii

• Stipa tirsa

• Artemisia chamaemelifolia

• Teucrium nuchense 14. Biotop type: Mesophilous rare-turf meadows with the dominant Calamagrostis arundinacea Characteristic species: • Agrostis planifolia

• Deschampsia flexuosa

• Geranium ibericum

• Anemone fasciculata 15. Biotop type: Mesophilous mead-ows with the dominant Hordeum violaceum Characteristic species:



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• Festuca pratensis

• Phleum praense

• Ph. phleoides


• T. repens

• Agrostis planifolia

• Ranunculus caucasicus

• R. elegans

• Heracleum asperum

• Carum carvi

• Cerastium arvense

• Pastinaca armena

• Pedicularis chroorrhincha

• Centaurea cheiranthifolia

• Anthriscus nemorosa

• Seseli transcaucasica 16. Biotop type: Swamp meadows with the dominant Deschampsia caesptosa Characteristic species: • Blysmus compressus

• Calamagrostis pseudophragmites

• Phragmites australis

• Equisetum palustre

• E. arvense

• Juncus articulatus

• J. bufonius

• Parnassia palustris

• Gladiolus caucasicus

• Ligularia siberica

• Dactylorhyza euxuna

• D. urvilleana Alpine belt biotopes:

1. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows with the dominant Carex tristis

Characteristic species: • Cobresia capilliformis

• Thalictrum alpinus

• Poa alpina

• Gnaphalium supinum

• Nardus stricta

• Luzula spicata

• L. multiflora

• Festuca supina

• Antennaria caucasica


• Alchemilla caucasica

• Campanula saxifraga. 2. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows with the dominant Festuca supina Characteristic species: • Kobresia capilliformis

• K. persica

• Thalictrum alpinum

• Antennaria caucasica

• Sibballia semiglabra


• Astragalus supnus


• Leoydia serotina 3. Biotop type: Dense-turf xerophi-lous meadows with the dominant Festuca varia Characteristic species: • Korbesia schoenoides

• Carex tristis

• Alopecurus dasyanthus

• Anthoxanthum odorarum subsp.


• Festuca ruprchechtii




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• Polygonum carneum

• Primula amoena

• Chaecrophyllum roseum

• Helictotrichon asiaticus

• Podospermum alpigenum

• Cerastium purpurascens

• Betonica macrantha 4. Biotop type: Snowbed carpet-like alpine meadows Characteristic species: • Veronica gentianoides

• Pedicularis crassirostris

• P. nordmanniana

• Taraxacum porphyranthum

• T. stevenii

• Poa alpina

• Gnaphalium supinum

• Ranunculus oreophilus var. pumilus


• Phleum alpinum

• Alchemilla rigida

• A. caucasica

• Cerastium cerastoides

• Minuartia aizoides

• Primula algida

• Antennaria caucasica 5. Biotop type: Snowbed carpet-like alpine meadows on skeleton sub-strates Characteristic species: • Sibbaldia semiglabra


• A. retinervis

• Taraxacum porphyranthum

• Plantago saxatilis

6. Biotop type: Secondary carpet-like alpine meadows Characteristic species: • Alchemilla retinervis

• A. caucasica

• A. elisabethae

• Plantago caucasica

• P. saxatilis

• Poa alpina

• Nardus sticta


• S. parviflora

• Taraxacum confusum

• Veronica gentianoides

• Carex medwedewii


• T. trichocephalum

• Trollius patulus Biotops of rocks and scree:

1. Biotop type: Biotope of dry rocks Characteristic species: • Saxifraga juniperifolia

• Campanula bellidifolia

• C. petrophila

• C. sarmatica

• Astragalus kazbeki

• Asperula albovii

• Oxytropis albana

• Sempervivum pumilum

• Minuartia bieberseinii

• Onosma caucasica 2. Biotop type: Biotope of moist rocks Characteristic species: • Parietaria micrantha



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• P. judaica

• Campanula sosnowskyi

• C. Hypopolia

• Diphasium alpinum

• Cryptgamma crispa

• Polypodium vulgare

• Woodsia fragillis

• Dryopteris pumila

• Primula darialica 3. Biotop type: Biotope of marly and slaty scree Characteristic species: • Silene lacera

• Erysimum ibericum

• E. substrigosum

• Linaria vulgaris

• L. meyeri

• Thalictrum foetidum

• Salvia verticillata

• Scutellaria leptostegia

• Thymus collinus


• B. biebersteinii

• Trigonocaryum involucratum 4. Biotop type: Biotope of stones Characteristic species: • Sempervivum pumilum

• Campanula bellidifolia

• Silene ruprechtii

• Thymus collinus

• Pulsatilla violaceae

• Festuca ovina

• Koeleria caucasica

• K. luerssenii

• Carex vuschiorum

• Sedum oppositifolium 5. Biotop type: Riverside biotope with Trisetum rigidum Characteristic species: • Erigeron caucasicus

• Medicago lupulina

• Trifolium repens

• T. fontanum

• Taraxacum officinale

• Poa compressa

• Sedum acre

• Agrostis tenuis

• Ziziphora puschkinii

• Blysmus compresus

• Asragalus captiosus 6. Biotop tipe: Rock pinetree biotope Characteristic species: Not known due to the inaccessibility of the place.



