Anion Anion adsorption adsorption (negative ions) (negative ions) Huge capacity: micropores Huge capacity: micropores Unique ability among soil components Unique ability among soil components Increase AEC tremendously (+10–20) Increase AEC tremendously (+10–20) Form nutrient reservoirs in soil Form nutrient reservoirs in soil matrix matrix Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Microbes Microbes Nitrogen-cycle bacteria Nitrogen-cycle bacteria Free-living nitrogen-fixing Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria bacteria Phosphorus, fungi & biochar Phosphorus, fungi & biochar Challenges to handle living Challenges to handle living cultures cultures Probiotic: create microbe- Probiotic: create microbe- friendly soil friendly soil Reduce non-point pollution Reduce non-point pollution Curb Curb eutrophication eutrophication C C ation ation E E xchange xchange C C apacity apacity Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium Magnesium most Trace Elements most Trace Elements A A nion nion E E xchange xchange C C apacit apacit Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine Nitrogen, Boron, Iodine Nitrogen, Boron, Iodine Nitrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus Phosphorus Major non-point water pollutant Major non-point water pollutant Half of US Hydrogen production Half of US Hydrogen production Nitrogen into Amino Acids into Nitrogen into Amino Acids into Proteins Proteins Reduce nitrate leaching 40-80% Reduce nitrate leaching 40-80% Reduce NO Reduce NO x , NH , NH 4 out-gassing: out-gassing: adsorption adsorption Peak Phosphorus: supply Peak Phosphorus: supply limited limited Major non-point water Major non-point water pollutant pollutant Phosphorus availability in Phosphorus availability in soil soil UVM Burlington & Lake UVM Burlington & Lake Champlain Champlain Phosphorus traps vs. broadcast Phosphorus traps vs. broadcast Study Objectives Study Objectives Quantify Phosphorus adsorption & Quantify Phosphorus adsorption & availability in biochar: availability in biochar: 1) corn stover ( 1) corn stover ( Zea mays Zea mays L.) L.) 2) pine wood residue ( 2) pine wood residue ( Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa) 3) switchgrass ( 3) switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum Panicum virgatum L.). L.). P adsorption P adsorption corn stover highest corn stover highest - avg: - avg: 79%) 79%) switchgrass switchgrass - avg: - avg: 76%) 76%) pine wood residue pine wood residue - avg: - avg: 31%) 31%) Available P Available P (bicarbonate extract) (bicarbonate extract) % of % of adsorbed P adsorbed P pine wood residue highest pine wood residue highest - avg: - avg: 43% 43% switchgrass switchgrass - avg: - avg: 33% 33% corn stover corn stover - avg: - avg: 25% 25% Biochar added to acid soil Biochar added to acid soil (at 40 g/kg = (at 40 g/kg = 4%) 4%) increased equilibrium P (reduced increased equilibrium P (reduced adsorption) adsorption) increased available adsorbed P increased available adsorbed P Alkali biochar in calcareous soil Alkali biochar in calcareous soil (corn (corn stover & switchgrass) stover & switchgrass) significantly increased P adsorption significantly increased P adsorption decreased adsorbed P availability decreased adsorbed P availability pine wood biochar: very different pine wood biochar: very different chemical character chemical character than corn stover and switchgrass than corn stover and switchgrass Anion Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC) Exchange Capacity (AEC) Biochar Properties Biochar Properties Toxic Algae Blooms Toxic Algae Blooms Lake Erie 2013 Lake Erie 2013 Phosphate & Nitrate Pollution Phosphate & Nitrate Pollution PARADIGM SHIFT PARADIGM SHIFT

Anion adsorption (negative ions) Huge capacity: micropores Unique ability among soil components

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PARADIGM SHIFT. Biochar Properties. Anion Exchange Capacity (AEC). Study Objectives Quantify Phosphorus adsorption & availability in biochar: 1) corn stover ( Zea mays L.) 2) pine wood residue ( Pinus ponderosa ) 3) switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.). Anion adsorption (negative ions) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Anion adsorption (negative ions) Huge capacity: micropores Unique ability among soil components

