Animales en Guerra

8/12/2019 Animales en Guerra

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Gfc`glbs bf Mubrrg



7© Mbstcõ Átceg Gfc`gl

YbkgeecõfYussbllTrceb

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EnftgetncfhnmbgegtDm`gcl.en`

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9

BkctnrcglRsg`ns g lns gfc`glbs pgrg tnkn, bs uf abean bvckbftb, en`prnigilb y

rbeurrbftb y lgs mubrrgs snf uf bspgecn knfkb su usn sb cferb`bftg gÿf `çs y kb

hnr`g `çs erubl sc egib.

Bf lgs mubrrgs lns gfc`glbs eu`plbf lns prnpõsctns agictuglbs y fgkg ãtcens pgrg lns

qub lns erbg`ns y ercg`ns (sbrvcr kb en`ckg, kb rnpg y eglzgkn, kb en`pg÷àg, kb

`nkblns kb bxpbrc`bftgecõf, kb kcvbrscõf…) y gkb`çs scrvbf pgrg gtgegr gl

bfb`cmn, pgrg vcmclgrln, pgrg enftrnlgrln y pgrg kbstrucrln. Bf sctugecõf kb prb-mubrrg

tgìcãf scrvbf en`n `nkblns kb bxpbrc`bftgecõf kbl kg÷n qub egusg bl gr`g`bftn bf

bl eubrpn kbl bfb`cmn. Ebrkns, egirgs, pbrrns… snf `nkblns qub rbprbsbftgf gl

bfb`cmn y qub suhrbf en`n bl bfb`cmn. Unf bl bfb`cmn.

Tnr sc bsn hubrg pnen, tgìcãf scrvbf pgrg gtgogr bl bstrãs kb lns snlkgkns kurgftb y

kbspuãs kb lg mubrrg ¾Ybeubrkgs Gpneglypsb Fnw> ¾Bl egeanrrctn ilgfen qub sb

sglvg `clgmrnsg`bftb kbl `cbkn kb lns snlkgkns g`brcegfns qub kcspgrgf scf

`ntcvn (n pnr `ntcvn kbl `cbkn) g ufg lgfeag kb ufg hg`clcg vcbtfg`ctg> Uc fn ln

rbeubrkgs rbpgsg lg pblàeulg, bs uf bxeblbftb glbmgtn kb fubstrg lneurg enlbetcvg.

Lns gfc`glbs snf usgkns bf lgs mubrrgs pgrg tnkn? sb usgf en`n en`ckg kb `gynr

rbsbrvg bfbrmãtceg eugfkn bsegsbgf lns glc`bftns `çs pbrbebkbrns en`n lgs vbrkurgs

y anrtglczgs, sb usgf en`n kbtbetnrbs kb bxplnscvns n kb bfb`cmns, sb usgf en`n

inìgs enftrg bl bfb`cmn, sb usgf en`n “ibstcgs kb egrmg‐, sb usgf en`n

enìgtcbftbs pgrg gircr eg`cfn, sb usgf en`n gr`gs enftrg gr`g`bftn, sb usgf

en`n kbtbetnrbs kb tÿfblbs, sb usgf pgrg prbvbfcr bfhbr`bkgkbs, sb usgf en`n

`bfsgobrns, sb usgf en`n lneglczgknrbs, sb usgf en`n vcmclgftbs kbl bfb`cmn

egpturgkn, sb usgf en`n kbsgetcvgknrbs kb `cfgs, sb usgf en`n en`pg÷àg pgrg

rbigogr bl bstrãs...

S bf MBG bstg`ns bf enftrg kb su usn, pnrqub tnkns lns usns qub lbs kg`ns snf pgrg

fubstrgs fglckgkbs y, gufqub glmufgs pgrbzegf kb bftrgkg `bfns kg÷cfgs n

cfelusn iubfgs pgrg bllns, erbb`ns qub bf rbglckgk sõln gyukgf g pbrpbtugr ufg

c`gmbf `bfns kg÷cfg kb lns getnrbs kb lg mubrrg. S lg mubrrg kg÷g g tnkns, gufqub agyg

`n`bftns pgrg lgs rcsgs n pgrg lgs egrcecgs.

S bf bstb grtàeuln tb bxplcegrb`ns lns `ntcvns pnr lns qub erbb`ns qub pbrpbtugr ufg

c`gmbf `bfns kg÷cfg kb lns getnrbs kb lg mubrrg, fn lbs scrvb g bllns. Gl enftrgrcn.



5

Gftbs kb lg Mubrrg



;

¾Eõ`n sb sgib quã kg÷ns egusg ufg iglg y eõ`n rbpg-

rgrlns> ¾N lns qub egusg ufg `cfg gftcpbrsnfg> ¾N ufg

inìg kb rgec`n> ¾N ufg inìg fuelbgr> ¾Wuã prnkue-

tns scrvbf n fn scrvbf pgrg cftbftgr eurgr g lns abrckns

bf bl eg`pn kb igtgllg>… lgs rbspubstgs g bstgs y g

ntrgs ùeags prbmuftgs sb enftbstgf `clctgr`bftb

enf lg lõmceg kbl ecruogfn Onaf Auftbr qub kbeàg? “¾Tg-

rg quã pbfsgr sc pubkbs bfsgygr bl bxpbrc`bftn>‐.

S bfsgyg`ns scf pgrgr, pnfmg`ns uf bob`pln? lns gpõ-

sctns kb zbnlctg qub sb gplcegrnf kb hnr`g sc`clgr g

lns vbfkgobs bf Crgq y Ghmgfcstgf, sb utclczgrnf mrg-

ecgs g lg bhbetcvckgk kb`nstrgkg pgrg enftrnlgr lgs

ab`nrrgmcgs bf “`nkblns gfc`glbs‐.

Tgrg prnigr bsg bhbetcvckgk lns ebrkns utclczgkns hubrnf

lbscnfgkns, kbsgfmrgkns y rbgfc`gkns pgrg `gftbfbr-

lns enf vckg y sb kneu`bftõ tnkn blln trgs prnkuecrlbs

ufg sbrcb kb abrckgs cfmucfglbs (77) pbrn en`n lg en-

`brecglczgecõf y su usn bf au`gfns, bf mubrrg, kbtbe-

tõ `glg bstgiclckgk kurgftb bl `nvc`cbftn y trgfspnr-

tb kb abrckns, lns ebrkns scmucbrnf scbfkn `nkblns

pgrg lg bvglugecõf enftcfugkg kb bstb prnkuetn. Fn

lns `cs`ns ebrkns, elgrn, ntrns ebrkns.

Lns prntnenlns `clctgrbs agilgf kb mrgfkbs bstu-

kcns bf gfc`glbs pgrg kb`nstrgr ensgs en`n,

pnr bob`pln, qub ufg ab`nrrgmcg abpçtceg kbs-

enftrnlgkg nhrbzeg uf tcb`pn kbtbr`cfgkn kb

supbrvcvbfecg enf uf prnkuetn enferbtn bf

en`pgrgecõf enf lg supbrvcvbfecg enfsbmuckg

trgs lg gk`cfcstrgecõf kb plgqubtgs n kb snlu-

ecõf sglcfg. @ueans kb bstns prntnenlns surmbf

kb lg cfvbstcmgecõf kb lns “@cfcstbrcns kb Kbhbf-

sg‐, knfkb lns gfc`glbs snf bfvbfbfgkns enf

gmbftbs quà`cens, abrckns enf gr`g`bftn, kg-

÷gkns pnr bxplnscnfbs, sn`btckns g crrctgftbs

sbfsnrcglbs, nilcmgkns g bxpnfbrsb g tnxcfgs,

abrckns kblcibrgkg`bftb… @cllnfbs kb gfc`g-

lbs suhrbf y ùbrbf bf lginrgtnrcns, pbrn tgìcãf bf

eg`pg`bftns kb bftrbfn kb ecruogfns `clctgrbs n kb

pbrsnfgl sgfctgrcn `clctgr.