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Annex 1.4:

List of Vertebrates of Kazbegi District (excl. birds)



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LIST OF VERTEBRATES OF KAZBEGI DISTRICT (EXCL. BIRDS)

№№ Latin name Georgian name English name National RL Category

International RL Category

11.. Talpa levantis mcire Txunela Small Mole LC LC

22.. Sorex raddei rades biga Radde's Shrew NT NNTT

33.. Sorex satunini kavkasiuri biga Caucasian Shrew DD LLCC

44.. Sorex vilnuchini volnuxinis biga Volnuchin's Shrew NT LC

55.. Neomys teres kavkasiuri wylis biga Caucasian Water Shrew NT LC

66.. Crocidura gueldenstaedtii grZelkuda kbilTeTra Caucasian White-Toothed Shrew LC LC

77.. Crocidura leucodon TeTrmucela kbilTeTra Bicoloured White-toothed Shrew LC LLCC

88.. Myotis mistacinus ulvaSa mRamiobi Whiskered Bat DD LLCC

99.. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Cia Ramori Common Pipistrelle LC LC

1100.. Pipistrellus kuhlii kiulis Ramori Kuhl's Pipistrelle LLCC LC

1111.. Plecotus auritus ruxi yura Brown Long-eared Bat LLCC LLCC

1122.. Eptesicus serotinus megviane Ramura Serotine LC LLCC

1133.. Vespertilio murinus Cveulebrivi Ramura Parti-coloured Bat DDDD LC

14. Sicista kazbegica yazbegis Tagvana Kazbegian Birch Mouse VU EENN

15. Dryomys nitedula ttyyiiss ZZiillgguuddaa Forest Dormouse LLCC NT

1166.. Cricetulus migratorius nacrisferi zazunela GGrreeyy HHaammsstteerr VU LLCC



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17. Prometheomys schaposchnikovi promeTes memindvria Long-Clawed Mole-Vole VU NNTT

18. Arvicola terrestris wylis memindvria Water Vole LC LLCC

19. Tericola majori buCqnaris memindvria Bush Vole LC LLCC

20. Tericola daghestanicus daRestnuri memindvria Daghestanian Vole LC LLCC

21. Microtus arvalis Cveulebrivi memindvria Common Vole LC LLCC

22. Chionomys gud gudauruli memindvria Gudauri Vole LC DDDD

23. Chionomys roberti mcireaziuri memindvria Robert's Vole LC DDDD

24. Sylvaemus uralensis mcire tyis Tagvi Lesser Wood-Mouse LC LLCC

25. Sylvaemus fulvipectus kavkasiuri tyis Tagvi Caucasian Wood Mouse LC LLCC

26. Mus musculus saxlis Tagvi House Mouse LC LLCC

27. Lepus europaeus evropuli kurdReli European Hare LC LLCC

28. Canis lupus mgeli Wolf. LC LLCC

29. Vulpes vulpes mela Red Fox LC LLCC

30. Ursus arctos mura daTvi Brown Bear EN C2(aI) LC

31. Martes martes tyis kverna Common Marten LC LC

32. Martes foina kldis kverna Rock Marten LC LC

33. Mustela nivalis dedofala Weasel LC LC



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34. Mustela erminae yaryumi Stoat LC LC

35. Meles meles maCvi Badger LC LC

36. Lutra lutra wavi Common Otter VU NNTT

37. Felis silvestris tyis kata Wild Cat LC LLCC

38. Lynx lynx focxveri LLyynnxx CR C2 (aI) LLCC

39. Panthera pardus jiqi Leopard CR D1 NNTT

40. Capreolus capreolus evropuli Sveli European Roe Deer LC LLCC

41. Capra cylindricornis daRestnuri jixvi East Caucasian Tur VU NNTT

42. Rupicapra rupicapra arCvi Chamois EN A2a LLCC

43. Anguis fragilis boxmeWa Slow worm LC LC

44. Lacerta medis saSualo xvliki Giant green lizard NT LC

45. Lacerta agilis mardi xvliki Sand lizard LC LC

46. Darevskia caucasica kavkasiuri xvliki Caucasian lizard LC LC

47. Darevskia rudis qarTuli xvliki Spiny-tailed lizard LC LC

48. Natrix natrix Cveulebrivi ankara Grass snake LC LC

49. Natrix teselata wylis ankara Diced snake LC LC

50. Pelias ursini velis gvelgesla Orsini’s viper LC LC

51. Bufo viridis mwvane gombeSo Green toad LC LC

52. Hyla arborea Cveulebrivi vasaka European tree frog LC LC



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53. Rana ridibunda tbis bayayi Eurasian marsh frog LC LC

