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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
Annex 4.
Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China
-- Youxi Lianhe Terraces
Location: Youxi County, Fujian Province, China
The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province
August, 2016
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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SUMMARY INFORMATION
Name/Title of the Agricultural Heritage System (local Name and Translation, if
necessary):
Rice Terraces Systems in Subtropical China
-- Youxi Lianhe Terraces
Recommending/applying organization:
The People’s Government of Youxi County, Fujian Province, P. R. China
Country/location/Site:
Youxi County, Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. Between east longitude
117°48'30" to 118°40' and north latitude 25°50'36" to26°26'30".
Accessibility of the Site to Capital City or Major Cities:
158 km away from the provincial capital Fuzhou City of Fujian Province,
208km away from Fuzhou Changle International Airport, connected with
expressways; electrified high-speed rail like Xiangtang-Putian High-speed Rail
passes through Youxi County; connected with other cities by expressways such as
Fuzhou-Yinchuan Expressway, Xiamen-Shaxian Expressway and Putian-Yanling
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Expressway as well as 314 Provincial Road.
Approximate Surface Area: 3,425.3 km2, of which the key protection zone Lianhe
Township covers 169.5 km2.
Agro-Ecological Zone: Terrace Farming Zone on Middle and Lower Hills in the
South
Topographic Features: Featured with mountainous regions and hills which cover
about 90% of the total land area.
Climate Type: Subtropical oceanic monsoon climate
Approximate Population: Registered population is 440,300 and permanent resident
population is 35,300 (with the agricultural population of 210,000), in which the
population in the key protection zone is 21,000.
Main Source of Livelihoods: The agricultural income of the whole county amounts
to RMB 4,705 million, accounting for 27.2% of the GDP. That of the key protection
zone Lianhe Township reaches RMB 276 million. More than 90% of Lianhe
people’s food comes from the Lianhe Terrace System.
Ethnicity/Indigenous Population: The Han ethnic group occupies over 99% and
the minority is mainly She ethnic group.
Summary Information of the Agricultural Heritage System:
Youxi Lianhe Terraces of Fujian Province have a long history. It has been over
1,700 years since the Disaster of Yongjia (311 AD) in the Western Jin Dynasty when
people fled from the Central Plain here and brought wasteland into cultivation,
forming the rudiments of terraces. There are clear written records saying that
habitation history of Youxi can be dated back to the Tang Dynasty of over 1,300
years ago. Youxi ancestors reclaimed wasteland into terraces on slopes and finally
created a three-dimensional circular agricultural ecosystem, i.e. water conservation
forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and village-river, with
the efforts of several generations. This system provided various foods for local
people, including grains like paddy rice, wheat, peanut and oilseed rape, aquatic
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
III
animals like loach and carp, meat like duck, chicken and pork as well as bamboo
shoot and wild mushroom growing under the forest system. The terrace ecosystem
had an abundant biodiversity including 672 species of plants, 166 varieties of
animals and 27 kinds of microorganisms. In particular, Lianhe Terraces still reserves
72 varieties of traditional rice such as garnet, Youxi red and cold waterdrop, which
can meet rice cultivation requirements in different altitudes and different seasons.
The farming activities and plants’ aspect change on terraces make Lianhe Terraces
present different landscapes in four seasons. The cultures corresponding to the
agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also unique: The melodious
Jinshan folk songs is an important way for ancient people to pass on farming
knowledge to their descendants; food culture is also brilliant, such as white kuih,
fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi fumigated duck, full of local flavor; festivals, customs,
worship and taboos in Lianhe Terrace area also reflect the harmonious relationship
between ancient people and the nature, having typical local features.
Youxi Lianhe Terraces are relatively closed, long and narrow, which effectively
withstands the influence of modern agricultural technology. So traditional family
operation is the primary agricultural operation mode of Youxi. Therefore, traditional
agricultural technology and culture are well preserved. However, due to low
comparative profit of agriculture, desolated terraces and outflow of young workforce
are very common here. In addition, the use of modern cultivation pattern such as
pesticide and chemical fertilizer results in that traditional terrace production system
can hardly maintain, and besides, modern informatized life style has penetrated in
and affected the terrace system. All these factors cause the terrace culture system in
danger of vanishing.
To protect Lianhe terrace system, the local government and people have taken a
series of measures: offering a certain subsidy to agricultural producers, encouraging
local people to work on agricultural production and attract young adult labour force
to come back; rewarding farmers that reclaim deserted terraces; signing Agreement
on Cultivating Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops between the
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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government and farmers; accelerating the construction of water conservancy
facilities and irrigation facilities for farmland; carrying out ecological agricultural
cultivation and developing ecological tourism to improve agricultural income.
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Contents
1 System Features ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety .............................................................................................. 2
1.1.1 Providing Various Foods ........................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Other Products Provided ........................................................................................ 4
1.1.3 Important Sources of Local Economic Income ...................................................... 4
1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function ............................................................................... 5
1.2.1 Biodiversity ............................................................................................................ 5
1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function ................................................................................ 10
1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology ...................................................... 12
1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool ..................................................................................... 12
1.3.2 Compound Planting .............................................................................................. 14
1.3.3 Crop Rotation ....................................................................................................... 15
1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping .......................................................................... 18
1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention ........................................................... 18
1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance .................................................................................... 19
1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage ........................................................................ 20
1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation Experience ...... 20
1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience ....................................................... 21
1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social Organization ......................................... 21
1.4.1 Food Culture ........................................................................................................ 21
1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs ....................................................................... 23
1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems .......................................................................................... 24
1.4.4 Main Festivals ...................................................................................................... 27
1.4.5 Customs ................................................................................................................ 33
1.4.6 Worship and Taboo ............................................................................................... 34
1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement....................................................................... 35
1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts ................................................................................................... 36
1.4.9 Social Organizations ............................................................................................ 37
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources ........................................... 37
1.5.1 Composite Landscape .......................................................................................... 37
1.5.2 Terrace Landscape ................................................................................................ 39
1.5.3 Farmland Landscape ............................................................................................ 39
2. Historical Significance .............................................................................................................. 41
2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ......................................... 41
2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace ............................................................ 42
2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture ......... 42
2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture .......... 43
3 Practical Significance ................................................................................................................. 44
3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents .......................................................... 44
3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to Increase Resident Income ... 44
3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the Local Variety of Crops ...... 45
3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of Local Agriculture ............. 45
4 Threats and Challenges .............................................................................................................. 47
4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven Space-Time Distribution of Water
Resources .............................................................................................................................. 47
4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the Traditional Farming Methods .. 47
4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of Livelihoods ......................................... 49
4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance Loss ..................................... 51
5 Protection and Development Measures ...................................................................................... 53
5.1 Adopted Measures ........................................................................................................... 53
5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy ............................................................................. 53
5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods ............................... 53
5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand ................................................................. 54
5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture ............................................................................ 54
5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns ....................................................................... 55
5.2 Potential and Opportunity ............................................................................................... 56
5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources ........................... 56
5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Production ..................................................................................................................... 56
5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources................................................................. 56
5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems.......................... 57
5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts ........................................................................ 58
5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their Happiness ...... 58
5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique and
Culture ..................................................................................................................... 59
5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological
Environment of Youxi ................................................................................................... 59
5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System .................... 59
5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other Stakeholders ........................... 60
5.4.1 Youxi County Government ................................................................................... 60
5.4.2 Chinese Government ............................................................................................ 60
6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site .............................................................. 62
6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done .......................................... 62
6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS .................................. 62
6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV .................... 62
6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product Safety
Check ...................................................................................................................... 62
6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage
Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability .......................................... 63
6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional
Agricultural Production in Terraces .............................................................................. 63
6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of Agricultural
Crop Varieties ............................................................................................................... 63
6.1.7 Boosting the Status Survey and Scientific Research for Lianhe Terrace Heritage64
6.1.8 Youxi County’s Developing the Lianhe Terrace as Its Tourism Brand ................ 64
6.2 Anticipatory Action ......................................................................................................... 64
6.2.1 Agro-Ecology Protection ...................................................................................... 64
6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection ............................................................................ 67
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection ....................................................................... 69
6.2.4 Eco-Products Development .................................................................................. 72
6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development .................................................................................. 75
6.3 Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects ............................................................. 78
6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields ........... 78
6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode ......... 79
6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance ........................ 79
6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field ....................................................... 80
6.4. Fund Raising .................................................................................................................. 81
6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee ............................................................................................... 82
6.5.1 Building of National Organization ....................................................................... 82
6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization ................................. 82
6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization ........................................................ 82
References ................................................................................................................................. - 84 -
Appendixes ............................................................................................................................... - 86 -
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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1 System Features
Abundant traditional paddy rice varieties. Lianhe Terraces are 900 meters in
the highest peak and 100 meters in the lowest point, with a perpendicular throw of
over 700 meters. Thus it provides favorable climatic conditions for cultivation and
conservation of different varieties of paddy rice. In the meantime, as Lianhe Terraces
are located at topographically enclosed region, it is seldom exposed to modern
technology and still reserves 72 traditional rice varieties which enrich the global
(national) rice germplasm repository. The typical growing rice varieties include
Garnet red, Youxi red, cold waterdrop, Huzao, Dwarf white, Youxi grain and so on.
Ecological resource utilization pattern. Lianhe terrace people utilize local
natural conditions to create a circular and three-dimensional production system: water
conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and
village-river. Besides, they also create composite cropping patterns, such as rice and
potato rotation, rice and melon rotation, rice and vegetable rotation, rice and tobacco
rotation, rice and grass rotation, raising fish in paddies and symbiotic rice and duck.
These agricultural landscape structure and ecological growing patterns can provide
reference for farmers of other regions and significantly promote the improvement of
agricultural environment and food safety.
Cultures that maintain the stability of terrace system. The cultures
corresponding to the agricultural production activities on Lianhe Terraces are also
unique: The melodious Jinshan folk songs also contain a plenty of farming
knowledge; kuih, loach with silk noodles, spiced bamboo shoot and pressed salted
duck which are made of agricultural products growing in the terrace system are full of
local flavor; festivals, customs, worship and taboos in Lianhe terrace area maintain
the harmonious relationship between ancient people and the nature, playing an
enlightening role in helping contemporary people deal with the relationship between
human and nature.
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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1.1 Food and Livelihood Safety
1.1.1 Providing Various Foods
Lianhe Terraces are a comprehensive food production system consisting of water
conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-combination of terrace and
village-river, providing various foods for people. The black rice, red rice, soybean,
sweet potato, potato, corn, millet, cassava, taro and so on are the main rations of local
people (Figure 1); peanut, oilseed rape, soybean and sasanqua are the main sources of
local oil (Figure 2); asparagus lettuce, Chinese cabbage, sechium edule, melon and
fruit growing in the terrace system provide food materials for local people (Figure 3).
Animals symbiotic with crops in farmland such as livestock like pigs, cows, sheep
and rabbits, poultry like shanma ducks and chickens and their eggs, fish like carps
and loaches as well as shellfish like escargots are the primary sources of food proteins
for local people (Figure 4).
Peanut Sasanqua Soybean
Figure 2 Oil Crops
Asparagus lettuce Chinese cabbage Sechium edule
Figure 3 Common Vegetables in Lianhe Terraces
Black rice Red rice Purple sweet potato
Figure 1 Grain Crops
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Carp Escargot Loach
Shanma Duck Egg Rabbit
Figure 4 Common Animals and Their Products in Lianhe Terraces
Local people also get food from
forestry, tea garden, orchard and rivers
around the terraces by the way of
collecting or hunting. For example, the
forest system above the terraces provides
lentinus sajor-caju, auricularia auricula-judae
and other mushrooms (Figure 5); the bamboo
forest provides local people with bamboo
shoots all the year round (Figure 6); artificial tea garden, orchard and vegetable
garden provide tea, fruits and so on (Figure 7). These food materials are critical raw
materials of local traditional food, constituting an integral part of local food.
Tea Cumquat Pteridium aquilinum
Figure 7 Food Produced by the Forest System
Lentinus sajor-caju Auricularia auricula-judae
Figure 5 Common Mushrooms
Figure 6 Bamboo Shoots
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Figure 9 Ancient Pagoda of the Southern
Song Dynasty--Taming Tiger Cligg
1.1.2 Other Products Provided
In history, Lianhe terrace area was scarcely populated yet with many beasts,
facing a severe beast infestation. Additionally, it was necessary to carry out water
retention and storage for the agricultural production, so the tradition of closing
hillsides to facilitate forestation was developed in the history,
which guarantees the abundant plant resources of the forest
ecosystem. There are more than 458 species of plants in the
forests, among which trees are mainly phyllostachys edulis,
gingko, taxus chinensis, styphnolobium japonicum,
cupressaceae, pinus taeda, larix gmelinii and so on. These timbers are common
materials for local houses, handicrafts, bamboo wares like winnowing basket,
vegetable basket, strainer, loach basket, hencoop, basket warmer (Figure 8),
round-bottomed basket, grain dying tent, curtain and other daily supplies.
Apart from providing food and other agricultural products, the farmland
ecosystem also produces many crop straws. The straws of Lianhe terrace ecosystem
mainly come from paddy rice, potato,
bean, tobacco and vegetable, with an
average amount of 20,000 t each year.
Rice straws can be used to make fiber
products and paper as well as used as
the household fuel in remote areas.
1.1.3 Important Sources of Local
Economic Income
Lianhe terrace system is the source of local people’s livelihood. In the
agricultural times, Lianhe Township people depended on the three-dimensional
terrace system to get their necessities of life. As of the modern commodity economy
times, the agricultural production of the terrace system is still an important source of
farmers’ income, though some go out as migrant workers or go into business. The
primary products supplied by the terrace system are agricultural products, forest
Figure 8 Basket Warmer
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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products, aquatic products, animal husbandry products, and the like.
Take Lianhe Township as an example. Considering the output and product value
in 2014, the gross output value of the system’s agricultural products reaches RMB
276 million, with a year-on-year increase of 4.9%. Therein, the agricultural
production value is 187.35 million, increased by 3.3%; the forestry output value is
increased by 6.2% to 49.88 million; the animal husbandry output value is 31.59
million, with an increase of 12.6%; the fishery output value is 1.9 million, with an
increase 3.7%; agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery service output
value is 1.74 million, with an increase of 1.7%. Farmers of Lianhe Township enjoy a
net per capita income of RMB 6,046 which plays an important role in improving
farmers’ living conditions. Other than agriculture, Lianhe Township terraces are
linked together, presenting a magnificent scenery, and there is a time-honored temple
on Taming Tiger Cliff (Figure 9) as well as various kinds of special farming food.
These are all superior tourism resources which attracted 62,000 tourists, 50% more
than that of 2009. Personnel engaged in service industries such as tour guidance,
hostel and restaurant account for 5% of the permanent population, with the per capita
income reaching RMB 1,500. It solves the employment and bread-and-butter issues
of local people to some extent. Moreover, weaved or carved handicrafts with
bamboos and wood in the mountain also bring some profits to local farmers.
1.2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
1.2.1 Biodiversity
(1) Agricultural biodiversity
Crop germplasm resources. The traditional rice germplasm resources in
Lianhe terrace area are abundant, and embody Youxi people’s wisdom in seed
selection and breeding. So far, there are 72 varieties of traditional paddy rice reserved
in Lianhe terrace area, which can meet the requirements on rice cultivation in
different altitudes and seasons and ensure the year-round production of Lianhe
terraces. These traditional rice varieties include: garnet, Youxi red, cold waterdrop,
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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huzao, dwarf white, Youxi grain, white jade grain, dark rounded grain and red husk
grain (Figure 10). See Attachment 2-Table 1 for some other varieties.
Garnet Youxi Red Cold Waterdrop
Huzao Dwarf White Youxi Grain
White Jade Grain Dark Rounded Grain Red Dusk Grain
Figure 10 Traditional Paddy Rice Varieties
While preserving a lot of traditional rice varieties, Lianhe Township also
developed 84 kinds of hybrid rice (Attachment 2-Table 2), greatly guaranteeing the
local food safety.
Lianhe Terraces are also rich in other crop germplasm resources. There are 123
varieties of other crops growing in terraces, among which 27 are food grains, 21
oil-bearing crops, 44 vegetables, 4 green manure crops, 7 commercial crops, 10 fruit
trees, and 10 edible mushrooms (Attachment 2-Table 3).
Breeds of raised animals. In the rice farming system, Lianhe Terraces still
retain the rice-animal symbiotic cropping pattern, such as “shrimp farming in paddy”,
“escargot farming in paddy”, “crab farming in paddy”, “fish farming in paddy” and
“dark breeding in paddy”. In general, 12 kinds of animals keep symbiotic with rice,
including 6 kinds of fish like loach, monopterus, grass carp and carp, 3 kinds of
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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shrimps like prawn and macrobrachium, 2 kinds of conches like cipangopaludina
cahayensis and 1 kind of crab: See Attachment 2-Table 3.
In Lianhe terrace ecosystem, there are 35 kinds of livestock and poultry raised
by local people, mainly including 5 breeds of pigs such as Huai pig and Eastern
Fujian spotted pig, 6 breeds of rabbits such as Chinchila rabbit and rex rabbit, 3
breeds of Daiyun goat, 1 breed of dairy cattle, 2 breeds of farm cattle, 3 breeds of
dogs, 7 breeds of chickens like Youxi local chicken and gingko white chicken, 3
breeds of ducks like shanma duck, 3 breeds of geese like lion-head goose and 2
breeds of pigeons.
(2) Relevant species diversity
There are 166 breeds of animals (Attachment 2-Table 5), 672 species of plants
(Attachment 2-Table 4) and 27 strains of common microorganisms (Attachment
2-Table 6) in the forest, village, terrace and rive compound system of Lianhe
Terraces.
Forest sub-ecosystem: There are 458 species of plants, among which 147 are
trees, 72 bushes, 15 woody climbers, 184 herbaceous plants, 18 ferns and 6
bryophytes; 123 breeds of animals, including 49 invertebrates and 74vertebrates both
of which are mainly carnivorous and rodent animals; and 27 strains of common
microorganisms.
Village sub-ecosystem: There are 285 species of plants, including 60 trees, 33
bushes, 149 herbaceous plants, 13 herbaceous climbers, 23 ferns and 7 bryophytes;
63 breeds of animals, including 29 invertebrates and 34 vertebrates; and 7 strains of
common microorganisms.
Stream sub-ecosystem: There are 208 species of plants, including 43 trees, 51
bushes, 8 woody climbers, 12 herbaceous climbers, 73 herbaceous plants, 14 ferns
and 7 bryophytes; and 75 breeds of animals, including 37 vertebrates and 38
invertebrates.
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Lianhe Terraces are nursing plenty of rare species resources and possessing 2
first-grade state protection plants, i.e. cibotium barometz and taxus chinensis; 7
second-grade protection plants, i.e. phoebe zhennan, cinnamomum camphora,
tsoongiodendron odorum, Fujian phoebe zhennan, gingko, keteleeria fortunei and
Fujian cupressaceae (Figure 12); 3 third-grade protection plants, i.e. coptis
chinensis, mangnolia hypoleuca and magnolia officinalis; 9 Fujian Province-level
protection plants, i.e. Fujian cyclobalanopsis chungii, Fujian michelia, Fujian cerasus
serrulata, keteleeria fortunei, cryptomeria fortunei, podocarpus macrophyllus,
cephalotaxus sinensis, cinnamomum camphora and phyllostachys bambusoides.
In the Lianhe Terraces’ forest sub-ecosystem, there are 5 first-grade state
protection animals, i.e. eryx, boa, hairy-fronted muntjac, clouded leopard and
deinagkistrodon; 12 second-grade state protection animal, i.e. jackal, hoplobatrachus
Taxus chinensis Cibotium barometz
Figure 11 Youxi First-Grade State Protection Plants
Phoebe zhennan Cinnamomum camphora Fujian phoebe zhennan
Keteleeria fortunei Fujian cupressaceae Tsoongiodendron odorum
Figure 12 Second-Grade State Protection Plants
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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tigerinus, aquila fasciata, spilornis, Eurasian sparrowhawk, northern goshawk, black
eagle, greater coucal, common kestrel, otter, macaque and pangolin; 28 third-grade
state protection animals including hedgehog, fejervarya limnocharis, asiatic toad,
sinonatrix annularis, rice paddy snake, trimeresurus, porcupine, wild boar, hedgehog,
etc.; 7 Fujian Province-level protection animals, such as cormorant, Chinese hwamei,
long-eared owl and oriental turtle dove.
Eryx Boa Hairy-fronted muntjac
Clouded leopard Deinagkistrodon Jackal
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Otter Northern goshawk
Greater coucal Aquila fasciata Eurasian sparrowhawk
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Little egret Macaque Pangolin
Figure 13 State Protection Animals
1.2.2 Ecosystem Service Function
(1) Water conservation function of woodland and forest
Forest canopy and soil are able to conserve water powerfully and effectively
regulate the spatial and temporal distribution of rainwater. On rainy days, the forest
ecosystem on the top part of the mountain can retain part of the rainwater, which will
decrease the surface runoff and weaken the flood peak of rivers. Meanwhile, in the
dry season, the water conserved by the forest will infiltrate gradually into the terraces
to meet the water demand of terrace crops. The soil of terraces can also conserve
water to some extent and guarantee the water demand of varieties of plants in the
ecosystem. The places where Lianhe terraces locate have an annual mean rainfall of
about 1,600mm, the raining days of about 220d, the longest continuous raining days
of 17- 19d, the non-raining days of 16-20d, and the annual mean evaporation of
1313.4mm. According to the calculation, the water conservation amount of Lianhe
Terraces ecosystem is 439.49×108
m3
(Table 1), effectively guaranteeing the regular
production of local terrace agriculture.
Table 1 Soil Conservation Amount and Water Conservation Amount of Lianhe Terraces
Ecosystem
Item Area
(×104
ha)
Soil conservation amount
(×104 t)
Water conservation amount
(×108 m
3)
Farmland 2.84 108.69 41.73
Garden 2.22 37.53 32.66
Forest 24.85 3,894.13 365.10
Total 29.91 4,040.35 439.49
(2) Water and soil conservation function
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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There are many mountain lands in Youxi County, of which the structure of water
conservation forest-bamboo forest-village-terrace-river has function well in
conserving soil and water. On rainy days, the forests on the top of the mountain and
the aclinic terraces have the function of impounding water and slowing down the
flow velocity of surface runoff, which reduces the erosion influence of rainfall on
slope land and protects the soil and nutrients. According to the calculation, the soil
conservation amount of Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 4,040.35×104
t (table 1).
(3) Climate regulation function
The forest, terrace crops and varieties of herbaceous plants in Lianhe Terraces
system have the function of regulating climate and purifying air. The forest
sub-ecosystem of Lianhe Terraces, with flourishing forests, has strong function of
fixing carbon, releasing oxygen and increasing the content of aero-anion. The crops
mainly planted in the farmland sub-ecosystem such as grain, oil crops, sugarcane,
tobacco, vegetables, melon and fruit, tea, orchard fruits and greenfeed also have the
function of fixing carbon and releasing oxygen. According to the calculation, the
fixed carbon amount of woods is 1,433.96t and the released oxygen amount 1,055.67t,
and the fixed carbon amount of Lianhe farmland ecosystem is 80,050.87 t and the
released oxygen amount 58,933.16t. As a result, the total amount of fixed carbon of
Lianhe Terraces ecosystem is 81,484.83t and the total amount of released oxygen is
59,988.83t.
Table 2 Fixed Carbon Amount and Released Oxygen Amount of the Crops in Lianhe Terraces
Ecosystem
Item Output (t) Fixed carbon amount (t) Released oxygen amount (t)
Grain 8,656 12,541.58 9,233.07
Oil crops 295 480.85 354.00
Sugarcane 72 36.68 27.00
Tobacco 181 118.01 86.88
Vegetables 31,492 7,699.79 5,668.56
Melon and fruit 1,870 952.53 701.25
Tea 903 5,724.02 4,214.00
Orchard fruits 7,295 11,890.85 8,754.00
Greenfeed 21,798 40,606.56 29,894.40
Total 72,562 80,050.87 58,933.16
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Besides, Lianhe Terraces compound ecosystem also keeps the stability of local
air temperature and air humidity, that is, it plays a role in lowering temperature in
summer and keeping warm and humid in winter. The stable ecosystem keeps the
stability of local micro-climate environment, which can decrease the occurrences of
extreme whether like rainstorm, gale, drought and flood, and reduce the loss of life
and property.
(4) Control of diseases, pests and weeds
The terrace compound ecosystem, which consists of forests, terraces and villages,
has a complicated landscape structure and abundant biodiversity. As a result, the
incidence of diseases, pests and weeds in forest and farmland is reduced due to
mutual inhibition effect of creature and isolation effect of landscape. Furthermore,
Lianhe Terraces have diverse cropping and breeding patterns such as raising fish in
paddy field, raising ducks in paddy field, raising escargots in paddy field and raising
loaches in paddy field, by which the foraging and action of animals in paddy field can
reduce damage by insects. The compound production patterns also decrease the
application amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and improve the health
status of farmland ecosystem.
1.3 Knowledge Hierarchy and Adaptability Technology
1.3.1 Traditional Farming Tool
Terrace rice farming tools is one of the most important indicators for rice
farming skills and developmental level of rice agricultural production, and meanwhile
rice farming tools continuously develop and evolve with constant improvement of
rice farming skills and unceasing development of rice agricultural production. They
are characterized in lightness, convenience, obtaining raw materials locally and
suitability for multiple purposes. The types of main farming tools are shown in Figure
14.
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Curved-thill plough: a handy tool suitable for ploughing on terrace and flexible for operation,
which can economize on manpower and animal power.
Harrow: used for breaking up
and smoothing out the surface
of the soil after ploughing and
before rice transplanting.
Rotary plough stumping
machine: a farming tool used
for smoothing horse paddy
and pressing grass.
Grass pressing machine: a
farming tool using manpower
to smooth paddy and press
grass.
Qindao: a tool used to clear the
weed on the walls and the ridges
of terrace.
Pizai: also called “double
edged Qindao”, used to clear
the weed on the ridges and
walls.
Yangtong: used to carry rice
seedlings.
Hoe: a tool used to open up
wasteland or dig or loosen the
Pitchfork: a tool for weeding
rice field.
Straw cape: rain gear
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soil and do other works.
Grain hopper: a traditional
farming tool for rice threshing.
Grain screen: used to wipe
out the debris arising from
threshing.
Chedui: also called
“duichong”, used for hulling
rice.
Tulong: also called “leizi”, used
to obtain brown rice after
hulling rice.
Mortar: a tool used to
processing white kuih or ciba.
Drum windmill: also called
fan, used for removal of skin
and debris of rice and
blighted grain.
Stone mill: used for processing
rice, wheat, beans and other
grains into flour or thick liquid.
Sickle: used for harvesting
grain crops or cutting
succulent forage.
Figure 14 Types of Farming Tools for Lianhe Terrace
1.3.2 Compound Planting
Rice-fish symbiotic technology: Rice-fish symbiotic technology is a successful
mode among Lianhe terrace traditional agricultural production modes. Fish-farming
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in ditches at the inner edge of ridges, melon planting on shelves above ditches and
bean planting on ridges form a kind of stereoscopic agriculture, which has the
advantages hard to be replaced by modern conventional agriculture. The direct
economic income and comprehensive social benefit of mode of fish-farming in rice
fields is higher than conventional agricultural production. For example, the value of
ecosystem service provided by rice-fish symbiotic paddy ecosystem is higher than
conventional rice mode. The area of fish-farming in rice fields has been changing
with technology strength, soil fertility, chemical pesticide application and other
factors, but this mode still remains alive today. In addition to carp, the rice-fish
symbiotic animals can also be loaches, eels, crucian carps, river snails, clams, crabs
and shrimps etc. (Figure 15).