Nvbogs, egirgs, rgtnfbs, rgtgs, enigygs, pbrrns,

`nfns y mgtns snf glmufns kb lns gfc`glbs usg-

kns. Bf uf bxpbrc`bftn 71 ebrkns vcvns hubrnf

gfbstbscgkns y kbtnfgkns. Lns kbogrnf sgfmrgr

agstg pbrkbr uf tbrecn kb su sgfmrb pgrg vbr euçf

tn tcb`pn pnkàgf `gftbfbrlns gÿf enf vckg. Gf-

tbs kb bsg prubig sb lns npbrõ pgrg sgegrlbs bl

igzn, sb lbs enlneõ uf glgìrb bf uf vgsn sgfmuà

fbn c`pnrtgftb pgrg gsbmurgr qub lg lgebrgecõf,

trgs lg kbtnfgecõf, hubsb ln suecbftb`bftb sgf-

mrgftb. S ln hub.

Lg mubrrg bs erubl y lns bxpbrc`bftns bxtrb`gkg`bf-

tb erublbs. Lg gr`gkg csrgblà ag abean bxplntgr ebr

kns enf `csclbs, ag rbglczgkn tbrrcilbs bxpbrc`bf-

tns bf pbrrns, `nfns, pgln`gs, rgtnfbs, sgpns

y enigygs, tgf tbrrcilbs qub, sbmÿf uf grtàeuln

kb uf kcgrcn csrgblà, lns qub llbvgrnf g egin lgs

hubrzgs gr`gkgs csrgblàbs bf bl g÷n 9444 prnvn-

egrnf qub lns snlkgkns qub lns rbglczgrnf enf-

trg bsns gfc`glbs tuvcbsbf qub rbecicr, pnstb-rcnr`bftb, gtbfecõf pscenlõmceg.

Agstg lns `ãtnkns `çs gisurkns y kcmfns

kb uf cfvbftnr lnen snf bxpbrc`bftgkns.

Ecbftàens bstgknufckbfsbs, bf uf glgrkb

kb gtrneckgk, c`plgftgrnf qucrÿrmceg`bf-

tb `cfÿseulgs egrmgs kb fgpgl` g ùrecã-

lgmns enf lg cftbfecõf kb qub kbtnfg-

sbf snirb ecukgkbs ogpnfbsgs. Rfgprubig rbglczgkg bf Fubvn @ãxcen lns

aczn kbscstcr kb su usn, yg qub lns ùr-

ecãlgmns bsegpgrnf kb su b`plgzg`cbf

tn gftbs kb sbr bfvcgkns g eu`plcr õrkb

fbs y bxplntgrnf kbstruybfkn uf agf-

mgr y bl eneab kb uf mbfbrgl.



Bftrbfgfkn g

`ãkcens y pbrsnfgl

sgfctgrcn `clctgr...

2

Tgrg fn pbrkbr lgs egpgeckgkbs qucrÿrmcegs y trgu`gtnlõmcegs kb lns `ãkcens

`clctgrbs y sus bqucpns, y en`n fn scb`prb fns bfenftrg`ns bf mubrrg gl

`cs`n tcb`pn pgrg prgetcegr lg ecrumàg kb igtgllg, bl boãrectn kb egkg pgàs usg

sus prnpcns rbeursns pgrg bftrbfgr. Bf Bstgkns Rfckns usgf lns ebftrns trgu-`gtnlõmcens kb fcvbl 7 en`n bl Yykbr [rgu`g Ebftbr bf @cg`c y Lns Gfmb-

lbs Enufty Anspctgl, knfkb rbglczgf sbscnfbs kckçetcegs y kb lginrgtnrcn,

enf scùlgknrbs, tbockns y “`nkblns gfc`glbs‐.

Eugfkn lbb`ns qub lg cfstrueecõf y lns bobrececns kbsgrrnllgf plgfbs pgrg

sctugecnfbs kb egtçstrnhbs `gscvgs, fn qubrb`ns fc c`gmcfgr bl usn kb

bsns “`nkblns gfc`glbs‐ `gscvg`bftb. [g`pnen fns ageb mrgecg sgibr

qub bxcstb uf B`brmbfey ]gr Uurmbry Enursb knfkb, enf sbscnfbs kckçetc-

egs y bobrececns prçetcens bf egkçvbrbs n gfc`glbs gÿf vcvns, sb rbhrbsegflns enfnec`cbftns kb lns ecruogfns kbl hrbftb, prbpgrçfknsb pgrg lg prõxc-

`g mubrrg.

Tbrn fn snln bf lns BBRR sb agebf bsns erublbs eursns-eg`pg`bftns, bstns sb

rbglczgf glrbkbknr kbl plgfbtg.

Gpuftbs kb uf bftrbfg`cbftn enf cfkueecõf kb kg÷ns y gk`cfcstrgecõf kb kchbrbftbs hçr`gens y hluckns gl Ebrkn f¿ 8



Eg`pg`bftns

glrbkbknr kbl

plgfbtg? eursns

snirb bl tbrrbfn enf

vàetc`gs gfc`glbs

8

Bf uf kneu`bftn bfenftrg`ns lgs rben`bfkgecnfbs içscegs pgrg bstns “Eursns

snirb bl tbrrbfn‐?

“Rtclczg lns gfc`glbs qub bstãf kcspnfcilbs bf lg znfg. Lns pbrrns snf iubfns

`nkblns, gufqub lns ebrkns pubkbf tbfbr `çs lbscnfbs y `gynr pãrkckg kb

eglnr. Fn utclcebs egirgs fc nvbogs pgrg lgpgrntn`àgs, yg qub su gfgtn`àg

gikn`cfgl bs en`plbtg`bftb kchbrbftb g lg au`gfg. Cfhnr`g kb lg fbebsckgk

kb bstb tcpn kb hnr`gecõf g lns gfecgfns kbl pubiln y lns obhbs rblcmcnsns. Lns

ùsul`gfbs fn qucbrbf utclczgr ebrkns fc tg`pnen pbrrns, pbrn pnkb`ns

utclczgrlns pgrg lg hnr`gecõf bf çrbgs cslç`cegs sc enfvbfeb`ns g lns obhbs

rblcmcnsns lneglbs. [rgtg icbf g lns gfc`glbs y gsbmÿrgtb qub bstçf sgfns.

Tgrg uf eursn sb fbebsctgrçf pnr ln `bfns 79 gfc`glbs. Lns ebrkns kbibf pbsgr

kb 94 g 54 jm y lns pbrrns fn `bfns kb 92. Bvctg qub lns gfc`glbs gmrbscvns

sb gtgqubf bftrb bllns, çtglns pnr sbpgrgkn. Gsbmÿrgtb qub tcbfbf geebsn gl

gmug pntgilb y qub sb glc`bftgf kns vbebs gl kàg".

Tgrg lns gfc`glbs cfelusn lg pgz bs tcb`pn kb mubrrg y pgrg qucbfbs erbgf

qub lgs `bkckgs rbmulgecnfcstgs gyukgf scb`prb g lgrmn plgzn g lns

gfc`glbs, ectgrb`ns uf kgtn bxtrgàkn kbl lcirn kb UE Mutcãrrbz? “Kbspuãs kbl

kbseuirc`cbftn kb lg gfbstbscg, bf lg prc`brg `ctgk kbl scmln QCQ, sb cferb`bftõ

bl usn kb gfc`glbs kb bxpbrc`bftgecõf‐(74)



=

Kurgftb lg Mubrrg



1

Nean `cllnfbs kb egigllns ùrcbrnf bf lg C Mubrrg

@ufkcgl trgfspnrtgfkn ùfcecnfbs y su`cfcstrns n

scbfkn nilcmgkns g bstgr bf prc`brg làfbg. @ueagsùlgs tgìcãf hubrnf nilcmgkgs g trgigogr en`n

gfc`glbs kb egrmg bf bl hrbftb neeckbftgl y bf

mubrrgs en`n lg kb Icr`gfcg, Brctrbg, [ÿfbz, lg CC

@ufkcgl.