54. Rana macrocnemis mcireaziuri bayayi Long-legged wood frog LC LC

55. Salmo trutta trutta evropuli kalmaxi Brook trout VU A1d LC



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Annex 1.5:

List of Birds



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LIST OF BIRDS

SPECIES SC Ciconiiformes yaryatisnairni

Ardea cinerea ruxi yanCa M Grey Heron Ardea purpurea wiTuri (qarci) yanCa M Purple Heron Ardeola ralloides yviTeli yanCa M Squacco Heron

Anseriformes batisnairni Anas platyrhynchos gareuli ixvi M Mallard Anas strepera ruxi ixvi M Gadwall Anas crecca stvenia ixvi (Wikvara) M Common Teal Anas querquedula WaxWaxa ixvi (ixvinja) M Garganey Anas acuta bolosadgisa (kudsadgisa) ixvi M Northern Pintail Anas clypeata ganierniskarta ixvi M Northern Shoveler

Falconiformes Sevardnisnairni Milvus migrans Zera M Black Kite Accipiter nisus mimino YR-R Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter gentilis qori YR-R Northern Goshawk Buteo buteo Cveulebrivi kakaCa YR-R Common Buzzard Buteo rufinus velis (grZelfexa) kakaCa M Long-legged Buzzard LC VU Pernis apivorus krazanaWamia (irao) M European Honey-Buzzard Hieraaetus pennantus Cia arwivi M Booted Eagle Aquila heliaca beqobis (TeTrmxreba) arwivi M Imperial Eagle VU VU Aquila clanga didi myivani arwivi (didi TeTrlaqebiani arwivi) M Greater Spotted Eagle VU VU

Aquila pomarina mcire myivani arwivi (mcire TeTrlaqebiani arwivi) M Lesser Spotted Eagle

Aquila nipalensis velis arwivi M Steppe Eagle Aquila chrysaetos mTis arwivi YR-R Golden Eagle LC VU Neophron percnopterus faskunji BB Egyptian Vulture EN VU

Gypaetus barbatus batkanZeri (wveriani svavi, yajiri, kraviWamia) YR-R Bearded Vulture (Lammer-geier) LC VU



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SPECIES SC

Aegypius monachus svavi SV Cinereous Vulture (Eurasian Black Vulture) NT EN

Gyps fulvus orbi YR-R Eurasian Griffon Vulture LC VU Circus aeroginosus Waobis Zelqori (Waobis bolobeWeda) M Western Marsh Harrier Circus cyaneus mindvris Zelqori (mindvris bolobeWeda) M Hen (or Northern) Harrier Circus macrourus velis Zelqori (velis bolobeWeda) M Pallid Harrier Circus pygargus mdelos Zelqori (mdelos bolobeWeda) M Montagu's Harrier Falco peregrinus Savardeni BB Peregrine Falcon Falco subbuteo marjani M Eurasian Hobby Falco columbarius alali M Merlin Falco vespertinus wiTelfexa Savardeni M Red-footed Falcon NT EN Falco tinnunculus Cveulebrivi kirkita BB Common Kestrel

Galliformes qaTmisnairni Tetrao mlokosiewiczi kavkasiuri roWo YR-R Caucasian Blackgrouse NT VU Tetraogallus caucasicus kavkasiuri SurTxi YR-R Caucasian Snowcock Alectoris chukar kakabi YR-R Chukar Coturnix coturnix mwyeri BB Common Quail

Gruiformes werosnairni Grus grus ruxi wero M Common Crane LC EN Rallus aquaticus laina M Water Rail Crex crex RalRa BB Corn crake

Charadriiformes meWvaviasnairni Charadrius dubius mcire wintala BB Little Ringed Plover Tringa ochropus Savi menapire M Green Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Cveulebrivi meqviSia (meborne) BB Common Sandpiper Gallinago media didi Cibuxa (goWa) M Great Snipe Gallinago gallinago Cibuxa M Common Snipe

Columbiformes mtredisnairni Streptopelia turtur Cveulebrivi gvriti M Eurasian Turtle-Dove Streptopelia decaocto sayeloiani gvriti YR-R Eurasian Collared-Dove



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SPECIES SC Cuculiformes gugulisnairni

Cuculus canorus guguli BB Common Cuckoo Strigiformes busnairni

Bubo bubo zarnaSo YR-R Eurasian Eagle Owl Strix aluco tyis bu YR-R Tawny Owl

Caprimulgiformes ufexurasnairni Caprimulgus europaeus ufexura M Eurasian Nightjar

Apodiformes namgalasnairni Apus apus namgala BB Common Swift Apus melba mekiria (anu TeTrmucela namgala) BB Alpine Swift