Shrimp farming in rice field River snail farming in rice
field
Crab farming in rice field
Fish-farming in rice field Loach farming in rice field Duck farming in rice field
Figure 15 Rice-fish (duck, crab) symbiotic system
1.3.3 Crop Rotation
Rice-potato rotation: There are mainly two modes for rice-potato rotation,
early rice-autumn sweet potato and spring sweet potato-late rice. The early rice
planted is the early, mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 115-125 d, which is
sowed and seedling-raised at the end of mid-march, transplanted in mid- and late
April, becomes mature and able to be harvested in mid- and late July; the soil
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preparation and planting of autumn sweet potatoes is from late Jul to early August,
and their harvest is early and mid-December; for the greenhouse seedling cultivation
of spring sweet potatoes, the soil preparation and planting is from late March to early
April, and their harvest is in late July; and the late rice planted is the early,
mid-maturing rice with the growth period of 110-120 d, which is sowed in mid-July,
transplanted in early August, becomes mature and able to be harvested in early
November.
Rice-melon rotation: Through explorations and practices the people in Lianhe
Township summarize an efficient cultivation technique of watermelon-rice rotation,
which not only effectively overcomes the successive cropping obstacle of watermelon
but also properly controls the occurrence of rice stripe disease. It is a cultivation
mode easy to operate with low investment and high profits. The seedling cultivation
of watermelon starts from mid-January, transplanting is in late February, the first
batch of picking starts from mid-April and ends in mid-May, and the second batch of
picking is in mid- and late June and then, the orchard is cleared; rice is sowed and
seedling-raised on 1-5 of June, rotary tillage on fields starts in late June, then
transplanting is carried out by machine or hand, harvest after mature is in later
October, and ploughing and curing is in November.
Tobacco-rice rotation: Tobacco production is a basic link in the sustainable
development of the whole industry. Its development prospect is directly related to the
quantity guarantee of the sustainable development of the tobacco industry in China
and the quality support of increased market competitiveness. Crop rotation is an
important thing in cropping system and also one of the approaches to combine the
usage and curing of arable land, increase crop yield and improve quality. As
tobacco-rice rotation have the advantages of improving physical and chemical
properties, improving soil fertility and fertilizer efficiency and controlling diseases
and pests etc., it is currently considered as the best cropping system in rice growing
area. Especially in the tobacco-growing area with serious diseases and pests problems,
promotion of tobacco-rice rotation is an efficient measure to realize the constant and
stable increase of tobacco production and ensure the quality of tobacco, and also an
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important way to solve conflict between tobacco and grain lands, achieve the
sustainable development of tobacco and guarantee the good harvest of both tobacco
and grain.
Rice-grass rotation: Mat grass is a kind of perennial root moor herbaceous
plant, mainly including common rush, Chinese alpine rush, bulrush etc.. Rice-grass
rotation is a bond of integration of farming with animal husbandry, which is
beneficial for the construction of ternary structure of grain, economic plant and
fodder in crop farming system. The addition of link “grass” in paddy cultivation
system opens up an eco-agriculture system connecting soil, grass, grain and livestock,
which is an enduring agricultural form.
Rice-vegetable rotation: The implementation of rice-vegetable rotation has
complementary of advantages for both irrigated land and dry land to increase profits.
The mode of rice and vegetable rotation in Lianhe Township is rich, and there are
mainly four kinds of rotated vegetables: (1) rice-tomato: after harvesting rice, the low
temperature resistant, early-maturing, mature concentrated, high-quality variety of
tomatoes is selected to be seedling-raised in early November and transplanted in the
next mid-February. Generally, they appear on the market in late April and their
harvest ends in early June. Rice is seedling-raised on May 1, transplanted in mid-June
and harvested in early October. (2) rice-cross-winter celery: celery is seedling-raised
in late July. The rice selected is the early-maturing variety, such as Taiwan white rice
etc.. Soil preparation shall be carried out in time after harvest in late September, and
then celery is transplanted into arched greenhouses. The planting spacing is generally
11 cm 11 cm, averagely 750,000 per hectare. After late October, grass carpets are
successively added, celeries are picked in winter and spring, and harvest ends in mid
April. (3) rice-cucumber-spring rape: after the harvest of rice, cucumbers are
seedling-raised in mid-October and transplanted into arched greenhouses when each
of them has four leaves and one stalk, and before and after spring, they appear on the
market in batches. Uprooting spring rapes after their edible portions have been
harvested in the next early May, then the soil is prepared and spring rapes are sowed
for harvest in early June. (4) rice-spinach-potato: after the harvest of rice, spinaches
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are sowed in early and mid-October, and appear on the market in batches from the
New Year’s Day to around the Spring Festival. Ridges are formed and potatoes are
sowed in later February and early March, and then film-mulched. 1500 kg of seeds
are used per hectare, the ridges formed are 75 cm wide, the planting spacing is 30-35
cm 20 cm, and the harvest starts in late May and early June.
1.3.4 Multiple Varieties Intercropping
Peasants in Lianhe terrace ecosystem advocate multiple varieties intercropping
to take advantage of different biological characteristics of different varieties of crops
and different resource utilization pattern and stress resistance characteristics, establish
multiple varieties intercropping, rice-bean intercropping and other technologies, and
improve the stress resistance of terrace ecosystem, which not only guarantees stable
crop yield, but also greatly reduces the use of pesticide and improves the quality of
agricultural products (Figure 16).
Figure 16 Multiple varieties intercropping
1.3.5 Disease, Insect Pest and Weed Prevention
For the prevention of wheat diseases and pests, soaking seeds in whitewash for
sterilization and wiping scattered and black ears out is commonly used; for the
prevention of sweet potato diseases and pests, resistant improved varieties are mainly
selected, and infected leaves are wiped out once discovered; the ways of preventing
diseases and pests of fruit trees and tea trees are mainly to burn the infected branches,
leaves and roots when clearing the orchard in winter, to properly trim and remove the
egg masses, and also to manually catch and kill longicorn beetles and to protect the
natural enemies of aleyrodid pests (ladybugs, grass bollworms, hoverflies, parasitic
wasp etc.).
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Rice is generally manually weeded, such as harrowing weeds with pitchfork,
throwing them onto the bank to dry them in the sun, and meanwhile remove the
diseases and pests. In addition, the growth of diseases and pests is controlled by relay
intercropping of animals eating pests and weeds, such as duck breeding,
goose-raising, fish-farming in rice fields, and deinsectization is carried out by
spreading lime, plant ash and China wood oil etc..
1.3.6 Soil Fertility Maintenance
Planting and breeding green manure: milk vetch is a leguminosae astragalus
biennial herbaceous plant, commonly known as safflower seed with high nitrogen
content and good fertility efficiency. In rice producing area, leguminosae green
manure plant used for winter rice planting has high yield. It is not only a kind of
high-quality fodder, but also a good honey fountain in florescence. Milk vetch also
fertilizes the soil after turning over of green manure. Turning plough is generally in
the full-blossom period in later March. Azolla is a kind of great green manure with
high nitrogen fixation ability, high photosynthetic efficiency, extensive adaptability,
rapid propagating and high yield. Currently, the area of rice fields with azolla to
fertilize the soil is gradually increasing. Azolla planting is generally 30 to 40 d after
transplanting rice seedlings, which is combined with “turning azolla” in the second
time of weeding and sunning land during intertillage.
Milk vetch Azolla
Figure 17 Green manure
Straw mulching: peasants in Lianhe terrace has been implementing straw
mulching for long, which is still in use today. It mainly includes ground cutting piles
for mulching the field without tillage, rapid decomposition and high stubble. High
stubble is common for ratoon rice. Duck breeding in ratoon rice fields allows
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providing grain fodder for ducks while duck feces are a kind of fertilizer source as
well, and moreover, ducks treading on fields is also beneficial for straw
decomposition and soil fertilization.
Application of farmyard manure: peasants in Youxi County always mix the
heaped up and thoroughly decomposed feces of human and livestock with plant ash
and burned soil to use as base fertilizer and additional fertilizer of crops. This
tradition of farmyard manure is also still in use today.
1.3.7 Knowledge of Airing and Storage
Terrain in Youxi is rough. It’s hard to find out a large flat plot, so in every
household, there is a flat ground of about 10 m2 in the yard specially built for airing
the newly harvested rice. For airing rice, the weather with altocumulus translucidus is
preferable. Rice is put on the bamboo curtains in furrow shape for airing, and the
duration of airing rice is from sunrise to sunset. During rice airing, rice is turned over
with shovels or pitchforks made of bamboo or wood every 2-3 h. Rice airing lasts for
around 2-3 d. Then, rice is bit with teeth to judge if rice is dry enough according to
the sound. Next, rice is stored in the bin. Due to the wet and rainy local climate, every
household stores the grain in the loft to prevent moisture and moldiness.
1.3.8 Agricultural Arrangement and Agrometeorological Observation
Experience
On the Tomb-Sweeping Day, pods and taros are planted; on the Winter Solstice,
ploughing is carried out, feces are spread in the fields, and cotton and wheat are
planted; the twelfth lunar month, straw ash is collected for the preparation of
ploughing next year.
If it snows heavily in the first lunar month of the year, this year will have good
harvest; if it often rains in the second lunar month, it is better to plant cotton, bean
and wheat; if it’s sunny on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, fruit trees will
have good harvest; if there is northwest wind on the Xiazhi, melons, fruits and
vegetables will be damaged by low temperature; if it doesn’t rain on the Liqiu, the
yield of various crops will decrease; and if there is thunder in the ninth lunar month,
the yield of vegetables will decrease.
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1.3.9 Terrace Landscape Construction Experience
Seen from the construction of landscape, it is an agricultural complex system of
forest (water conservation forest-bamboo forest)-village-terrace from high altitude to
low altitude, and such construction structure contains an abundant knowledge
hierarchy. First, utilizing water resource relying on the natural altitudinal gradient can
provide domestic water for peasant from water source in forest and discharge
peasants’ domestic water into terrace to fertilize the soil; second, the forest distributed
at the highest altitude can reduce landslides, debris flows and other natural disasters
to protect the safety of villages and terraces; and third, such spatial distribution
features is related to the demands for water and heat resources of human life and crop
growth on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is convenient for peasants to go up
the mountain for forest products and materials and go downhill for farming and
picking vegetables.
1.4 Agricultural Culture, Value System and Social
Organization
1.4.1 Food Culture
Youxi Lianhe Township is rich in rice. The main rice varieties are indica rice,
japonica rice and glutinous rice, so local people feed mainly on rice. The foods
processed with varieties of rice are of great local characteristics, such as white kuih
processed with the flour of japonica rice (commonly known as dahe rice, kuih rice),
and turnip kuih made from turnip strips and japonica rice flour; rice wine and red
wine brewed with glutinous rice, ciba made from steamed and mashed glutinous rice,
wormwood kuih made from wormwood and glutinous rice flour; rice vermicelli,
nine-layer kuih, rice gelee and golden kuih made from mashed indica rice (Figure
18).
In addition to the foods made from rice, there are also some foods processed
with wheat and cereals produced on terrace, such as fried “mouse” (a kind of fried
food looks like mouse) and chopsticks noodles processed with wheat (Figure 18),
sweet potato vermicelli made from sweet potatoes and mashed taro processed with
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betel nut taro (Figure 18). They are also unique Youxi foods. The ways of cooking
these foods came into being after long-term attempt and summary of Youxi people of
thousands of years.
White kuih Turnip kuih Rice wine Red wine
Ciba Wormwood kuih Rice vermicelli Nine-layer kuih
Rice gelee Golden kuih Mashed taro Chopsticks noodles
Figure 18 Special Youxi snacks
The cooking methods of foods are also dainty. In addition to various seasonal
fresh vegetables, meat of livestock and poultry and eggs, another specialty in Youxi is
the cured products by peasant families, such as sauced salty bamboo shoot cured with
fresh bamboo shoot, Youxi dried salted duck and preserved duck sunned and cured
with duck meat, smoked duck (Figure 19), smoked rabbit meat, loach rice vermicelli
made from loach and rice vermicelli (Figure 19), and preserved vegetables and ginger
in vinegar are also of great characteristics of Youxi. Seasonings are also unique, such
as Youxi people’s favorite Chinese scallion and garlic in vinegar. Youxi people also
pay much attention to dietary therapy and healthcare. They often stew meat with
angelica, radix astragali, ginseng, dried radix rehmanniae and other traditional
Chinese medicinal materials to ward off diseases and keep fit, which are typical
nutritious soups, such as grass roots soup stewed with pork and various grass roots
(Figure 19).
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The raw materials of above special Youxi foods are all produced from Lianhe
terrace system. The raw material of red loach rice vermicelli, red loaches only grow
in a certain field in Lianhe Township, so you can only eat red loach rice vermicelli in
Lianhe Township.
1.4.2 Folk Songs and Farming Proverbs
Local folk song is considered to be an art form which is the most close to life
and composed in the long-term production and life process of the local people. In the
terraces region at the foot of Jinji Mountain
in Lianhe Township, there’re numerous folk
songs being passed down from generation to
generation. The lyrics of those folk songs
contain much information about the local
farming activities. The Song of Farming
Season particularly describes the farming
activities of each month and main crops. In
addition to the Song of Farming Season, the
folk songs like Plowing Song, Figure out
Climate by Solar Terms, Song for Flower
Sauced salty bamboo
shoot
Youxi preserved duck Youxi smoked duck Loach rice vermicelli
Preserved vegetables Ginger in vinegar Garlic in vinegar Grass roots soup
Figure 19 Special Youxi dishes
Figure 20 Collection of folk songs,
farming proverbs and poems
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Festivals of Twelve Months and Song of Cowherd spreading there also depict the
local farming activities and growing seasons of animals and plants (See Attachment 4)
(See Figure 20).
Farming proverbs are the experience about agricultural production learned
during the production process of local people. The farming proverbs are simple and
rhyming and catchy. The farming proverbs spreading at Lianhe Township quite
comprehensively describe the features of local agriculture. For example, “Home is
home, be it ever so humble” and “The woodcutter knows everything happened in the
mountain” reflect the mountain farming of Lianhe Township; “Cherish the lamp oil
and treasure the farm cattle” indicates the importance of farm cattle to the local
farming activities; “It’s time to sow before and after the Tomb-Sweeping Day” and
“The wheat becomes ripe on the Tomb-Sweeping Day” reflect the farming activities
in different seasons; “Rains is much terrible than the ghosts on the 15th of the seventh
month in lunar calendar” particularly indicates the harms of rain to crops in the
midmonth of the seventh month in lunar calendar at Youxi; and “Have radish in
winter and ginger in summer will keep the doctor away” explains the healthcare
functions of healthy balanced diet to people’s body in different seasons.
1.4.3 Celebrities and Poems
Poem is an artistic way to describe the local natural landscapes and human
activities and the content of it is true to the local affairs. Since the setup of county in
Tang Dynasty, many poets went to Youxi and wrote down poems. For example, Han
Wu, a poet of Tang Dynasty wrote in his poem In Youxi that “The water flows slowly
and the sun is going down, I don’t hear the cluck or barking but singing crow”, which
reflects the sparse population of Youxi. And Zhu Song, a poet of Song Dynasty also
wrote in his poem Get Accommodation at Danxi on the 4th of the Seventh Month that
“The dews reflect the sunlight after sun rising, and the leaves fly with cold breeze.
The rice is becoming ripe and the fragrance of ritual wine is full of the whole village.
The weed at the foot of cattle is wet and the people return the house at dusk. These
simple things are fully of philosophy but I have no one to tell the chaos” describes the
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Figure 21 Portrait of
Zhu Xi
desirable growth of rice and hard working of the
people in the seventh month in lunar calendar at
Youxi.
Zhu Xi, the famous rationalist Neo-Confucian of
the South Song Dynasty, was born at Youxi.
Therefore, Youxi is called the “County of Zhu Xi’s
Neo-Confucianism”. Zhu Xi was China’s famous
rationalist, philosopher, educator and poet, and also
the representative figure of School of Fujian who
epitomized the thought of Confucianism, and the only
one who is not the student of Confucius but enshrined in the Temple of Confucius
with other eleven sages in the Dacheng Hall. His agronomic thought originated from
Youxi and in return, Youxi’s farming culture was influenced by his thought. Zhu Xi
wrote down many literary works at Youxi and many of which depicting the local
farming activities. His poem Vegetable Garden wrote that “Unknowingly that my life
is so idle. So I do the hoeing to even the soil. I have watered the soil and then check it
while walking.” describes the hoeing at leisure times and the vigorous growth of
vegetables. Zhu Xi also wrote in the poem Raggedly-versed Poem for Continuous
Rain that “I have to complain the too much rains to the God. It just now stopped but
soon pours down. Do you know the hazard of tiger and leopard? The rice has already
died.” reflects that the rice suffered a continuous rain disaster there and the invasion
of tiger and leopard happened frequently. While in his poem Welcome Rain after
Drought, “The rain came at dusk lasted a whole night. I dreamt the cheers for bumper
year. I get up and see the green field and decide to do farming today other than
writing.” it describes the happiness for having a welcome rain after a long drought
and the recovery of land. After Song Dynasty, there were scholars wrote down some
works about farming culture. For example, a poet of Qing Dynasty, Jiao Changfa
depicted the scene that rice seedlings flew with the wind in paddy and the farmers
were ploughing driving the cattle in his poem Small Mountains – Sowing Observation.
In his another poem See Rape Flower during the Walking in Mountain, it goes that
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“The beautiful sceneries are often seen in the suburbs in spring and the rape flowers
are blooming. A gust of light breeze brings the fragrance of wheat”, it indicates that
the spring oilseed rape and wheat were the common crops of Youxi Terraces. In the
poem Song of Pounding Clothes – Three Poems for Ploughing of Mao Qingshi, a
poet of Qing Dynasty, he wrote that “When the wheat goes ripe, the rice seedlings are
green. The farmers are busy with ploughing. Without the injunction of agricultural
officers, the farmers get up early. The farmer brothers work in cooperation with a due
division of labor and they will keep bending down the whole day. Soon, the paddy
will become green and the falling flowers become withered.” which presents the
cropping system of rotation of wheat the rice and field work of farmers at Youxi.
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1.4.4 Main Festivals
正月初一
阳历二月
六日左右
春鼓迎春
鞭牛迎春
正月初九 天公送春
二月廿七伏虎庙会
阳历四月
六日左右清明节
阳历五月
六日左右立夏
四月初八
天贶节 六月六日
耕牛节
七月十五 中元节
阳历十一月
七日左右
立秋后第
五个戊日秋社日
立冬节
Figure 22 Main Festivals in Youxi
正月初一 New Year ’ s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar
春鼓迎春 Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring
阳历二月六日左右 Around February 6 of the solar calendar
鞭牛迎春 Cattle-Whipping to Welcome Spring
正月初九 The ninth day of the first lunar month
天公送春 Spring Sent by the God
二月廿七 The 27th day of the second lunar month
伏虎庙会 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair
阳历四月六日左右 Around April 6 of the solar calendar
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清明节 Tomb-Sweeping Day
阳历五月六日左右 Around May 6 of the solar calendar
立夏 Beginning of Summer
四月初八 The 8th day of the fourth lunar month
耕牛节 Farm Cattle Festival
六月六日 The 6th day of the sixth lunar month
天贶节 Heaven Gift Day
七月十五 The 15tht
day of the seventh lunar month
中元节 Hungry Ghost Festival
立秋后第五个戊日 The fifth wu day after the Beginning of Autumn
秋社日 Gnome Worship Day in Autumn
阳历十一月七日左右 Around Nov. 15 of the solar calendar
立冬节 Beginning of Winter Day
Spring Drums Welcoming the Arrival of Spring: The Spring Drum, also
known as “bell and drum”, is popular in Youxi. It can be seen in both large and small
villages. It’s called Spring Drum for it’s played upon the arrival of Spring Festival,
meaning the drum welcoming spring. In villages in Youxi, an ancestral house shall be
equipped with one bass drum and two gongs. People consider the drum as the “heart
of house” and the gong as “gallbladder”. From the first day and the fifth day of the
first lunar month during Spring Festival, each house plays the “Spring Drum” to
welcome the arrival of New Year and pray for peace for the whole year. In case of
large worship ceremonies of each family, the drum is played as a musical instrument
for ceremonies to create atmosphere. There are only three musical instruments for
Spring Drum: one bass drum, one big gong and one small gong. Music of Spring
Drum is simple and there are only three phrases with each having two phrases in
antithesis (the previous one and the next one). Beats of gongs and drums are: ①
Pang, Pang, Beat, Beat, De--, Beat, Beat, Pang, Pang, De--; ② Pang, Beat, Pang,
Beat, De, Beat, Pang, Beat, Pang, De--; ③ Pang, Beat, De--, Beat, Pang, De--. Only
two persons are needed to play them while walking. Hang the bass drum and small
gongs on the front end of a shoulder pole or stick and hang a weight or brick on the
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tail. One person carries the shoulder pole while, playing while walking, and the other
one plays the bass drum to clear the way.
Cattle-Whipping to Welcome
Spring: Youxi has had the custom of
whipping cattle on the Beginning of
Spring since Tang and Song
dynasties (Figure 23). The event is
held by the authority and has fixed
ceremonies. Mould soil cattle and
Goumang God after the Beginning of
Winter; receive soil cattle and
Goumang God at the etiquette door
of the yamen (government office in
feudal China) in the afternoon before the Beginning of Spring. The cattle-whiping
ceremony officially begins in the morning of the Beginning of Spring. The county
leader wears robes and holds a colorful rod. He reads a “Prayer” facing the soil cattle,
walks around the cattle, and beats the cattle three times with the colorful rod. The
group comes up to beat the cattle into soil with the rod. The children clap and sing a
rhyme, “Whip the cattle’s head to bring good weather for this year. Whip the cattle’s
body to bring wealth and good fortune. Whip the cattle’s tail to bring good health and
a long life.” After the ceremony, the public take some soil home and scatter them in
the field or flowers and trees in the yard, meaning that they welcome spring and get
good fortune.
Spring Sent by the God: The custom of worshiping the god on the ninth day of
the first lunar month in Youxi has been in existence since ancient times without
interruption. The god means the Jade Emperor. The ninth day of the first lunar month
is the Jade Emperor’s birthday which is also called “Jade Emperor’s Birthday”, “Jade
Emperor’s Day” or “God’s Day”. The Jade Emperor worship ceremony in folk
usually begins early in the morning of the ninth day of the first lunar month and lasts
till the sunrise. All family members must fast and take a bath on the ninth day eve
Figure 23 Cattle-whipping to Welcome Spring
Ceremony
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(the evening of the eighth day) to show solemnity and respect. In the morning, each
household puts a square table in the courtyard before the hall and puts incense,
candles, tea, alcohol and offerings. As people live in suites now, they put incense,
candles and offerings in the balcony. Most offerings are vegetarian food. There are
“five fruits” (orange, tangerine, apple, banana and sugarcane), “six vegetables” (day
lily, agarics, mushroom, flowering cabbage, pea and Tofu), noodles, white cakes and
a live carp. When the time’s right, all family members dress up neatly and offer
incense by order of seniority. They burn gold ingots for the Jade Emperor, set off
firecrackers and release the live carp in the pool or river.
Tomb-Sweeping Day: The weather is fresh and warm during the
Tomb-Sweeping Day. Grass and trees sprout; everything revives. On the
Tomb-Sweeping Day, people go to the field to pick fresh flowers and put them in a
vase in home. Some people hang willow twigs on the door, which is called “willow
hanging” or “spring receiving”. Women go to the mountain to pick green tea and
make a pot of “Qingming Tea”. It’s said that “Qingming Tea can improve eyesight”.
Food for the Tomb-Sweeping Day is “mugwort cakes” or “salty mugwort”. Besides,
People in Youxi will visit and worship the departed relatives’ graves on the
Tomb-Sweeping Day.
Beginning of Summer Day: The Beginning of Summer is the beginning of
summer. It’s an important solar term when the temperature significantly rises, the hot
summer comes, thunderstorms increase, and crops grow fast. On this day, peasants
cook pork in wine sauce and eat it with rice. They eat glutinous rice and rice cakes
stuffed with bamboo shoots, hoping they’ll have an abundant harvest. These foods
give legs strength; it’s called “skeleton building” or “legs strength building”. People
in some villages eat pounded rice cakes stuffed with bamboo shoots and vegetables
which are called “summer cakes”.
Farm Cattle Festival: The 8th
day of the fourth lunar month is the Farm Cattle
Festival. Some villages and towns call it Cattle Birthday (such as Lianhe Township)
and some others say it’s the day when the cattle eat holy peaches (such as Xinyang
County). On this day, peasants don’t let cattle work. They let cattle eat grass in the
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field early in the morning, hoping cattle get healthy and strong. On this day, people
eat guangbing (scones made from flour); married daughters send salty and sweet
guangbings to her parents. The salty guangbing is crispy and the sweet one is soft; the
latter is called “Zhengdong Scone”. It’s said that eating guangbings on this day can
prevent tooth decay. There are also cases where relatives in neighboring cities
exchange steamed stuffed buns or cakes.
Heaven Gift Day: It falls on the 6th
day of the sixth lunar month. There’s a
saying in Youxi that “goblins dry medicine in the sun on the 6th
day of the sixth lunar
month”. The hot sun is high in the sky with a high temperature and dry air. This
weather is suitable for basking clothes, quilts and books to remove moths and fish
moths. It’s also good for health. The custom of drying clothes and quilts in the sun is
popular in Youxi. Scholars dry books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get
mildewed or be eaten by moths throughout the year. Therefore, it’s a custom for
people in Youxi to dry clothes and quilts in the sun on this day, and scholars dry
books, scripts and paintings, hoping that they don’t get mildewed or be eaten by
moths throughout the year. By customs, graveclothes and bridal dresses stocked in
home should be basked in the sun on this day, and they can’t be exposed to the sun on
other days. In case a shower falls and wets goblins’ medicine, people will be safe and
sound throughout the year. This day is also the “Fresh Delicacy Tasting Day” of
villages. A saying goes that “Eat new grains on the 6th
day of the sixth lunar month”.
Early rice is just harvested. Mill rice and cook the meal to welcome a harvest year.
Hungry Ghost Festival: People in Youxi call it “Mid-July Days”, i.e. the 15th
day of the seventh lunar month. It’s also known as “Spirit Festival”. It’s originally a
religious festival when people hold a memorial ceremony for souls of ancestors.
People in Youxi pay much attention to “Mid-July Days”, taking the period between
the 1th
day and the 15th
day of the seventh lunar month as “July Festival”. It’s said
that people found shelters in mountains in turbulent days in ancient times. People of
different family names met in adversity and treated each other like relatives. They
celebrated festivals in turn. Therefore, nowadays the date when people celebrate
“July Festival” is different in Youxi. Main events on this day are to worship ancestors
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Figure 24 Worshiping the Chan master who subdues the tiger
in the ancestral hall and to recall the departed. The date of ancestor worship varies
among different villages and family names. The ancestor worship ceremony may be
held on the 1st day, the 9
th day, the 13
th day, the 14
th day or the 15
th day of the seventh
lunar month. It’s said the soul of the departed ancestors should return home once
during the period, so an ancestor worship ceremony is necessary. People kill ducks,
pound rice cakes and cook salty long-shaped rice cakes when preparing offerings for
the ancestor worship ceremony.
Gnome Worship Day in Autumn: The Gnome Worship Day in Autumn falls on
the fifth wu (the fifth of the ten Heavenly Stems) day after the Beginning of Autumn.
The autumn gnome worship is in relation to the spring gnome worship, among which
the latter celebrates a harvest and the former pray for a harvest. On this day, peasants
meet and worship the gnome to thank him for deigning a bumper year to the world. In
the agricultural society where people “live
at the mercy of the elements”, peasants
worshiped the gnome before the spring
ploughing and after the autumn harvest in
order to pray for and thank “Heaven” and
“Earth” for blessings. In case a relative
passes away before the Gnome Worship
Day in Autumn of that year, people should
choose an auspicious day to worship the
new tomb few days before the Day.
Beginning of Winter: It marks the
beginning of winter and the end of field
work of the year. After the Beginning of
Winter, peasants start to be engaged in
water conservancy capital construction
and other farm work. Eat “winter sticky
rice balls” to celebrate the harvest and stew meat with herbs to “nourish body”.