Ecbftns kb `clbs kb pbrrns agf sckn utclczgkns pgrg

bfvcgr `bfsgobs, kbtbetgr `cfgs, kbsbftbrrgr vàetc`gs

kb lgs inìgs y getugr en`n pbrrns kb pgtrullg.

@çs kb 544.444 pgln`gs hubrnf utclczgkgs pnr Mrgf

Irbtg÷g bf lg Trc`brg y Ubmufkg Mubrrg @ufkcgl.

Ntrns gfc`glbs qub hubrnf usgkns bf mubrrgs snf

blbhgftbs, eg`bllns, iubybs, tnrns, mgtns, egfgrcns b

cfelusn luecãrfgmgs.

Gftbs kb sbmucr bfu`brgfkn g glmufns kb lns

gfc`glbs usgkns, lgs fglckgkbs enf lgs qub lns

usg`ns y glmufns ntrns kgtns qub enfsckbrg`ns

qub tnkns kbib`ns enfnebr, qubrb`ns kbogr elgrns

glmufns puftns?

Rfg cftrnkueecõf fbebsgrcg

Egigllns, pbrrns y au`gfns bf bl eg`pn kb igtgllg

• Lns gfc`glbs fn snf aãrnbs kb mubrrg: snf

vàetc`gs kb fubstrg bstupckbz

• Lns gfc`glbs fn kgf sus vckgs: sb lgs quctg`ns

! Lns gfc`glbs qub scrvbf y ùbrbf gftbs,kurgftb n kbspuãs kb lgs mubrrgs fn tcbfbf ntrg

blbeecõf pnrqub, ¾erbbs qub sc lg tuvcbrgf fn

aucràgf kb lg mubrrg en`n euglqucbr gfc`gl qub

gprbecb `àfc`g`bftb su vckg>



3

Eugfkn bstgllg ufg mubrrg, y lns au`gfns kbibf aucr

kb uf lgkn g ntrn, sb prnkueb bl prc`br prnilb`g pgrg

bl rbstn kb gfc`glbs. Cfelusn enf lns qub enfvcvc`ns.@ueags vbebs sbmucr gtbfkcbfkn g lns gfc`glbs

kn`bstcegkns sb vublvb c`pnscilb, ùeans sb

bsegpgf, gtbrrnrczgkns pnr bl snfckn kb lgs bxplnscnfbs,

lgs kbtnfgecnfbs, bl

hubmn, lns

kbrruìg`cbftns, lgs

scrbfgs, lns mrupns

kb mbftb enrrcbfkn

scf sbftckn, ntrns snfgigfknfgkns g su

subrtb… Lns pbrrns

qub snirbvcvgf

hnr`grçf ̀ gfgkgs

enf ntrns pbrrns y

sb kbkcegrçf g

cftbftgr `gtgr

gfc`glbs kb mrgfog

pgrg snirbvcvcr,lubmn lgs

gutnrckgkbs

kberbtgrçf su

ùbrtb pgrg pnfbr

f g uf gspbetn kb

lg mubrrg qub fn

hnr`g pgrtb kb lgs

prbneupgecnfbs

au`gfgs pgrgmgfgrlg.

Tbrn fn sõln lns gfc`glbs kn`bstcegkns suhrbf bl

gigfknfn, lns gfc`glbs kb mrgfogs kbogrçf kb sbr

glc`bftgkns y lns qub sb bfeubftrgf egutcvns bf

znnlõmcens suhrcrçf gigfknfn eugfkn fn sbrçf

gsbscfgkns pnr au`gfns ùbrtns kb agìrb n rnigkns

pgrg sbr vbfkckns g enlbeecnfcstgs pgrtceulgrbs.

Eugfkn bl egns kb lg mubrrg sb gpnkbrg kb uf

tbrrctnrcn, tnkns lns sbrbs scftcbftbs ln suhrbf, lgmubrrg fn kchbrbfecg bftrb au`gfns y fn au`gfns,

fc bftrb eulpgilbs b cfnebftbs.

S lns gfc`glbs qub snf

usgkns en`n abrrg`cbftgs

(bxplnrgknrbs, kbtnfg-

`cfgs, rbsegtg pbrsnfgs,

pgrg trgfspnrtb y egrmg…)

snf kbsbeagkns eugfkn yg

fn scrvbf, eugfkn snf

abrckns… sc sb lbs

`gftcbfb vcvns bs sõln

pnrqub snf ÿtclbs. Eugfkn

fn ln sbgf fn sb mgstgrç

fc uf sõln eãftc`n bf

bllns pgrg `gftbfbrlns

enf vckg g fn sbr qub

nrmgfczgecnfbs fnmuibrfg`bftglbs sb

kbkcqubf g gyukgrlns,

en`n bl Anspctgl kb

Knrntay Irnnjb (bspnsg

kb uf mbfbrgl kbl boãrectn

irctçfcen) qub fgecõ pgrg

gtbfkbr g glmufns kb lns

`clbs kb egigllns qub

hubrnf gigfknfgkns bf

7354 bf Bl Egcrn igon lg

anrrnrczgkg ̀ crgkg kb

ufg ùobr qub og`çs agiàg

egàkn bf ln qub sn`ns egpgebs kb agebr enftrg lns

gfc`glbs.

Lbs kbelgrg`ns lg mubrrg



74

Bf bl g÷n 7724 gftbs kb fubstrg brg, bl sultçf kb

Igmkgk yg utclczgig pgln`gs en`n `bfsgobrgs. Bstg

prçetceg sb pbrpbtuõ agstg lg Ubmufkg Mubrrg@ufkcgl. G pbsgr kb sbr uf ilgfen ùy pbqub÷n,

lns hrgfentcrgknrbs agf gsbscfgkn g `clbs kb

pgln`gs `bfsgobrgs pgrg bvctgr qub llbmgsbf g su

kbstcfn. Ub egleulg qub kb lgs ebreg kb 7=.444

pgln`gs qub sb utclczgrnf bf lg C Mubrrg

@ufkcgl, `bfns kb ufg kb egkg nean rbmrbsõ

g su kbstcfn. [gìcãf lgs bqucpgrnf enf

eç`grgs y hubrnf kb lns prc`brns hntõmrghns

gãrbns qub rbtrgtgrnf lns eg`pns kb igtgllgkbskb bl gcrb. Bf lg CC Mubrrg @ufkcgl, kb lgs

244.444 pgln`gs b`plbgkgs, 94.444 hubrnf JCG

(jcllbk cf getcnf): g 78.2;; kb bllgs sb lgs lgfzõ bf

pgrgegàkgs trgs lgs làfbgs glb`gfgs. @ueags

hubrnf egpturgkgs n ùbrtgs pnr bl bfb`cmn, sõln

7.1;9 vnlvcbrnf. Lns fgzcs tgìcãf lgs utclczgrnf y

lbs gtgigf pbqub÷gs eç`grgs pgrg nitbfbr

c`çmbfbs kb lgs kbhbfsgs kb lg làfbg @gmcfnt

enfstruckgs pnr Hrgfecg trgs lg C Mubrrg.

S bl trgtn qub lbs kc`ns g bsns sbrbs, g pbsgr kb su

usn y kb lgs vckgs au`gfgs qub sglvgrnf, tgìcãf

kbog ̀ uean qub kbsbgr. Bf 737;, bl obhb kb lg Iblmcgf

Tcmbnf Ubrvceb qub`õ vcvgs g 9.244 pgln`gs gftb bl

rcbsmn qub enrràgf kb sbr egpturgkgs y utclczgkgs pnr

lgs trnpgs kbl jgcsbr.

Enf g`cmns gsà, ¾qucbf fbebsctg bfb`cmns>

Lns pbrrns, gufqub fn pubkbf vcgogr fc tgf lbons fc

tgf rçpckn en`n lgs pgln`gs, tgìcãf agf sckn

utclczgkns en`n ̀ bfsgobrns. Kurgftb lg C Mubrrg

@ufkcgl `çs kb =.444 pbrsnfgs nhrbecbrnf sus pbrrns

pgrg bl boãrectn y ntrns hubrnf “tn`gkns‐ kb lns

rbhumcns. Bl bftrbfg`cbftn brg ln suecbftb`bftb

kurn en`n pgrg qub, lns qub fn supbrgsbf lgs

prubigs, hubsbf gsbscfgkns.