Coraciiformes yapyapisnairni Merops apiaster oqrosferi kvirioni M European Bee-eater Coracias garrulus yapyapi M European Roller Alcedo atthis alkuni M Common Kingsfisher Upupa epops ofofi BB Eurasian Hoopoe

Piciformes kodalasnairni Picus viridis mwvane kodala BB Eurasian Green Woodpecker Dendrocopos major didi Wreli kodala YR-R Greater Spotted Woodpecker Jynx torquilla maqcia M Eurasian Wryneck

Passeriformes beRurasnairni Eremophila alpestris rqosani torola YR-R Horned (or Shore) Lark Calandrella brachydactyla didi mokleTiTa torola M Greater Short-Toed Lark Lullula arborea tyis torola M Wood Lark Alauda arvensis mindvris torola M Eurasian Skylark Hirundo rustica soflis mercxali BB Barn Swallow Ptyonoprogne rupestris kldis mercxali BB Crag-Martin Riparia riparia menapire mercxali BB Sand Martin Delichon urbica qalaqis mercxali BB Northern Hause-Martin Anthus trivialis tyis mwyerCita BB Tree Pipit



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SPECIES SC Anthus pratensis mdelos mwyerCita BB Meadow Pipit Anthus cervinus wiTelgula mwyerCita M Red-Throated Pipit Anthus spinoletta mTis mwyerCita BB Water Pipit Anthus campestris mindvris mwyerCita M Tawny Pipit Motacilla alba TeTri boloqanqara BB White Wagtail Motacilla cinerea ruxi boloqanqara BB Grey Wagtail Motacilla flava yviTeli boloqanqara M Yellow Wagtail Motacilla citreola yviTelTava boloqanqara M, BB? Citrine Wagtail Lanius minor SavSubla RaJo M Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius collurio Cveulebrivi RaJo BB Red-backed Shrike Prunella modularis tyis Wvintaka YR-R Dunnock Prunella collaris alpuri Wvintaka YR-R Alpine Accentor Sylvia communis didi TeTryela aspuWaka BB Greater Whitethroat Sylvia curruca mcire TeTryela aspuWaka M Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia nisoria miminosebri aspuWaka BB Barred Warbler Sylvia atricapilla SavTava aspuWaka BB Blackcap Phylloscopus collybita Cveulebrivi WivWavi (yarana) M Eurasian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus lorenzii kavkasiuri WivWavi (yarana) BB Caucasian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus nitidus momwvano WivWavi (yarana) BB Greenish Warbler Regulus regulus yviTelTava narCita (RabuaCiti) BB Common Goldcrest Regulus ignicapilus wiTelTava narCita (RabuaCiti) ? Firecrest Muscicapa striata ruxi buziWeria (mematlia) BB Spotted Flycatcher Ficedula parva wiTelyela (mcire) buziWeria (mematlia) M Red-breasted Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata naxevrad-TeTryela buziWeria (mematlia) M Semi-Collared Flycatcher Saxicola torguata SavTava ovsadi BB Common Stonechat Saxicola rubetra TeTrwarba (mdelos) ovsadi BB Whinchat Monticola saxatilis kldis Wreli SaSvi BB Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush Oenanthe oenanthe Cveulebrivi meRorRia BB Northern Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Savyura meRorRia M Black-eared Wheatear Phoenicurus ochruros Savi bolocecxla YR-R Black Redstart



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SPECIES SC Phoenicurus phoenicurus bolocecxla BB Common Redstart

Phoenicurus erythrogaster wiTelmucela bolocecxla YR-R Güldenstädt's (or White-winged) Redstart LC VU

Erithacus rubecula gulwiTela BB European Robin Turdus merula SaSvi YR-R Eurasian Blackbird Turdus torquatus TeTrgula SaSvi YR-R Ring Ouzel Turdus viscivorus CxarTvi YR-R Mistle Thrush Aegithalos caudatus Toxitara YR-R Long-tailed Tit Parus ater mcire wivwiva (wiwkana) YR-R Coal Tit Parus major didi wivwiva (wiwkana) YR-R Great Tit Parus caeruleus molurjo wivwiva (wiwkana) YR-R Blue Tit Tichodroma muraria frTawiTeli kldecocia YR-R Wall-creeper Certhia familiaris Cveulebrivi mglinava YR-R Eurasian Tree-creeper Troglodytes troglodytes WinWraqa (RobemZvrala) YR-R Winter Wren Cinclus cinclus wylis SaSvi YR-R White-throated Dipper Miliaria calandra mefetvia (anu mindvris grata) BB Corn Bunting Emberiza cia kldis grata BB Rock Bunting Emberiza melanocephala SavTava grata M Black-headed Bunting Emberiza hortulana baRis grata M Ortolan Bunting Fringilla coelebs skvinCa (niblia) YR-R Chaffinch Carduelis carduelis Citbatona YR-R European Goldfinch Carduelis chloris mwvanula YR-R European Greenfinch Carduelis flavirostris mTis Wvinta YR-R Twite Carduelis cannabina Wvinta (mekanafia) BB Eurasian Linnet Pyrrhula pyrrhula stvenia BB Eurasian Bullfinch Rhodopechys sanguinea frTawiTeli koWobura ? Crimson-winged Finch Serinus pusillus wiTelSubla mTiula YR-R Red-fronted Serin Carpodacus erythrinus Cveulebrivi koWoba BB Common Rosefinch Carpodacus rubicilla didi koWoba YR-R Great Rosefinch LC VU Loxia curvirostra niskartmarwuxa YR-R Common Crossbill