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Tiger Subduing Temple Fair: The Tiger Subduing Temple Fair in Lianhe is
held on the 27th
day of the second lunar month every year. It has a history of over 800
years since the Song Dynasty. The temple fair formally begins on the 27th
day of the
second lunar month. In fact, relevant ceremonies begin on the1st day of the second
lunar month, such as fast, getting incense from the Tiger Subduing Temple, and
setting Taoist sites for service by Taoist priests. People pray for protection from tigers,
good weather for crops, an abundant harvest of all crops, peaceful villages and
harmonious towns (Figure 24).
1.4.5 Customs
Youxi has many mountainous regions with small terraces scattering on slopes.
Some fields mare so small that only three or five branches of rice seedlings can be
planted in them. There’s a saying that “a bamboo hat can cover three fields”. Certain
production customs gradually form among people in Youxi under the natural
conditions.
Ground breaking: Choose an auspicious day for ground breaking at the
beginning of a new year, i.e. “breaking the ground” in one’s own field. Hoe the field,
burn incense and offer several strips of white papers to thank the gnome and pray for
a harvest.
The first day of rice transplanting: The planter eats two eggs for breakfast and
each of his families eats one egg as well as vermicelli, wine and dishes. The egg is
called “Egg for Farming”.
Autumn Insertion: The peasant fastens a slip of white paper to the tail of the
bamboo pole and inserts the pole in the field. They also prepare cakes or rice balls
and pork to worship the gnome to pray for a harvest.
Birds and beasts expelling: Set up scarecrows in fields to frighten birds away.
Put bamboo sounders in fields when rice and sweet potatoes are about to ripen to
prevent them from being eaten by wild boars. The bamboo sounder makes rhythmic
sounds by hydraulic power to frighten wild boars away.
Tasting new rice: When eating the first meal of new rice every year, fill a bowl
of new rice to worship the gnome as an expression of gratitude.
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Return Banquet: People in Youxi were not rich before, and it’s hard to raise
pigs, so they seldom ate meat. When the pig is grown up and butchered, people cook
“duck blood for worship” and send it to neighbors to have a taste. They also prepare a
feast and invite relatives and friend to gather to improve their diets. Most dishes are
made of pork and haslets. They also give some fresh pork to relatives.
1.4.6 Worship and Taboo
(1)Worship
People in Youxi think that the
Jade Emperor is sovereign, so they
hold ceremonies to worship the Jade
Emperor in case of important happy
events such as wedding, birth of
babies, birthday parties and house
moving (Figure 25).
Worship the Chan master
subduing the tiger (Figure 26). The
Tiger Subduing Temple Fair has been
in existence since the Southern Song
Dynasty. The ceremony is very grand.
The main reason is that Youxi was
troubled by tigers in the Song Dynasty.
The Chan master subduing the tiger is
the god who subdues tigers in people’s mind. He solves troubles caused by tigers.
(2) Taboo
“Spring Sent by the God” falls on the 9th
day of the first lunar month. There are
many taboos on this day. People rise up and wash the face. The face-washing water
can’t b poured into the ditch and pitch for fear that it may stain the Jade Emperor’s
face. On this day, people are not allowed to sweep outdoor places; rubbish in the
house can’t be dumped outside. Kids are not allowed to urinate in outdoor places;
Figure 25 Worshiping the Jade Emperor
Figure 26 Tiger Subduing Temple Fair
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otherwise it’s an offense for the Jade Emperor. Women’s underpants can’t be aired in
open air to avoid contradiction between yin and yang. Peasants are not allowed to
carry night-soil buckets or wash buckets by the pool for fear that it may offend the
Jade Emperor and gods.
On the 1st day and 15
th day of each lunar month and the 24
th day of the fifth
lunar month, people are not allowed to carry urine buckets. Particularly, on the eve of
the 24th
day of the fifth lunar month, the clan leader and the night watchman beat
gongs to notify people, “tomorrow is the 24th
day of the fifth lunar month. Don’t
carry urine buckets lest blasphemy”.
The 10th
day of the first lunar month is the “birthday of ground”. On this day,
people shouldn’t break or dig in ground. The 8th
day of the fourth lunar month is the
“Farm Cattle Festival”, and people shouldn’t let cattle work. Weeding is not allowed
on the Beginning of Autumn Day. Mantis eradicating is not allowed on the Limit of
Heat Day. It means there should be no delay in the farming season.
Timberjacks should keep silence before lumbering on the mountain. The timberjack
cuts a gap on the tree head and begins to fell its upper parts.
1.4.7 Village Regulation and Agreement
Farm work in terraces in Youxi is based on manpower and animal power.
Particularly, people carry rice in the field home during the autumn harvest; the road is
public. Therefore, villages agree on a Road Repairing Day before the autumn harvest.
They remove sundries on both sides of the road and fill grooves on the road so that
the road becomes flat when people carry grains home.
In spring and winter, villager teams organize villagers to voluntarily build and
desilt channels and weed to ensure the availability of agricultural water. Villagers
obey the plan and distribution of production water by the village head. They develop
the spirit of mutual accommodation and prevent disputes on water such as fights. The
team organizes villagers to clean the areas around their houses and main streets of the
village on the 24th
day of the fifth lunar month every year.
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1.4.8 Folk Handicrafts
People in terraces have long been living in a compound agroecological system
comprising forest, field, village and river. They create many folk crafts using
products produced in the compound system.
Youxi abounds in bamboo. Many farmers in Lianhe terrace can plait handicrafts
using bamboo (Figure 27). Fine products weaved by bamboo are baskets, dustpans,
sieves, bamboo hats, baskets (for gift shoulder pole), summer sleeping mats, dish
covers, etc. There are also daily living equipment like bamboo beds, bamboo chairs,
bamboo tea tables, dish covers, tripod brushes, bamboo brooms and bamboo
chopsticks, and ropes and torches weaved by bamboo skins. These products are
marvelous and exquisite.
Figure 27 Handcrafts Made of Bamboo and Wood
Folk straw products include straw mats made of mat grass and the paillasse and
straw sandals made of rice straws. The most famous straw mats are Xiayang (within
present Xinyang County) straw mat, Sufeng (within present Zhongxian Village)
“Sushe Mat”, Shanlin (within present Zhongxian Village) “Xiping Mat” and Meixian
Ping Village Mat. Straws used to weave straw mats are the wild rock grass growing
by streams or in cliffs or the mat grass artificially planted in ponds. The former is
woven into mats after boiling, heating and drying, and the mat is smooth,
non-absorbent and pollution-free; the latter is split and woven into mats and the mat
is thick and durable.
Rattan-weaved products in Youxi include rattan chairs, rattan cases and rattan
beds. Rattan products, especially those from Guanqian, are durable.
The folk kirigami in Youxi has a long history. There are generally two types of
paper-cut: paper-cut pasted on panes and decoration papers for oblations and gifts.
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The paper-cut pasted on panes has various patterns including twelve Chinese zodiac
signs, dragon and phoenix, mandarin ducks and a pair of lovebirds, the magpie
announcing good luck, Kylin bringing auspicious signs, plum blossoms welcoming
spring, riches and honor, more children and happiness, auspicious flowers and grass,
as-you-wish and double happiness, etc. Patterns on decoration papers for oblations
and gifts are simple. These papers on inserted in the chicken’s mouth, covered on the
chicken’s back (known as chicken coat in Meixian), wrapped around the chicken’s
feet, or put on oblations like cakes and noodles.
1.4.9 Social Organizations
Farm cattle sharing: There are few fields and large population in Youxi. The per
capita cultivated land is less than 0.067 ha. The farm cattle will be in idle if every
family raises a head of farm cattle. And raising cattle is expensive and
time-consuming. Therefore, it’s usually the case in Lianhe terrace that several
families raise a head of cattle together to reduce the cost and make the most use of
resources.
Mutual help with farm work: Terraces are small and steep and need intensive
labor. It’s hard for the labor force in one family to finishing reaping within the best
harvest time during harvest seasons. Besides, the tradition of mutual help forms due
to different seedling transplanting and ripening times for crops in terraces of different
altitudes. When it’s time for one family to transplant seedlings or reap, other families
whose seedling transplanting and harvest times are not arrived yet will help the
family with farm work. The mutual help tradition ensures the normal operation of
farm work in terraces, harmonious relationships among people in terraces and the
stability of the terrace system.
1.5 Management of Landscape and Land and Water Resources
1.5.1 Composite Landscape
People in Lianhe terrace have been living in the natural environment with
mountain lands for over a thousand years. With their wisdom and efforts of
generations, they create a recyclable three-dimensional production system to ensure
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people’s livelihood and a healthy and stable living environment. The Lianhe terrace
system is reclaimed near the mountain. The forest for water resource conservation
and bamboo forest are on the mountain top; villages and terraces are on the middle
part of the mountain with villages scattering among terraces; rivers are on the lower
part. A spatial framework of forest for water resource-bamboo
forest-village-terrace-combination of terraces and villages - river conservation is thus
formed from top to bottom (Figure 28). The system has great landscape values and
diverse ecological functions.
Figure 28 Vertical Layout of Lianhe Terrace
In the vertical layout of Lianhe terrace, different landscapes are well-spaced with
clear boundaries. The layout reflects the harmonious environment in which fields and
forests are combined and terraces and villages are combined and shows a rich and
diverse spatial layout for landscapes (Figure 29).
Figure 29 Villages in Terraces
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1.5.2 Terrace Landscape
Landscape in sequential variation: The composite landscape is diverse in
spatial layout as well as in time (Figure 30). Lianhe terrace presents different views in
four seasons due to the farming and production work and aspect changes of plants,
presenting a beautiful view.
Figure 30 Time Diversity of Lianhe Terrace landscape
Plant landscape in vertical variation: The farming system of paddy fields in
Lianhe terrace is mainly differentiated based on different altitudes. Areas below 400m:
vegetable – rice - winter fallow (or green manure); areas between 400-600m:
middle-season rice - oilseed rape rotation; or plant vegetables, watermelon, corn,
peanut, soybean, green soy bean, pea, tobacco- paddy-vegetables, mushroom, green
soy bean, pea, etc. areas above 600m: middle-season rice- vegetables (mushroom,
potato, green soy bean, pea), middle-season rice - winter fallow (or green manure);
late rice of single season- winter fallow (green manure).
1.5.3 Farmland Landscape
Ecological farming pattern: Lianhe terrace is an artificial ecosystem form long
ago. In winter, farmers irrigate the field to rot residual rice stalks and weeds and plant
azollas and duckweeds to fertilize the field. They also breed sheldrakes. In the spring
ploughing season, they turn over the field and transplant rice seedlings. They also
plant soybeans in field ridges and scatter fries in some paddy fields. Ducks and fishes
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can effectively reduce weeds in water and plant diseases and insect pests. The well
developed root system of the soybeans in the ridge prevents the paddy field and the
ridge from collapsing even in the rainy season. Nitrogen fixation specific to legume
crops, faeces of ducks and fishes, and fertilizing plants planted in winter increase the
fertility of the paddy field. This traditional agroecological system comprising diverse
plants and animals ensures rice farming civilization lasting for thousands of years.
According to investigation, types and patterns of Lianhe terrace crop rotation include:
rice-potato rotation, rice-melon rotation, rice-vegetables rotation, rice- tobacco
rotation, rice-grass rotation, rice-fish rotation, rice-duck rotation, etc (Figure 31).
Figure 31 Diverse Planting Patterns
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2. Historical Significance
2.1 Historical Origin and Development of Youxi Lianhe Terrace
According to archaeological materials, three Neolithic settlement sites namely
Meixian Site, Xinqiao Site and Xiyang Site were once discovered within Youxi
County, which proves that humans have settled down in Youxi long before.
According to Records of the Historian, some people of the Yue State went to Fujian
to settle down (Minyue people) in the late of the Western Zhou Dynasty (475 B.C. –
221 A.C.), which promoted the local agricultural development.
According to History of Nine Kingdoms and Jian’ou County Annals, wars broke
out continuously in Central Plains after the “Yongjia Turmoil” (304 A.C). Many
literati and officials sought asylum in Fujian with their families. Most of them went to
the upstream of the Minjiang River and Youxi is one of the important destinations for
migration. During the “Hou Jing’s Rebellion” (548 A.C.), people in Zhejiang
migrated to Fujian to escape from war and brought advanced agricultural
technologies in Central Plains and Zhejiang, accelerating the agricultural
development in Youxi. According to Youxi County Annals, most people in Youxi lived
along streams in mountains. There might be terraces with gentle slopes. The
agriculture is in the stage of extensive operation as a whole.
The population of Youxi continued to increase in the Tang Dynasty (618 A.C.).
Youxi became a county in the 29th
year under the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (741
A.C.). Since the An Lushan Rebellion (755 A.C.), wars broke out continuously in the
north. Many families in the north marched to Fujian to escape from the war. The
population of Youxi increased continuously. In the Tang Dynasty, the agriculture in
Fujian turned to intensive operation from extensive operation, and the agriculture
began to develop on the mountain. According to the Cao’s ancestral spectrum of
Lianhe Township, Youxi, the Cao’s migrated to Ziran Village, the south end of the
south village, Lianhe Township from Shaxian County in the Tang Dynasty. It means
that the Youxi Lianhe terrace was reclaimed at that time, so it has a history of over
1300 years.
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During the Jingkang Turmoil (1126 A.C.-1127 A.C.) of the late of the Northern
Song to the Southern Song (1127A.C. – 1279 A.C.) and the Yuan Dynasty (1271 A.C.
- 1368 A.C.), people fled to the south due to wars. The population of Fujian rose
rapidly. “Fujian has a large population and few fields. It’s hard to make a living here.”
It means areas in northern Fujian have a large population and few fields. “There are
many mountains and silty fields. People start to farm on mountains. Plants on slopes
and boundary paths of rice fields are everywhere to see in the mountain just like seal
characters”. It shows that the terrace landscape was very popular in Fujian in the
Song Dynasty. The Tiger Subduing Temple in Lianhe was built in the Southern Song
due to troubles caused by tigers. At that time, terraces developed on the mountain in
Lianhe were on a certain scale.
People in Fujian began to move to other provinces and remote areas in the
province due to the large population and few fields in the period of Ming and Qing
Dynasty. According to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe, people moved to
Lianhe and the period is an important stage for the formation of scale of Lianhe
terrace.
In the 20th
century, people in Fujian moved out in large scale twice. However,
according to the family name genealogy of Youxi Lianhe terrace, few families have
moved out from the 20th
century to this day. The area of Lianhe terrace has little
change and the scale of Lianhe terrace is stable.
2.2 Historical Significance of Youxi Lianhe Terrace
2.2.1 Important Elements Comprising the Traditional Chinese Farming Culture
Most ancestors of people in Youxi are Han people who moved to here from
Central Plains, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to escape from the war during the
Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Tang and Song dynasties. They brought the
culture and farming techniques of Central Plains, and many cultural customs are still
in good conservation. Lianhe terrace is a type of terrace developed by Han people
themselves as well as the ancient terrace which is preserved by now with the longest
history in Chinese history. The local farming culture is the representative of the
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excellent Chinese agricultural culture. The tradition farming culture is in good keep
due to inconvenient traffic and less impact from the outside culture. The preservation
of the culture helps to protect the integrity of traditional Chinese farming culture.
Besides, a stable terrace ecosystem ensures human reproduction and the inheritance
and development of culture. Locals still reserve a lot of traditional festivals, etiquette
and customs due to daily terrace farm work, resistance to natural disasters, and the
stability of living conditions in terrace areas and other living environments. These
etiquette and customs play an important role in the inheritance of farming culture and
have special historical and cultural values.
2.2.2 Valuable Experiences for China’s Construction of Ecological Agriculture
The development of Lianhe terrace experiences over 1300 years, during which
people developed the barren mountain into terraces that can bring up locals. With
experience accumulated in many years, they develop and keep the traditional farming
skill which is adapt to local conditions and environmental, including the paddy field
cropping system suitable for terraces in different altitudes, cultivation techniques for
single cropping rice and pollution-free rice, techniques to raise rice seedlings on
upland fields, cultivation techniques for ridges and furrows, cultivation techniques for
regeneration rice, etc. Meanwhile, there are many types of farming patterns for
Lianhe terrace, such as rice-fish co-cropping, rice-duck co-cropping, rice-potato
rotation and rice-grass rotation. The Lianhe terrace also inherits and develops
ecological and environmental field fertilizing techniques, deinsectization techniques,
and animal farming techniques. These farming patterns preserved and inherited fully
reflect the ecological idea of harmony between man and nature and harmony between
nature and nature in terms of conservation of water and soil, water conservation,
climate regulation, disease, insect pest and weed control, nutrient cycling, etc. They
also reflect the ecological value standard for the use of natural laws based on respect
for nature. Therefore, the traditional farming technique of Lianhe terrace provides
valuable experience for China’s construction of ecological agriculture.
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3 Practical Significance
3.1 To Guarantee the Food Safety of Local Residents
Since Han and Jin Dynasties, Youxi County has been being under a relatively
stable social environment, so the grain yield of terraces is also stable, many outsiders
gradually move in, and the area of terraces is extending continuously. With the
industrialization and urbanization of China, the cultivated area everywhere is
decreasing gradually, and food safety problems are increasingly serious, but the grain
yield of Lianhe Terrace still remains stable, showing its advantages against the impact
of urbanization and industrialization. The good composite agricultural system
structure and the scientific water source management experience of the Youxi Lianhe
Terrace show its capacity to cope with natural disasters. Various plantation structures
and crop varieties are significant to guarantee the food safety and trophic structure
diversity of the local residents.
3.2 To Provide Quality and Safe Agricultural Products and to
Increase Resident Income
Many farming processes of Lianhe Terrace are finished by the traditional
farming methods. Compared with modern farming methods mainly using pesticides
and chemical fertilizers, it uses relatively less pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
However, the naturally remained traditional composite ecological planting skill such
as fish cultivation in rice field and duck breeding in rice field, and deinsectization
ways such as spreading lime and plant ash ensure the food supply and variety for the
local residents and their food health and safety, and play an exemplary role for the
transformation of agriculture relying on pesticides and chemical fertilizers.
Terrace agricultural system often applies the traditional and ecological planting
pattern and has a good basis to develop organic and green agriculture. The beautiful
landscape, featured delicious food, special cultural conventions and clean natural
environment are important tourism resources. The economic income of farmers can
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be greatly increased by developing green and organic agriculture and tourism
industry.
3.3 To Play an Important Role in Protecting and Inheriting the
Local Variety of Crops
The terrace agro-ecological system includes forests, rice fields and dry lands,
villages and rivers, and various ecological systems contain rich biological diversities,
making sure the reproduction and evolutionary environment for various creatures and
remaining plenty of biological gene resources. In recent decades, with the rapid
popularization of hybrid rice, transgenic technology, etc., the traditional crop variety
was impacted greatly. The traditional crop variety has been on the edge of imminent
danger. Biological diversity, species diversity and crop variety diversity have been
challenged. There are plenty of local rice varieties at the Youxi Lianhe Terrace,
including 72 traditional rice varieties, and many other animals and plants varieties
including shanma duck, Muscovy duck, semi-Muscovy duck, etc. of strong foraging
capacity, as well as many local varieties of livestock breeds, green manure and locally
manufactured pesticides, etc. and all of them are of significant historic cognitive
value.
3.4 To Be Beneficial to Ecological Civilization Construction of
Local Agriculture
In the Report of the 18th
National Congress of the Communist Party of China,
“Wild China” was firstly used as the magnificent target of future ecological
civilization construction. The government work report of the Twelfth National
People's Congress secondly focused on strengthening the ecological civilization
construction and environmental protection and put efforts into promoting green,
cyclic and low-carbon development. All these ideas are excellent opportunities to
protect traditional farming culture and agricultural heritage. The traditional farming
method of Youxi Lianhe Terrace conforms to the development idea of ecological
civilization and green and environmental protection, so it can be used by the Youxi
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County as the best entry point to carry out agricultural ecological civilization
construction. In accordance with the National Ecological Civilization Construction
Pilot Demonstration County and City Indexes (trial), relevant indexes of county
ecological civilization agricultural construction mainly include that “the proportion of
the planting area of the organic food, green food and nuisance free agricultural
product to main agricultural products shall ≥60%”. In 2013, there were 18 enterprises
producing 21 kinds of nuisance free agricultural products, 11 certified enterprises
producing 21 kinds of green products, 2 enterprises producing 24 kinds of organic
food. Totally, there were 31 enterprises producing 65 kinds of products, covering a
total area of 37,282.2 hectares, with a total yield of 498,828 tons; and their planting
area has reached 51.1%. Therefore, the traditional farming and planting pattern and
planting skill are beneficial to build the agricultural ecological civilization and realize
goals of Youxi County, and to promote the sustainable development of local
agriculture.
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4 Threats and Challenges
4.1 Increasing Extreme Weather Results in Uneven
Space-Time Distribution of Water Resources
Water resource is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of rice
terraces. Recently, global climate changes and increasing extreme weather resulted in
uneven space-time distribution of water resources. There was no river passing
through the ancient terraces including such five terraces as Lianyun Terrace, Xiayun
Terrace, Yuanshan Terrace, Lianxi Terrace and Dongbian Terrace among Lianhe
Terraces. Their water supply mainly depends on the head-water forest water
conservation above the terrace. There is concentrative precipitation in Youxi County
where is in summer drought from July – August. In the context of global climate
changes, there are more extreme weather events, so the water resource of the terrace
during dry season becomes a great challenge for the development of terraced rice
agriculture. Meanwhile, the water resource management capacity decreases due to the
decreasing farm population and aging trend; and many spring water gaps are
neglected, which has an impact on the water resource demands of terrace agriculture
to some extent.
4.2 Modern Agricultural Technology Brings Impact on the
Traditional Farming Methods
With experience accumulated in many years, the traditional, green and
environmental farming methods suited to local conditions are formed and reserved
for Lianhe Terrace. These traditional farming methods significantly contribute to
protecting the diversities of agricultural production technique and realizing the
sustainable development of Lianhe Terrace. However, with the development of
agricultural modern technology, local farmers begin to plant high-yield hybrid rice
and to use chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to guarantee the yield of food
crop and accordingly improve economic profit.
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At Lianhe Township where is the key protective heritage site, many farmers
choose to plant hybrid rice instead of the traditional rice to increase income. At
present, the main rice varieties planted at Lianhe Terrace are stable-yield hybrid rice
varieties such as II Youshen 98, Leyou 94, eII You 315; and only a few of traditional
rice varieties such as Aijiaobai, Baitoupeng, Shiliuhong, and Huhan planted here. It is
easy for hybrid rice planted in large area to result in the loss of the traditional rice,
threats to biological diversity and faster spreading of plant diseases and insect pests
and accordingly to affect the stability of the local rice field ecosystem. In addition,
the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used at Lianhe Township where is
the key protective heritage site is on the increase (Figure 32 and Figure 33). The
application of chemical fertilizers will boost crop production in a short term, but will
weaken the soil fertility of the farming land in a long term and result in non-point
source pollution of the farming land. Meanwhile, the overuse of pesticides will not
only result in decreases in quality of food products but also have an impact on the
stable ecosystem of the rice field.
Figure 32 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township
As per physical quantity
As per reduced scalar
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
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Figure 33 Change trend of fertilizer amount applied by Lianhe Township
4.3 Young Labor Force Loses Due to Diversities of
Livelihoods
Influenced by modern civilization and a new way of life, the young of Youxi
County is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity and
complex management. Planting rice by traditional methods requires plenty of labors
to finish rice field preparation, seed sprouting, field treatment, levelling field, rice
transplanting and levelling, weeding, releasing water, harvesting, drying rice and
other manual works which are of great labor intensity and high labor cost. With the
reduction of farm population year by year, the labor cost is increasingly higher,
resulting in increasingly higher cost of planting rice by traditional methods. It is
concluded and analyzed by the calculation of the planting cost of rice per hectare of
the Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township that: the input for the rice per hectare in
2014 was 25,362 Yuan, including labor cost 21,450 Yuan which accounts for 84.58%
of the total input, while the output only 22,500 Yuan, so the profit from planting rice
is minus (Table 3).
Table 3 Cost accounting of rice per hectare of Dongbian Terrace at Lianhe Township
Item Category Quantity Unit Total (Yuan) Proportion (%)
Input Seed 9 kg 360
1.42
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Labor 214.5 d 21450 84.58
Fertilizer 2022 kg 2040.75 8.05
Film 10.5 kg 146.25 0.58
Disinsection 60 times 1140 4.49
Transportation
expense 750 kg 225 0.89
Total 25362 100.00
Output Harvesting 7500 kg 22500 /
The input of using traditional methods to plant rice is higher than its output,
resulting in the reduction of rice planting area. In 2013, the rice planting area of
Youxi County accounted for 29.57% of the total planting area of crops, decreasing by
2.22% compared to the rice planting area in 2009 (Figure 34). Moreover, the local
young is unwilling to work on rice farming work with great labor intensity, complex
management and less profits. It is found according to the survey on the age structure
of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on agricultural production that
60% of them are older than 50, and only 3% of them are younger than 30 (Figure 35).
Therefore, those who grasps the traditional farming methods are often the aged. In
addition, as the increase of planting cost, the traditional agricultural production is
nearly unprofitable (Figure 36), so plenty of rural population gradually moves to
cities and towns, and accordingly the population of young rural migrant worker is
markedly increased. The loss of young rural labors results in difficulties in the
inheritance and development of the traditional terraced-farming technology.
29
30
31
32
33
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
%
Figure 34 Change of rice planting area proportion to the crop planting area of Youxi County
from 2009-2013
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Figure 35 Age structure percentage of labors of Lianhe Township, Youxi County working on
agricultural production
Figure 36 Agricultural income sources of Lianhe Township, Youxi County in 2014
4.4 Traditional Farming Culture Encounters with Inheritance
Loss
Lianhe Terrace possesses with farming culture and custom with regional features,
including traditional stories, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, traditional technique skills,
traditional costume manufacturing skills, etc. As parts of traditional Chinese cultures,
such intangible cultural heritages are of significant historical value. However,
influenced by modern civilization and the new way of life, the younger generations
Older than 50
Younger than 30
30 - 50 years
Migrant working
Agriculture
Stockbreeding
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are unwilling to undertake the rice farming work with great labor intensity and
complex management, so the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and its
maintenance are under threat. The local government or non-governmental
organization did not organize local primary and secondary school students to learn
traditional farming culture nor conduct relevant practices. Therefore, the traditional
culture and customs can only exude charisma of ancient culture on the aged, while
cultural discontinuity appears on the younger generation. Such isolated physical form
as terrace and farming skills will be dull without the intangible cultural heritages they
bear. How to inherit and develop the agricultural culture for a long time, namely the
inheritance of farming culture is a major problem at present.
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5 Protection and Development Measures
5.1Adopted Measures
5.1.1 Provided Agricultural Subsidy
To encourage local residents to carry out agricultural production and attract the
young labor force to return to the hometown, Lianhe Township Government provided
some subsidies to agricultural workers according to the standard of 22,500 Yuan per
hectare since 2012. To encourage second ploughing of the deserted terrace, Lianhe
Township Government provided a subsidy of 15,000 Yuan per hectare for the farms
who secondly plough the deserted terrace in recent three years; and 30,000 Yuan per
hectare for the farms who secondly plough the terrace which is deserted for a long
time. The enthusiasm of farmers of Lianhe Township to plant food has increased
under the encouragement of the government. From 2013 to 2014, there were 37.33
hectares of secondly ploughed deserted terrace; and 12 new food planting rich and
influential families. To increase the planting area of traditional crops, the government
provided a subsidy of 11,250 Yuan per hectare and 1 kg seeds for free for the farmers
who plant traditional varieties. The purchase price of 50 kg traditional rice varieties is
100 – 200 Yuan higher than that given by local grain supply center.
5.1.2 Set up Mechanism Protecting Traditional Farming Methods
To improve the planning area of traditional crop varieties, Lianhe Township
Government signed the Agreement of Planting Conventional Rice and Field Crop in
Rice Field through negotiation with the farmers of Dongbian Village of Lianhe
Township, to require them to plant 16 conventional rice varieties and 5 field crops in
the rice field of Dongbian Village (Lindou Area). In 2013, the government prepared
the Scheme for Implementation of the Reclamation of Deserted Field at the Core Area
of Lianhe Terrace (Y. L. Z. Z. [2013] No. 96). According to the Scheme, the
government firstly confirmed and made registration for the terrace areas and their
owners of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan Village,
confirmed the site and area of the deserted fields and prepared subsidy standards for
the reclamation of these deserted fields; secondly put forward a scheme for the
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irrigation ditch of the Lianxi Village, Dongbian Village, Lianyun Village and Yunshan
Village to repair 21 ditches with a total length of 7,700 meters, and put into a fund of
580,000 Yuan; and finally encouraged villagers to transfer land orderly, to develop
such traditional ecological planting-breeding coupled mode as breeding winkles and
loach in rice field.