Bl `bonr g`cmn kbl anìrb fn pgrbeb sbr enf

hrbeubfecg bl `bonr g`cmn kbl pbrrn.

@gtgr gl `bfsgobrn



77

En`n sc ufg mubrrg fn hubsb, kb pnr sà, uf bspgecn

y uf tcb`pn llbfn kb pblcmrns (içsceg`bftb pnr lg

cftbfecõf kb bxtbr`cfgrfns ufns g ntrns) lns

au`gfns utclczg`ns g ntrns gfc`glbs pgrg kbtbetgr

eugfkn, eõ`n y kõfkb bl bfb`cmn tcbfb prbvcstnpnfbrfns bf pblcmrn.

Lns gfc`glbs snf usgkns en`n kbtbetnrbs kb mgsbs,

ùfcecõf, `cfgs… lns egfgrcns y rgtnfbs hubrnf

bfvcgkns pnr lns tÿfblbs egvgkns trgs lgs làfbgs

bfb`cmgs pgrg kbtbetgr mgsbs tõxcens, lns pbrrns

hubrnf utclczgkns pnr prc`brg vbz bf lg C Mubrrg @ufkcgl

pgrg kbtbetgr `cfgs y pgrg blln, su hnr`gecõf cfeluàg

kbsegrmgs blãetrcegs y, tnkn y enf bsn, “sõln‐ hubrnfegpgebs kb kbtbetgr lg `ctgk kb lgs `cfgs, y kbec`ns

“sõln‐ pnrqub lg `gynràg lgs lneglczgig g trgvãs kb lg

kbtnfgecõf kb lgs `cs`gs. Lns pbrrns sb agf usgkn

en`n bxplnrgknrbs, en`n gkvbrtbfecg kb lg prbsbfecg

bfb`cmg, en`n iusegknrbs kb kbpõsctns kb gr`gs,

glc`bftns y trg`pgs bxplnscvgs… lg `gynràg ùrcbrnf

pnr lbscnfbs, mnlpbs kb

eglnr y pnr sbr

gigfknfgkns gl gegigr lgmubrrg.

Lns lbnfbs `grcfns y lns

kblfbs, `çs

rbecbftb`bftb, agf sckn

bftrbfgkns pnr lg `grcfg

kb lns Bstgkns Rfckns pgrg

kbtbetgr cftrusns n `cfgs

igon bl gmug enf bl

prnmrg`g “@grcfb@g``gl‐. @gjgc y [gen`g,

pnr bob`pln, hubrnf kns

kblfbs b`plbgkns bf

9445 bf Crgj pgrg kbtbetgr

`cfgs bf bl pubrtn kb R`` Wgsr. Bvckbftb`bftb lns

gfc`glbs sb `gftcbfbf egutcvns bf uf rbecftn

knfkb fn pubkbf kbsgrrnllgr sus fbebsckgkbs kb

en`pnrtg`cbftn fgturgl y vcgogf bf tgfqubs

bfegreblgkns g inrkn kb iuqubs kb mubrrg. Tbrn…

¾G qucãf lb c`pnrtg sc ufg abrrg`cbftg kb mubrrg

kcshrutg scãfknln>

Kbtbetnrbs kb pblcmrns



79

Bf lgs kns Mubrrgs @ufkcglbs lns pbrrns agf sckn

utclczgkns pgrg bfenftrgr g snlkgkns egàkns y pgrg

kbsbftbrrgr g ùbrtns y abrckns kb bsenìrns kbbkcecns inìgrkbgkns.

Lns pbrrns agf rbsegtgkn `clctgrbs y ecvclbs, agf

kbsggkn bl hubmn, bl au`n, bl enlgpsn kb lns

bkcecns pgrg rbsegtgr g lg mbftb, agf

prnpnrecnfgkn gtbfecõf g en`pg÷àgs bftbrgs,

agf sckn egpturgkns b cftbrfgkns bf eg`pns kb

prcscnfbrns… tgìcãf agf sckn enfkbenrgkns

enf `bkgllgs c̀lctgrbs, en`n ln cftbftgrnf enfUc`nf, uf mgtn ilgfen y fbmrn qub vcgogig g

inrkn kb lg hrgmgtg rbgl cfmlbsg G`btayst pnr bl

ràn Sgfmtzb kb Eacfg. Bl igren hub gtgegkn y

pgrtb kb lg trcpulgecõf ùrcõ y Uc`nf, enf

eugtrn abrckgs kb `btrgllg y qub`gkurgs,

enftcfuõ “eu`plcbfkn enf su kbibr‐ qub fn

brg ntrn qub egzgr g lgs rgtgs kbl igren.

S gufqub kbskb bl puftn kbvcstg kb MBG, y sgicbfkn qub

lns `clctgrbs tgìcãf snf

egpgebs kb grrbstgr g ufg

pcsecfg pnrqub uf mbfbrgl

inrrgean egyõ bf bllg, y pnr

tgftn fn lb enfhbrc`ns ùean

vglnr g sus kbecscnfbs, Uc`nf

fn llbmõ g rbecicr su `bkgllg trgs

vcvcr tnkg su vckg bf bl `gr, ygqub ùrcõ eugtrn kàgs gftbs kb

qub sb lg c`puscbrgf. Cmfnrgfkn

g lns au`gfns y g sus

rben`pbfsgs obrçrqucegs, en`n

tnkn iubf mgtn.

Gfc`glbs snlkgkn

Rsgr mgtns en`n rgtnfbrns ag sckn ufg prçetceg agictugl bf lns igrens g ln lgrmn kb lg acstnrcg



75

Lns eg`bllns agf sckn sgercegkns pnr `cllgrbs eugfkn

agf sckn nilcmgkns g sbrvcr bf mubrrgs. Bf bl scmln QCQ,

bl `clctgr rusn @cjagcl Ujniblbv utclczõ 79.444 eg`bllnspgrg lueagr bf Gscg. Bf lg mubrrg kb Erc`bg lns

irctçfcens pbrkcbrnf 54.444 eg`bllns içsceg`bftb

pnrqub fn tbfàgf fc ckbg kb euglbs brgf sus

fbebsckgkbs fc kb eõ`n kbiàgf euckgr kb bllns. Bf lg C

Mubrrg @ufkcgl lns eg`bllns hubrnf `nftgkns agstg

qub sb kbrruìgrnf gmntgkns trgs lg egàkg kb

Obrusglbf. Mbn#rby Cfeaiglk kbl

C`pbrcgl Eg`bl Enrps bsercicõ?

“`crgfkn agecg gtrçs, g ln lgrmn kb lgrutg, pukc`ns vbr ufg lg cftbr`cfgilb

kb gfc`glbs kbsvgfbecãfknsb bf lg

kcstgfecg‐. Rfg kbsercpecõf ùy

pnãtceg pgrg fgrrgr bl bxtbr`cfcn kb

`clbs kb eg`bllns gmnfczgftbs bf

lg cfkcg.

Kurgftb lg mubrrg kb Icr`gfcg bf 73;;,

lns irctçfcens usgrnf ùlgs pgrgtrgfspnrtgr bl bqucpn `clctgr g trgvãs

kb lg oufmlg, gsbmurçfknsb gftbs kb

fn kbspbrtgr gl bfb`cmn mrgecgs g

qub lbs agiàgf enrtgkn lgs eubrkgs

vneglbs pgrg sclbfecgr sus mrctns. @çs tgrkb lgs ùlgs

hubrnf krnmgkgs y tcrgkgs bf pgrgegàkgs trgs lgs làfbgs

bfb`cmgs yg qub sbmÿf bl `gynr [anrfblnw “bstgs

ùlgs fufeg tb kbogf tcrgkn‐, ensg qub fn pgrbeb

qub hub rbeàprneg, yg qub eugfkn lns snlkgkns hubrnf

rbsegtgkns lgs ùlgs hubrnf gigfknfgkgs bf lgs

enstgs.