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SPECIES SC Passer domesticus saxlis beRura YR-R Hause Sparrow Montifringilla nivalis meTovlia YR-R White-winged Snowfinch Sturnus vulgaris SoSia (SroSani) M Common Starling Sturnus roseus vardisferi SoSia (tarbi) M Rose-coloured Starling Oriolus oriolus molaRuri M Eurasian Golden Oriole Garrulus glandarius Cxikvi YR-R Eurasian Jay Pica pica kaWkaWi YR-R Black-billed Magpie Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax wiTelniskarta maRrani YR-R Red-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus yviTelniskarta maRrani YR-R Yellow-billed Chough Corvus corax yorani YR-R Common Raven Corvus frugilegus Wilyvavi YR-R Rook Corvus corone cornix ruxi yvavi YR-R Hooded Crow



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Annex 1.6:

List of Mammals of Kazbegi Region



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LIST OF MAMMALS OF KAZBEGI REGION

№№ saxeobis laTinuri dasaxeleba

saxeobis qarTuli dasaxeleba

saxeobis inglisuri dasaxeleba Saqar Tvelos wi Telo nusxa

IUCN wiTeli nusxa

11.. Talpa levantis mcire Txunela Small Mole LC LC 22.. Sorex raddei rades biga Radde's Shrew NT NNTT 33.. Sorex satunini kavkasiuri biga Caucasian Shrew DD LLCC 44.. Sorex vilnuchini volnuxinis biga Volnuchin's Shrew NT LC 55.. Neomys teres kavkasiuri wylis biga Caucasian Water Shrew NT LC 66.. Crocidura gueldenstaedtii grZelkuda kbilTeTra Caucasian White-Toothed Shrew LC LC 77.. Crocidura leucodon TeTrmucela kbilTeTra Bicoloured White-toothed Shrew LC LLCC 88.. Myotis mistacinus ulvaSa mRamiobi Whiskered Bat DD LLCC 99.. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Cia Ramori Common Pipistrelle LC LC 1100.. Pipistrellus kuhlii kiulis Ramori Kuhl's Pipistrelle LLCC LC 1111.. Plecotus auritus ruxi yura Brown Long-eared Bat LLCC LLCC 1122.. Eptesicus serotinus megviane Ramura Serotine LC LLCC 1133.. Vespertilio murinus Cveulebrivi Ramura Parti-coloured Bat DDDD LC 14. Sicista kazbegica yazbegis Tagvana Kazbegian Birch Mouse VU EENN 15. Dryomys nitedula ttyyiiss ZZiillgguuddaa Forest Dormouse LLCC NT 1166.. Cricetulus migratorius nacrisferi zazunela GGrreeyy HHaammsstteerr VU LLCC 17. Prometheomys

schaposchnikovi promeTes memindvria Long-Clawed Mole-Vole VU NNTT

18. Arvicola terrestris wylis memindvria Water Vole LC LLCC 19. Tericola majori buCqnaris memindvria Bush Vole LC LLCC 20. Tericola daghestanicus daRestnuri memindvria Daghestanian Vole LC LLCC 21. Microtus arvalis Cveulebrivi memindvria Common Vole LC LLCC