5.1.3 Expanded the Market and Built Brand
Lianhe Township Government started intensifying the agricultural investment
innovation, introduced Fujian Shen Jia Organic Agricultural Science and Technology
Development Co., Ltd. to Dongbian Cooperation to promote the planting of organic
and green products; secondly, signed a cooperation intent with Shanghai Nongyi
Information Technology Co., Ltd. to improve products’ price by the direct selling of
agricultural products; thirdly, introduced two Taobao Shops of Alibaba to expand the
distribution channel of local products; and fourthly, collected the tourism logo (Figure
37) of Lianhe Terrace throughout the nation and made logo registration to improve
the popularity of local agricultural products.
Figure 37 Tourism logo of Lianhe Terrace
5.1.4 Developed Leisure Agriculture
With the boosting of popularity of Lianhe Terrace, the government started to
develop such leisure agricultures as photography, sight-seeing and rural tourism. At
present, Youxi County is under the construction of cultural leisure industry, sets up
the visiting spot of ancient relics, such as Fuhu Rock; photography locations of five
terraces such as Dongbian, Yunshan and Lianyun Terrace; seven special rural home
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inns distributed at Lianyun Village, Yunshan Village and Lianhe Town, etc. as well as
the large-scale leisure areas covering an area of 20 hectares like Yunshan Village
Leisure Agricultural Area. The development of the industry greatly expands the
tourism market of Lianhe Terrace where receives obviously more and more tourists,
bringing economic profits to local residents to some extent.
During year 2009 to 2014, the number of tourists to Lianhe Terrace was on the
rise year by year, and the tourist receipts increased to 62,000 persons in 2014 from
39,000 persons in 2009. As of 2014, the tourist quantity was increased over 50%
(Table 4) compared with that of 2009. At present, there are 5% of total population of
the Township working on agricultural industry (tourism), about 560 persons. With the
development of leisure agriculture, some farmers of Lianhe Township become
tourism workers to provide farming culture heritage tourism with corresponding
services such as guide, accommodation, and catering, and their per capita income
reaches 1500 Yuan.
Table 4 Tourist receipts of Lianhe Terrace over the years
Years 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Tourist receipts (104 persons) 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.5 5.1 6.2
Growth rate (%) - 7.7 2.4 4.7 13.3 21.6
5.1.5 Carried out Promotion Campaigns
To apply for globally important agricultural heritage systems and protect the
traditional farming culture of Youxi Lianhe Terrace, Youxi Bureau of Culture
Broadcasting positively promoted the knowledge of traditional farming culture to
local residents by means of tablet inscription, scroll, propaganda, etc.; conducted
external propagation by means of online promoting and collecting the ecological
protection logo of Lianhe Terrace, and improving the popularity of Lianhe Terrace.
To promote the important agricultural cultural heritage Lianhe Terrace, Lianhe
Township specially created a website and weibo to promote their special agricultural
products; built an exhibition room for the traditional appliances and tools for Lianhe
Terrace and prepared a promotion pamphlets Five Charm Terraces of China – Lianhe
Terrace.
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5.2 Potential and Opportunity
5.2.1 Lianhe Terrace System Containing Rich Biological Resources
There are very rich biological resources except for rice the main the main
agricultural product in the water conservation forest-bamboo forest-rice field system
of Lianhe Terrace; oil-producing tung seed, camellia seed, resin and couch grass in
the forest system; bamboo shoots and bamboo in the bamboo forest system; and rice,
duck, fish, winkle, balk soybean variety, etc. in the rice field system. Therefore,
Lianhe Terrace system contains rich agricultural biological resources and has huge
excavation and development potential.
5.2.2 Traditional Farming Methods Ensuring the High Quality of Agricultural
Production
Lianhe Terrace is remained the green environmental traditional farming skills
suited to the actual condition. The soil fertility is enhanced by means of breeding
duckweed, azolla and water lettuce; and the weeds are eliminated by breeding duck,
fish and shrimp in the rice field. Such traditional farming methods not only protect
the ecological environment of the Terrace but also guarantee the yield of the
agricultural products, laying good foundation for further applying for organic and
green products.
In overseas and domestic markets, the demands of green ecological products
which have no harm to environment and human health increasingly increase with the
changes of the consumption and values of consumers. The price of ecological
agricultural products are 20% - 30% higher than that of ordinary ones due to their
high cost and low yield. The planting pattern of the traditional farming skills makes
the products meet the requirements of ecological products, therefore the agricultural
products of Lianhe Terrace are of a higher market potential.
5.2.3 High Potentiality of Tourist Resources
Youxi County is rich in natural resources with a convenient geographic location
and beautiful scenery. Major natural scenic spots in Youxi are: Provincial Nature
Reserve Jiufu Mountain, Tianhu Scenic Spot, East Lake Scenic Area, Fujian Lake
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Scenic Spot, Mingshan Lake Resort, Longmenchang Ancient Ginkgo Population in
Zhongxian, Lianhe Terrace, Pillow Mountain, Fuhu Rock, Inverted Rock, Mount
Penglai, Baiyan Mountain, Xiufeng Mountain, etc.; major cultural scenic spots are:
Zhuxi’s Former Residence (Shenlang Camphor Park), Guifeng Ancient Dwellings in
Yangzhong, Lu Xingbang’s Former Residence in Shuangli, Houfeng Ancient
Architecture in Xibin, Xihua Scholar Town in Zhongxian, Houshandu Dwellings in
Xicheng, County Goldfish Well, White Crane Tower, Confucian Temple, Lucky Star
Tower, Matsu Temple, Buddhist Temple, Cloud Pavilion, Double Pavilions, Lingyuan
Temple, Fuming Palace, etc.
Among the tourist resources of Youxi County, the regional culture and tourist
resources of Lianhe Terrace are special and abundant, including 5 ancient terrace
landscapes inlcuding Liannan terrace, Dongbian terrace, Lianyun terrace, Yunshan
terrace and Xiayun terrace, and 5 scenic spots with natural scenery and cultural
landscape as major including Jinji Mountain, Alter Rock, Longmenchang Ancient
Ginkgo Population in Zhongxian, Jiufu Mountain and Pillow Mountain, also
including ancient folk activities handed down originated form terrace cultivation such
as “Cattle God Worship Ceremony” and “Crouching Tiger Monk Worship Ceremony”,
and Healthy green food culture, such as kumquat, edible fungi and pearl dried
bamboo shoots.
Youxi County is surrounded by developed economy cities which provide
adequate tourist sources from Sanming, Nanping, Putian and Xiamen to lay an
economic foundation for Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace sight-seeing agriculture
tourism. Moreover, the whole tourist areas in west coast of the Straits and other
domestic tourist source markets with Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta as
major are also the potential markets of Youxi County and Lianhe Terrace. On the
premise of undamaging terrace natural landscape environment, the development of
tourism can also bring some profits to local farmers.
5.2.4 Influence of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
The protection project of the globally important agricultural heritage systems
(GIAHS) attracts more and more countries to join in, and the multi-function values
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and GIAHS brand of the agricultural cultural heritage have been certified by the
international society. The government of China paid more attention to and gave many
supports for GIAHS. In 2013, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of
China set up the national important agricultural heritage system (NIAHS), drawing
much attention to agricultural cultural heritage brand at home, promoting the market
value of relevant products, expanding the international markets for relevant products
of GIAHS and providing an important opportunity to attract internal investment.
Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian have entered the directory of the first batch of China
important agricultural cultural heritage system, which will have a positive and
long-term influence on the protection and inheritance of traditional farming skills for
terrace as well as the development of relevant industries.
The application of “Youxi Lianhe Terraces in Fujian” for globally important
agricultural heritage systems will further promote its popularity. It can also present
the public with detailed traditional farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces in a
nature-harmonious way and the advantage of heritage systems to human. The
government departments will pay more attention to the promotion of Lianhe Terrace,
which will create huge opportunities for the protection and inheritance of traditional
farming patterns in Youxi Lianhe Terraces and the development of relevant industries.
5.3 Expected Social and Ecological Impacts
5.3.1 Increasing Peasants’ Income and Employment to Enhance Their
Happiness
The success of the application for GIAHS will greatly enhance the popularity of
Lianhe Terraces in Fujian, which will be of higher market value and attract more
enterprises to invest in and develop the rich biological resources in the terrace system
so as to greatly extend the industry chain of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry
and fishery, to create more employment positions and to solve the employment of
considerable numbers of people. The comprehensive development and utilization of
rich biological resources will greatly enhance the income of local peasants. Besides,
the exploitation and development of tourism will bring high profits to local peasants.
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The increase of income will enhance the living standard of local peasants, thereby
improving their happiness.
5.3.2 Conducive to the Inheritance of Traditional Terrace Farming Technique
and Culture
During the application for GIHAS, through various forms of publicity and
activities, the local people will significantly improve their cognition rate of traditional
farming technique and culture of Lianhe Terraces. Through conducting general
investigations and excavation on the traditional farming culture of Lianhe Terraces,
the local people will have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the
traditional terrace farming technique and culture, as well as a sense of pride and
belonging. In addition, the income increase after the success of the application for
GIHAS will make more local young people feel proud of owning the traditional
terrace farming technique and culture, enabling them to voluntarily work on
agricultural production. In this way, the traditional farming technique and culture will
be inherited.
5.3.3 Conducive to the Maintenance and Promotion of the Good Ecological
Environment of Youxi
After the success of application, based on continued popularization of the
traditional farming technique, the construction of more green and organic bases will
be applied, and green organic circular agriculture will be cultivated and developed so
as to effectively reduce the use of fertilizer and pesticide, to enhance the cyclic
utilization of agricultural waste, to make the production method of Lianhe Terraces
further obey the natural laws, and to maintain and promote the good ecological
environment of Youxi.
5.3.4 Maintain the Biodiversity and Ecological Functions of the System
Lianhe Terraces in Fujian not only are the sources of important economic crops
and livelihood for peasants, but also play a decisive role in protecting local natural
environment and biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem balance. For instance,
paddy fields play a role in preserving the soil and water of sloping fields in mountain
areas, and form an ecosystem peculiar to paddy fields. Such an ecosystem provides a
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habitat for various creatures. The forests and bamboo forests above the paddy fields
play a significant role in maintaining ecological balance and protecting biodiversity.
5.4 Initiative of the Local Government, the State and Other
Stakeholders
5.4.1 Youxi County Government
A leading group for the protection and development of GIAHS has been
established in Youxi County, and the group has implemented a series of protective
measures for the agricultural ecosystem protection of Lianhe Terraces. The
Agricultural Bureau of Youxi County has developed a protection scheme for second
plowing of terraces, traditional crop planting and farming methods, popularized
planting and breeding techniques, guided the cultivation of planting and breeding
cooperatives, expanded the agricultural products market and carried out the
introduction of agricultural enterprises, the certification of green products, the
trademark registration of agricultural products, etc. The Finance Bureau of Youxi
County has given financial support for the second plowing of farmland and the
planting and promotion of traditional crops. The Housing and Construction Bureau of
Youxi County has guided the renovation of village appearance. The Administration of
Culture, Radio, Film & TV of Youxi County is responsible for the construction of the
agricultural museum and the excavation and integration of terrace culture.
5.4.2 Chinese Government
China has a long history of agricultural civilization. In the process of long-term
production practice, peasants have been seeking for the production modes applicable
to different national conditions, thereby creating a brilliant agricultural heritage.
Since the establishment of the New China in 1949, the CPC and the Chinese
government always attach great importance to exploring and inheriting the
agricultural heritage of our motherland. Supported by leaders of relevant departments,
the Research Laboratory for Chinese Agricultural Heritages was established, and the
earliest academic journals of the agricultural history subject, i.e., the Collection of
Studies on Agricultural Heritages and the Collection of Studies on Agricultural
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History were founded as well. The establishment of a specialized agency for
agricultural heritages marks that our agricultural heritage studies have entered a new
stage, and creates unprecedented advantages for China’s agricultural heritage studies.
It plays a positive role in exchanging academic research results and propelling
agricultural heritage studies. Starting from this point, under the strong support of
relevant departments of the Chinese government, China has carried out a series of
studies and protection practices on agricultural heritages.
In recent years, the Chinese government and relevant departments have attached
more importance to the protection and inheritance of agricultural heritages. The 18th
National Congress of the CPC proposed that we should “construct an inheriting
system for splendid traditional culture and carry forward Chinese excellent traditional
culture”. At the Central Conference on Rural Work, Xi Jinping, President of the PRC
said, “Farming culture is a precious treasure of Chinese agriculture, and an important
part of Chinese culture. We not only shouldn’t abandon it, but also should continue to
carry forward it.” In 2009, China National Tourism Administration (CNTA) started to
propel the rural tourism-oriented poverty alleviation in the mountain areas of
poverty-stricken counties of China. In 2012, the Ministry of Agriculture officially
launched the excavation and protection of Chinese important agricultural heritages. In
April 2014, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the PRC, the
Ministry of Culture, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Ministry of
Finance put forward a plan of spending 3 years in providing basic protection, basic
production & living conditions, a basic safety guarantee of disaster prevention and a
basic protection & control mechanism for the cultural heritage of villages listed in
Chinese Traditional Villages so as to gradually enhance the comprehensive capacity
of protecting and developing traditional villages. The high attention paid by the
Chinese government and relevant departments provides a good opportunity for the
development of agricultural heritage work of the Lianhe Terraces in Youxi County.
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6 Dynamic Conservation Plan for GIAHS Selected Site
6.1 Conservation and Development Activities Have Been Done
6.1.1 Establishing a Leading Group for Application for GIAHS
The Party Committee and the government of Youxi County established a leading
group for application for GIAHS, and set a specialized office. The Secretary of the
Party Committee served as the group leader, responsible for the publicity,
organization and promotion work in respect of the application and protection of
Youxi Lianhe Terraces. In addition, the group leader also takes an active part in
relevant agricultural heritage exchange activities and training classes, and vigorously
promotes and popularizes Lianhe terraces by internet, radio and other media.
6.1.2 Working on Documentary Videos of Lianhe Terraces with CCTV
In 2014 and 2015, Youxi invited CCTV-7 twice for field filming of the
documentary video “Important Chinese Agricultural Heritage – Lianhe Terraces” and
the promotion videos for application for GIAHS so as to further raise the popularity
of terraces.
6.1.3 Carrying out “Three-Product” Certification and Strengthening Product
Safety Check
From 2010 to 2015, 32 enterprises including 121 products won the
“Three-Product” Certification. Thereinto, 14 enterprises were certified with 19
pollution-free agricultural products, the certified area of 35,900 mu and output of
15,800 tons; 15 enterprises were certified with 25 green food products, the certified
area of 10,300 mu and output of 13,400 tons; 3 enterprises were certified with 77
organic food products, the certified area of 380.2 ha and output of 286.8 ha. Spot
check was irregularly conducted for supermarket, farmer’s market and vegetable
fields. Some manufacturing enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives and main
bases were equipped with rapid pesticide residue detector and self-disciplined
detection was carried out for agricultural products.
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6.1.4 Promoting Agricultural Informatization and Improving Farmers’ Heritage
Protection Awareness and Industrial Development Ability
The county established 12316 Three-Rural Comprehensive Information Service
Platform, developed a modern information channel to serve the “Three-Rural” and
established an internet website with dedicated IP (www.yxny155.net). There are 251
village jointly-running points and 152 rural information staffs, forming a “trinity”
service mode of 12316 Agricultural Service Hotline. Farmers can get video
consultation, agricultural training, information service, application service and expert
guidance through free hotline, touch self-service terminal, PC self-service terminal
and expert terminal and Mobile-phone Agriculture Service will offer. It’s aimed at
improving farmers’ value consciousness for agricultural cultures, the awareness of
carrying out organic production and the capability of industrial development in the
way of agricultural informatization.
6.1.5 Formulating Government Subsidy System and Boosting the Traditional
Agricultural Production in Terraces
Since 2012, in order to encourage local residents to carry out agricultural
production and attract young adults to come back the Lianhe Township Government
has provided subsidies for agricultural producers, in accordance with the standard of
22,500 yuan for each hectare. To encourage the reclamation of deserted terraces, it
has subsidized 15,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed deserted terraces in past 3
years, and 30,000 yuan for each hectare of reclaimed terraces that have been deserted
for a long time.
6.1.6 Signing Agreements with Farmers and Propelling the Protection of
Agricultural Crop Varieties
By consulting with the farmer households of Dongbian Village of Lianhe
Township, the township government signed the Agreement on Cultivating
Conventional Paddy Rice and Dry Field Crops with them, requiring cultivating 16
varieties of rice in the paddies and 5 varieties of Dongbian Village (Lindou District).
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6.1.7 Boosting the status survey and scientific research for Lianhe Terrace
Heritage
Experts of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and
Forestry University and Fujian Normal University carry out a long-term research and
experiment of rice breeding, composite agricultural production and ratooning rice
cultivation by taking the Lianhe Terrace of Youxi County, Fujian Province as their
research base. Their work lays a significant scientific foundation for the protection of
Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture Heritage and the industrial development, and
improves the scientific supporting ability of the Lainhe Terrace Agricultural Culture
Heritage.
6.1.8 Youxi County’s developing the Lianhe Terrace as its tourism brand
Since 2010, the Youxi County Government has made a tourism development
plan and an overall plan for tourism areas, and has planned the terrace of Lianhe
Township as the major area. The plan covers the ancient terrace and ancient temples
of five areas in Lianhe Township, laying an important foundation for developing
tourism and protecting terrace.
6.2. Anticipatory Action
6.2.1 Agro-ecology Protection
(1) Objectives
Short-term objectives (2015-2017): The decrease trend of agricultural
biodiversity is controlled; 72 varieties of traditional rice don’t decrease and the
cropping area is expanded by 10%; the cropping types of symbiotic cropping pattern
restore to some extent and the cropping area is increased by 20% in 2015; village
sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved and forest ecosystem
structure remains stable.
Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The agricultural biodiversity remains
stable; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 40% more than that of
2015; the economy, village sanitation and farmland environment quality are improved
and the forest ecosystem structure remains stable.
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Long-term objectives (2021-2025): The agricultural biodiversity maintains
stability; the cropping area of 72 varieties of traditional rice is 80% more than that of
2015 and makes contributions to the cultivation of new varieties; the traditional
composite operation mode becomes a major way for the increase of farmers’ income,
and becomes an agricultural feature of Youxi County; villages within the key
protection region are neat and clean, the farmland environment quality reaches the
organic standard and the forest ecosystem structure is stable.
(2) Protection content
Traditional rice varieties, national protection animals and plants, traditional
germplasm resources; structure and functions of complex ecosystem such as rice-fish,
rice-duck and rice-escargot; rural ecological environment, resource utilization pattern
and traditional agricultural production mode.
(3) Action plan
Media publicity. Expand the popularity of Lianhe Terrace Agricultural Culture
Heritage and the importance to protect it. The key objects of publicity and education
are leading cadres and peasant households in the protection zone.
Responsible department: Publicity Department, Administration of Culture,
Radio, Film & TV
Implementation time: 2015-2025
General investigation. Environmental quality status of water source, soil,
atmosphere, etc. of Lianhe Terrace System Heritage Site; crop variety; livestock
breed; usage amount and proportion of farm manure and chemical fertilizer; usage
and proportion of biological disinsection and pesticide; ecological environment of
farmland and resource consumption, etc. A database shall be established for the
general investigation results, and technical analysis and evaluation shall be conducted
for relevant data.
Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Environmental Protection Agency
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Monitoring operation. Heritage project sites that have been included in the
experiment scope shall be listed for protection; the responsible person, cultivated crop
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variety, amount or output of aquatic product like duck and escargots as well as the use
amount of farm manure or chemical fertilizer shall be determined. For this part of
terraces, it’s required to conduct soil and water quality monitoring as well as total
quantity control of chemical fertilizer and pesticide. Destructive operation and
construction shall be prohibited around the protection zone and specific punitive
measures shall be formulated.
Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Leading Group of Agricultural
Culture Heritage Protection
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Environmental management. It’s required to conduct environment
management for villages within the protection zone and encourage the development
of courtyard economy. Household garbage shall be disposed intensively so as to
reduce the pollution and visual impact of garbage dump. Besides, sewage treatment
shall be attached importance.
Responsible department: Village Committee, Environmental Protection Bureau,
Agricultural Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Creating water conservation forest. It’s required to delimit the scope of water
conservation forest and protect peak, valley and mountain ridge of the heritage site;
formulate conservation regulations and prohibit excavation of mountain and
vegetation deterioration, etc.
Responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Land and Resources Bureau
Implementation time: 2018-2020
Restricting the exploitation of mineral resources. In the planning period, a
certain restriction shall be imposed on the exploitation and utilization of resources
mainly in core area of heritage site and periphery protection zone as well as major
drinking water source protection zone. Mineral resource exploitation that may have
unrecoverable impact on ecological environment shall be prohibited.
Responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau, Bureau of Mines
Implementation time: 2018-2020
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Developing sanitary production. It’s required to comprehensively popularize
water-saving and excrement-removing technology for livestock breeding and
combine organic fertilizer production and bio-gas treatment to realize waste recycling.
Besides, it’s required to develop the agriculture-animal husbandry-forestry combined
ecological agricultural mode, comprehensively prohibit straw and waste incineration
and carry out domestic sewage treatment so as to achieve household garbage
reclamation and reduction and lay a foundation for ecological environment
protection.
Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Light Industry Bureau, Bureau of
Animal Husbandry
Implementation time: 2018-2025
Traditional crop resource protection. It’s required to formulate specific
subsidy standards for cultivating traditional crops. Global agricultural culture heritage
brands shall be created to look for high-end customers for quality products (crop,
aquatic product, chicken, duck and sheep, etc.) in these heritage sites in the way of
website marketing and reservation. Thus local people will obtain high added value of
products so that their enthusiasm will be aroused to protect traditional crop resources.
Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2025
Rare plant resource protection. Governments at all levels shall jointly guide
the development and encourage farmers to cultivate rare plants through establishing
germplasm repository, garden and wild plant introduction. In the meantime, they are
supposed to develop flowering plant, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, food plant
and other plants with high economic value, and conserve rare plant resources.
Responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Finance Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2025
6.2.2 Agricultural Culture Protection
(1) Objectives
Short-term objectives (2015-2017): 80% primary and secondary school
students know important traditional festivals and their origins; folk songs, farmer’s
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proverbs and ancient poetry are collected and compiled into books; there are definite
inheritors for weaving, carving and paper cut arts and 80% primary and secondary
school students know these arts.
Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Traditional festivals, folk songs,
farmer’s proverbs and ancient poetry are introduced into the primary and secondary
school classes of Youxi County; weaving, carving and paper cut arts become an
integral part of the primary and secondary school art courses.
Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s
proverbs and ancient poetry become a familiar knowledge of primary and secondary
school students; weaving, carving and paper cut arts have stable inheritors and
traditional artworks become residents’ daily consumer products.
(2) Protection content
Local characteristic food culture; local folk songs and farmer’s proverbs;
traditional bamboo weaving and straw plaiting crafts; traditional carving art;
traditional folk paper cut art; traditional festivals and customs; ancient literature
related to agriculture in Youxi County.
(3) Action plan
Collecting and compiling folk songs, ballads and farmer’s proverbs. It’s
suggested to solicit folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, fairy tales and legends
with award in the county, and offer graded awards to providers based on the degree of
authenticity and rareness of provided content.
Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Agriculture-related archaeological survey. General survey, registration and
grading shall be conducted for material cultures such as agriculture-related traditional
architecture, antiques, and traditional farm implements within the entire county.
Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Compiling traditional culture textbooks suitable for primary and secondary
school students. It’s required to compile a set of traditional culture textbooks suitable
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for senior high school, middle school and primary school students, which record fairy
tales and legends, traditional festivals, folk songs, farmer’s proverbs, ballads, ancient
poetry and handcrafts of Youxi County.
Responsible department: Education Bureau, Administration of Culture, Radio,
Film & TV
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Offering traditional culture courses. The primary and secondary schools are
required to offer Youxi traditional culture courses, one lesson each week and the
course shall be included in the final examination.
Responsible department: Education Bureau
Implementation time: 2018-2015
Celebrating the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival. In the key protection
zone Lianhe Township, the Fuhu Festival and Plowing Festival will be held once a
year and will be publicized as an important tourism experience.
Responsible department: Tourism Administration, Lianhe Township
Implementation time: 2018-2025
Media publicity. Youxi traditional culture shall be publicized at least twice a
year on province-level media or above. Traditional food, Zhu Xi Culture and Fuhu
Culture shall be attached importance to.
Responsible department: Tourism Administration
Implementation time: 2018-2025
Determining heritors of traditional crafts. It’s required to hold county-level
contests of traditional artworks and hire famous experts to select inheritors of
traditional culture through appreciating the technological level and knowledge of
artworks, and grant the inheritors certificates.
Responsible department: Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV, Tourism
Administration
Implementation time: 2018-2020
6.2.3 Agricultural Landscape Protection
(1) Objectives
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Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Terraced agricultural landscape,
agricultural culture landscape and traditional village landscape with high aesthetic
and ecological value are well reserved; a comprehensive agricultural landscape
database is marked and established; about 5 demonstration plots for agricultural
landscape protection are constructed; tourist facilities of the same or similar local
styles are constructed while traditional architecture is well protected.
Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): On the basis that traditional agriculture
landscape is protected, the influence of agricultural landscape on tourism economy
increase enhances obviously; peasant households and relevant enterprises develop an
awareness of agricultural landscape originality, and take active part in agricultural
landscape design; Youxi Terraced Agricultural Landscape becomes a demonstration
base for China’s agricultural landscape protection and originality; a special
sightseeing pedestrian street is constructed for visiting the terrace landscape.
Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Tourism resources such as Mount Golden
Cock, bamboo forest landscape of Mount Ox Horn, tourism town along Danxi River
and Fuhu Cliff successfully apply for the National 4A Scenic Spot; Youxi Lianhe
Terraces become famous creative terraced agricultural landscape in China; Youxi
traditional architecture has become the main style of architectural complex in the
protection zone.
(2) Protection content
Periphery ecological landscape around Lianhe Terraces including forest system,
village system, road system, irrigation system, etc.; terrace landscape including
traditional cultivation landscape, composite cultivation and breeding landscape,
terraced three-dimensional landscape; traditional village landscape including village
layout, traditional ancient architecture, ancient bridge, etc.
(3) Action plan
Strengthening supervision on land utilization. Farmland shall not be left
deserted and the land use shall not be changed casually.
Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2025
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Designing farmland landscape. Peasant households cooperate with tourism
companies to beautify terrace landscape on the basis of protecting the diversity of
traditional crops, through planting green manure crops like azolla and duckweed or
planting ornamental crops like rape flower and buckwheat.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration
Implementation time: 2015-2025
Terrace surveying. A detailed surveying shall be conducted to the land use
status of Lianhe terraces and large-scale landscape pattern drawing and planning map
shall thus be made for future protection and restoration.
Main responsible department: Land and Resources Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2017
Terrace monitoring. It’s required to conduct timely monitoring on the change
of Lianhe terrace landscape and impose strict control on unharmonious landscape
construction especially modern high-rise real estate, and tear down illegal buildings.
Main responsible department: Township Government, Tourism Administration
Implementation time: 2015-2025
Scenic spot monitoring. It’s required to carry out timely monitoring on the
ecological environment of Mount Golden Cock, Fuhu Cliff and bamboo forest
landscape of Mount Ox Horn around terraces, and to well conduct greening,
beautifying and fire-prevention work.
Main responsible department: Forestry Bureau, Tourism Adminstration
Implementation time: 2015-2025
Tourist facility construction. Timely restoration shall be carried out in
accordance with damage situation of traditional architecture. Tourist facilities of the
same or similar style shall be constructed on the basis of reserving original landscape.