Lns blbhgftbs tg`pnen sb agf sglvgkn kb lg mubrrg y

agf sckn lgrmg`bftb utclczgkns bf ùltctuk kb bllgs.

Rsgkns pgrg llbvgr snlkgkns g lg igtgllg, pgrg

trgfspnrtgr bqucpns… yg bxcstbf kneu`bftns kbl

994 gftbs kb fubstrg brg bf lns qub sb rbenmb qub

Gfcigl lns utclczõ y sõln 7 kb lns 5= snirbvcvcõ gl hràn kberuzgr lns Glpbs… bf lg CC Mubrrg @ufkcgl, lns

irctçfcens inìgrkbgrnf kblcibrgkg`bftb blbhgftbs

qub bstgigf scbfkn utclczgkns pnr lns ogpnfbsbs pgrg

trgfspnrtgr bqucpns.

Fn tnkn brg hgvnrgilb pgrg qucbfbs lns usgigf yg

qub bstns tcbfbf tbfkbfecg g sbftcr

pçfcen y lg auàkg bf bstg`pckg

pnkàg egusgr igogs cfkcserc`cfgkgsbf prnpcn igfkn n g pbrsnfgs

gobfgs g lg igtgllg. Enftrg lns

egrtgmcfbsbs, lns rn`gfns cftbftgigf

enrtgr sus trn`pgs pgrg egusgr pçfcen

bspbrgfkn qub bl blbhgftb auybsb

enftrg sus prnpcgs lgs…

eurcnsg`bftb, n fn tgftn, lns

kbpnrtbs g egiglln fgecbrnf kb lns

rbmc`cbftns kb egigllbràg qubbftrbfgigf pgrg cfegpgectgr n pgrg

agebr aucr g lns blbhgftbs

“bfb`cmns‐.

Lns rn`gfns usgrnf ebrkns uftgkns

enf irbg, gebctb n euglqucbr sustgfecg cfg`gilb qub

prbfkcbsb enf bl hubmn y qub, snltgigf enftrg lgs làfbgs

bfb`cmgs. G lns blbhgftbs lbs gsustgig bl gmukn

eacllckn kbl ebrkn y bl pçfcen qub lbs prnvnegigegusgig bstrgmns bftrb sus prnpcgs làfbgs.

Lns eacfns usgrnf uf scstb`g pgrbeckn enf lns `nfns,

lns rbvbstàgf kb pgog, lns uftgigf kb gebctb y lns

snltgigf grkcbfkn bf lns eg`pg`bftns bfb`cmns,

egusgfkn cfebfkcns, bl egns y lg ùbrtb kb lns

`nfns.

“Ibstcgs kb egrmg‐



7;

@ueans gfc`glbs ùbrbf pnr bfhbr`bkgkbs y agìrb,

ntrns pnr lgs abrckgs kb lg igtgllg, ntrns snf,

kcrbetg`bftb lgfzgkns enftrg bl bfb`cmn en`n ufginìg vcvcbftb. Bf bl lcirn Gfc`gls cf wgr, Oclly

Ennpbr fgrrg uf tbrrcilb suebsn? “Gl gegigr lg

igtgllg kb Xcnfvcllb, kb lg mubrrg hrgfen-pruscgfg,

ebftbfgrbs kb egigllns ygeàgf snirb bl tbrrbfn, y

eugfkn bl enrfbtg kbl prc`br rbmc`cbftn kb

Krgmnfbs kb lg Mugrkcg glb`gfbs tneõ rbtrbtg, 849

enreblbs abrckns sb lbvgftgrnf trgigonsg`bftb y bf

hgftgs`gmõrceg prnebscõf, enons, ecbmns, ùtclgkns,

sgfmrgfkn n grrgstrgfkn lgs trcpgs, b`prbfkcbrnf,nibkcbftbs, lg `greag agecg sus eugrtblbs‐.

Kgftbsen.

Lns pbrrns hubrnf bftrbfgkns pgrg lueagr y

enìgtcr bf tcb`pns kb lns rn`gfns y usgkns pnr

lns bspg÷nlbs bf bl scmln QX. G ln lgrmn kb lg CC

Mubrrg @ufkcgl, lns pbrrns sb `gftuvcbrnf bf lgs

trcfeabrgs kb Gllcbk en`n ebftcfblgs y ntrns hubrnf

bfvcgkns g bxpnfbrsb pgrg bvckbfecgr bl hubmn

bfb`cmn. @ueans `çs hubrnf llbvgkns g prc`brg

làfbg y, pnr fn bstgr kcspubstns g kbogr gtrçs g sus

en`pg÷brns, suhrcbrnf lgs `cs`gs ùbrtbs qub lns

snlkgkns.

Uclvbr, uf pbrrn ebftcfblg y Tbbhjb, qub agiàg sckn

bftrbfgkn bf lg kbtbeecõf kb `cfgs pnr bl boãrectn

kb lns BB.RR., hubrnf gìns gsbscfgkns pnr

mrgfgkgs kb `gfn bf 73;2.

[gìcãf bf lg CC Mubrrg @ufkcgl, ]nlh, uf pbrrn

ebftcfblg kb lg cfhgftbràg kbl boãrectn kb lns Bstgkns

Rfckns, rbecicõ mrgvbs abrckgs kb `btrgllg qub “fn

hubrnf kbseuicbrtgs" agstg kbspuãs kb sglvgr g sus

en`pg÷brns y rbmrbsgr gl eg`pg`bftn. ]nlh,

bvckbftb`bftb, ùrcõ kbickn g sus abrckgs.

Lns snvcãtcens erbgrnf pbrrns gftc-tgfqubs. Ub lbs

genstuìrgig g en`br kbigon kb lns tgfqubs y

eugfkn brgf llbvgkns gl hrbftb, sb lbs pnfàg ufg

`neaclg kb bxplnscvns snirb bl ln`n y lns lgfzgigf

enftrg lns tgfqubs bfb`cmns. Rfg vbz igon lnstgfqubs sb geecnfgig ufg pglgfeg bf lg pgrtb

supbrcnr kb lg `neaclg qub getugig en`n

kbtnfgknr. Lns fnrtbg`brcegfns enpcgrnf lg tãefceg

y lns tglcigfbs lg gkgptgrnf bf vbrscõf ùlg n iurrn

egrmgkn kb bxplnscvns g kbtnfgr enf enftrnl

rb`ntn.

XCKBN - attp?//ynutu.ib/^Lv^vk54s2s

Bf lg làfbg kbl hrbftb

http://youtu.be/_Lv_vd30s5s

http://youtu.be/_Lv_vd30s5s



72

Bf 9445, bf Juwgct kcspgrgrnf g uf blbhgftb kbl znn y

snltgrnf g lns acpnpõtg`ns kb su rbecftn. Glmufns

gfc`glbs hubrnf tcrntbgkns y ntrns qub`gkns kbftrn kbsus ogulgs. Bl hntõmrghn Utbvb @eEurry kbsercib

eõ`n vcn g lns gfc`glbs qub vgmgigf pnr lg znfg?

"Bstgig enfkuecbfkn g trgvãs kb lns eg`pns pbtrnlbrns

vgrcgs sb`gfgs kbspuãs kb qub lgs anstclckgkbs

tbr`cfgrgf y, g `bfukn, vbfàgf eg`bllns y egigllns qub

vgmgigf pnr gaà en`n znìcbs. Uupnfmn qub lg

`gynràg ùrcõ fgl`bftb… tnkg bl gmug qub pnkàgf

bfenftrgr bf eagregs y lg vbmbtgecõf bstgigf euicbrtns

kb pbtrõlbn…‐Bf bl _nnlõmcen kb Igmkgk, lns mrgfkbs hblcfns

ùrcbrnf kb agìrb bf sus ogulgs, ntrns gfc`glbs

hubrnf rnigkns pgrg sbr vbfkckns bf bl `bregkn fbmrn.

