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AnimalsAnimals
1.1. heterotrophs heterotrophs
2.2. multicellular multicellular
3.3. lack cell wallslack cell walls
4.4. move from place to placemove from place to place
5.5. most reproduce _________most reproduce _________
6.6. characteristic pattern of ___________characteristic pattern of ___________
7.7. possess unique tissuespossess unique tissues
• lack lack of symmetry:of symmetry:• SpongesSponges
Radial : Radial : body arranged around a central axisbody arranged around a central axis cnidarians cnidarians _____ embryonic layers_____ embryonic layers
1.1. outerouter ectoderm=ectoderm= epidermis epidermis2.2. inner inner endoderm=endoderm= gastrodermis gastrodermis
bilateral:bilateral: body has left and right mirror imagesbody has left and right mirror images __________________________ ____ embryonic layers____ embryonic layers
1.1. Ectoderm=Ectoderm= epidermis epidermis2.2. Endoderm=Endoderm= gastrodermisgastrodermis3.3. Mesoderm=Mesoderm= skeleton, muscles skeleton, muscles
Symmetry-embryonic layersSymmetry-embryonic layers
Body CavityBody Cavity
Improves the animal body design:Improves the animal body design:1.1. Circulation: Circulation: fluids that move fluids that move
2.2. Movement: Movement: fluid makes the animal’s body rigid fluid makes the animal’s body rigid permitting resistance to muscle contractionpermitting resistance to muscle contraction
3.3. organ function: organ function: organs function without being organs function without being deformed by surrounding musclesdeformed by surrounding muscles
Bilateral Bilateral animals:animals: Acoelomate: Acoelomate: no cavity no cavity Pseudocoelomate: Pseudocoelomate: cavitycavity between mesoderm- endodermbetween mesoderm- endoderm Coelomate: Coelomate: cavity within the mesodermcavity within the mesoderm
building of a body from a ________ of building of a body from a ________ of similar segmentssimilar segments
a small change produces a new kind of a small change produces a new kind of segment with a different __________segment with a different __________
SegmentationSegmentation
Embrynic developmentEmbrynic development
cell divisions of the fertilized egg:cell divisions of the fertilized egg: Compact ball of cells: Compact ball of cells: ____________________ hollow ball of cells: hollow ball of cells: ______________ Indentation of the blastula: Indentation of the blastula:
blastopore= blastopore= opening to the outsideopening to the outside protostomesprotostomes, mouth develops from the , mouth develops from the
blastoporeblastopore deuterostomesdeuterostomes, anus develops from the , anus develops from the
blastopore, mouth from other part of the blastopore, mouth from other part of the blastulablastula
SpongesSponges
PoriferaPorifera lack tissue/organslack tissue/organs masses of specialized masses of specialized
cells embedded in a cells embedded in a gel-like matrixgel-like matrix
perforated by tiny perforated by tiny holesholes
flagellated cells line flagellated cells line the body cavity and the body cavity and draw water in draw water in through the pores: through the pores: ____________________________
Cnidaria Cnidaria Ex: jellyfish, hydra, Ex: jellyfish, hydra,
corals, sea corals, sea anemones anemones
radial symmetryradial symmetry extracellular extracellular
digestion: digestion: digestion outside of digestion outside of cells in a gut cavitycells in a gut cavity
___________: capture ___________: capture their prey with their prey with tentacles tentacles
2 basic body forms2 basic body forms MedusaeMedusae:: free- free-
floatingfloating PolypsPolyps:: sessile sessile
Sea anenome
Jellyfish
Flat wormFlat worm
platyhelminthesplatyhelminthes simplest bilateral animalssimplest bilateral animals
1.1. lack internal cavity lack internal cavity
2.2. digestive cavity only has digestive cavity only has one opening: one opening: ccannot _________________________ annot _________________________
3.3. lack circulatory systemlack circulatory system, thin-bodies= , thin-bodies= diffusiondiffusion
4.4. Reproduction:Reproduction: hermaphroditichermaphroditic asexual regenerationasexual regeneration
Round wormsRound worms
NematodaNematoda hydrostatic skeletonhydrostatic skeleton: : muscles work against muscles work against
the fluidthe fluid unsegmented worms unsegmented worms cylindrical bodycylindrical body Ex: Ex:
genetic and development studies: genetic and development studies: Caenorhabditis Caenorhabditis eleganselegans
parasites:parasites:1.1. Trichinella:Trichinella: trichinosis=trichinosis= consuming undercooked pork consuming undercooked pork2. Heartworm (dogs)3.3. Ascaris lumbricoides: Ascaris lumbricoides: intestines intestines