The viewing deck shall be paved with rubbles, and primitive-color bamboo shall be
used to make rails, bridges and signposts, thus ensuring the harmony of landscapes.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and
Construction Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2025
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Road pavement in scenic spot. The road pavement in scenic spot is centered on
construction of turn-out belt. Road widening may be taken into consideration in the
medium and long term.
Main responsible department: Housing and Construction Bureau, Traffic
Management Bureau
Implementation time: 2015-2025
6.2.4 Eco-Products Development
(1) Objectives
Short-term objectives (2015-2017): Trademark patent of Lianhe terrace
eco-products is applied, thus creating famous brands concerning rice, cereal, wild
mushroom and bamboo wares, and then market promotion shall be carried out; the
organic, green and pollution-free certification is conducted for the agricultural
products produced by paddy symbiotic system; about 4 enterprises engaged in
processing ecological agricultural products and over 6 highly processed agricultural
products are introduced in; a traceable and regulatory platform for the quality safety
of agricultural products is established and the complete coverage of quality safety
traceability of agricultural products is achieved in the whole township.
Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): Based on the short-term development of
ecological agriculture, it’s required to continue developing the organic and green
production bases of special agricultural products; assistance is constantly given to
entrepreneurs engaged in processing grains and other local specialties, and the
agricultural economic benefit is increased by 60% on the basis of that by the end of
2017 through expanding the industrial chain.
Long-term objectives (2021-2025): Products related to the terrace system are
radiated to other regions of the province and peripheral provinces such as Guangdong
and Zhejiang. Eco-products is continuously promoted; innovative grain-bamboo ware
and local specialty-agricultural and sideline product industrial chain is constantly
developed, which brings remarkable economic benefit and forms a certain market
influence. The product price reaches 3 times more than the present price via combing
the tourism development to carry out linkage promotion and marketing of Lianhe
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terrace eco-products.
(2) Development content
Youxi eco-product development covers: brand building, eco-products
certification, processing, quality and safety traceability of agricultural products,
industrial chain extension, market development, etc. Importance shall be attached to
the development of products in paddy symbiotic system (raising escargots, ducks and
fishes in paddy field), edible mushrooms, bamboo and wood products (bamboo
carving and bamboo artworks) and the production and processing of local specialties.
Farms’ production and enterprises’ large-scale processing are the main development
pattern of Lianhe terrace eco-products.
(3) Action plan
Trademark registration:Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant
paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties.
Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration,
Agricultural Bureau
Implementation term: 2015-2017
Product certification: Organic certification, green product certification and
free-pollution agricultural certification shall be applied for the agricultural products
produced from Lianhe terraces. The “Three-Product” certification reaches 100%,
including 60% of organic and green paddy rice certification; the “Three-Product”
certification of soybean and peanut reaches 100%, and that of livestock, poultry and
fish products reaches 60%.
Main responsible department: Environmental Protection Bureau, Agricultural
Bureau
Implementation term: 2015-2025
Industrial chain extension: It’s required to continue promoting edible
mushrooms growing in straws, enrich the production types of edible mushrooms, and
develop the bamboo handicraft products. The straws used in growing edible
mushrooms reach 10% of the output of that year.
Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Forestry Bureau
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Implementation term: 2015-2025
Deep-processing and R&D of products: Emphasis shall be laid on the
introduction of enterprises engaged in grain and oil processing, mushroom processing,
poultry meat processing and bamboo shoot processing, and assistance shall be offered
to these enterprises to be provincial and municipal leading enterprises. Besides, it’s
also suggested to focus on developing the high-value-added products such as organic
and green clean rice, rice bran oil and high-value-added functional rice noodles; and
to develop products with high additional value, like edible mushrooms, snacks made
of poultry meat, bamboo juice, peanut soil and soybean soil.
Main responsible department: China Merchants Group, Development and
Reform Bureau and relevant enterprises
Implementation term: 2015-2025
Quality and safety traceability of agricultural products: It’s required to
gradually set up the quality and safety traceability system for agricultural products
and establish the “quality and safety traceability and regulatory platform of
agricultural products”. The pilot demonstration of traceability is required to carry out
in industries regarding grain, edible mushroom and livestock, as well as leading
enterprises, cooperatives and family farms of Lianhe Township. The node’s
information of production, transportation and processing of the agricultural products
shall be interconnected through modern information technology like QR code so as to
realize the quality control of crop products and animal products from production to
the table.
Main responsible department: Bureau of Quality Supervision
Implementation term: 2015-2025
Market promotion: It’s required to conduct multi-level and multi-angle
promotion for various products through mass media like television, radio, newspaper,
magazine, and actively participate in exhibitions and promotional activities of
different agricultural products; to develop the Lianhe terrace eco-products from
various channels, continue to intensify the market promotion, and increase the
additional value of eco-products in virtue of brand effect so as to meet the economic
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demand of terraces farmers. Besides, cultural creative products shall be constantly
launched thus to improve the market influence of Lianhe terrace eco-products by
virtue of tourism industry.
Main responsible department: Agricultural Bureau, Administration of Cultural,
Radio, Film & TV and tourism sectors
Implementation term: 2015-2025
6.2.5 Eco-Tourism Development
(1) Objectives
Short-term objectives (2015-2017): In accordance with the spatial distribution
of the major scenic spots and resources in Youxi, it’s required to design the theme
tourism route and spatial layout, and integrate the terrace tourism into the tourism
plan of Youxi County; to improve the reception and commodity consciousness of
local farmers through publicity and training; to clarify the maximum capacity of
tourism reception, establish tourist number monitoring system and realize a
substantial increase of tourists within the available capacity.
Medium-term objectives (2018-2020): The tourism infrastructure and service
system are gradually improved, and the elements like terrace, paddy rice and local
specialty are gradually infused into the tourism; farmers’ positivity and initiative
towards tourism development is constantly improved; informatization brings
convenient services to tourists, and the sustainable growth of reception income within
the available capacity is realized. Tourism participation rate of local farmers reaches
over 15% and over 40% tourism income is guaranteed for farmers.
Long-term objectives(2021-2025): The terrace-themed tourism products
become more diversified and the Lianhe Terrace Brand is created; artistic products
containing more traditional characteristics of Lianhe Township and personalized
tourism products are developed and launched by combing cultural creative industry;
chain operation is realized in tourist destinations; the tourism participation rate of
local farmers reaches over 40%; tourism promotion is continuously popularized in the
early warning and control range of tourism and the steady growth of tourism income
is achieved.
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(2) Development content
The green ecological tourism development of Lianhe Terraces include tourism
plan, number of tourist reception, design of tourism route, construction and retrofit of
tourism reception facilities, design of tourism products, interpretation and instructions
of tourism, community participation in tourism, income analysis, creative utilization
of tourism resources, industry integration, etc.
(3) Action plan
Trademark registration:Register the “Lianhe Terraces” trademark for relevant
paddy rice, aquatic products and local specialties.
Main responsible department: Industrial and Commercial Administration,
Agricultural Bureau
Implementation term: 2015-2017
Tourism plan: Terrace tourism shall be incorporated into the overall tourism
development plan in Youxi County, and included in the major tourist publicity
materials, and the introduction to such programs as terrace tourism, leisure holiday,
further study and photography shall be added; centering on the tourism theme of
agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces, the spatial structure form with “One Axis,
Six Areas” can be divided according to respective functions. “One Axis ” refers to the
arterial road connecting several terrace areas, and “Six Areas” are respectively
tourism comprehensive service area, Dongbian terrace tourism area, Lianyun terrace
tourism area, Yunshan terrace tourism area, Xiayun terrace tourism area, Lianxi
terrace tourism area (see Figure 5 in attachment). It’s required to clarify the daily
reception number according to the routes and establish tourist number monitoring
system.
Main responsible department: Tourist Administration
Implementation term: 2015-2020
Layout of scenic spots: A Terrace Culture Experience Center can be set up in
Lianyun Village and a small Heritage Site Museum can be established on the basis of
ancient residential buildings, and Agricultural Heritage Site Experience Center and
Education Base shall be developed around the terraces. Surrounding houses shall be
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repaired or rebuilt selectively, and a Tourist Service Center shall be established
through informatization means and visualization technology to display and sell the
terrace specialties and related crafts. A certain area in terrace tourism areas in
Dongbian, Lianyun, Yunshan, Xiayun or Lianxi (see Figure 6 in attachment) can be
selected to recover traditional cropping patterns such as traditional agricultural
products, raising escargots, ducks and fish in paddy field , and meanwhile the
environment shall be regulated thus making them become unique display areas of
traditional terrace culture. Photography bases of terraced agricultural culture shall be
constructed respectively in Bazaotou and Lianyun Village. Some observation decks
shall be set up at the main routes around the terraces, which can bring convenience to
photography lovers and tourists, including 3 observation decks in Dongbian Village,
3 in Yunshan Village, 2 in Xiayun Village and 3 in Lianyun Village.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration
Implementation term: 2015-2020
Tourist routes: Route for one-day trip: Fuhu Cliff — Lianxi Terrace —
Dongbian Terrace — Yunshan Terrace — Lianyun Terrace — Xiayun Terrace. Routes
for two-day trips: (1) Lianhe Terrace on the first day; the birthplace of Zhu
Xi—ancient ginkgo community on the second day; (2) Fuhu Cliff—Lian Herrace on
the first day; Guifeng Village—Tangchuan Grand Canyon. The promotion of terrace
tourism is combined with the foregoing scenic spots, helping tourists form an overall
cognition.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration
Implementation term: 2015-2017
Project application: Leisure agriculture demonstration site is applied to the
State Ministry of Agriculture. A terrace tourism resort with the area of 2 hm2 is
constructed at the previous dairy farm in Dongbian Village.
Main responsible department: Agriculture Bureau, Housing and Construction
Bureau
Implementation term: 2018-2020
Facilities construction: A Tourism Information Center shall be set up on the
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basis of the farm houses in Lianyun Village and the related buildings and roads shall
be repaired. The tourist area and experience center of terrace culture shall be formed.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Housing and
Construction Bureau
Implementation term: 2015-2020
Tourism product development: Based on the agricultural products at the Lianhe
Terraces, it’s required to continuously develop the tourism products like small
package rice, grains, edible mushrooms, dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts and
local specialty.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration, Agriculture Bureau
Implementation term: 2015-2020
Tourist interpretation and training: It’s required to develop the tourist
interpretation system with unique features of traditional villages and terraces.
Commentator’s interpretation shall highlight the local characteristics. The crucial
value of the agricultural heritage of Lianhe Terraces shall be highlighted in the
interpretation contents thus improving tourists’ cognitive level. The interpretation
training shall be conducted for local farmers, especially for the terrace famers.
Main responsible department: Tourism Administration
Implementation term: 2015-2020
Action Plan Schedule see Attachment 5.
6.3. Measures Against Threats and Expected Effects
6.3.1 Diversity of Livelihood Makes Loss of Young Labor for Terraced Fields
Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young people of Youxi
County are reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high
labor intensity and complex management. The yearly diminishing labor population
and increasingly high labor expenses lead to the yearly increasing cost of cultivating
paddy with traditional method. According to the accounting and analyzing on cost of
rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township, in 2014, the
input for rice planting per hectare of the terrace in the east of Lianhe Township was
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25,362 yuan, 21,450 of which was labor charge, accounting for 84.58% of the total
input; while the output was 22,500 yuan only and the economic benefit of rice
planting was negative.
Countermeasures and expected effect: Carry out planting subsidy policy and
reclamation subsidy to incentivize people to plant rice; change conventional
production pattern to vigorously develop ecological agriculture and sightseeing
agriculture and increase agricultural income; quicken development of single farmer’s
production toward cooperative; strengthen the demonstration and pushing role of
science-technology demonstration park, demonstration base and village. The said
measures will diverse the income of farmers cultivating terraces in Youxi County and
increase the comparative profit, so as to attract the backflow of labor force for
diversified agricultural cultivation.
6.3.2 Impact of Modern Agricultural Technology on Traditional Farming Mode
With the development of modern agricultural technologies, the local farmers, to
guarantee the yield of food crop for the purpose of increasing economic benefit, start
planting high-yield hybrid rice and using chemical fertilizers and pesticides. At
Lianhe Township, which is located in the key heritage conservation area, many
farmers choose to plant hybrid rice other than traditional rice for increasing income.
Countermeasures and expected effect: Create “Three Grades” agriculture to
increase the economic income of agricultural yield per unit and regulate and control
market price and carry out of subsidy policies of the government over terraced field
system to guarantee the successful transition of Lianhe Terraces toward green and
organic and ecological production. It is expected that the said measures will promote
and guarantee the development of ecological agriculture of terrace and make Youxi’s
safe agricultural products the national well-known brand within 5 years.
6.3.3 Traditional Agro-Farming Culture Faces Absence of Inheritance
Affected by modern civilization and new life style, the young generation is
reluctant to work on the job of paddy field cultivation, which is of high labor intensity
and complex management. Thus, the traditional agricultural culture knowledge and
its maintenance system are on the hazard. The local government or non-governmental
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organization has never organized the local primary and secondary school students to
learn traditional agro-farming culture or conducted relevant practical activities.
Therefore, the charm of traditional culture and customs can only be carried forward
by the aged and in the young generation, the crisis of cultural fault occurs.
Countermeasures and expected effect: Compile local cultural texts of Youxi,
and hold Youxi folk art festival and Youxi folk custom festival, open agro-farming
culture course and folk art course in primary and secondary school. It is expected that
the primary and secondary school students could master the essence of Youxi
agro-farming culture little by little and have the awareness and sense of pride of
protecting their own agro-farming culture through five years’ effort.
6.3.4 Threat of Extreme Climate to Terraced Field
In recent years, the global climate change and frequent occurrence of extreme
climate lead to the spatial and temporal maldistribution of water resource. The
precipitation in Youxi County is concentrative and the summer drought often happens
in July and August. Under the condition of global climate change, the occurrence rate
of extreme climate such as drought increases and the water source demanded by
terrace in dry season becomes one of the challenges of agricultural development of
terraced filed rice crop. Meanwhile, due to the reduction of farming population and
trend of population aging, the water resource management ability goes down and
many mountain spring mouths gradually fall into disuse and those may exert a certain
influence on the demand of water source for terrace agriculture.
Countermeasures and expected effect: Increase input to agricultural irrigation
facility and construction of forest for water resource conservation over the terrace,
assign conservation area of forest for water resource conservation and formulate rules
and regulations of protection and management to punish the one for his act of
damaging the forest for water resource conservation, open science popularization
training class specific to farmers and strength ecological environment education to
the primary and secondary school students. It is expected that the people’s awareness
of ecological protection gets strengthened remarkably and the unintentional act of
sabotage would disappear within 5 years and 10 years later, the ability of terrace to
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adapt to the climate change would get enhanced.
6.4. Fund Raising
The protection given to agricultural heritage needs financial support. The
government and people of the heritage site should set up multiple channels to raise
fund, so as to guarantee the progress of the cultural heritage protection work. The
main ways of financing are as follows:
(1) International donation: Make use of the brand of heritage and extensive
publicity to enhance the overseas compatriots’ affection to their hometown and
investment willingness for raising offshore funds.
(2) Corporate financing: Invite investment for the landscape and culture that
have significant value of tourism development and traditional food and products that
have economic value.
(3) Special fund: Apply for special fund for protection to international monetary
fund and national departments related to agriculture, tourism, national territory and
housing and urban-rural development.
(4) Apply for development according to the national strategic plan: Get the
support of national funds by taking advantage of the strategic plan of “One Belt and
One Road” and setting up agricultural-heritage-related projects.
(5) Support from policies for old revolutionary base area: Youxi is an old
revolutionary base area, which could get the financial support through the preferential
support policies of the State for old revolutionary base areas.
(6) Scientific research: Cooperate with research institutes to take the Lianhe
Terraces of Youxi as research object to apply for national scientific research project
and get financial support.
(7) Combine with the project relating to construction of beautiful village: The
State requires the governments at all levels to provide special funds for construction
of beautiful village, so the agricultural heritage protection could make full use of such
fund to reinforce the heritage protection whilst promoting rural construction.
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6.5. Mechanism of Guarantee
6.5.1 Building of National Organization
Bureau of Township Enterprises of Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC and the
Department of International Cooperation have specially set up a division to take
charge of the application and evaluation and supervision and administration of
China’s significant agricultural heritage and globally important agricultural heritage
and established a special fund to support the work of agricultural heritage protection.
And they also set up two committees of experts consisting of 27 members in total as
technical support. The Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Science and
Technology also give full attention and support to the application for world heritage
of Terraced Field at Lianhe Township, Youxi County. The State should also continue
to strengthen the building of department for macro organization, control and
management of agriculture heritage, guide and publicize agricultural heritage
protection and make the work carried out smoothly.
6.5.2 Building of County-Township-Village-Level Organization
Strengthen the building of county-township-village-level organization and work
together to establish the committee of agricultural heritage protection, which mainly
consists of the secretary and deputy secretary of county CPC committee and
leadership from the agricultural bureau, tourist administration and the governments of
all townships, to ensure the smooth implementation of program of agricultural
heritage protection and take charge of the management and implementation of
international and national projects. The proposed committee shall have the executive
office, which takes charge of the execution of missions of the committee with full
authority. The office should be seated in the county agricultural bureau for the
convenience of implementation of work. The district and township government
should establish corresponding divisions to cooperate with their work.
6.5.3 Building of Local Community Organization
Establish village committee that is governed by the villagers in the community
to increase the community residents’ understanding to protection work and their
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participation enthusiasm and achieve community co-management, making the
agricultural heritage protection carried out smoothly in the concrete process of
implementation; establish farmer-enterprise cooperation council to provide a platform
for communication and cooperation talk on cooperation between the farmers and
enterprises and, promote their cooperation for the purpose of protecting agricultural
heritage via development and utilization of resources.
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Fuzhou: Fujian Provincial Map Publishing House. 1989.
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Journal of Zoology. 2004. 6.
[3] Editorial Committee of Flora of Fujian. Flora of Fujian [M]. Fujian: Fujian
Science & Technology Publishing House. 1982.4.
[4] Kumar BM, Nair PKR, The Enigma of Tropical. Homegardens: A time-Tasted
Example of Sustainable Agroforestry. Springer. 2006.
[5] Mendez VE, Lok R and Somarriba E. Interdisciplinary Analysis of Homegardens
in Nicaragu: Micro-Zonation, Plant Use and Socio-Economic Importance,
Agroforestry Systems. 2001, 51:85-96.
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Services and Natural Capital. Nature, 1997, 387: 253-260.
[7] MaryJane, D, Parviz, K. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems:
A Shared Vision of Agricultural, Ecological and Traditional Societal Sustainability [J].
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[9] Cao ZHI. The Evolution of Man – Tiger Relation in Fujian Area and Its Social
Response [J]. Nankai Journal (Philosophy and Social Science Edition), 2013(4):
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[14] Lin TS. A Textual Research on Population Migration of Fujian Province [J]. The
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GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Appendixes
1: Location of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County
Figure 1: Geographic position of Youxi County, Fujian, China
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Figure 2: Core area of Lianhe Terrace in Youxi County, Fujian province
Key protection
region of heritage site
General protection
region of heritage site
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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2: List of agricultural biodiversity in Lianhe Terrace
Table 1: List of Traditional Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace
Serial
number Scientific Name
Serial
number Scientific Name
1 Oryza sativa ‘Huzao’ 37 Oryza sativa ‘Shangdongbai’
2 Oryza sativa ‘Youmangdadong’ 38 Oryza sativa ‘Fenlongzao’
3 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhuti’ 39 Oryza sativa ‘Huakebai’
4 Oryza sativa ‘Hongzaonuo’ 40 Oryza sativa ‘Hongkoubai’
5 Oryza sativa ‘Baikeshu’ 41 Oryza sativa ‘Hiyuezao’
6 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhishu’ 42 Oryza sativa ‘Jinhong’
7 Oryza sativa ‘Nongken58’ 43 Oryza sativa ‘Zhuhong’
8 Oryza sativa ‘Yaziai’ 44 Oryza sativa ‘Milaxuan’
9 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaotangzhu’ 45 Oryza sativa ‘Kuilixuan’
10 Oryza sativa ‘Younong’ 46 Oryza sativa ‘Kuifu3hao’
11 Oryza sativa ‘Youcao’ 47 Oryza sativa ‘Hongyun33
12 Oryza sativa ‘Zhaiyeqing’ 48 Oryza sativa ‘474’
13 Oryza sativa ‘Keqing3hao’ 49 Oryza sativa ‘7944’
14 Oryza sativa ‘Guangchangai’ 50 Oryza sativa ‘Shenghong16’
15 Oryza sativa ‘Tieguai’ 51 Oryza sativa ‘77175’
16 Oryza sativa ‘Guangjie No.9’ 52 Oryza sativa ‘78130’
17 Oryza sativa ‘Erjiuai’ 53 Oryza sativa ‘Aijiaonantehao’
18 Oryza sativa ‘Qingxiaojinzao’ 54 Oryza sativa ‘Nuogu’
19 Oryza sativa ‘Zhenzhuai’ 55 Oryza sativa ‘Gutianbai’
20 Oryza sativa ‘Decaihao’ 56 Oryza sativa ‘Huangzhu’
21 Oryza sativa ‘Shajing’ 57 Oryza sativa ‘Red Dusk Grain’
22 Oryza sativa ‘White Jade Grain’ 58 Oryza sativa ‘Gaojiaochi’
23 Oryza sativa ‘Garnet red’ 59 Oryza sativa ‘Chimi’
24 Oryza sativa ‘Baitoulian’ 60 Oryza sativa ‘Youxiyuhe’
25 Oryza sativa ‘Cold waterdrop’ 61 Oryza sativa ‘Dikoushanhe’
26 Oryza sativa ‘Lengshuinuo’ 62 Oryza sativa ‘Nanpinghongmizai’
27 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi Grain’ 63 Oryza sativa ‘Taijiang No.1’
28 Oryza sativa ‘Hongqushu’ 64 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.1’
29 Oryza sativa ‘Heimi’ 65 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.11’
30 Oryza sativa ‘Dwarf white’ 66 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.4’
31 Oryza sativa ‘Dark Rounded
Grain’ 67 Oryza sativa ‘Minhan No.2’
32 Oryza sativa ‘Yangbainuo’ 68 Oryza sativa ‘Hanzao No.3’
33 Oryza sativa ‘Hongmizai’ 69 Oryza sativa ‘Tuoronghannuo’
34 Oryza sativa ‘Youxi red’ 70 Oryza sativa ‘Bazza ludao’
35 Oryza sativa ‘Yezhupao’ 71 Oryza sativa ‘Shaxianshu’
36 Oryza sativa ‘Kegu’ 72 Oryza sativa ‘Guicao’
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Table 2: List of Hybrid Rice Varieties Planted in Lianhe Terrace
Serial
number Scientific Name
Serial
number Scientific Name
73 Oryza sativa ‘You I 66’ 115 Oryza sativa ‘T55yoou 627’
74 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou80’ 116 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou164’
75 Oryza sativa ‘T you 537’ 117 Oryza sativa’ IIyou 3301’
76 Oryza sativa ’ II you 129’ 118 Oryza sativa ‘neiyouhang 148’
77 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 009’ 119 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 673’
78 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 07’ 120 Oryza sativa ‘E II you315’
79 Oryza sativa ‘JinfuⅠyou150’ 121 Oryza sativa’ IIyou516’
80 ‘Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 716’ 122 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3301’
81 Oryza sativa ‘Jinyou 1398’ 123 Oryza sativa’Ⅱyou 6019’
82 Oryza sativa ‘YouⅠ028’ 124 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou No.10’
83 Oryza sativa ‘Zhongyou 2115’ 125 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming 118’
84 Oryza sativa ‘Minfengyou 3301’ 126 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’
85 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 161’ 127 Oryza sativa ‘II youshun 98’
86 Oryza sativa ‘Xinxiangyou 80’ 128 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 3773’
87 Oryza sativa ‘Jinliangyou No.4’ 129 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyouhang
No.2’
88 Oryza sativa ‘Quanzhen No.10’ 130 Oryza sativa ‘Liangyou 1019’
89 Oryza sativa ‘Jiafuzhan’ 131 Oryza sativa ‘Donglian No.5’
90 Oryza sativa ‘Jiazao1hao’ 132 Oryza sativa ‘II you 356’
91 Oryza sativa ‘Dongnan 201’ 133 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 180’
92 Oryza sativa ‘Zhangjiazao No.1’ 134 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 5138’
93 Oryza sativa ‘Dyouduoxi No.1’ 135 Oryza sativa ‘Tianyou 3229’
94 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 527’ 136 Oryza sativa ‘Guangyouming
118’
95 Oryza sativa ‘Teyouhang No.1’ 137 Oryza sativa ‘II you 039’
96 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyoufu819’ 138 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 3301’
97 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang No.1’ 139 Oryza sativa ‘Jinnong 2 you 3’
98 Oryza sativa VⅡyou183’ 140 Oryza sativa ‘Qiuyou 125’
99 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou1273’ 141 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 769’
100 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 671’ 142 Oryza sativa ‘Jiangyouming 62’
101 Oryza sativa ‘Dqibaoyou 527’ 143 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 923’
102 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouhang148’ 144 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 68’
103 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou936’ 145 Oryza sativa ‘Guyou 527’
104 Oryza sativa ‘Dou No.6’ 146 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 131’
105 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou 536’ 147 Oryza sativa ‘Yueyou 9113’
106 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 627’ 148 Oryza sativa ‘Leyou 94’
107 Oryza sativa ‘Gangyou 527’ 149 Oryza sativa ‘Vyou No.6’
108 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou3229’ 150 Oryza sativa ‘V youhongtian’
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109 Oryza sativa ‘Luxiangyou 1256’ 151 Oryza sativa
‘Siyouhongtiangu’
110 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyou339’ 152 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou 30’
111 Oryza sativa ‘Dyou 368’ 153 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou Indonesia
aishu’
112 Oryza sativa ‘Ⅱyouming118’ 154 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou 63’
113 Oryza sativa ‘Teyou 103’ 155 Oryza sativa ‘Siyou No.6 '
114 Oryza sativa ‘Chuanyou No.12’ 156 Oryza sativa ‘Xianyou No.6’
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Table 3: List of Other Agricultural Living Species in Lianhe Terrace
Serial number Scientific Name Classifiction
1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Invertebrates
2 Monopterus albus. Invertebrates
3 Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Invertebrates
4 Cyprinus carpio. Invertebrates
5 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Invertebrates
6 Aristichthys nobilis Richardson. Invertebrates
7 Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Invertebrates
8 Freshwater shrimps. Invertebrates
9 E.carinicauda. Invertebrates
10 Cipangopaludina cahayensis. Invertebrates
11 Rivalaria auriculata (Martens) Invertebrates
12 Freshwater crab. Invertebrates
13 Sus domesticus ‘Tai hu’ Vertebrate
14 Sus domesticus ‘Minbeihua’. Vertebrate
15 Sus domesticus ‘Huai’ . Vertebrate
16 Sus domesticus ‘Er yuan’. Vertebrate
17 Sus domesticus ‘Chang white’. Vertebrate
18 Leporidae sinensis. Vertebrate
19 Leporidae brachyurus. Vertebrate
20 Oryctolagus cuniculus. Vertebrate
21 Leporidae saxatilis. Vertebrate
22 Leporidae ‘Belgian’. Vertebrate
23 Leporidae ‘New Zealand white’. Vertebrate
24 Capra ‘Dai yun’. Vertebrate
25 Capra ‘Nanjiang yellow’. Vertebrate
26 Capra ‘Boer’. Vertebrate
27 Holstein cows. Vertebrate
28 Bubalus bubalus. Vertebrate
29 Canis lupus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate
30 Canis lupus familiaris . Vertebrate
31 Wolfhound. Vertebrate
32 Gallus domestiaus ‘Youxi’. Vertebrate
33 Gallus domestiaus ‘Yinxing white’. Vertebrate
34 Gallus domestiaus ‘Fuzhou rong quan’. Vertebrate
35 Gallus domestiaus ‘Shanghaijinshan’. Vertebrate
36 Gallus domestiaus ‘Red pineapple’. Vertebrate
37 Gallus domestiaus ‘Isa brown’. Vertebrate
38 Gallus domestiaus ‘San huang’. Vertebrate
39 Tadorna ‘Shanma’. Vertebrate
40 Melanitta ‘Banfan’ . Vertebrate
41 Melanitta ‘Fan’. Vertebrate
42 Cygnus ‘Shitou’. Vertebrate
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43 Cygnus ‘Chinese’. Vertebrate
44 Cygnus ‘Changle’. Vertebrate
45 Columba ‘Wang’. Vertebrate
46 Columba ‘Xin’. Vertebrate
47 Dioscorea ‘Jinshan 57’. Food crops
48 Dioscorea ‘Fuzhu 75-55’. Food crops
49 Dioscorea ‘Tuodujinshan 57’. Food crops
50 Dioscorea ‘Yanshu5hao’. Food crops
51 Solanum ’Kexin No.1’. Food crops
52 Solanum ‘Kexin No.2’. Food crops
53 Solanum ‘Kexin No.3’. Food crops
54 Solanum ‘Kexin No.9’. Food crops
55 Solanum ‘Kexin No.11’ Food crops
56 Solanum ‘Zhongshu No. 3’ Food crops
57 Solanum ‘Qingshu No.4 ’ Food crops
58 Solanum ‘Zheng shu No.5’ Food crops
59 Solanum ‘Netherlands 14’. Food crops
60 Solanum ‘Zaodabai’. Food crops
61 Solanum ‘Canada red ya’. Food crops
62 Solanum ‘American red skin’. Food crops
63 Solanum ‘Virus-free’. Food crops
64 Zea mays ‘Danyu 13’ Food crops
65 Zea mays ‘Yedan No.1’ Food crops
66 Zea mays ‘Baiding No.1’ Food crops
67 Zea mays ‘Shuitian No.1’ Food crops
68 Zea mays ‘Aotianluno No.1’ Food crops
69 Zea mays ‘Shunuo No.1’ Food crops
70 Zea mays ‘Zhenuo No.1’ Food crops
71 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo78-1’. Food crops
72 Zea mays ‘Minnuo 98-1’. Food crops
73 Zea mays ‘Minzinuo No.1’ Food crops
74 Glycine max ‘Pudou 8008’ Oil crops
75 Glycine max ‘American yellow’. Oil crops
76 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.2’ Oil crops
77 Glycine max ‘Zhechun No.3’ Oil crops
78 Glycine max ‘Gengqing 82’. Oil crops
79 Glycine max ‘Chi’. Oil crops
80 Glycine max ‘He’. Oil crops
81 Glycine max ‘Guanyingshui’. Oil crops
82 Helicteres angustifolia Linn. Oil crops
83 Helicteres viscida Blume. Oil crops
84 Arachis ‘Xiaoliuqiu’. Oil crops
85 Arachis ‘Baisha1016’. Oil crops
86 Arachis ‘Baisha 18792’ Oil crops
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87 Arachis ‘Yueyou169’ Oil crops
88 Brassica ‘Fuyou No.4’. Oil crops
89 Manihot esculenta crantz. Oil crops
90 Brassica ‘Huanan8641’. Oil crops
91 Helianthus annuus ‘Xiangyang’ Oil crops
92 Helianthus annuus’ Huafenxian zi’ Oil crops
93 Camellia oleifera. Oil crops
94 C.meiocarpa. Oil crops
95 Camellia oleifera ‘Youxian’ Oil crops
96 Anneslea fragrans Wall. Oil crops
97 Tephrosia ionophlebia. Vegetable crops
98 Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Vegetable crops
99 Lablab purpureus (Linn.) Sweet. Vegetable crops
100 Vicia faba L. Vegetable crops
101 Pisum sativum var. saccharatum. Vegetable crops
102 Vigna unguiculata. Vegetable crops
103 Lathyrusodoratus L. Vegetable crops
104 Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Qing dao’. Vegetable crops
105 Adenanthera pavonina Linn. var. microsperma. Vegetable crops
106 Zingiber officinale ‘Taiwan’. Vegetable crops
107 Capsicum annuum L. Vegetable crops
108 Capsicum annuum ‘Xiao mi’. Vegetable crops
109 Asparagus officinalis. Vegetable crops
110 Lactuca sativa L.var. angustanaIrish. Vegetable crops
111 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot. Vegetable crops
112 Sechium edule. Vegetable crops
113 Luffa cylindrical. Vegetable crops
114 Lagenaria siceraria(Molina) Standl. Vegetable crops
115 Cucumis sativus Linn. Vegetable crops
116 Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret. Vegetable crops
117 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Vegetable crops
118 Balsam pear. Vegetable crops
119 Cleome gynandra ‘Qing nong qing’. Vegetable crops
120 Cleome gynandra ‘Lv xiu qing’. Vegetable crops
121 Solanum melongena. Vegetable crops
122 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Vegetable crops
123 Allium fistulosum. Vegetable crops
124 Allium cepa. Vegetable crops
125 Allium sativum ‘Zipi’. Vegetable crops
126 A. tuberosum Rottl. ex Spreng. Vegetable crops
127 Spinacia oleracea L. Vegetable crops
128 Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Vegetable crops
129 Brassica pekinensis
‘Aijiaonai’. Vegetable crops
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130 Brassica chinensis ‘Xing hua’. Vegetable crops
131 Amaranthus tricolor L. Vegetable crops
132 Capsella bursa-pastoris. Vegetable crops
133 Apium graveolens Linn. Vegetable crops
134 Raphanus sativus. Vegetable crops
135 Daucus carota. Vegetable crops
136 Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf. Vegetable crops
137 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Vegetable crops
138 Sonchus brachyotus D C. Vegetable crops
139 Brassica oleracea L. Vegetable crops
140 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Vegetable crops
141 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.1’ Vegetable crops
142 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.5’ Vegetable crops
143 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.6’ Vegetable crops
144 Astragalus sinicus ‘minzi No.7’ Vegetable crops
145 Saccharum officinarum
‘tang’. Economic crops
146 Saccharum officinarum ‘Guo’. Economic crops
147 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. Economic crops
148 Corchorus capsularis L. Economic crops
149 Juncus effusus L. Economic crops
150 Camellia japonica L. Economic crops
151 Nicotiana tabacum. Economic crops
152 Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu. Fruit crops
153 Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Guanxi-miyou. Fruit crops
154 Citrus grandis ‘Candler’. Fruit crops
155 Citrus L .’Youxi’ . Fruit crops
156 Citrussinensis (L.) Osbeck. Fruit crops
157 Fortunella margarita (Lour. ) Swingle. Fruit crops
158 Kaempferia galanga. Fruit crops
159 Prunus salicina ‘furong’. Fruit crops
160 Vitis vinifera. Fruit crops
161 Eriobotry japonica. Fruit crops
162 Mushrooms. Edible fungus
163 Dictyophora indusiata. Edible fungus
164 Agaricus blazei murrill. Edible fungus
165 Agrocybe aegirit ‘Chaxin3hao’. Edible fungus
166 Ganoderma Lucidum ‘Chi No.6’ Edible fungus
167 Antrodia camphorata ‘yuan No. 8’ Edible fungus
168 Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer. Edible fungus
169 Lentinus edodes ‘L66’. Edible fungus
170 Lentinus edodes ‘L26’. Edible fungus
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3: List of plant in Lianhe Terrace