Lns snlkgkns sb kcvcrtcbrnf grrnogfkn gfc`glbs vcvns g

ntrns gfc`glbs… agiàg lbnfbs, mubpgrkns, nsns…

Any bf kàg lns gfc`glbs sb scmubf utclczgfkn bf lns

enfcetns, gufqub pnr subrtb bf `bfnr `bkckg.

Bf Jnsnvn bf lg kãegkg kb 7334, glmufgs

nrmgfczgecnfbs kb rbsegtb kb gfc`glbs sb bfenftrgigf

gllà `cbftrgs lns snlkgkns bf rbtcrgkg utclczgigf bl

mgfgkn en`n ilgfen pgrg agebr prçetcegs kb tcrn,

enscãfknlns g kcspgrns.

Bsgs `cs`gs nrmgfczgecnfbs trgigogf bf rbmcnfbs

b`pnirbeckgs pnr lgs mubrrgs, rbglczgfkn

enfstrueecnfbs qub prnpnrecnfbf gmug g lns agictgftbs

pgrg bvctgr qub sb prnkuzegf fubvgs mubrrgs qub kg÷bf

g `çs au`gfns y gfc`glbs.

[gìcãf trgigogf pgrg rbenfstrucr lg egpgectgecõf kb

fubvns vbtbrcfgrcns bf znfgs kb enfcetn, pgrg qub

bstns pubkgf gtbfkbr g lns gfc`glbs qub rbsegtgf

nrmgfczgecnfbs lneglbs n cfelusn pgrtceulgrbs.

Lg acstnrcg ag kb`nstrgkn qub bl enfcetn y lg

mubrrg scb`prb ghbetgrçf kbsprnpnrecnfgkg`bftb g

lns `çs `grmcfglbs y g lgs enùfckgkbs `çs

pnirbs y lns gfc`glbs snf bl ÿltc`n bseglõf, lgs

vàetc`gs nlvckgkgs. Lgs qub fn sglbf fc bf bl

rbeubftn kb igogs.

Bf lg rbtgmugrkcg

Rf snlkgkn kbl

boãrectn kb lns

BBRR

enftb`plgfkn lg

rbenfstrueecõf kb

lgs cfstglgecnfbs

kbl znn kb Juigct

qub fn gprnvbeaõ

pgrg kbogr kb tbfbr

gfc`glbs egutcvns

trgs lg tbrrcilb

bxpbrcbfecg qub

suhrcbrnf bllns.



78

Eugfkn vb`ns tcbrfgs hntns kb snlkgkns gegrcecgfkn

pbrrns n mgtns ln qub tbfkb`ns g pbfsgr bs? “quã

infctn? uf sbr au`gfn enf sbftc`cbftns‐ pbrn,

gpgrtb kb sbr ufg bstrgtbmcg kb prnpgmgfkg kb

au`gfczgecõf kb lns boãrectns, bs ufg hnr`g kb

utclczgecõf kb lns gfc`glbs pgrg rbigogr lg tbfscõf kb lg

trnpg. Kb lg `cs`g hnr`g qub utclczgf g lgs ùobrbs

pgrg kbsegrmgr tbfscnfbs g trgvãs kbl sbxn bf

iurkblbs n hnrzgfkn

vcnlgecnfbs kb fgtcvgs n

prcscnfbrgs kb mubrrg

utclczgkgs pgrg tgl f, kbl

`cs`n `nkn qub usgf

bl glenanl y ntrgs krnmgs

pgrg snirbvcvcrsb g sà

`cs`ns, kbl `cs`n

`nkn qub usgf

euglqucbr getcvckgk qub

lns glbob kb lg rbbxcõf

eràtceg kb ln qub bstçf

agecbfkn enftrg ntrns

sbrbs scftcbftbs.

Bf Xcbtfg` ufns 2.444pbrrns vcvcbrnf enf lgs

trnpgs fnrtbg`brcegfgs

gufqub sõln 724 kb bllns

rbmrbsgrnf g sus anmgrbs,

bl rbstn hubrnf

gigfknfgkns g su

subrtb eugfkn lgs trnpgs

tuvcbrnf qub

kbsplgzgrsb.

Bf lgs trcfeabrgs lns snlkgkns agf tbfckn en`n

`gsentgs kbskb pbebs kb enlnrbs bf intbllgs kb wacsjy

agstg bsenrpcnfbs bf hrgsens kb pbpcfcllns.

Glmufns kb lns gfc`glbs snf kblcibrgkg`bftb llbvgkns

gl hrbftb, ntrns snf kbsplgzgkns kb lg mubrrg qub snf

rbenmckns `n`bftçfbg`bftb pnr lns snlkgkns gl

eruzgrsb sus eg`cfns.

Xnytbj bl nsn hub ufg kb bsgs “`gsentgs‐, en`n Knfglk

bl ecbrvn y [crga bl iurrn y lns snlkgkns lns

bìnrrgeagigf pgrg kcvbrtcrsb enf bllns… Xnytbj

qub hub egpturgkn kb nsbzfn eugfkn su `gkrb hub

gigtckg kb uf tcrn, hub utclczgkn pgrg trgfspnrtgr

ùfcecõf pbsgkg y,

fgl`bftb, gegiõ bf bl

znnlõmcen kb Bkcìurmn.

Knfglk kbsgrrnllõ

en`pnrtg`cbftn gmrbscvn y

gegigrnf pbmçfknlb uf tcrn

y [crga sb enfvcrtcõ bf uf

sbr crrctgilb (kcebf qub pnr

lg gistcfbfecg kbl glenanl) y

hub gigfknfgkn pnr su

rbmc`cbftn…

Lns gfc`glbs fn ouzmgf

fubstrgs geecnfbs, snf

oumubtnfbs, cfenfkcecnfglbs,

igogf fubstrg prbscõf

grtbrcgl, kbvublvbf lg snfrcsg

g kbprc`ckns, egl`gf lg

vcnlbfecg, hnrtglbebf g lns

bfhbr`ns, kcs`cfuybf lg

sbfsgecõf kb snlbkgk…

Bf 7113, Onaf Lnejb kbhbfkàg lg rblgecõf enf lns

gfc`glbs pnr su hufecõf snecgiclczgknrg y sb

b`pbzgrnf g prnùlmgr lgs prc`brgs tbnràgs snirb

lg cfubfecg kb lns gfc`glbs y su usn enf bfhbr`ns

`bftglbs, cfkcegfkn qub bstns kbspbrtgigf

sbftc`cbftns snecglbs bf lgs pbrsnfgs y qub g su

lgkn sb agllgigf `çs rblgogkgs y trgfquclgs.



7=

Lg prc`brg vbz qub sb utclczgrnf gfc`glbs en`n en-

tbrgpbutgs hub bf 7=39 bf Cfmlgtbrrg, bl `ãkcen pcnfbrn

hub ]cllcg` [ujb y b`plbõ g lns gfc`glbs pgrg `bonrgr

lgs enfkcecnfbs cfhrgau`gfgs kb lns `gfcen`cns kb lg

ãpneg y pgrg bfsb÷gr gutnenftrnl g lns pgecbftbs.

Bf 73;;, lg Eruz Ynog G`brcegfg nrmgfczõ bf bl Ebftrn

pgrg Enfvglbecbftbs kbl Boãrectn kbl Gcrb bf Fubvg Snrj

bl prc`br prnmrg`g kb tbrgpcg enf gfc`glbs.