Hollow worms: Hollow worms: annelidsannelids
Ex: Earthworm, leechesEx: Earthworm, leeches A tube __________________A tube __________________ repeated segments, repeated segments, excretory excretory
and locomotor organs are and locomotor organs are repeatedrepeated
Specialized Specialized anterior segments anterior segments contain sensory organs and braincontain sensory organs and brain
circulatory and nervous systemcirculatory and nervous system
__________________ (with real cavitites) (with real cavitites) without segmentedwithout segmented bodies bodies basic body designbasic body design
footfoot: : muscular structuremuscular structure central visceral mass: central visceral mass: body’s organsbody’s organs mantle: mantle: surrounds the visceral masssurrounds the visceral mass radularadula,, a a rasping tongue-like organrasping tongue-like organ
________ ________ formed (clams, oysters) when foreign formed (clams, oysters) when foreign objects are lodged between mantle-inner shell, objects are lodged between mantle-inner shell, the mantle coats the foreign object with layer the mantle coats the foreign object with layer upon layer of shell material to reduce irritationupon layer of shell material to reduce irritation
MollusksMollusks
Gastropods: snailGastropods: snail foot to crawl, mantle for protectionfoot to crawl, mantle for protection ____________________________________
Bivalves: clamBivalves: clam two-part shell with a hinge two-part shell with a hinge filter-feed by drawing water into their shellfilter-feed by drawing water into their shell
Cephalopods: octopusCephalopods: octopus modified mantle cavity that permits modified mantle cavity that permits
____________ ____________ shell is reduced or absentshell is reduced or absent
• Biggest group, most successful!• _____________:
•surrounds body for protection •and keeps water in
• Molt
• ___________ symmetry• Complex organs system! sensory, respiratory, social behavior• divisions: crustacean, millipede (and centipede), arachnids, insects
ArthropodsArthropods
first deuterostomesfirst deuterostomes spiny skin=spiny skin= endoskeletonendoskeleton Larva is __________but adult ______Larva is __________but adult ______ water vascular systemwater vascular system: : fluid-filled fluid-filled
canals that extend into numerous canals that extend into numerous hollow tube-feet for locomotionhollow tube-feet for locomotion
EchinodermsEchinoderms
Deuterostome: coelomates Deuterostome: coelomates large animalslarge animals ________, ________, flexible rod beneath the nerve cord flexible rod beneath the nerve cord
in the early embryoin the early embryo _______, _______, dorsal hollow nerve corddorsal hollow nerve cord postanal tail, postanal tail, a tail that extends beyond the a tail that extends beyond the
anus, at least during embryonic developmentanus, at least during embryonic development VertebratesVertebrates
backbonebackbone (series of hollow bones) that replaces the (series of hollow bones) that replaces the notochord notochord
Head:Head: skull and brain skull and brain
ChordatesChordates
FishFish
1.1. Gills, Gills, to extract dissolved oxygen to extract dissolved oxygen ________________
2.2. vertebral column, vertebral column, skeleton made of skeleton made of either bone or cartilageeither bone or cartilage
3.3. single-loop blood _________ , single-loop blood _________ , blood is blood is pumped from the heart to the gills, to pumped from the heart to the gills, to the body, and then back to the heartthe body, and then back to the heart
4.4. Types:Types:
Chondrichthyes Chondrichthyes Ex: sharks and raysEx: sharks and rays first jawed fishesfirst jawed fishes flexible, cartilaginous skeletonflexible, cartilaginous skeleton
Bony fishBony fish internal skeleton of bone internal skeleton of bone _____ ______, _____ ______, gas-filled sac to regulate gas-filled sac to regulate
buoyant densitybuoyant density most diverse of all vertebratesmost diverse of all vertebrates
Amphibians Amphibians direct descendant of fishesdirect descendant of fishes Ex: Frogs, Salamanders Moist skin for __________ LegsLegs Lungs and Lungs and cutaneous respirationcutaneous respiration pulmonary veins, pulmonary veins, returns oxygenated returns oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart for blood from the lungs to the heart for repumpingrepumping
partially _______ heart, partially _______ heart, helps to helps to prevent oxygenated blood prevent oxygenated blood deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood
ReptilesReptiles
• Ex: Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodile, alligators amniotic egg: amniotic egg: watertight eggs protected from drying watertight eggs protected from drying