Table 4: List of Plant in Lianhe Terrace
Serial
numbe
r
Family Genus Species Distribution area
1 Haloragidaceae Myriophyllum. Myriophyllum
verticillatum Terraces/Stream
2 Bryaceae Rhodobryum Rhodobryum
roseum
Forest / Village
/Terraces/Stream
3 Pottiaceae Tortula Hedw Tortula sinensis (C.
Muell.) Broth.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
4 Funariaceae Funaria Funaria
hygrometrica Forest/Village /Stream
5 Hypnaceae Hypnum Hypnum
plumaeforme
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
6 Sphagnaceae Sphagnum Sphagnum
cymbifolium. Forest/Village /Stream
7 Marchantiaceae Marchantia Marchantia
polymorpha L.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
8 Mniaceae Plagiomnium Plagiomnium
cuspidatum Forest/Village
9 Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiastrun
Holub.
Lycopodium
casuarinoides. Forest/Village
10 Equisetaceae Equisetum Hippochaete
hiemale L.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
11 Dicksoniaceae Cibotium Cibotium barometz Forest
12 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris semipinnata
L. Forest/Village /Stream
13 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris multifida Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
14 Pteridaceae Pteris L. Pteris ensiformis
Burm. Forest/Village /Stream
15 Davalliaceae Nephrolepis Nephrolepis
cordifolia L.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
16 Davalliaceae Humata Humata tyermannii Forest/Village /Stream
17 Lygodiaceae Lygodium Sw. Lygodium
japonicum T.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
18 Drynariaceae Drynaria. Drynaria roosii. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
19 Thelypteridaceae Parathelypteris Parathelypteris
glanduligera Forest/Village /Stream
20 Angiopteridaceae Angiopteris Angiopteris
fokiensis H. Forest
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21 Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium Presl. Cyrtomium
balansae C. Forest
22 Polypodiaceae Microsorum Microsorum
fortunei T. Forest/Village /Stream
23 Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia Mirbel. Pyrrosia lingua T. Forest/Village /Stream
24 Polypodiaceae Colysis C. Presl. Colysis ellipiica T. Forest/Village
25 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus (J. Sm.)
Ching.
Lepisorus
thunbergianus Forest/Village
26 Aspleniaceae Asplenium Asplenium
trichomanes L. Forest/Village
27 Adiantaceae Adiantum L. Adiantum
capillusveneris L. Forest/Village /Stream
28 Blechnaceae Blechnum L. Blechnum orientale
L. Forest/Village
29 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Hicriopteris glauca. Forest
30 Gleicheniaceae Hicriopteris Diplopterygium
chinense Forest
31 Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris
Bernh.
Dicranopteris
dichotoma Forest/Village /Stream
32 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella
moellendorffii Forest/Village
33 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella
uncinata Forest/Village /Stream
34 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella
kransiana Forest/Village
35 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella
doederleinii Forest/Village
36 Selaginellaceae Selaginella Selaginella
nipponica F. Forest/Village
37 Cycasaceae Cycas Linn. Cycas revoluta
Thunb. Village /Stream
38 Ginkgoaceae Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba L. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
39 Pinaceae Keteleeria Keteleeria fortunei Forest
40 Pinaceae Keteleeria Kteleeria cyclolepis
Flous. Forest
41 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus massoniana
Lamb. Forest
42 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus taiwanensis
Hayata. Forest
43 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus palustris
Mill. Forest
44 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus taeda L. Forest
45 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus elliottii. Forest
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46 Pinaceae Pinus Linn. Pinus pinaster Ait. Forest
47 Taxodiaceae Cryptomeria
C.fortunei
Hooibrenk.ex Otto
et Dietr.
Forest/Village
48 Taxodiaceae Taxodium Taxodium
ascendens. Village /Stream
49 Taxodiaceae Cunninghamia Cunninghamia
lanceolata Forest/Village
50 Cupressaceae Cupressus Cupressus funebris
Endl. Village
51 Cupressaceae Sabina Sabina chinensis Village
52 Cupressaceae Juniperus Juniperus
formosana Hayata. Village
53 Cupressaceae Fokienia Fokienia hodginsii Village /Terraces
54 Cupressaceae Platyladus Platycladus
orientalis Village
55 Cephalotaxaceae Cephalotaxus Cephalotaxus
fortunei Hook. Forest/Village /Stream
56 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus chinensis Forest/Village
57 Taxaceae Torreya Arn. Torreya grandis Forest/Village
58 Taxaceae Taxus Linn. Taxus mairei S. Forest/Village
59 Gnetaceae Lind
L. Gnetum L.
Gnetum parvifolium
W. Forest
60 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia officinalis
R. Forest
61 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia
officinalis. Forest
62 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia
grandiflora L. Village /Stream
63 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia liliiflora
Desr. Village
64 Magnoliaceae Magnolia Magnolia
soulangeana S. Stream
65 Magnoliaceae Tsoongiodendron
Chun. Michelia odora Forest
66 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia velutina Village /Stream
67 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia figo Forest/Village /Stream
68 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia chapensis
Dandy. Forest
69 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia fujianensis Forest
70 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Michelia maudiae
Dunn.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
71 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. Manglietia fordiana Forest
72 Magnoliaceae Michelia Linn. M.foveolata Merr.et Forest
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Dandy.
73 Campanulaceae Codonopsis Wall. Codonopsis
pilosula Forest
74 Gentianaceae Gentiana (Tourn.)
L. Gentiana scabra B. Forest
75 Gentianaceae Gentiana (Tourn.)
L. Gentiana davidii F. Forest
76 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Illicium verum
Hook.f. Forest/Village
77 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn. Illicium henryi Forest
78 Magnoliaceae Illicium Linn.
Illicium
lanceolatum
A.C.Smith.
Forest
79 Schisandraceae Schisandra
Michx.
Kadsura
longipedunculata
Finet.
Forest
80 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Fissistigma
uonicum Forest
81 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Fissistigma
glaucescens Forest
82 Annonaceae Fissistigma Griff. Fissistigma
oldhamii Forest
83 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum
camphora Forest/Village /Stream
84 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum
burmanni Forest/Village /Stream
85 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum
subavenium Miq Forest/Village /Stream
86 Lauraceae Cinnamomum Cinnamomum
austrosinense Forest/Village
87 Lauraceae Machilus Machilus thunbergii
Sieb.et Zucc. Forest/Village
88 Lauraceae Phoebe Nees. Phoebe bournei Forest
89 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest
90 Lauraceae Neolitsea Merr. Neolitsea aurata Forest
91 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea cubeba Forest
92 Lauraceae Litsea Lisrea subcoriacea
Yang. Forest
93 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea
greenmaniana Forest
94 Lauraceae Litsea Litsea elongata Forest
95 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera megaphylla
Hemsl. Forest
96 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera glauca Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 99 -
97 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera
angustifolia Cheng. Forest
98 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera nacusua Forest
99 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera communis
Hemsl. Forest
100 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera aggregata Forest
101 Lauraceae Lindera Thunb. Lindera megaphylla
Hemsl. Forest
102 Violaceae Viola L. Viola philippica
Car. Terraces/Stream
103 Rosaceae Spiraea Spiraea japonica L.
f. Forest
104 Rosaceae Spiraea Spiraea prunifolia
Sieb. Forest
105 Rosaceae Rosa L. Rosa laevigata
Michx.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
106 Rosaceae Rosa L. Rosa chinensis
Jacq. Village /Stream
107 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus innominatus
S.Moors. Forest
108 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus rosaefolius
Smith. Forest/Village
109 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus coreanus
Miq. Terraces
110 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus parvifolius
L. Terraces/Village
111 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus columellaris
Tutcher. Forest/Village
112 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus
corchorifolius L. Forest
113 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus swinhoei Forest
114 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus chroosepalus
Focke. Forest
115 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus hanceanus
Ktze. Forest
116 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus lambertianus Forest
117 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus irenaeus Forest
118 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus buergeri
Miq. Forest
119 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus phaeosticta. Forest
120 Rosaceae Laurocerasus Laurocerasus
zippeliana Forest/Village /Stream
121 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus spinulosa S. Forest
122 Rosaceae Cerasus Cerasus Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 100 -
pogonostyla var.
obovata
123 Rosaceae Cerasus Prunus
campanulata Forest
124 Rosaceae Prunus Prunus salicina
Lindl. Village
125 Rosaceae Prunus Prunus Cerasifera
Ehrhar Rehd. Village /Stream
126 Rosaceae Rubus L. Rubus idaeus Forest/Stream
127 Rosaceae Armeniaca Armeniaca mume S. Village
128 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia
davidsoniae Forest
129 Rosaceae Amygdalus L. Amygdalus persica
L. Village /Stream
130 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia prunifolia
L. Forest
131 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia serrulata
L. Village /Stream
132 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia glabra. Forest
133 Rosaceae Photinia Lindl. Photinia parvifolia
S. Forest/Village
134 Rosaceae Eriobotrya Lindl. Eriobotrya japonica
L. Village /Stream
135 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Raphiolepis
ferruginea M. Forest
136 Rosaceae Rhaphiolepis Rhaphiolepis indica
L. Forest
137 Rosaceae Pygeum L. Pygeum topengii Forest
138 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus serotina Village
139 Rosaceae Pyrus Pyrus calleryana D. Village
140 Rosaceae Malus Malus hupehensis
R. Village /Stream
141 Rosaceae Chimonanthus Chimonanthus
praecox L. Village /Stream
142 Rosaceae Cydonia Cydonia oblonga Forest
143 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera. Forest
144 Droseraceae Drosera L. Drosera pelata Forest
145 Leguminosae Cassia Senna surattensis Forest/Stream
146 Leguminosae Cassia Cassia obtusifolia Forest/Stream
147 Leguminosae Bauhinia Bauhinia
championii Forest/Village
148 Leguminosae Acacia Mill. Acacia confuse Forest
149 Leguminosae Mimosa Linn. Mimosa pudica
Linn. Forest/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 101 -
150 Leguminosae Albizia Durazz. Albizia kalkora Forest
151 Leguminosae Crotalaria Linn. Crotalaria pallida
Ait.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
152 Leguminosae Mucuna Adans. Mucuna Evergreen. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
153 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. Desmodium
heterocarpon
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
154 Leguminosae Desmodium Desv. Desmodium
racemosum Thunb.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
155 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Lespedeza bicolor
Turcz. Forest
156 Leguminosae Lespedeza Michx. Lespedeza formosa Forest
157 Leguminosae Dalbergia Linn. Dalbergia hupeana
Hance. Forest
158 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia sepium Linn. Terraces/Village
/Stream
159 Leguminosae Pueraria Pueraria lobata Forest/Village
160 Leguminosae Derris Derris fordii Oliv. Forest
161 Leguminosae Millettia Millettia dielsiana
Harms. Forest
162 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna unguiculata Terraces/Village
163 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum L. Terraces/Village
164 Leguminosae Glycine Willd. Glycine max Terraces/Village
165 Leguminosae Vicia Vicia faba L. Terraces/Village
166 Leguminosae Lablab Lablab purpureus Terraces/Village
167 Leguminosae Pisum Pisum sativum Terraces/Village
168 Leguminosae Vigna Savi. Vigna radiata Terraces/Village
169 Leguminosae Adenanthera Adenanthera
pavonina Terraces/Village
170 Leguminosae Arachis Arachis duranensis Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
171 Leguminosae Arachis Arachis hypogaea
Linn. Terraces/Village
172 Leguminosae Phaseolus L. Phaseolus vulgaris
L. Terraces/Village
173 Papilionoideae Ormosia G. Ormosia henryi
Prain.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
174 Papilionoideae Dalbergia Linn. Dalbergia hancei
Benth. Forest
175 Potamogetonacea
e Potamogeton
Potamogeton
franchetii
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
176 Guttiferae Hypericum Linn. Hypericum
japonicum. Forest/Stream
177 Guttiferae Garcinia Garcinia Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 102 -
oblongifolia
Champ.
178 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Hydrangea chungii
Rehd. Forest/Village
179 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L.
Hydrangea
macrophylla
(Thunb.) Ser.
Forest/Village
180 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. H.lingii Hoo. Forest
181 Saxifragaceae Hydrangea L. Hydrangea
paniculata S. Forest
182 Saxifragaceae Itea Itea chinensis
Hook. Forest
183 Styracaceae Styrax Linn.
Styrax
odoratissimus
Champ.
Forest
184 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax confuses Forest
185 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax dasyanthus
Perk. Forest
186 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax faberi Forest
187 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax tonkinensis Forest
188 Styracaceae Styrax Linn. Styrax suberifolius
Hook. Forest
189 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
sumuntia Forest
190 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
tetragona Chen. Forest
191 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
setchuensis Brand. Forest
192 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
chinensis Forest
193 Symplocaceae Symplocos
Symplocos
paniculata(Thunb.)
Miq.
Forest
194 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos stellaris
Brand. Forest
195 Symplocaceae Symplocos
Symplocos
wikstroemiifolia
Hayata.
Forest
196 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
mollifolia Dunn. Forest
197 Symplocaceae Symplocos Symplocos
lancifolia Sieb. Forest
198 Alangiaceae Alangium Alangium
platanifolium Sieb. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 103 -
199 Alangiaceae Alangium. Alangium chinense
(Lour.)Harms
Forest/Terraces/Strea
m
200 Alangiaceae Alangium. Alangium kurzii
Craib Forest/Terraces
201 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar Emiliquidambar
caudata Chang.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e
202 Altingiaceae Lindl Semiliquidambar Liquidambar
formosana Hance.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
203 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia spinifolia
Merr. Forest
204 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia decaisneana
Hance. Forest
205 Araliaceae Aralia Linn. Aralia dasyphylla
Miq. Forest
206 Araliaceae Schefflera
Schefflera
octophylla (Lour.)
Harms.
Forest
207 Araliaceae Heteropanax
Seem.
Heteropanax
fragrans Forest/Village
208 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera japonica
Thunb.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
209 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera
hypoglauca Miq. Forest
210 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera Linn. Lonicera
rhytidophylla. Forest
211 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum
sempervirens K. Forest
212 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum erosum
Thunb. Forest
213 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum
luzonicum Rolfe. Forest
214 Caprifoliaceae Viburnum Linn. Viburnum fordiae
Hance. Forest
215 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum
Loropetalum
chinensis (R. Br.)
Oliv.
Forest/Village /Stream
216 Hamamelidaceae Loropetalum Loropetalum
chinense Forest/Village /Stream
217 Hamamelidaceae Altingia Altingia chinensis Forest
218 Hamamelidaceae Distylium Sieb. Distylium
myricoides Hemsl. Forest
219 Platanaceae Platanus Platanus acerifolia
Willd. Forest
220 Daphniphyllaceae Daphniphyllum . Daphniphyllum Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 104 -
macropodum Miq.
221 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes
Linn.
Trichosanthes
kirilowii Maxim. Terraces/Village
222 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Cucumis sativus
Linn. Terraces/Village
223 Cucurbitaceae Citrullus Citrullus lanatus Terraces/Village
224 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis Cucumis melo L. Terraces/Village
225 Cucurbitaceae Luffa Mill. Luffa cylindrical Terraces/Village
226 Cucurbitaceae Benincasa Benincasa hispida
Thunb. Terraces/Village
227 Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita Linn. Cucurbita moschata Terraces/Village
228 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria Ser. Lagenaria siceraria Terraces/Village
229 Cucurbitaceae Sechium Sechium edule Terraces/Village
230 Begoniaceae Begonia Cut/leaved Begonia Forest/Village
231 Begoniaceae Begonia
Begonia
fimbristipula
Hance.
Forest
232 Salicaceae Salix L. S.babylonica L. Village /Stream
233 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica pekinensis Terraces/Village
234 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica chinensis Terraces/Village
235 Brassicaceae Capsella Capsella
bursa/pastoris Terraces/Village
236 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica oleracea
L. Terraces/Village
237 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica oleracea
L. Terraces/Village
238 Brassicaceae Brassica Brassica campestris
L. Terraces/Village
239 Brassicaceae Raphanus Raphanus sativus L Terraces/Village
240 Brassicaceae Lepidium L. Lepidium apetalum Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
241 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
242 Brassicaceae Rorippa Rorippa indica Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
243 Myricaceae Myrica L. Myrica rubra
(Lour.) S. Forest/Village
244 Betulaceae Betula. Betula luminifera
H. Forest
245 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis
Oerst.
Cyclobalanopsis
glauca(Thunb.)
Oerst.
Forest
246 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis
Oerst.
Fagus
longipetiolata. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 105 -
247 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis
Oerst.
Cyclobalanopsis
gracilis Rehd. Forest
248 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis
Oerst.
Cyclobalanopsis
chungii Metc. Forest
249 Fagaceae Cyclobalanopsis
Oerst.
Cyclobalanopsis
myrsinifolia
(Blume) Oersted.
Forest
250 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea
mollissima Forest
251 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea henryi
(Skam) Rehd. Forest
252 Fagaceae Castanopsis
Castanopsis
carlesii(Hemsl.)
Hay.
Forest
253 Fagaceae Castanopsis
Castanopsis
sclerophylla(Lindl.)
Schott.
Forest
254 Fagaceae Castanea Castanea seguinii
Dode. Forest
255 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis faberi
Hance. Forest
256 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis fordii
Hanc. Forest
257 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis
kawakamii Hay. Forest
258 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis eyrei
(Champ.) Tutch. Forest
259 Fagaceae Castanopsis Castanopsis
megaphylla Hu. Forest
260 Fagaceae Quercus
Lithocarpus
uvarifolius (Hance)
Rehd.
Forest
261 Fagaceae Quercus
Lithocarpus
amygdalifolius
(Skan) Hayata.
Forest
262 壳斗科
Fagaceae
栎属
Quercus
榄叶石栎
Lithocarpus
oleaefolius A.
Forest
263 Fagaceae Quercus Lithocarpus glaber
(Thunb.) Nakai. Forest
264 Fagaceae Quercus Lithocarpus
harlandii Rehd. Forest
265 Fagaceae Quercus Quercus acutissima
Carruth. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 106 -
266 Fagaceae Quercus Quercus chenii
Nakai. Forest
267 Fagaceae Quercus
Quercus
phillyraeoides
A.Gary.
Forest
268 Chenopodiaceae Spinacia L. Spinacia oleracea
L. Terraces/Village
269 Chenopodiaceae Kochia Kochia scoparia. Village /Stream
270 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Achyranthes
longifolia Forest/Village /Stream
271 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes L. Achyranthes
bidentata Blume. Forest/Village /Stream
272 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia argentea L. Terraces/Village
/Stream
273 Amaranthaceae Celosia L. Celosia cristata L. Village /Stream
274 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. Portulaca oleracea
L.
Forest/Terraces/Strea
m
275 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus
retroflexus. Forest
276 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus
tricolor L. Terraces
277 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Amaranthus
spinosus Terraces/Village
278 Amaranthaceae Portulaca L. Portulaca
grandiflora
Terraces/Village
/Stream
279 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera
Forsk.
Alternanthera
Philoxeroides
(Mart.)Griseb.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
280 Caryophyllaceae Endarachne. Malachium
aquaticum L.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
281 Juglandaceae Platycarya Platycarya
strobilacea Sieb. Forest
282 Casuarinaceae Casuarina Casuarina glauca
Sieber. Forest
283 Ulmaceae Ulmus L. Ulmus parvifolia
Jacq. Forest/Terraces
284 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Trema angustifolia
(Planch.) Bl. Forest/Village
285 Ulmaceae Trema Lour. Trema cannabina
Lour. Forest
286 Ulmaceae Trema cannabina
Lour.
Trema dielsiana
Hand. Forest
287 Ulmaceae Celtis L. Celtis julianae
Schneid. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 107 -
288 Moraceae Morus Linn. Morus alba L. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
289 Moraceae Morus Linn. Morus australis
Poir.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
290 Moraceae Broussonetia L. Broussonetia
papyrifera Linn.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
291 Moraceae Broussonetia L. Broussonetia
kaempferi Sieb. Forest
292 Moraceae Artocarpus Forst . Artocarpus
hypargyreus Hance. Forest
293 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus concinna
Miq. Forest/Village
294 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus microcarpa
Linn. Forest/Village /Stream
295 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus erecta Thunb. Forest
296 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus variolosa
Lindl. Forest
297 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus heteromorpha
Hemsl. Forest
298 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus hirta Vahl. Forest/Village /Stream
299 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus pumila Linn. Forest/Village /Stream
300 Moraceae Ficus Linn. Ficus sarmentosa Forest
301 Moraceae Cudrania Trec. Cudrania
tricuspidata Carr. Forest/Village
302 Urticaceae Boehmeria Boehmeria
nivea(L.) Gaudich.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
303 Urticaceae Boehmeria Boehmeria gracilis
C.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
304 Urticaceae Oreocnide Oreocnide
frutescenssp
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
305 Urticaceae Elatostema Elatostema
umbellatum
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
306 Urticaceae Pouzolzia Pouzolzia zeylanica Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
307 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea pumila. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
308 Urticaceae Pilea Lindl. Pilea sinofasciata Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
309 Eucommiaceae Eucommia Oliv E. ulmoides Oliv. Forest
310 Capparaceae Capparis C.acutifolia Sweet. Forest
311 Polygalaceae Polygala L. P.fallax Hemsl. Forest
312 Polygalaceae Polygala L. Polygala fallax
Hemsl. Forest
313 Tiliaceae Tilia L. T.tuan Szyszyl. Forest/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 108 -
314 Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpus
decipiens Hemsl. Forest
315 Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea Linn. Sloanea sinensis Forest
316 Commelinaceae Pollia Pollia japonica
Thunb. Village
317 Pontederiaceae
Kunth. Eichhornia
Eichhornia
crassipes.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
318 Pontederiaceae
Kunth. Monochoria
Monochoria
korsakowii
Terraces/Village
/Stream
319 Sterculiaceae Reevesia Reevesia pycnantha
Linn. Forest
320 Malvaceae Hibiscus Zhu. Hibiscus syriacus
Linn. Village /Stream
321 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Urena procumbens
Linn. Forest
322 Malvaceae Urena Linn. Urena lobata Linn. Forest
323 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion T. Glochidion
puberum L. Forest/Village
324 Euphorbiaceae Vernicia Lour.
Vernicia
fordii(Hemsl.) Airy
Shaw.