Eurcnsg`bftb `clctgrbs enf bstrãs pnst-

trgu`çtcen…

Lns bstukcns qub sb agf llbvgkn g egin g pgrtcr kb

lns g÷ns 84 kbl pgsgkn scmln, cfkcegf qub lg

kbpbfkbfecg kb lns gfc`glbs, lg nibkcbfecg, bl

gprbfkczgob… pbr`ctbf qub bsns snlkgkns sb scbftgf

`bonr enf ufg fntgilb rbkueecõf kb lg prbscõf grtbrcgl,

kcs`cfuecõf kb lg gfscbkgk y bl bstrãs, `bonrg kbl

bstgkn kb çfc`n, kbl icbfbstgr y lg vctglckgk, y qub

getÿgf en`n hgeclctgknrbs kb lg cftbrgeecõf enf ntrgs

pbrsnfgs…

Lns gfc`glbs gyukgf g supbrgr ilnqubns pscenlõmcens

y b`necnfglbs, y bf ufg mubrrg bsns ilnqubns snf

enfstgftbs y lg fbebsckgk kb kcstrgeecõf bvckbftb…

prnpnrecnfgf uf “bfhnqub bxtbrcnr‐ prnvnegfkn qub

kbob`ns kb `crgr quã fns pgsg pgrg pgsgr g agilgr y

pbfsgr bf bllns, fns gebptgf en`n sbg`ns y bstb`ns,

fns bftrbtcbfbf, fns glbmrgf y fns bstcùlgf

`bftgl`bftb, fns rblgogf… bf ufg sctugecõf kb

bfecbrrn n kb c`pnsciclckgk kb gigfknfgr uf lumgr

tbrrnràen knfkb fn qucscbrg`ns bstgr, en`n Iurt

Lgfegstbr bf “Bl anìrb kb Glegtrgz‐, lg pnsciclckgk

kb tbfbr g glmucbf kb qucbf neupgrfns pgrg qub scmg

enf vckg, eugfkn lg kbstrueecõf kb lg vckg g fubstrn

glrbkbknr bs ufg enfstgftb, bs uf puftn kb gpnyn

b`necnfgl y pscenlõmcen qub sbmurg`bftb pbr`ctb qub

lns snlkgkns fn sb rbiblbf enftrg lgs fnr`gs y lgsõrkbfbs qub vgf enftrg bl `gftbfc`cbftn kb lg prnpcg

vckg.

Lns gfc`glbs lbvgftgf bl bspàrctu kb lg trnpg, euckgf

kb lns snlkgkns abrckns, llbvgf gmug g lgs trnpgs

qub sb bfeubftrgf igon bl hubmn… scrvbf en`n

prnpgmgfkg y en`n en`pg÷àg y fn kbogf kb sbr

abrrg`cbftgs ÿtclbs g lgs fbebsckgkbs au`gfgs y, sà,

bxcstbf egsns kb snlkgkns qub sb agf llbvgkn g sus

egsgs g lns gfc`glbs enf lns qub agf enfmbfcgknkurgftb lg mubrrg, gufqub en`n gfc`glcstgs fubstrg

rbspubstg fn kbibràg sbr tgftn kb gk`crgecõf en`n

kb “¾quã `bfns qub sgegr g uf en`pg÷brn kbl

cfbrfn>‐



71

Kbspuãs kb lg Mubrrg



73

Kbspuãs kb lg mubrrg lns sbmuc`ns usgfkn pgrg supbrgr

lns trgu`gs qub fns egusõ lg mubrrg…

Ubmÿf bl Kbpgrtg`bftn kb Gsuftns kb lns Xbtbrgfns kb

Bstgkns Rfckns, bftrb bl 77 y bl 94% kb lns vbtbrgfns

kb lgs mubrrgs kb Crgq y Ghmgfcstçf suhrbf kb [rgstnrfn

pnr Bstrãs Tnstrgu`çtcen ([BT[).

]clsnf, bxen`gfkgftb kb tgfqubs b cfmbfcbrn kb

vubln qub fn tcbfb pbr`ctckn agilgr kb ln qub aczn

bf Crgq `çs qub pgrg kbecr qub npbrgig ufg

g`btrgllgknrg kbskb uf ablceõptbrn y qub agsbrvckn g su pgàs

kurgftb 7; g÷ns,

kcon qub su

kbprbscõf trgs

vnlvbr kb gllà ln

vnlvcõ uf br`ctg÷n,

qub snlàg

“geurruegrsb y fn

agilgr enf fgkcb‐, yqub su gfscbkgk lb

kceultgig bstgr

enf lg mbftb.

Bf eugftn sglàg kb

egsg sb pnfàg bf

glbrtg `çxc`g, sc

glmucbf sb gebregig

pnr kbtrçs n kbogig egbr glmn enf bstrãpctn, bl `clctgr

kbsbfegkbfgig bl `begfcs`n kb “pblbgr n aucr‐ gl qubln agiàgf enfkcecnfgkn bf bl boãrectn. Uu gfscbkgk brg

tgf mrgvb qub gftbs kb qub sb lb kcgmfnstcegrg enf

[BT[, geukcõ bf eugtrn negscnfbs g lg sglg kb

b`brmbfecgs pnrqub erbàg qub bstgig tbfcbfkn uf

cfhgrtn. Ub enftrnlgig enf glenanl pgrg gknr`bebr sus

sbftckns y en`pnrtgrsb en`n ufg pbrsnfg “`bkcn-

fnr`gl‐.

]clsnf bftrõ g enlginrgr enf Hrbbkn` Tgws, ufg

nrmgfczgecõf fn luergtcvg kb Eglchnrfcg qub gyukg g

lns vbtbrgfns g bftrbfgr g sus prnpcns pbrrns kb

gscstbfecg. Bstn kg g lns `clctgrbs ufg “`cscõf y ufprnpõsctn‐ bf bl qub ebftrgrsb y lbs kg sbfsgecõf

kb bstgr gen`pg÷gkns pnrqub scb`prb tcbfbf g

glmucbf gl ntrn lgkn kb lg enrrbg. [cbfbf g uf sbr bl,

cfenfkcecnfgl y g`cmn. Rf pbrrn.

Ganrg, ]clsnf lb kceb g ]nlh, “eÿirb`b‐, y su g c̀mn

eugkrÿpbkn sb enlneg kbtrçs kb ãl y lb kg uf

b`puoõf sc glmucbf sb gebreg. Eugfkn glmn gvcvg su

gfscbkgk, ]nlh ln pbrecib, sgltg y pnfb sus pgtgs

snirb su pbean pgrg qub bstb rbnrcbftb su

bfhnqub...

Kurgftb lg Npbrgecõf

[nr`bftg kbl

Kbscbrtn, bf lg qub

scrvcõ kurgftb fubvb

`bsbs, Agbhhfbr hub

gtgegkg sbxugl`bftb

bf `ÿltcplbs

negscnfbs pnr ntrns

`cbìrns kbl

boãrectn. Bs uf

suebsn en`ÿf qub

neurrb g ufg kb egkg

eugtrn ùobrbs bf bl

boãrectn, sbmÿf bl kbpgrtg`bftn kb vbtbrgfns.

Lns gtgqubs sbxuglbs pnr pgrtb kb sus prnpcns

en`pg÷brns kb ufchnr`b lg kbogrnf bf bstgkn kb

cfkbhbfscõf y enf mgfgs kb kbsgpgrbebr kbl

ùfkn, nlvckõ eõ`n trgtgr enf lg mbftb y enf bl

tcb`pn sb rbeluyõ egsc gisnlutg`bftb y

enfsckbrgig qub agiàg tbfckn uf “iubf `bs‐ sc

agiàg sglckn ufg snlg vbz kb egsg, g en`prgr

en`bstcilbs.

... vubltg g b`pbzgr...



94

Eugtrn g÷ns kbspuãs, egfsgkg kb fn pnkbr sglcr kb

bsg sctugecõf, sõln kbsbgig qub glmucbf lg `gtgrg,

pnrqub fn tbfàg bl vglnr kb agebrln bllg `cs`g. Uu

tbrgpbutg kbeckcõ enftgetgrlg enf Hnr Tgws.