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22. Chionomys gud gudauruli memindvria Gudauri Vole LC DDDD 23. Chionomys roberti mcireaziuri memindvria Robert's Vole LC DDDD 24. Sylvaemus uralensis mcire tyis Tagvi Lesser Wood-Mouse LC LLCC 25. Sylvaemus fulvipectus kavkasiuri tyis Tagvi Caucasian Wood Mouse LC LLCC 26. Mus musculus saxlis Tagvi House Mouse LC LLCC 27. Lepus europaeus evropuli kurdReli European Hare LC LLCC 28. Canis lupus mgeli Wolf. LC LLCC 29. Vulpes vulpes mela Red Fox LC LLCC 30. Ursus arctos mura daTvi Brown Bear EN C2(aI) LC 31. Martes martes tyis kverna Common Marten LC LC 32. Martes foina kldis kverna Rock Marten LC LC 33. Mustela nivalis dedofala Weasel LC LC 34. Mustela erminae yaryumi Stoat LC LC 35. Meles meles maCvi Badger LC LC 36. Lutra lutra wavi Common Otter VU NNTT 37. Felis silvestris tyis kata Wild Cat LC LLCC 38. Lynx lynx focxveri LLyynnxx CR C2 (aI) LLCC 39. Panthera pardus jiqi Leopard CR D1 NNTT 40. Capreolus capreolus evropuli Sveli European Roe Deer LC LLCC 41. Capra cylindricornis daRestnuri jixvi East Caucasian Tur VU NNTT 42. Rupicapra rupicapra arCvi Chamois EN A2a LLCC 43. Anguis fragilis boxmeWa Slow worm LC LC 44. Lacerta medis saSualo xvliki Giant green lizard NT LC 45. Lacerta agilis mardi xvliki Sand lizard LC LC 46. Darevskia caucasica kavkasiuri xvliki Caucasian lizard LC LC 47. Darevskia rudis qarTuli xvliki Spiny-tailed lizard LC LC 48. Natrix natrix Cveulebrivi ankara Grass snake LC LC



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49. Natrix teselata wylis ankara Diced snake LC LC 50. Pelias ursini velis gvelgesla Orsini’s viper LC LC 51. Bufo viridis mwvane gombeSo Green toad LC LC 52. Hyla arborea Cveulebrivi vasaka European tree frog LC LC 53. Rana ridibunda tbis bayayi Eurasian marsh frog LC LC 54. Rana macrocnemis mcireaziuri bayayi Long-legged wood frog LC LC 55. Salmo trutta trutta evropuli kalmaxi Brook trout VU A1d LC



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Annex 1.7:

List of Endangered Species



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LIST OF ENDANGERED SPECIES

Animal species listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species or the Red List of Georgia that occur in Kazbegi.

Latin name English name IUCN Georgian RL

Sicista kazbegica Kazbegian Birch Mouse EENN VU

Cricetulus migratorius GGrreeyy HHaammsstteerr LLCC VU

Prometheomys schaposchnikovi Long-Clawed Mole-Vole NNTT VU

Ursus arctos Brown Bear LC EN

Lutra lutra Common Otter NNTT VU

Capra cylindricornis East Caucasian Tur NNTT VU

Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois LLCC EN

Salmo trutta trutta Brook trout LC VU

Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard LC VVUU

Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle VU VU

Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU VVUU

Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle LC VVUU

Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN VVUU

Gypaetus barbatus Bearded Vulture LC VVUU

Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture NT EENN

Gyps fulvus Eurasian Griffon Vulture LC VVUU

Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon NT EENN

Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Caucasian Blackgrouse NT VVUU

Phoenicurus erythrogaster Güldenstädt's Redstart LC VVUU

Carpodacus rubicilla Great Rosefinch LC VVUU



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Annex 1.8:

Summary List of Village Profiles



Draft Final Report

SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

The following report includes the social and economical development concept of Kazbegi region taking into consideration environmental and gender-related aspects. In the report is described the information obtained from different target groups of Kazbegi population, government representatives and other stakeholders, as well as from other available materials about the region.

During the working process the following methodologies were applied: Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) – the umbrella methodology that involves a certain assortment of different approaches and methods; Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA); Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA); Participatory Action and Learning Methodology (PALM); Participatory Action and Research (PAR); Farmer Systems Research (FMS); etc. The basis of all mentioned approaches is the full participation of the population in the process of revealing own needs and possibilities, decision-making and action.

Participatory evaluation is a creative approach to study the issue of taking care after the poor inhabitants, action planning and evaluation of development activities. It enables to analyze the knowledge of population and avoid mistakes. The main goal of applying visualization, interviewing and group working methods is to increase the level of interactive learning, knowledge sharing and flexible semi-structured analysis. These methods proved their high value in many situations in both North and South countries. It enables to mobilize local population for joint efforts and activities.

This methodology helps to make close contacts between the target and working groups through conversation with inhabitants, semi-structured interviews and field works, to develop the common vision, to obtain the realistic information – maximally acceptable for target group. The mentioned methodology provokes open and warm relationship between the local population and the working group. It maximally increases involvement of population in the ongoing process.

The working group members: 1) Alexandre Bagdadze – Specialist of PLA methodology – Tbilisi;

2) Iago Kazalishvili – Geologist – Kazbegi.

