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What is Animation?
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images
of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions in order to
create an illusion of movement. It is an optical illusion of
motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision.
The most common method of presenting animation
is as a motion picture or a video.
What is Persistence of Vision?
Persistence of vision is the phenomenon of the
eye by which an afterimage is thought to persist for
approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on
the retina.
In other words, it’s the ability
of the eye to retain the impression
of an image for a short time after
the image has disappeared.
Six Types of Animation Techniques:
1. Stop-motion animation:- Puppet animation- Claymation- Cutout animation, etc.
2. Traditional, hand-drawn animation
3. Rotoscoping
Six Types of Animation Techniques:
4. Live-action animation
5. Anime
6. Computer animation:
2D (Flash) & 3D (Maya)
Stop-motion Animation
Real-world objects are physically manipulated and
photographed one frame of film at a time to create
the illusion of movement.
Invented by
Georges Melies
in the Early 20th Cent.
purely by accident.
(Ex: bus transformed
into a hearse)
Stop-motion Animation
Stop motion is often called frame-by-frame animation.
As mentioned earlier, it’s a generic term for an animation technique that makes static objects appear to move.
The object is moved very small amounts between individual frames, producing the effect of motion when the film is played back, as in conventional drawn and painted animation.
A Trip to the Moon, Georges Melies, 1902Was the 1st Sci Fi Movie ever made! Incorporated theatrical sets, props and real actors.
One of the Oldest Stop-Motion Films
Film With Elements of Stop-motion
The Science of Sleep by Michel Gondry, 2006
To find more examples:
Google Video is an excellent source for finding examples of every kind of
stop-motion technique.
A simple “stop motion animation” search will yield immediate results,
of varying quality.
Pioneers of the Animation Genre
J. Stuart Blackton (American), Early 20th Cent.
is often considered to be the 1st true animator. Perfected
stop-motion & hand-drawn animation techniques.
Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (Short Anim., 1906)
Emile Cohl (French),
Early 20th Century.
Became famous for his
short hand-drawn film
“Fantasmagorie”, 1908.
Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
1) Traditional animation (cel or hand-drawn) – wasused for most films animated in the 20th century.
2) Each frame is drawn slightly differently from the one before it.
Hand-Drawn Animation Technique
3) Drawings are traced or photocopied onto
transparent acetate sheets called cels.
4) The completed character cels are photographed one-by-one onto motion picture film.
Hand-Drawn Animation TechniqueThis image shows how 2 transparent cels, each with
a different character drawn on them, and an opaque
background are photographed together to form 1 image.
Examples of Traditional AnimationHand-drawn:
Disney’s Pinocchio (1940), Akira (1988)
Animations created with the help of a computer:
The Lion King (1994), The Triplets of Bellivelle (2003)
Rotoscoping
1. Was invented in 1917
2. Animators trace live-action movement, frame by frame
3. The source film can be directly copied from actors’ outlines into animated drawings, as in The Lord of the Rings (US, 1978) or Waking Life (US, 2001).
Ex: Charles Schwab commercial
Rotoscoping
Patent drawing for Fleischer’s original rotoscope. The artist is drawing on a transparent easel, onto which the movie projector at the right is throwing an image of a single film frame.
Rotoscoping Examples:
“Charlie Chaplin” by Kyungwha Leehttp://www.allyourdatabasearebelongto.us/2d.php
“Waking Life” Animationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yJE1iiO0qI
Live-Action & Anime
Live-action is a technique which combines hand-drawn
characters with live action shots. Examples: Who Framed
Roger Rabbit? (USA, 1988) & Osmosis Jones (USA,2002).
Anime is a technique primarily used in Japan. It usually consists of detailed characters but more of a stiff animation.
Examples: Spirited Away (Japan, 2001) and Princess Mononoke.
2D & 3D Animation
2D animation figures are created and/or edited on thecomputer using 2D bitmap graphics or created and editedusing 2D vector graphics. Techniques include tweening,morphing, etc.
Digital 3D models are manipulated by an animator. Various techniques can be applied to objects, such asmathematical functions (ex. gravity, particle simulations).Ex: Toy Story, Shrek.