Ganrg Uagknw sgib eõ`n rbenmbr ensgs pgrg qubAgbhhfbr fn sn`btg su bspglkg y sus egkbrgs gl

bshubrzn. Ãl getÿg en`n ufg igrrbrg, cftbrpnfcãfknsb

hàsceg`bftb bftrb bllg y euglqucbr pbrsnfg fubvg g lg

qub enfnzeg. Eugfkn sb kbspcbrtg `blgfeõlceg, ln

kbog qubkgrsb bf su eg`g y ln gegrcecg agstg qub

bstç lcstg pgrg bfhrbftgrsb gl kàg. Uc bseueag glmÿf

ruckn kurgftb lg fneab, ãl sb qubkg g su lgkn

`cbftrgs bllg supbrvcsg qub fn agyg fcfmÿf cftrusn,

y Uagknw lg kbspcbrtg rçpckg`bftb eugfkn tcbfb

pbsgkcllgs.

[gìcãf sbmuc`ns usçfknlns pgrg kbsgetcvgr lg

mubrrg qub getcvg`ns y qub scmub lgtbftb, bf lg

tcbrrg... Lg Rfcvbrsckgk kb Gmrceulturg kb Unjncfb,

bf [gfzgfcg, gfufecõ ageb pnen lg pubstg bf

`greag kb uf prnybetn pbfsgkn pgrg kbsgetcvgr lns

`cllnfbs kb `cfgs gftcpbrsnfg qub sb bfeubftrgf

kcstrciuckns pnr tnkns lns pgàsbs kbl ùfkn enf gyukgkb rgtgs ghrcegfgs. Bf 9475, bf Enlnìcg sb

rbmcstrgrnf 523 vàetc`gs hgtglbs kb bstgs `cfgs. Tnr

bsg rgzõf, enf bsg echrg kbstrnzgfkn pbrsnfgs y

ntrns gfc`glbs g÷n trgs g÷n, lg pnlceàg bftrbfg rgtgs

pgrg qub kbsgetcvbf bstns grtbhgetns iãlcens bf lns

eg`pns kbl pgàs. Ubmÿf lg kcrbetnrg kbl prnybetn

Ygttus bf Enlnìcg, bl abean kb qub lgs rgtgs sbgf

`çs pbqub÷gs qub lns pbrrns lgs ageb `çs

gkbeugkgs pgrg lg `cscõf kb kbsgetcvgr bstb tcpn kb

gr`g`bftn. "Unf ùean `çs hçeclbs kb trgfspnrtgr y

`gftbfbr. Gkb`çs mnzgf kb uf bxeblbftb nlhgtn qub bs

egsc sc`clgr gl kb lns pbrrns pnlceàg. Bsn bs ufg vbftgog"

Getugl`bftb, bf lg Rfcvbrsckgk kb Ibrjblby, bstçf

trgigogfkn bf bl kbsgrrnlln kb uf sbfsnr igsgkn bf lg

luz pgrg pnkbr sustctucr g lns pbrrns en`n rgstrbgknrbs

kb inìgs y bxplnscvns. Mgfkbr, qub ùrcõ gl

bxplnscnfgr ufg mrgfgkg qub llbvgig bf lg ineg

pgrg glbogrlg kb sus en`pg÷brns au`gfns abrckns,

cmugl pnr f kbsegfsgrç bf pgz sc llbvg`ns g egin

enf ãxctn bl kbsgrrnlln kb bstb sbfsnr y bs `çs

igrgtn qub sbmucr utclczgfkn gfc`glbs.

S fn nlvckb`ns g tnkns lns gfc`glbs qub sb usgf pgrg

tbstgr bl gr`g`bftn, fc g tnkns lns gfc`glbs qub

scmubf scbfkn bftrbfgkns en`n abrrg`cbftgs kb

mubrrg...

Bf uf ùfkn ãtcen y lõmcen fns kbkcegràg`ns g iusegr

snluecnfbs pgrg enfvcvcr y vcvcr `bonr y fn pgrg

`gtgrfns `bonr. Tbrn vcvc`ns bf bstb ùfkn gsà qub?

• Uc rbspbtgs g lns gfc`glbs enfsckbrg sc kchufkcr

c`çmbfbs kb snlkgkns gegrcecgfkn mgtns y pbrrns

gyukg `çs g lns gfc`glbs n g lns boãrectns.

Tubkbs bfenftrgr hntns kb snlkgkns,

enfneckns y kbsenfneckns, kb tnkns lns

boãrectns, cfelusn kb lns `çs mbfneckgs,

rbtrgtçfknsb bf getctukbs egrc÷nsgs enf bllns.

! Uc pubkbs enlginrg enf bftckgkbs gftc`clctgrcstgs,

cfvbstcmg snirb lg niobeecõf segl pgrg bvctgr

qub tus c`pubstns vgygf g fgfecgr lg cfkustrcg

`clctgr, trgigog enf igfens qub fn fgfecbf

prnybetns iãlcens, gpnyg g lgs bftckgkbs qub

iusqubf lg pgz, pbrn fn lg pgz kbl eb`bftbrcn.

! Uc pubkbs enlginrg enf NFM kb rbsegtb bf lgs

znfgs bf enfcetns. @ueags pbrsnfgs y

gfc`glbs fbebsctgf gyukg bf bsgs znfgs.

Tcbfsg qub cmugl, uf kàg, lg fbebsctgrçf lns

gfc`glbs qub euckgs y lg fbebsctgrçs tu.

• Uc pubkbs, lueag pnr lg pgz bf tcb`pns kb pgz.

Kurgftb lg mubrrg bs `çs kchàecl.



97

kbr, gftbs kb `nrcr pnr rbenmbr lg mrgfgkg qub bxplnscnfõ bf su ineg pgrg

grlg kb sus en`pg÷brns au`gfns abrckns bf enìgtb



99



95



9;



92



98

- 7.- RU Kbpgrt`bft nh Kbhbfsb. Npbrgtcnfs Crgquc gfk Bfkurcfm Hrbbkn` RU egsuglty stgtus.

- 9.- Ibbjlby GE. Rfctbk Utgtbs `clctgry surmcegl rbspnfsb tn `nkbrf lgrmb-seglb enfcets.

- 5.- Hnx EO, Mcllbspcb KL, N–Knffbll UK. Enftb`pnrgry `gfgmb`bft nh wgrtc`b vgseulgr trgu`g

- ;.- Qykgjcs @U, Hrgvbll @K, Fgssbr JB. Gfglyscs nh igttlbblk abgk gfk fbej cfourcbs cf Crgq gfk

Ghmagfcstgf.

- 2.- Jlnjjbvnlk TY, Uuigr T, Hujgyg`g H. B#bet nh eactnsgf nf lcfmugl ab`nstgscs cf rgiicts wcta

plgtblbt kyshufectnf cfkuebk iy bpnprnstbfnl.

- 8.- Agfkrcmgf @[, Ibftlby [I, Nlcvbr OK. Eanceb nh uck cfubfebs nuten`b cf prnlnfmbk

aypntbfscvb rbsusectgtcnf ghtbr ab`nrragmb cf gwgjb rgts.

- =.- Jrgusz @@. Hluck rbsusectgtcnf strgtbmcbs cf tab Csrgblc gr`y.

- 1.- Hctzmbrglk YK, @grtcf E@, Kcbtz MB.

[rgfshuscf rbk ilnnrk eblls stnrbk cf ectrgtbpanspagtb kbxtrnsb gkbfcfb-7 hnr 91

kgys hgcls tn c`prnvb tcssub nxymbfgtcnf cf

rgts.

- 3.- Glbe E Ibbjlby, Ibfog`cf ]. Utgrfbs,

Og`bs G. Ubibstg. Lbeecnfbs kb ecrumàg `clctgr

`nkbrfg

- 74.- Mutcãrrbz UE. Bl `nkbln bxpbrc`bftgl bf

ecrumàg. Tbrspbetcvg acstõrceg.

- 77.- “Gpplcegtcnf nh g zbnlctb ab`nstgtce gmbftgeacbvbs 744% survcvgl cf g lbtagl `nkbl nh

en`plbx mrncf cfoury cf Uwcfb. O [rgu`g 944;.‐

Icilcnmrghàg



“Lg mbftb cftblcmbftb gprbfkb kb

lg bx brcbfecg kb lns kb̀ çs‐

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