The report is consisted with the following: • Introduction

• Short overview of the region

• Analysis of obtained information

• Conclusions and recommendations

• Attachements



Draft Final Report

Short overview of the region Kazbegi region is situated on the north slope of Kavkasioni mountain ringe, between the central and East Kavkasioni, near the beginning of the river Tergi. The whole size of the region is 1081, 9 km2. The geographical coordinates of the borders are:

Border North latitude aRmosavleT West 42038/42,66’’ 44030/48,55’’ East 42036/02,29’’ 44051/09,66’’ North 42045/05,89’’ 44030/55,15’’ South 42028/44,62’’ 44029/57,48

Kazbegi region is a high mountainous zone. Its average altitude is 1800 m. The lowest village Gveleti is situated at 1400 m at sea level, and the altitude of the highest place Juta is 2170 m. Mkhinvartsveri is also belongs to Kazbegi region. There are 25 settlements in the region. The total size of the settlements equals to 14 000 hectares. The skiing health resort Gudauri is also under the governance of the region. It actually comprises two villages, Khumlistsikhe and Gudauri itself. The regional centre is the borough Kabuki. According the official statistical data of there are 47 settlements in the region, 2981 households and 6254 inhabitants. These data were obtained in 2005 and are not updated since then and probably they did not reflect the real situation at present. For example, after closing the border with Russia in 2005, the inhabitant left the settlements in Truso gorge and only one person lives there for this time. Furthermore, about 500 pensioners are registered in Russian territorial units: Dzaugi and Orjonikidze (before the rose revolution due to pension related problems some inhabitants preferred to register in Russia). Because of these circumstances, it is impossible to obtain exact demographic data. Only talk with local population gives general impression of the situation: At present in Kazbegi region there is 1400 permanent households with 3000 inhabitants. In summer period, about 600 families of nomadic and summer residents are added. Among the permanent inhabitants, 45% are capable of working, 37% pensioners and 18% schoolchildren. Half of the population has high education and only 3% - incomplete secondary education. Among the population capable of working 60% is self-employed in their own farms. 7% have private business, 7% are temporarily employed, and the rest 26% are servants. Kazbegi region is mainly populated with Mokhevians. During centuries, Khevi was the north entrance of Georgia and was populated by free peasants. Each village had its leader – Khevisberi. Khevisberi together with elders of the village made decisions that were fulfilled in participation of the population. We can say that in the region there is a



Draft Final Report

good potential for creation of powerful Community Unions and for active participation of the population in improving their livelihoods and future. Traditionally animal husbandry is well developed in Kazbegi region. During the Soviet period there were about 400 000 heads of sheep in the region (half in private sector and half in government sector) that affected the ecosystem. Overgrazing induced gradual elimination of herbage and respectively number of ecologically threatened places increased. During the last decades, after destroy of Soviet system, the economic crisis and inaccessibility to Kizlari winter pastures sharply decreased the number of sheep. At present only about 20 000 head of sheep is remained in the whole region. As a result, the number of trees and herbage has been increased during the last decades. At present, 80% of population is involved is animal husbandry – the main field of agriculture in the region. The total number of animals at present is the following: 15 000 heads of sheep and 5 000 heads of cattle. 80% of sheep and 40% of cattle is nomadic. At the end of October, the owners move their sheep and cattle to the pastures of Kakheti and Kartli regions (Due to the lack of winter pastures they hire pastures in different regions. Only some of cattle-breeders have own pastures on Iagluja field in Kvemo Kartli region. Some of them have the houses in suburbs of Dusheti, Tbilisi and Rustavi and winter their cattle in nearby areas). In May they return back in Kazbegi. It is important that Arabian businesspersons are interested in Georgian sheep. They buy sheep because of its low price and high quality and take in Arabian countries. For the last period, several thousand heads of sheep have been sold only in Kabuki region. Due to the development of animal husbandry in the region, there are good resources of veterinary personnel. Government programs are implemented against anthrax and malanders, but due to poor financial resources, it is not possible investigate distribution of brucellosis – disease that is very frequent in the region and sometimes occurs among inhabitants. Because of shortage of agricultural lands, lifestyle of local population and climatic conditions arable farming is less developed and represented only with potato growing. Only a small part of population grows potato for sale. Others use it for own consumption. In the yards there are some fruit trees: apple, pear, plum and wild plum. (In one of the villages we also found vine). Average plot size per one household is 0,43 hectares that include farmstead (0,03 hectare), plot for potato growing (0,08 hectare), mowing land and pasture. At the territory of the region there are many medical plants such as sea-buckthorn, bilberry, barberries, sweetbrier, field-ash, pit, raspberries, broad-leaved garlic, yellow daisy, touch-and-heal, marjoram, caraway, thyme, etc. Local population mainly uses sea-buckthorn, raspberries, bilberry, sweetbrier, caraway, thyme and broad-leaved garlic. Transcaucasian gas pipelines cross the territory of the region. The pipeline supplies Armenia and partially Georgia with gas from Russia. Gas supply in the region was free