out with food source (yolk) comprised of four layers of out with food source (yolk) comprised of four layers of membranesmembranes Chorion:Chorion: O O22 to enter but not the exit of H to enter but not the exit of H22OO yolk sac:yolk sac: connects to the gut of the embryo and delivers connects to the gut of the embryo and delivers
foodfood Allantois:Allantois: accumulates wastes from the embryoaccumulates wastes from the embryo Amnion:Amnion: fluid-filled fluid-filled
dry skindry skin to to prevent ________ ________prevent ________ ________
Birds Birds
evolved from bipedal dinosaursevolved from bipedal dinosaurs lack teeth lack teeth vestigial tailsvestigial tails _________ eggs _________ eggs reptilian reptilian scalesscales on their feet and lower legs on their feet and lower legs ________________________ lightweight and adapted for flight lightweight and adapted for flight flight skeletonflight skeleton is firm for attaching flight muscles, the is firm for attaching flight muscles, the
bones are thin and hollowbones are thin and hollow
Mammals Mammals middle ear with middle ear with three bones that evolved from three bones that evolved from
bones in the reptile jawbones in the reptile jaw __________________________________________ in in females to produce milk to females to produce milk to
nurse the newbornsnurse the newborns __________________________________ to provide to provide nourishment to the young nourishment to the young
while it is in the uteruswhile it is in the uterus Endothermy Endothermy which allows mammals to be active at which allows mammals to be active at
any time of the day or night and to ___________________any time of the day or night and to ___________________ Heterodont dentitionHeterodont dentition, , different types of teeth are different types of teeth are
highly specialized to match eating habitshighly specialized to match eating habits HairHair for for insulation made up of dead cells filled with insulation made up of dead cells filled with
the protein, the protein, keratinkeratin horns, claws, fingenails made with keratinhorns, claws, fingenails made with keratin
1.1. monotremes, monotremes, 1.1. the only the only egg-layingegg-laying mammals mammals
2.2. Ex: duck-billed Ex: duck-billed platypusplatypus and and anteateranteater
2. 2. marsupials,marsupials, young nursed in a marsupial pouchyoung nursed in a marsupial pouch Ex: __________Ex: __________
3. 3. placental mammals, placental mammals, young develop in the uterus for a young develop in the uterus for a
long time while being nourished by a long time while being nourished by a placentaplacenta
Ex: Ex:
Practice questionsPractice questions
1.1. Which of the following characteristics is Which of the following characteristics is notnot seen in the flatworms?seen in the flatworms?
A)A) CephalizationCephalizationB)B) MesodermMesodermC)C) specialization of digestive tractspecialization of digestive tractD)D) bilateral symmetrybilateral symmetry
2. 2. One difference between Nematoda One difference between Nematoda (roundworms) and Annelida (segmented (roundworms) and Annelida (segmented worms) is the pseudocoel develops between worms) is the pseudocoel develops between the mesoderm and the _____________ in the mesoderm and the _____________ in roundworms, and the coelom develops in the roundworms, and the coelom develops in the _____________ in segmented worms._____________ in segmented worms.
3. 3. All fish species share all of the following characteristics All fish species share all of the following characteristics except:except:
A)A) GillsGillsB)B) JawsJawsC)C) endoskeleton with dorsal nerve cordendoskeleton with dorsal nerve cordD)D) single loop circulatory system.single loop circulatory system.
4. 4. sharks and bony fish have evolved anatomical solutions sharks and bony fish have evolved anatomical solutions to increase swimming speed and maneuverability. Which to increase swimming speed and maneuverability. Which of the MAJOR modification found in bony fish? ___________of the MAJOR modification found in bony fish? ___________
5.5. Adaptations in reptiles that allow them to overcome Adaptations in reptiles that allow them to overcome dehydration include ______, _________dehydration include ______, _________
6.6. Characteristics that evolved in birds to allow for flight Characteristics that evolved in birds to allow for flight include ________ AND _______include ________ AND _______
7.7. A characteristic unique to almost all mammals and no A characteristic unique to almost all mammals and no other vertebrates is ___________other vertebrates is ___________