AnionAnion adsorptionadsorption (negative ions) (negative ions)

Huge capacity: microporesHuge capacity: microporesUnique ability among soil componentsUnique ability among soil componentsIncrease AEC tremendously (+10–20)Increase AEC tremendously (+10–20)Form nutrient reservoirs in soil matrixForm nutrient reservoirs in soil matrix

Nitrogen, Phosphorus & MicrobesNitrogen, Phosphorus & MicrobesNitrogen-cycle bacteriaNitrogen-cycle bacteriaFree-living nitrogen-fixing bacteriaFree-living nitrogen-fixing bacteriaPhosphorus, fungi & biocharPhosphorus, fungi & biocharChallenges to handle living culturesChallenges to handle living culturesProbiotic: create microbe-friendly soilProbiotic: create microbe-friendly soilReduce non-point pollution Reduce non-point pollution Curb Curb eutrophicationeutrophication

CCation ation EExchange xchange CCapacityapacitySodium, Potassium, Calcium, MagnesiumSodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesiummost Trace Elementsmost Trace Elements

AAnion nion EExchange xchange CCapacityapacityPhosphorus, Sulfur, ChlorinePhosphorus, Sulfur, ChlorineNitrogen, Boron, IodineNitrogen, Boron, IodineNitrogenNitrogenPhosphorusPhosphorus

Major non-point water pollutantMajor non-point water pollutantHalf of US Hydrogen productionHalf of US Hydrogen productionNitrogen into Amino Acids into ProteinsNitrogen into Amino Acids into ProteinsReduce nitrate leaching 40-80%Reduce nitrate leaching 40-80%

Reduce NOReduce NOxx, NH, NH44 out-gassing: adsorptionout-gassing: adsorption

Peak Phosphorus: supply limited Peak Phosphorus: supply limited Major non-point water pollutantMajor non-point water pollutantPhosphorus availability in soilPhosphorus availability in soilUVM Burlington & Lake ChamplainUVM Burlington & Lake ChamplainPhosphorus traps vs. broadcastPhosphorus traps vs. broadcast

Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesQuantify Phosphorus adsorption & availability in biochar:Quantify Phosphorus adsorption & availability in biochar:1) corn stover (1) corn stover (Zea mays Zea mays L.)L.)2) pine wood residue (2) pine wood residue (Pinus ponderosaPinus ponderosa))3) switchgrass (3) switchgrass (Panicum virgatum Panicum virgatum L.). L.).

P adsorptionP adsorptioncorn stover highest corn stover highest - avg:- avg: 79%) 79%) switchgrass switchgrass - avg:- avg: 76%) 76%)pine wood residue pine wood residue - avg:- avg: 31%) 31%)

Available PAvailable P (bicarbonate extract) (bicarbonate extract) % of adsorbed P% of adsorbed P

pine wood residue highest pine wood residue highest - avg:- avg: 43% 43% switchgrass switchgrass - avg:- avg: 33% 33%corn stover corn stover - avg:- avg: 25% 25%

Biochar added to acid soilBiochar added to acid soil (at 40 g/kg = 4%) (at 40 g/kg = 4%)increased equilibrium P (reduced adsorption)increased equilibrium P (reduced adsorption)increased available adsorbed Pincreased available adsorbed P

Alkali biochar in calcareous soilAlkali biochar in calcareous soil (corn stover & switchgrass) (corn stover & switchgrass)

significantly increased P adsorptionsignificantly increased P adsorptiondecreased adsorbed P availabilitydecreased adsorbed P availability

pine wood biochar: very different chemical characterpine wood biochar: very different chemical characterthan corn stover and switchgrassthan corn stover and switchgrass

AnionAnion Exchange Capacity (AEC) Exchange Capacity (AEC) Biochar PropertiesBiochar Properties

Toxic Algae BloomsToxic Algae BloomsLake Erie 2013Lake Erie 2013

Phosphate & Nitrate Pollution Phosphate & Nitrate Pollution

PARADIGM SHIFTPARADIGM SHIFT