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of charge and greenhouse farms were well developed. Most of inhabitants of the villages situated nearby the military road had their own greenhouses (totally over 500 greenhouses in the region). They generally cultivated cucumber and supplied not only the region but also the North Osetia. In order to destroy the greenhouse infrastructure according to the government decision compensation per 30 GEL on 1 square meters was paid to the greenhouse owners in 2005. After this arrangement, the volume of free of charge gas was limited to 700 cubic meters for local population. The institutions pay the whole tax for gas they use. One more additional income for employees in high mountainous regions was bonus on salary of 25 % of rate of wages. According to the government decision in 2007 this bonus was also canceled. The military road connecting Georgia with Russia had a great impact on economical situation in Georgia. When the road was open, transit infrastructure was well developed. Easy market access enabled local population to gain certain income. At present they can sell their products only via dealers, mostly through swapping (barter). In economical activities, the duties of men and women are partially different. Man performs hard work, such as mowing, transportation of hay, looking after the sheep. The work of a woman is not so hard: looking after and milking the cattle, homework. Agricultural works such as potato growing they do equally. There are no differences in rights and obligations between man and woman. There are serious problems related to infrastructure. The roads are destroyed and need repairing throughout the region. The level of atmospheric precipitations is high during summer period. Snow slips are frequent. Due to this fact the settlements (for example the village Jupta) is isolated from the region the whole summer. Accordingly, arrangements for cleaning the roads from landslips and snow slips are carried out each spring. Especially hard situations are in the village of Khanobi and in the villages situated at Sno ravine. The problem of dumpsites is also a serious problem throughout the region. In Stephantsminda and Gudauri this problem is partially solved, but in other villages there are alarm conditions. The waste is disposed in ravines near riversides and distributed in the whole territory of ravine when the river level rises. Only in the village of Jufta, as inhabitants say, waste is collected and burnt or buried. The problem related to sewerage system is less in Stephantsminda and Gudauri. Another serious problem in the villages of the region is a tax of electricity. Electricity meters are not installed, damages of electric cables is frequent during summer period. Cost for repairing of the system is covered by local inhabitants. There are several layers of minerals in the region: copper-polymetallic layer in Devdoraki, Elia antimonite layer, crystal layers and building stone layers (dolerite,



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granite, diorite, andesite, travertin). There are also many mineral waters. Dirung the Soviet period Mineral Water Plant was functioning in the borough Kazbegi. This recourse is unused at present. The fist great negative economic impact for the population was the loss of winter pastures during the destroy of Soviet Union. In parallel about 500 greenhouse farms were destroyed in 2005. The border with Russia was closed at the same year. According to the government decision this bonus on salary was canceled in 2007. Unemployment, complicated access to market, insufficient veterinary service, long and severe winter, complicated wintering for animals, population orientation on monocultures, incomplete infrastructure of agriculture are the problems causing hard social and economic conditions of the population. Besides these problems, there are good capacities in the region that will enable local population to improve their living conditions and transform the region in economically stable and sustainable one. Among the capacities of the region are the unique location and the beautiful sights for development of diverse types of tourism: rafting on mountain rivers; school of alpinism in the village of Gveleti; it is possible to arrange hunting farm in Devdoraki ravine (that in case of good management will support to growth in number of aurochs and chamois). In Khda and Devdoraki ravines it is possible to arrange specialized geological tours; in Dariali ravine it is possible formation of so called “bird watching” infrastructure (there are many endemic bird species on the ravine territory: black-grouse, eagle, etc.). In the villages of Khanobi and Khurtisi there is a possibility for development of extremal tourism. It is possible to develop horse riding tourism from Kobi and Almasiani to the direction of Truso ravine where there are many travertines with mineral waters and beautiful sights. The mentioned infrastructure includes also family guesthouses and nourishment places. Horse riding tourism and family guesthouses is a good perspective also for the village Juta. Development of this infrastructure will be economically profitable for the whole region and for the population, but due to the political instability, focusing only on the development of this field contains a certain risk. As it was already mentioned, the traditional field of agriculture in the region is animal husbandry (cattle breeding and sheep farming). During the last period due to the political instability, the issue of winter pastures is complicated. Number of animals in the region is sharply decreased. Only a small number of inhabitants have the possibility of mowing animals during winter period nearby Dusheti, Tbilisi, Rustavi and Sagarejo territories. Only some have their own winter pastures on Iagluja fields. For correction of current situation, it is recommended to establish branch unions of sheep farmers and cattle breeders that will enable to better organize wintering of



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animals and improve veterinary service. It desired to promote mowing crops in the region that will increase hay volume and decrease the problem of wintering. Selling of the products is also a serious problem. Creation of small processing enterprises (milk processing, cheese packaging) will enable local population to sell their products directly via shops instead of the dealers that will significantly increase their income. The analogous situation is in the field of bee-keeping. Wintering of

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ANNEX of the DRAFT FINAL REPORT (Georgia), Kazbegi Project ...tjs-caucasus.org/.../Feasibility-Study-BR-Kazbegi... · 4/1/2010 · Kazbegi region (Khevi) situated on Kavkasioni ridge