Forest/Village
325 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus lianus
Croiz. Forest
326 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L.
B.
japonicas(Thunb)
Muell/Arg. var.
floccosus Hwang.
Forest
327 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Euphorbia hirta Terraces/Village
/Stream
328 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus repandus
(Willd.) Muell. Forest
329 Euphorbiaceae Sapium Sapium sebiferum
(L.) Roxb.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
330 Euphorbiaceae Sapium
Sapium
atrobadiomaculatu
m Metc.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
331 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus Lour. Mallotus
philippensis Forest
332 Euphorbiaceae Bischofia Bischofia polycarpa Forest
333 Euphorbiaceae Breynia Breynia fruticosa Forest
334 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia L. Euphorbia
pulcherrima Willd. Village /Stream
335 Euphorbiaceae Acalypha L. Acalypha minima
H. Keng.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 109 -
336 Theaceae Camellia L. C.octopetala Hu. Forest
337 Theaceae Camellia L.
Camlliagrijsii
Hamce.
Forest
338 Theaceae Camellia L. Camellia edithae
Hance. Forest
339 Theaceae Camellia L. Camellia japonica
L.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e
340 Theaceae Tutcheria Tutcheria
symplocifolia Merr. Forest
341 Theaceae Adinandra Adinandra millettii
Hook. Forest
342 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Actinidia lanceolata
Dunn. Forest
343 Actinidiaceae Actinidia Actinidia
hemsleyana. Forest
344 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Rhododendron
championiae Hook. Forest/Village /Stream
345 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Rhododendron
latoucheae Franch. Forest
346 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Rhododendron
mariesii Hemsl. Forest/Village /Stream
347 Ericaceae Rhododendron L. Rhododendron
seniavinii Maxim. Forest
348 Ericaceae Lyonia Nutt. Lyonia ovalifolia Forest/Terraces
349 Primulaceae Lysimachia Lysimachia
christinae Hance. Forest/Terraces
350 Primulaceae Lysimachia Lysimachia
fukienensis Forest/Terraces
351 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Vaccinium carlesii
Dunn. Forest
352 Vacciniaceae Vaccinium Vaccinium
trichocladum Merr. Forest
353 Myrtaceae Melaleuca L. Melaleuca
leucadendron L. Village /Stream
354 Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa Forest
355 Myrtaceae Syzygium Syzygium
buxifolium Hook. Forest
356 Myrtaceae Syzygium
Syzygium
austrosinense
Chang.
Forest
357 Myrtaceae Psidium Linn. Psidium guajava
Linn. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 110 -
358 Trapaceae Trapa L. Trapa bicornis Stream
359 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Melastoma
dodecandrum Lour. Forest
360 Melastomataceae Melastoma L. Melastoma
intermedium Dunn. Forest
361 Melastomataceae Bredia Bredia sinensis Forest
362 Melastomataceae Phyllagathis Bl. Phyllagathis fordii
Hance. Forest
363 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour. Blastus apricus
Hand. Forest/Village
364 Melastomataceae Blastus Lour.
Blastus
cochinchinensis
Lour.
Forest/Village
365 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex chinensis Sims. Forest
366 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex kwangtungensis
Merr. Forest
367 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex pedunculosa
Miq. Forest
368 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex formosana Forest
369 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex elmerrilliana S. Forest
370 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. Forest
371 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Chinese holly Forest
372 Aquifoliaceae Ilex L. Ilex hylonoma Hu. Forest
373 Celastraceae Euonymus Euonymus
hederaceus Champ. Forest
374 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Celastrus gemmatus
Loes. Forest
375 Celastraceae Celastrus L.
Celastrus
oblanceifolius
Wang.
Forest
376 Celastraceae Celastrus L. Celastrus
paniculatus Willd. Forest
377 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Rhamnus crenata
Sieb.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
378 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus L. Rhamnus
napalensis Wall. Forest/Village
379 Rhamnaceae Hovenia Thunb. Hovenia acerba
Lindl. Forest
380 Vitaceae Vitis L. Vitis chungii Metc. Forest/Village
381 Vitaceae Vitis L. Vitis heyneana
Roem. Forest/Village
382 Vitaceae Vitis L. Vitis angustifolia
Benth. Village
383 Vitaceae Vitis L. Vitis vinifera. Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 111 -
384 Vitaceae Parthenocissus
Planch.
Parthenocissus
heterophylla (Bl.)
Merr.
Forest/Village /Stream
385 Vitaceae Parthenocissus
Planch.
Parthenocissus
laetevirens Rehd. Village /Stream
386 Vitaceae Ampelopsis
Michx.
Ampelopsis
brevipedunculata
(Maxim.)Trautv.
Forest
387 Vitaceae Ampelopsis
Michx.
Ampelopsis
delavayana
(Franch.) Planch.
Forest
388 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Ardisia japonica
(Thunb)Blume. Forest
389 Myrsinaceae Ardisia Ardisia
quinquegona Bl. Forest
390 Myrsinaceae Maesa Forsk. Maesa montana A. Forest
391 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn.
Diospyros
cathayensis
Steward.
Forest/Village
392 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Diospyros
rhombifolia Hemsl. Forest/Village
393 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Diospyros
morrisiana Hance. Forest/Village
394 Ebenaceae Diospyros Linn. Diospyros
kakisilvestris Forest/Village
395 Rutaceae Citrus L. C.medicina L. Forest
396 Rutaceae Randia Clausena excavate
Burm. Forest/Village
397 Rutaceae Evodia J. Evodia lepta
Spreng. Forest
398 Rutaceae Toddalia A. Juss. Toddalia asiatica
(L.) Lam. Forest
399 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum
armatum Forest
400 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Zanthorulum
nitidum Roxb. Forest
401 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum L. Z.simulans Hance. Forest
402 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus sinensis
Osbeck. Village /Terraces
403 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus reticulata Village /Terraces
404 Rutaceae Citrus L. Citrus maxima Village
405 Umbelliferae Daucus L. Daucus carota Terraces/Village
406 Umbelliferae Chaerophyllum
L.
Apium graveolens
Linn. Terraces/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 112 -
407 Umbelliferae Coriandrum L. Coriandrum
sativum L. Terraces/Village
408 Umbelliferae Angelica L. Angelica pubescens
Maxim. Forest
409 Umbelliferae Torilis Adans. Torilis scabra Terraces/Village
/Stream
410 Burseraceae Canarium Canarium album Village /Stream
411 Oxalidaceae Oxalis Oxalis corniculata
L.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
412 Meliaceae Melia Linn. Melia azedarach
Linn.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
413 Sapindaceae Dimocarpus Helicia formosana Village
414 Sapindaceae Litchi Litchi chinensis
Sonn. Village
415 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Meliosma rhoifolia
Maxim. Forest
416 Sapindaceae Meliosma spp. Meliosma rigida Forest
417 Anacardiaceae Mangifera L. Mangifera indica L. Village /Stream
418 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer palmatum
Thunb.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
419 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer confertifolium
Merr. Forest
420 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer oliverianum Village
421 Aceraceae Acer Linn. Acer cordatum Pax. Forest
422 Aceraceae Toxicodendron Toxicodenddron
sylvestre Sieb. Village
423 Aceraceae Spondias L. Spondias lakonensis
Pierre. Forest
424 Staphyleaceae Euscaphis Sieb. Euscaphis japonica Forest
425 Buddlejaceae Buddleja Linn. Buddleja
lindleyana. Forest/Stream
426 Oleaceae Laurus L. Laurus nobilis Village /Stream
427 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Jasminum
yunnanense Jien. Village /Stream
428 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Ligustrum lucidum Village /Stream
429 Oleaceae Ligustrum Linn. Ligustrum sinense
Lour. Stream
430 Oleaceae Jasminum Linn. Jasminum sambac
(L.) Ait. Forest/Village /Stream
431 Apocynaceae Ecdysanthera Ecdysanthera rosea Forest
432 Apocynaceae Trachelospermum
Lem.
Trachelospermum
axillare Forest/Village /Stream
433 Apocynaceae Trachelospermum
Lem.
Trachelospermum
jasminoides Forest/Village /Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 113 -
434 Apocynaceae Trachelospermum
Lem.
Trachelospermum
gracilipes Hook.f. Forest/Village /Stream
435 Apocynaceae Nerium Nerium indicum Forest/Village /Stream
436 Asclepiadaceae Cynanchum Linn. Cynanchum
glaucescens Forest
437 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest
438 Rubiaceae Galium Linn. Galium aparine
Linn. Terraces/Stream
439 Rubiaceae Adina Salisb. Adina pilulifera Terraces/Village
/Stream
440 Rubiaceae Uncaria Schreber. Uncaria tomentosa Forest
441 Rubiaceae Mussaenda Linn. Mussaenda
esquirolli Levl. Forest
442 Rubiaceae Psychotria Linn. Psychotria rubra Forest
443 Rubiaceae Lasianthus Lasianthus wallichii Forest
444 Rubiaceae Paederia Linn. Paederia scandens Forest/Village
445 Rubiaceae Hedyotis Linn. Hedyotis
chrysotricha Forest
446 Verbenaceae Vitex. Vitex negundo Linn. Forest
447 Verbenaceae
Lantana
montevidensis
Briq.
Lantana camara L. Village /Stream
448 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. Callicarpa
bodinieri Levl. Forest
449 Verbenaceae Callicarpa L. Callicarpa
longissima
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
450 Verbenaceae Premna Premna
microphylla Forest
451 Verbenaceae Vitex Vitex quinata Forest
452 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Clerodendrum
canescens Forest
453 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Clerodendrum
bungei Forest
454 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Clerodendrum
cyrtophyllum Turcz. Forest
455 Verbenaceae Clerodendrum Clerodendrum
japonicum Forest
456 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis uncinata Terraces/Stream
457 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis armandii Terraces/Village
458 Ranunculaceae Coptis Salisb. Coptis chinensis
Franch. Forest
459 Ranunculaceae Clematis L. Clematis chinensis Forest
460 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Ranunculus
japonicus Thunb. Terraces/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 114 -
461 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus L. Ranunculus
sceleratus L.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
462 Ranunculaceae Paeonia P.suffruticosa Andr Terraces/Stream
463 Nelumbonaceae Nelumbo
Nelumbo nucifera
G.
.
464 Saururaceae Houttuynia
Thunb. Houttuynia cordata.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
465 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne. Akebia quinata Forest
466 Lardizabalaceae Akebia Decne.
Akebia
quinata (Houtt.)
Decne.
Forest
467 Menispermaceae Cocculus Cocculus
orbiculatus Forest
468 Menispermaceae Stephania Stephania
cepharantha
Terraces/Village
/Stream
469 Menispermaceae Stephania Stephania tetrandra Terraces/Village
/Stream
470 Berberidaceae Mahonia Nuttall. Mahonia fortunei Forest
471 Berberidaceae Epimedium Linn. Epimedium
brevicornu Maxim. Forest
472 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Polygonum
hydropiper Terraces/Stream
473 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Polygonum
maackianum Regel. Terraces/Stream
474 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Polygonum
chinensis Terraces/Stream
475 Polygonaceae Reynoutria Houtt. Reynoutria
japonica Houtt.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e
476 Polygonaceae Fallopia Adans. Fallopia multiflora Terraces/Stream
477 Polygonaceae Polygonum L. Polygonum
perfoliatum L.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
478 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia limii
Merr. Forest
479 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia
speciosa Pers. Village /Stream
480 Lythraceae Cuphea P. Cuphea
hyssopifolia Forest
481 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia L. Lagerstroemia
indica L. Forest/Village /Stream
482 Lythraceae Rotala Linn. Rotala indices Terraces/Village
/Stream
483 Asteraceae Bidens Bidens pilosa L. Terraces/Village
/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 115 -
484 Asteraceae Senecio L. Senecio scandens
Buch.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
485 Asteraceae Artemisia Linn. Artemisia argyi H. Forest/TerracesVillage
/Stream
486 Asteraceae Xanthium L. Xanthium sibiricum Forest/Village /Stream
487 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa Terraces/Village
488 Asteraceae Lactuca L. Lactuca sativa L. Terraces/Village
489 Asteraceae Sonchus Sonchus brachyotus Terraces/Village
490 Asteraceae Zinnia Zinnia elegans
Jacq. Village /Stream
491 Asteraceae Helianthus Helianthus annuus Village /Stream
492 Asteraceae Youngia Youngia japonica Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
493 Asteraceae Emilia Cass. Emilia sonchifolia Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
494 Asteraceae Taraxacum F. Taraxacum
mongolicum Hand.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
495 Asteraceae Crassocephalum Crassocephalum
crepidioides
Terraces/Village
/Stream
496 Asteraceae Erigeron Erigeron annuus Terraces/Village
/Stream
497 Asteraceae Conyza Conyza canadensis Terraces/Village
/Stream
498 Asteraceae Hemistepta Hemistepta lyrata Village /Stream
499 Asteraceae Eupatorium Chromolaena
odorata
Terraces/Village
/Stream
500 Asteraceae Gnaphalium Gnaphalium affine
D. Don.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
501 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum melongena Terraces/Village
502 Solanaceae Lycianthes Lycianthes biflora Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
503 Solanaceae Datura Linn. Datura stramonium
Linn. Forest/Village
504 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Capsicum annuum
L. Village /Terraces
505 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum tuberosum Village /Terraces
506 Solanaceae Capsicum L. Capsicum
frutescens L. Village /Terraces
507 Solanaceae Solanum L. Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill. Village /Terraces
508 Solanaceae Petunia Juss. Petunia hybrida
Vilm.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
509 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum nigrum L. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 116 -
510 Solanaceae Solanum L. Solanum
americanum
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
511 Solanaceae Atropa L. Atropa belladonna
L. Forest
512 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta Cuscuta chinensis Forest
513 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Dioscorea
esculenta Village /Terraces
514 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea aquatic
Forsk. Village /Terraces
515 Convolvulaceae Pharbitis Choisy. Pharbitis nil (L.)
Choisy.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
516 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Calystegia
hederacea Terraces/Village
517 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus Convolvulus
arvensis L. Terraces
518 Convolvulaceae Calystegia Calystegia sepium Terraces
519 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea quamoclit Terraces/Village
/Stream
520 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Linn. Ipomoea fistulosa
Mart. Forest/Village
521 Lamiaceae Clinopodium Clinopodium
chinense B.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
522 Lamiaceae Prunella Prunella vulgaris L. Forest
523 Lamiaceae Mentha Mentha haplocalyx
Briq.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
524 Lamiaceae Agastache C. Agastache rugosa
F.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
525 Lamiaceae Leonurus Linn. Leonurus artemisia
L.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
526 Lamiaceae Perilla L. Perilla frutescens
L.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
527 Lamiaceae Ajuga Ajuga reptans Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
528 Lamiaceae Lamium Lamium
amplexicaule L. Terraces/Village
529 Lamiaceae Glechoma Linn. Glechoma
longituba Forest
530 Lamiaceae Scutellaria Scutellaria indica
Linn.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
531 Lamiaceae Rabdosia Rabdosia serra Terraces/Village
/Stream
532 Lamiaceae Salvia Linn. Salvia splendens Village /Stream
533 Boraginaceae Cordia L. Cordia dichotoma Forest/Village
534 Boraginaceae Carmona Carmona Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 117 -
microphylla
535 Plantaginaceae Plantago L. Plantago asiatica Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
536 Scrophulariaceae Mazus miguelii. Mazus japonicus T. Village
/Terraces/Stream
537 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia fortunei Village
538 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia
kawakamii Village
539 Scrophulariaceae Paulownia Sieb. Paulownia
kawakamii Village
540 Acanthaceae Peristrophe Peristrophe
japonica Thunb.
Forest/Village
Terraces/Stream
541 Acanthaceae Gendarussa Grendarussa
valgaris
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
542 Acanthaceae Andrographis Andrographis
paniculata Burm.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
543 Acanthaceae Peristrophe Peristrophe
baphica Terraces/Village
544 Musaceae Musa Musa balbisiana
Colla. Forest/Village
545 Musaceae Musa Musa nana Lour. Forest/Village
546 Cannaceae Canna L. Canna indica L. Village
547 Alismataceae Alisma Linn. Alisma
plantago/aquatica Terraces/Stream
548 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Sagittaria
sagittifolia Terraces/Stream
549 Alismataceae Sagittaria L. Sagittaria trifolia Terraces/Stream
550 Alismataceae Heleocharis Eleocharis dulcis Terraces
551 Palmae Livistona R. Livistona chinensis Village /Stream
552 Palmae Rhapis Linn. Rhapis excelsa Village /Stream
553 Palmae Washingtonia Washingtonia
filifera Village /Stream
554 Araceae Amorphophallus Amorphophallus
konjac Forest
555 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Pinellia pedatisecta
Schott. Forest
556 Araceae Arisaema Mart. Arisaema
erubescens W. Forest
557 Araceae Alocasia Alocasia
macrorrhiza Stream
558 Araceae Pinellia Ten. Pinellia ternate Forest
559 Araceae Colocasia Colocasia esculenta
L. Village /Terraces
560 Lemnaceae Lemna L. Lemna minor L Terraces/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 118 -
561 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea Dioscorea opposite Forest
562 Pink Marsilea L. Marsilea
quadrifolia L. Terraces/Stream
563 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Kyllinga
monocephala Rottb. Terraces/Stream
564 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. Cyperus difformis
L.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
565 Cyperaceae Cyperus Linn. Cyperus iria Terraces/Village
/Stream
566 Cyperaceae Juncellus Griseb. Juncellus serotinus Terraces/Village
/Stream
567 Cyperaceae Kyllinga Rottb. Kyllinga brevifolia
Rottb.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
568 Cyperaceae Pycreus Pycreus
polystachyus Rottb.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
569 Cyperaceae Scirpus Linn. Scirpus validus
Vahl. Terraces/Stream
570 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa lapidea Forest/Village
571 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa ventricosa Forest
572 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa rigida Forest
573 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa vulgaris Forest
574 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
pervariabilis Forest
575 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
longispiculata Forest
576 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest/Village
577 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest
578 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa multiplex Forest
579 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
pachinensis. Forest
580 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
remotiflora Forest
581 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa surrecta Forest
582 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
cerosissima Forest
583 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa chungii Forest
584 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest
585 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa textilis Forest
586 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa
guangxiensis Forest
587 Gramineae Bambusa Retz. Bambusa papillata Forest
588 Gramineae Thyrsostachys
Gamble.
Thyrsostachys
siamensis Forest
589 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis Dendrocalamopsis Forest/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 119 -
. oldhami
590 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis
.
Dendrocalamopsis
basihirsuta Forest
591 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis
.
Dendrocalamopsis
beecheyana Forest
592 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis
.
Dendrocalamus
latiflorus Forest
593 Gramineae Dendrocalamopsis
. D.minor Forest
594 Gramineae Indocalamus
Nakai.
Indocalamus
tessellatus Forest
595 Gramineae Indocalamus
Nakai.
Indocalamus
decorus Forest
596 Gramineae Indocalamus
Nakai.
Indocalamus
latifolius Forest
597 Gramineae Indocalamus
Nakai. I.victorialis Forest/Stream
598 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
viridis Forest/Village
599 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
makinoi Forest
600 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys aurea Forest
601 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
meyeri Forest
602 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nuda Forest
603 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
glauca Forest
604 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
iridescens Forest
605 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys vivax Forest
606 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
heterocycla Forest
607 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
heterocycla Forest/Village /Stream
608 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
heterocycla Forest/Village /Stream
609 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
kwangsiensis Forest
610 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
makinoi Forest
611 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
incarnate Forest
612 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
platyglossa Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 120 -
613 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
bambussoides Forest
614 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
viridiglaucescens Forest
615 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
aureosulcata Forest
616 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
varioauriculata Forest
617 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys nigra Forest
618 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachy
srubicunda Forest
619 Gramineae Phyllostachys Phyllostachys
rivalis Forest
620 Gramineae Gelidocalamus
Wen. G.stellatus Forest
621 Gramineae Chimonobambusa
Makino.
Chimonobambusa
marmoreal Forest
622 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.maculatus Forest
623 Gramineae Pleioblastus Pleioblastus
amarus Forest
624 Gramineae Pleioblastus Pleioblastus
altiligulatus Forest
625 Gramineae Pleioblastus P. maculosoides Forest
626 Gramineae Pleioblastus P.solidus Forest
627 Gramineae Pleioblastus Pleioblastus
sanmingensis Forest
628 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.cantori Forest
629 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.orthotropa Forest
630 Gramineae Pseudosasa P.amabilis Forest
631 Gramineae Pseudosasa Pseudosasa
guanxianensis Forest
632 Gramineae Sinobambusa
Makino.
Sinobambusa
seminude Forest
633 Gramineae Sinobambusa
Makino.
Sinobambusa
tootsik Forest
634 Gramineae Sinobambusa
Makino.
Sinobambusa
tootsik Forest
635 Gramineae Sinobambusa
Makino.
Sinobambusa
intermedia Forest
636 Gramineae Acidosasa C. Acidosasa edulis Forest
637 Gramineae Oligostachyum. Oligostachyum
scabriflorum Forest
638 Gramineae Sinobambusa
Makino.
Sinobambusa
tootsik Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 121 -
639 Gramineae Alopecrus L. Alopecurus
aequalis Sobol. Terraces/Village
640 Gramineae Cynodon Cynodon dactylon Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
641 Gramineae Pennisetum Pennisetum
alopecuroides.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
642 Gramineae Eleusine E leusine indica. Terraces/Village
/Stream
643 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria viridis. Terraces/Village
/Stream
644 Gramineae Avena Avena fatua L. Terraces/Village
/Stream
645 Gramineae Digitaria Digitaria
sanguinalis. Terraces/Village
646 Gramineae Arthraxon. Arthraxon hispidus. Terraces/Stream
647 Gramineae Miscanthus. Miscanthus
floridulu.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
648 Gramineae Lophatherum. Herba Loophatheri. Terraces/Village
/Stream
649 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria plicata. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
650 Gramineae Setaria Beauv. Setaria palmifolia. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
651 Gramineae Imperata Cyr. Imperata
cylindrica.
Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
652 Gramineae Phragmites
Adans.
Phragmites
australis (Cav.)
Trin. ex Steud
Terraces
653 Gramineae Coix Linn. Coix lacrymajobi L. Terraces/Village
/Stream
654 Gramineae Zea Zea mays Terraces/Village
655 Gramineae Oryza Oryza sativa Terraces
656 Gramineae Paspalum Paspalum
scrobiculatum Linn. Terraces/Village
657 Gramineae Panicum Panicum repens L. Forest/Terraces/Villag
e /Stream
658 Gramineae Poa
Poa annua L.
Terraces/Village
/Stream
659 Gramineae Zizania Zizania latifolia Terraces/Stream
660 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Alpinia zerumbet. Forest/Village /Stream
661 Zingiberaceae Alpinia Alpinia japonica
Thunb. Forest
662 Liliaceae Smilax L. Smilax china L. Forest
663 Liliaceae Polygonatum Polygonatum Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 122 -
sibiricum
664 Liliaceae Smilax L. S.glabra Roxb. Forest
665 Liliaceae Lilium L. Lilium brownii Forest
666 Liliaceae Paris Linn. Paris polyphylla Forest
667 Liliaceae Allium Allium fistulosum Terraces/Village
668 Liliaceae Allium Allium cepa Terraces/Village
669 Liliaceae Allium Allium sativum L. Terraces/Village
670 Liliaceae Allium Allium chrysanthum Terraces/Village
671 Stemonaceae Angiospermae Stemona sessilifolia Forest
672 Amaryllidaceae Lycoris Herb. Shorttube Lycoris. Terraces/Village
/Stream
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 123 -
Table 5: Animals Farmed in Lianhe Terrace
Serial
number Family Species Destribution
Protection
level
1 Palaemonidae. Freshwater shrimps. Terraces/Stream
2 Palaemonidae. E.carinicauda. Terraces/Stream
3 Penaeidae. Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Terraces/Stream
4 Unionidae. A. woodiana woodiana. Stream
5 Unionidae. Plicata. Stream
6 Unionidae. Anodonta
woodianawoodiana. Stream
7 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis Linn. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
8 Viviparidae. Auriculata. Terraces/Stream
9 Viviparidae. Cipangopaludina
cahayensis. Terraces/Stream
10 Aillpullaridae. Pomacea canaliculata. Terraces/Stream
11 Pomatiopsidae. Oncomelania hupensis
Gredler. Terraces/Stream
12 Bradybaenidae. Bradybaena kiangsinensis. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
13 Achatinidae. Achatina fulica. Forest/Village /Stream
14 Lumbricidae. Lumbricus terrestris Linn. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
15 Haplotaxidae. Haplotaxis gordioides. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
16 Nipponica. Whitmania pigra Whitman. Terraces/Stream
17 Araneidae. Nephila clavata L. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
18 Apidae. Apis cerana cerana
Fabricius.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
19 Apidae. Apis melliferaligustica
Spinola.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
20 Apidae. Vespa. Forest/Village /Terraces
21 Vespidae. Paper wasp. Forest/Terraces
22 Papilionidae. Troides Helena. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
23 Papilionidae. Atrophaneura horishana. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
24 Papilionidae. Byasa alcinous. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
25 Papilionidae. Byasa Mencius. Forest/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 124 -
/Terraces/Stream
26 Papilionidae. Graphium doson. Forest/Terraces/Stream
27 Papilionidae. Ehana elwesi. Forest
28 Papilionidae. Paranticopsis macareus. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
29 Pieridae. Catopsilia Pomona. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
30 Pieridae. Colias croceu. Forest/Village /Terraces
31 Psychodidae. Psychodidae. Forest/Village
32 Staphylinidae. Rove beetle. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
33 Chrysopidae. Sympetrum Croceolum. Forest/Terraces
34 Cordulegasteridae. Chlorogomphus papilio
Ris.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
35 Cordulegasteridae. Anotogaster sieboldii. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
36 Aeshnoidea. Aeshna mixt. Forest/Village
37 Macromiidae. Epophthalmia elegans. Forest/Terraces
38 Coenagrionidae. Agriocnemis femina. Forest/Village /Terraces
39 Coenagrionidae. Cercion plagiosum. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
40 Cicadidae. Oncotumpana maculicollis. Forest/Village /Terraces
41 Cicadidae. Cryptotympana atrata
Fabricius. Forest/Village /Terraces
42 Cicadidae. Platypleura kaempferi. Forest/Village
43 Cicadidae. Cryptotympana atrata
Fabricius. Forest/Village
44 Gryllidae. Acheta domesticus. Village /Stream
45 Gryllidae. Gryllus chinensis. Forest/Village
46 Gryllidae. Loxoblemmus doenitzi. Forest/Village
47 Gryllidae. Gryllodes sigillatus. Forest/Village /Terraces
48 Acrididae. Locustamigratora. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
49 Acrididae. Epacromiusspp. Forest/Terraces/Stream
50 Acrididae. Oedaleusspp. Forest/Terraces
51 Acrididae. Omocestusspp. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
52 Acrididae. Atractomorpha sinensis
Bol. Forest/Terraces/Stream
53 Lucanidae. Stag beetle. Forest/Terraces
54 Scolopendridae. Scolopendra subspinipes. Forest/Village /Terraces
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 125 -
55 Kronopolites
Svenhedini. Spirobolus bungii.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
56 Kronopolites
Svenhedini. Spirobolus bungii Brandt. Forest/Village
57 Paratenosera. Mantis. Forest/Village /Terraces
58 Phasmatidae. Gongy10pus adyposus
Brunner.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
59 Cerambycidae. Cerambycidae. Forest
60 Tettigoniidae. Longhorned grasshoppers. Forest/Terraces
61 Coccinellidae. Rodolia rufopilosa Muls. Terraces/Stream
62 Coccinellidae. Coccinella septempunctata. Terraces
63 Pyrrhocoridae. Pantatomidae. Terraces
64 Curculionidae. Cyrtotracjelus longimanus. Terraces/Village
65 Siluridae. Silurus asotus. Terraces/Stream
66 Bagridae. Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. Terraces/Stream
67 Channidae. Channa argus. Terraces/Stream
68 Cyprinidae. Carassius auratus. Terraces/Stream
69 Cyprinidae. Mylopharyngodonpiceus. Terraces
70 Cyprinidae. Ctenopharyngodonidellus. Terraces
71 Nemipteridae. Sinocyclocheilusgrahami. Terraces/Stream
72 Cobitidae. Misgurnusanguillicaudatus. Terraces/Stream
73 Clariidae. Clariasfuscus. Terraces
74 Anguilla japonica. Anguilla japonica. Terraces/Stream
75 Sciaenidae. Nibeaalbeflora Stream
76 Trichiuridae. Trichiurushaumela. Stream
77 Channidae. Channa asiatica. Stream
78 Cichlidae. Tilapia. Terraces/Stream
79 Ranidae. Rana catesbeiana. Forest/Terraces
80 Ranidae. Rana schmackeri. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
81 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest
82 Ranidae. Rana limnocharis Boie. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
83 Ranidae. Rana guentheri. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
84 Ranidae. Rana rugulosa. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅱ
National
85 Ranidae. Rana plancyi. Forest/Terraces
86 Bufonidae. Bufo Melanostictus
Schneider.
Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
87 Bufonidae. Bufo gargarizans. Forest/Village Class Ⅲ
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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/Terraces/Stream National
88 Bufonidae. Toad. Forest/Village
89 Microhylidds. Microhyla onata. Forest/Village /Stream
90 Rhacophoridae. Dennysi. Forest
91 Hylidae. Hylachinensis. Forest/Stream
92 Viperidae. Gloydius brevicaudus. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
93 Viperidae. Medoggreenpitviper. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
94 Viperidae. Deinagkistrodon . Forest Class Ⅲ
National
95 Boidae. Python molurus. Forest Class I
National
96 Boidae. Python molurus molurus. Forest Class I
National
97 Boidae. Eryx. Forest Class I
National
98 Colubridae. Sinonatrix annularis. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ
National
99 Colubridae. Enhydris plumbea. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ
National
100 Colubridae. Red/backed rat/snake. Terraces/Stream
101 Colubridae. Elaphe carinata. Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ
National
102 Elapidae. Bungarus multicinctus. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
103 Elapidae. Kelloggi. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
104 Elapidae. Ophiophagus Hannah. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
105 Elapidae. Naja atra. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
106 Gekkonidae. Ko japonicus Dumeril. Forest/Terraces
107 Gekkonidae. Pogona vitticeps. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
108 Trionychidae. Trionyx sinensis. Stream Class Ⅲ
National
109 Emydidae. Chinemys reevesii. Stream
110 Corvidae. Pica pica. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
Class Ⅲ
National
111 Corvidae. Corvus macrorhynchos. Forest/Village /Terraces
112 Muscicapidae. Leucodioptron canorus. Forest/Terraces Fujian
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113 Sturnidae. Acridotheres cristatellus. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
114 Hirundinidae. Hirundo rustica. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
115 Oriolidea. Oriolus chinensis. Forest
116 Phasianidae. Francolinus pintadeanus. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
117 Phasianidae. Phasianus colchicus. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
118 Columbidae. Oena capensis. Forest/Terraces
119 Columbidae. Columba. Forest/Village /Terraces
120 Columbidae. Streptopelia turtur. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
121 Columbidae. Streptopelia orientalis. Forest Fujian
122 Alcedinidae. Alcedo atthis. Forest/Village /Terraces
123 Picidae. Piculus. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream
124 Anatidae. Anatinae. Village /Terraces/Stream
125 Anatidae. Anser cygnoides orientalis. Village /Terraces/Stream
126 Anatidae. Anser anser. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
127 Strigidae. Bubo bubo. Forest/Village
/Terraces/Stream Fujian
128 Strigidae. Glaucidium. Forest/Terraces Fujian
129 Strigidae. Asio flammeus. Forest
130 Strigidae. Asio otus. Forest Fujian
131 Accipitridae. Aquila fasciata. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ
National
132 Accipitridae. Spilornis cheela. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
133 Accipitridae. Accipiter nisus. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ
National
134 Accipitridae. Accipiter. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅱ
National
135 Accipitridae. Ictinaetus malayensis. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
136 Centropdidae. Centropus sinensis
Stephens. Forest
Class Ⅱ
National
137 Ardeidae. Ardea purpurea. Forest/Village /Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
138 Ardeidae. Little Egret. Forest/Stream Class Ⅲ
National
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139 Ardeidae. Ardea cinerea. Forest/Terraces/Stream Class Ⅲ
National
140 Falconidae. Falco tinnunculus. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
141 Hystricidae. Hystrix hodgsoni. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
142 Suidae. Sus scrofa. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
143 Suidae. Sus scrofa domestica. Village
144 Mustelidae. Mustela sibirica. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
145 Mustelidae. Lutra lutra. Stream Class Ⅱ
National
146 Felidae. Felinae. Village
147 Cervidae. Muntiacus crinifrons. Village Class I
National
148 Cervidae. Muntiacus reevesi. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
149 Erinaceidae. Heterothermic. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
150 Sciuridae. Callosciurus erythraeus. Forest Class Ⅲ
National
151 Sciuridae. Dremomys perny. Forest
152 Circetidae. Nesokia. Village
153 Leporidae. L.sinensis. Forest/Terraces Class Ⅲ
National
154 Cercopithecidae. Macaca mulatta. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
155 Ranidae. Rana
nigromaculataHallowell. Forest/Terraces
Class Ⅲ
National
156 Ranidae. Quasipaa spinosa. Forest/Terraces/Stream
157 Emydidae. Mauremys mutica. Stream Fujian
158 Viperidae. Green bamboo snake. Forest
159 Phalacrocoracidae. Phalacrocorax carbo. Forest/Terraces Fujian
160 Felidae. Neofelis nebulosa. Forest Class I
National
161 Canidae. Cuon alpinus. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
162 Canidae. Canis lupus familiaris. Village
163 Limacidae. Agriolimax agrestis. Forest/Village /Terraces
164 Manidae. Manis. Forest Class Ⅱ
National
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165 Phasianidae. Coturnix coturnix. Forest/Village /Terraces
166 Circetidae. Microtinae. Forest/Terraces/Village
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Table 6: List of Microorganism in Lianhe Terrace
Serial
number Family Genus Species
Destribution
area
1 Phallaceae. Dictyophora. Dictyophora indusiata. Forest/Terraces
2 Hericiaceae Hericium Hericium erinaceus. Forest
3 Tricholomataceae. Tricholoma. Tricholoma matsutake. Forest/Terraces
4 Auriculariales. Auricularia. Auricularia auricular. Forest/Village
5 Omphalotaceae. Lentinus. Lentinus edodes . Village
/Terraces
6 Pluteaceae. Volvariella. Volvariella volvacea . Village
/Terraces
7 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Village
/Terraces
8 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest
9 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula fotens Pedrs .Fr. Forest
10 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula vinosa Lin. Forest
11 Bolbitiaceae. Agrocybe. Agrocybe aegirit. Forest/Terraces
12 Russulaceae. Russula. Russula cyanoxantha . Forest
13 Russulaceae. Lactarius. Lactarius deliciosus. Forest/Village
/Terraces
14 Agaricaceae. Agaricus. Agaricus campestris. Forest/Terraces
15 Marasmiaceae. Flammulina. Flammulina velutipes. Forest/Terraces
16 Marasmiaceae. Marasmius. Marasmius oreades. Forest/Village
17 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus sajorcaju. Forest/Terraces
18 Tricholomataceae. Isoptericola. Termitornyces
albuminosus.
Forest
19 Boletaceae. Boletus Boletus. Chalciporus Forest
20 Pleurotaceae. Agaricochaete. Pleurotus ostreatus . Forest/Terraces
21 Auriculariaceae. Auricularia. Auricularia polytricha . Forest/Village
22 Tremellaceae. Tremella. T remella. Forest/Terraces
23 Polyporaceae. Ganoderma. Ganoderma Lucidum
Karst.
Forest/Terraces
24 Ganodermataceae. Ganoderma. Ganodermasinensis. Forest/Terraces
25 Geastraceae. Lycoperdon
polymorphum.
Pisolithus tinctorius . Forest
26 Tricholomataceae. Oudemansiella. Collybiaradìcata. Forest
27 Polyporaceae. Antrodia Antrodia camphorata. Forest
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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4: Folk Songs of Lianhe Terraces
Song of Farming Seasons
The Beginning of Spring comes in the 1st lunar month, time to welcome gods and Buddhas and
remove silt.
Collect manure for production; and widen ditches in case rain comes.
Use hoes to ram the earth; and check various seeds.
Add more solid manure to wheat fields; weed out wheat straw and loosen soil.
The Waking of Insects comes in the 2nd
lunar month, time to work on spring plowing and
production.
Seize the farming season; centers on turning the soil when deep plowing.
Sow the precocious coarse cereal seeds; don’t delay in soaking seeds of early season rice.
The Tomb-Sweeping Day comes in the 3rd
lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of continuous
cropping early rice.
Ditches are preferably 1 inch higher; fields are preferably 80%~90% full of water.
Select high-quality wheat seeds; harvest oilseed rape on the Grain Rain.
Do farm work according to solar terms; never delay in sowing late rice.
The Beginning of Summer comes in the 4th lunar month, time to transplant seedlings of
mid-season rice.
Seize the time to harvest wheat; be careful in “4 Fine” and “4 Quick” assignments.
To be adequately fed, vigorously promote early sweet potatoes.
The transplanting of single cropping rice is on the Lesser Fullness; both people and livestock are
busy.
Grain in Ear comes in the 5th
lunar month; never delay in rice transplanting.
Rice seedling lines straightly in big field, while shapes as heart-like flowers in small field.
Then plant late millet and maize; and work hard to plant late sweet potatoes.
The Summer Solstice comes after Grain in Ear, time to weed the mid-season rice fields.
Dog days come in the 6th
lunar month, time to conduct thorough field management.
Do the weeding before the Slight Heat; do the weeding twice on the Great Heat.
Seize the time for summer harvesting and sowing; remember to select improved varieties.
Spread manure after harvesting early rice; never neglect drought control.
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The Beginning of Autumn comes in the 7th lunar month, time to harvest mi-season rice.
Rush to plant autumn soybeans; add manure to late rice and do the weeding again.
Pay attention to the days around the Limit of Heat; prevent mice from eating cereal.
Seize the time to repair field ridges, from edges to walls and do well weeding.
White Dew comes in the 8th lunar month when osmanthus flowers bloom, time for flowering of
rice.
Protect harvest while preventing disasters; split field edges and open a way.
Harvest crops after the Autumnal Equinox; prepare sacks and bamboo sieves.
Prepare check aprons and grain hoppers; bear everything in mind.
The Cold Dew comes in the 9th lunar month; massively harvest late rice.
Remember winter harvest; strive to harvest every grain.
Harvest gently while thrashing vigorously; pave double layers even on fields.
As the Frost's Descent passes, it’s time to harvest leaf mustard and turnips.
The Beginning of Winter comes in the 10th lunar month, time for the harvest climax of late rice.
Straw not only is good fertilizer, but also can be used as firewood.
Sow wheat as the Light Snow comes; ensure income increase in the next year.
It’s also important to repair water conservancy facilities in winter; carefully manage the rotten
paddy fields.
The Great Snow comes in the 11th lunar month; never leave rice roots to the next year.
Give priority to dig and destroy rice roots; put efforts to collect manure in winter.
The Winter Solstice comes after the Great Snow, time to cut weeds and burn logging residue.
Do winter plowing early for it may not be so cold; both people and farm cattle dare go to the field.
The end of the year comes in the 12th lunar month; find more sidelines to enjoy the Spring
Festival.
It becomes extreme cold as the Slight/Great Cold come; focus on wheat field management.
Second fertilizing and first manuring, better before the Beginning of Spring.
Don’t neglect backlogs of farm work; combine production with the Spring Festival.
Sung by: Yu Yajin
Collected by: Qiu Shanshi
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Song of Plowing
Start plowing in the 1st lunar month; remove the autumn & winter silt before the 15
th day.
Celebrate from day to night in the whole 15th day, plan to work from the 16
th day.Start plowing in
the 2nd
lunar month as the Waking of Insects comes; everyone shall hoe the fields.
Sow seeds while plowing; soak rice seeds and do the threshing.
Start plowing in the 3rd
lunar month as the Tomb-sweeping Day comes; start sowing early to
obtain better harvest.
Pods and potatoes haven’t been planted yet; start planting vegetables in the guarden.
Start plowing in the 4th lunar month as the Beginning of Summer comes; pray plowing may bring
hope.
Hold the rammer with both hands in prayer position; hope God will bless us with a bumper
harvest.
Start plowing on the Grain in Ear of the 5th lunar month; weed grow wild under sunny day.
The fields haven’t been tilled after Grain in Ear; there’ll be no grain in case of further delay.
It’s hot to plow in the 6th lunar month; carry tea before going out.
A load of tea canisters, rice baskets and dung, it’s hard to carry for the way is too far.
Start plowing in the 7th lunar month and clean up the understory of bamboo forest; do the weeding
again in the field with sweeping weeds grow on the wall.
After all the field wall work is done for winter, one can play leisurely and leave worry
behind.Starts plowing in the 8th lunar month as osmanthus flowers bloom; timely cut the weeds on
field ridges.
Dry the fields as early as possible, for the re-dried straw is easier to burn.
Start plowing in the 9th lunar month as the Double Ninth Festival comes; store rice in a barn after
harvesting and drying it in the sun.
Harvest a few more loads of rice on every field; more rice can be borrowed by friend tomorrow.
Some rice has been harvested in the 10th lunar month; it is the time to pay land rent.
One thing should be keep in mind ,worship the Earth God is the time.
Start plowing in the 11th lunar month as the Winter Solstice comes; it’s time to plant cotton and
wheat.
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Lead oxen to till the field while collecting wheat and dung; it needs a large group.
It’s time for collecting straw ash when plowing in the 12th lunar month; store it in a shed of
manure.
The straw ash collected is so conspicuous, conducive to the plowing in the next year.
Prediction by the 24 Solar Terms
1st Lunar Month
The surroundings are preferably dark on the first morning of a year, for a heavy snow in
succession often heralds an abundant year.
Once the sun comes out on the Beginning of Spring, peasants may effortlessly plow fields.
2nd
Lunar Month
There’ll be as much rice as mud once it thunders on the Waking of Insects; and there’ll be fewer
patients if it rains on the Spring Equinox.
Once continuous heavy rain appear in the mid-month, cotton, beans and wheat can be planted
everywhere.
3rd
Lunar Month
If there’s both rain and strong wind on the 1st day, the whole village may be tortured by plague.
If the wind blows from the south on the Tomb-sweeping Day, it must herald a bumper harvest.
4th
Lunar Month
If there’s an east wind on the Beginning of Summer, there’ll be fewer people getting ill.
If it thunders on the Jiazi / Gengchen day, there must be a plague of locusts.
5th
Lunar Month
If it rains on the Dragon-Boat Festival, it heralds a bumper harvest year, so does it if it thunders on
the Grain in Ear.
If the wind blows from the northwest on the Summer Solstice, the output of fruits and vegetables
may reduce.
6th
Lunar Month
If the dog days are extremely hot, the cereal field may not produce grain.
If no disaster occurs at the moment, it must indicate heavy snows of 3 winters.
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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7th
Lunar Month
It’ll be worrisome if there’s no rain on the Beginning of Autumn, for the output of crops may
reduce by half.
If it rains heavily on the Limit of Heat, it’ll be hard to harvest crops even they are matured.
8th
Lunar Month
If there’re many white dews on the Autumnal Equinox, songs for celebrating the harvest of late
rice may be heard everywhere.
There’s preferably no thunder or lightning, which may result in rising price of rice in winter.
9th
Lunar Month
It’s harmful to peasants if the frost appears on the 1st day; the whole winter will be sunny if there’s
no rain on the Double Ninth Festival.
People are susceptible to illness if there’s red mist in the mid-month; the rice of vegetables may
rise if there’s thunder in autumn.
10th
Lunar Month
There’s preferably no “Ren day” on the Beginning of Winter, or the efforts in the fields will be in
vain in the next year.
If the day is “Renzi”, civilians may suffer from disasters or diseases.
11th
Lunar Month
There’ll be lots of thieves if the west wind blows on the 2nd
day, and there may be a severe
disaster if a heavy snow comes as well.
If it’s a fine day on the Winter Solstice, there must be favorable weathers in the next year.
12th
Lunar Month
Domestic animals may be dead if the east wind blows on the 1st day, and it may be a drought year
if a heavy snow falls.
If it’s a fine day, tell the peasants to rest assured.
Song for Flowers in Four Seasons
Peach blossom brings a good start in lunar January;
Aegiceras corniculatum blossoms and sprouts in lunar February.
Wild flowers grow all over the mountains and plains in lunar March;
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Azalea makes the world fragrant in lunar April.
Pomegranate flower helps you decrease internal heat in lunar May;
Orchid is as beautiful as the bride in lunar June.
Chinese redbud is flourishing in lunar July;
Sweet osmanthus sends forth a delicate fragrance in lunar August.
Chrysanthemum smiles in lunar September;
Lotus pops its head above water in lunar October.
Camellia forebodes the frost and snow in lunar November;
Plum welcomes the coming of New Year in lunar December.
Song for Pasturing Cattle
At the beginning of lunar January, I’ve made the plan to nourish the bone of cattle.
I must go to pasture cattle no matter what weather is; I prefer to be a farmer next year.
In February, it’s cold and sleets, making my body icy cold.
I don’t care my cold body, but worry about my cattle on the cold mountain.
In March, the weather becomes warm, and I take both adult and young cattle to the mountain.
Even if when it rains, I would go to check whether my cattle are safe.
In April, I have to plough, and I always regret for getting up late.
Last year, I didn’t done enough, so I must work harder this year.
In May, Dragon Boat Festival comes. I can see cattle everywhere.
They come and go and provide us with milk.
In June, the weather gets hot. All cattle like playing around water.
They enjoy the cool there from dawn to night and I would call them to have food in the morning.
In July, the autumn comes. I take them to the harvest fields.
Though pasturing cattle is not an easy job, there is much interest in it.
In August, it’s the harvest season. But I’m sad seldom people like pasturing cattle.
Even pasturing cattle is a little laborious, but every trade has its master.
In September, it’s the beginning of winter. I go out to collect grass for cattle to spend the winter.
I’m told that cattle should eat full on mountain, because the winter is somewhat long.
In November, the winter solstice comes. I feel sad for pasturing cattle.
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Since others could have a good sleep, but I have to get up in the early morning.
In December, the New Year is coming. But I have to continue taking care of my cattle.
Listening to the sound of firework, I’m still sitting in Jianguanlin to pasture cattle.
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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5: Plan for Tourism and Action Schedule
Figure 3: Tourism Resource Distribution Map of Youxi County
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Figure 4: Overall Plan for Cultural Tourism of Agriculture
Agricultural heritage experience tourism
Zhu Xi Culture tourism
Experience tourism in traditional villages
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Figure 5: Scenic Spots Distribution of Lianhe Terraces
Lianyun Village Xiayun Village Yunshan Village
Dongbian Village Lianhe Village Lianxi Village
Liandong Village Liannan Village “Nine Areas”
Tourism Integrated Service Area
Xiayun Terraces Tourism Area
Lianyun Terraces Tourism Area
Yunshan Terraces Tourism Area
Dongbian Terraces Tourism Area
Lianhe Terraces Tourism Area
Lianxi Terraces Tourism Area
Liannan Terraces Tourism Area
Liandong Terraces Tourism Area
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Figure 6: Future Agricultural Layout of Lianhe Terraces
Traditional rural landscape of Lianyun Village
Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces
Jinji Mountain Landscape Reserve
Traditional rural landscape of Yunshan Village
Traditional rural landscape of Bazaotou Village
Traditional rural landscape of Dongbian Village
Conservation area for farming landscape of terraces
Fuhu Cliff Landscape Reserve
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Table 7: Schedule of Action Plan
Category Plan of action Responsible
department
Duration of
implementation
Agricultural
ecological
protection
Media publicity, popularity of Lianhe
Terraces and the importance of protecting
it
Publicity
Department and
Bureau of Culture
and Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
2015-2017
General Survey on eco-environmental
quality of the heritage site
Agricultural
Bureau and
Environmental
Protection Agency
2015-2017
Supervise the plot of heritage program and
work out clear punitive measures
Agricultural
Bureau and
Leading Group for
Protection of
Agricultural
Heritage
2015-2017
Governance to the environment of villages
in the conservation area
Village
Committee,
Environmental
Protection Agency
and Agricultural
Bureau
2015-2017
Build and protect the forest for
conservation of water supply
Forestry Bureau
and Land and
Resources Bureau
2018-2020
Restrict the exploitation of mineral
resources around the heritage site
Land and
Resources Bureau
and Bureau of
Mines
2018-2020
Develop ecological agriculture and
enhance the level of clean production
Agricultural
Bureau, Bureau of
Light Industry and
Bureau of Animal
Husbandry
2018-2025
Promote the increase of farmer’s income
via multiple ways to protect traditional
crops resources
Agricultural
Bureau and
Bureau of Finance
2015-2025
Protect rare plant resources
Agricultural
Bureau and
Bureau of Finance
2015-2025
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
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Farming
culture
protection
Collect and compile local folk songs,
ballads and farming proverbs
Bureau of Culture
and Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
2015-2017
General survey on cultural relics relating
to agriculture
Bureau of Culture
and Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
2015-2017
Compile traditional culture books about
Youxi for primary and secondary school
students
Education Bureau
and Bureau of
Culture and
Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
2015-2017
Open traditional culture course Education Bureau 2018-2025
Hold Fuhu Festival and Rice
Transplanting Festival
Tourist
Administration
and Lianhe
Township
2018-2025
Media publicity Tourist
Administration 2018-2025
Affirm inheritor of traditional handicraft
Education Bureau
and Bureau of
Culture and
Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
and Tourist
Administration
2018-2020
Agricultural
landscape
protection
Strengthen supervision over land
utilization
Land and
Resources Bureau 2015-2015
Design landscape of farmland Tourist
Administration 2015-2025
Terraces surveying and mapping Land and
Resources Bureau 2015-2017
Supervision over terraces
Township
Government and
Tourist
Administration
2015-2025
Supervision over scenic spots
Forestry Bureau
and Tourist
Administration
2015-2025
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Construction of travelling facilities
Bureau of
Housing and
Urban-Rural
Development and
Department of
Transportation
2015-2025
Road pavement of scenic spot
Bureau of
Housing and
Urban-Rural
Development and
Department of
Transportation
2015-2025
Development
of ecological
products
Trademark registration of “Lianhe
Terrace”
Agricultural
Bureau 2015-2017
Certification of “Three Grades”: All types
of rice got certificated, and 60% of organic
and green rice of which got certificated; all
types of soybeans and peanuts got
certificated; 60% of domestic animals,
poultry and fishery products got
certificated.
Environmental
Protection Agency
and Agricultural
Bureau
2015-2025
Production of edible mushrooms: Go on
promoting the edible mushrooms produced
by straw; increase categories of edible
mushrooms and the consumption of straws
reaches 10% of the yield of the year.
Agricultural
Bureau
2015-2025
Bamboo and wood products: develop the
manufacturing of bamboo and wood
crafts.
Forestry Bureau 2015-2025
Bring in enterprises: mainly bring in the
enterprises involving further processing of
grain and oil, fungus processing, poultry
meat processing and bamboo shoot
processing.
Investment
Promotion Bureau
and Development
and Reform
Bureau
2015-2025
Product developing: mainly develop clean
rice, rice bran oil and functional rice flour
with high-added value deriving from the
organic and green rice; develop edible
mushrooms, snacks made by poultry meat,
bamboo shoot juices, peanuts and
soybeans and other products with
high-added value.
Development and
Reform Bureau
and relevant
enterprises
2015-2025
Establishment of traceability system for
quality safety of agricultural products:
Bureau of Quality
Supervision 2015-2025
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 145 -
establish the “platform for quality safety
traceability and supervision of agricultural
products”.
Product publicity: Take an active part in
various agricultural products exhibition
and promotion activities via television,
broadcasting, newspaper and magazines.
Forestry Bureau
and Education
Bureau and
Bureau of Culture
and Broadcasting,
Television, Press
and Publication
2015-2025
Ecological
tourism
development
Tourism planning: Spatially divide Lianhe
Terraces into the spatial structure of “one
shaft and six areas” according to the
themes of agricultural heritage tourism.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Confirmation of number of tourist
reception and establishment of monitoring
system: Conform the daily number of
tourist reception and establish a system for
monitoring the number of tourist
according to the setting of route and
carrying capacity of terraces.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Experience center of terrace culture:
establish experience center of terrace
culture at Lianyun Village.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Small museum of heritage site: establish
small museum of heritage site at Lianyun
Village in combination with the old folk
houses.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Visitor center: Choose folk houses in
every town and township of Lianhe
Terrace to have them repaired or
reconstructed for establishing the visitor
center.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Exhibition area for traditional terrace
culture: recover the varieties of traditional
agricultural products, and traditional
planting ways like field snails, duck and
fish feeding in rice paddy and make
environment improvement at the same
time.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Photography base for terrace farming
culture: establish photography base for
terrace farming culture at Bazaotou
Village and Lianyun Village separately.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
GIAHS Proposal Youxi Lianhe Terraces, China
- 146 -
Viewing deck: set up several viewing
decks along the travelling route of terrace.
3 of which are located at Dongbian
Village; 3 are located at Yunshan Village,
2 are located at Xiayun Village and 3 are
located at Lianyun Village.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Travelling route of terraces: Route for
one-day tour: Fuhu Cliff – Lianxi Terraces
– Dongbian Terraces – Yunshan Terraces
– Lianyun Terraces – Xiayun Terraces.
Route for two-day tour: (1) Lianhe
Terraces on the first day and the birthplace
of Zhu xi on the second day - ancient
ginkgo community, etc. (2) Fuhu
Cliff–Lianhe Terraces on the first day;
Guifeng Village for Tangchuan Canyon on
the second day.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2017
Project application: apply for
demonstration spot of leisure agriculture to
Ministry of Agriculture.
Agricultural
Bureau 2018-2020
Terrace tourism resort: construct a 2km2
large terrace tourism resort at the dairy
farm at Dongbian Village.
Tourist
Administration
and Bureau of
Housing and
Urban-Rural
Development
2018-2020
Facilities construction: set up a tourist
information center on the foundation of
farm house at Lianyun Village and build
up and repair relevant buildings and roads.
Tourist
Administration
and Bureau of
Housing and
Urban-Rural
Development
2015-2020
Development of tourism products:
continue to develop fine and small
packaged rice, cereal, edible mushrooms,
dried bamboo shoots, bamboo crafts, local
specialty in combination with the local
agricultural products of Lianhe Terraces.
Tourist
Administration
and Agricultural
Bureau
2015-2020
Tourism interpretation: develop tourism
interpretation system featured by
traditional villages and terraces.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020
Touring training: give interpretation
training to local farmers, especially the
farmers engaged in terraces cultivation.
Tourist
Administration 2015-2020