Animal Science Industry

Animal Science Animal Science IndustryIndustry

Chris EllasonChris Ellason

World Livestock and PoultryWorld Livestock and Poultry

billions of animals:

Chickens: 14.1

Cattle & Buffalo: 1.5

Sheep: 1.1

Pigs: 0.9

Goats: 0.7

Horses & Mules: 0.08

Food Production in the Food Production in the USUS

billions of poundsbillions of pounds

produced, 2000:produced, 2000:

Milk:Milk: 168168Broilers:Broilers: 30.830.8Beef:Beef: 25.425.4Pork:Pork: 18.618.6Turkey:Turkey: 5.35.3Eggs:Eggs: 4.74.7

Per Capita Per Capita Consumption BeefConsumption Beef

1970197084.6 lbs84.6 lbs 1996199664.0 lbs64.0 lbs 1998199863.6 lbs63.6 lbs 2000200064.5 lbs64.5 lbs 2002200264.5 lbs64.5 lbs 2005200562.4 lbs62.4 lbs 2007200762.2 lbs62.2 lbs

Per Capita Per Capita Consumption PorkConsumption Pork


Per Capita Per Capita Consumption Consumption LambLamb


Per Capita Per Capita Consumption Consumption BroilersBroilers


Per Capita Per Capita Consumption Fluid Consumption Fluid Milk and CreamMilk and Cream


Per Capita Consumption Per Capita Consumption CheeseCheese


The Changing The Changing IndustryIndustry

Farm PopulationFarm Population

1951195114.2%14.2% 1961196111.1%11.1% 19711971 4.6% 4.6% 19811981 2.6% 2.6% 19911991 1.8% 1.8% 20012001 1.6% 1.6%

Farm SizeFarm Size

19511951225 acres225 acres 19711971384 acres384 acres 19811981425 acres425 acres 19911991467 acres467 acres 20052005445 acres445 acres

When and How Farms When and How Farms Have ChangedHave Changed

Major shifts occurred in the 40’s and 50’sMajor shifts occurred in the 40’s and 50’s Farms became more specializedFarms became more specialized Increased efficiency as a result of Increased efficiency as a result of

specializationspecialization In 1940 one farm could support 18.5 In 1940 one farm could support 18.5

peoplepeople Today one farm can support 135 peopleToday one farm can support 135 people

Why US Farms are so Why US Farms are so ProductiveProductive

Our Economic SystemOur Economic System Land and Climatic ConditionsLand and Climatic Conditions Our Educational SystemsOur Educational Systems Specialized AgribusinessSpecialized Agribusiness

Significant Agriculture Significant Agriculture LegislationLegislation

Morrill Act 1862 Morrill Act 1862 Provide a portion of federal land in each state to Provide a portion of federal land in each state to

establish a collegeestablish a college Land-Grant College Act 1862Land-Grant College Act 1862

Established the “agricultural college” conceptEstablished the “agricultural college” concept Hatch Act 1887 Hatch Act 1887

Established research funding for Land-Grant Established research funding for Land-Grant colleges (Experiment station)colleges (Experiment station)

Smith - Lever Act 1914Smith - Lever Act 1914 Financed the county agent extension system to get Financed the county agent extension system to get

research information to the people (Cooperative research information to the people (Cooperative Extension) Extension)

Sources of Agricultural Sources of Agricultural InformationInformation

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Established by the United Nations in 1945Established by the United Nations in 1945 Collects, evaluates, and disseminates Collects, evaluates, and disseminates

information on world trends in food and information on world trends in food and populationpopulation

Council for Agricultural Science and Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)Technology (CAST) Formed in 1972 to identify food-related Formed in 1972 to identify food-related

issues and interpret related scientific issues and interpret related scientific researchresearch

Role of AnimalsRole of Animals

High Quality Protein FoodsourceHigh Quality Protein Foodsource Diet PalatabilityDiet Palatability Land Use and ConservationLand Use and Conservation Food EconomyFood Economy Companion AnimalsCompanion Animals

Concerns for Animal Concerns for Animal Production:Production:

Can the earth’s land and water produce Can the earth’s land and water produce enough food for the growing population?enough food for the growing population?

Should we feed animals as Should we feed animals as intermediaries in the food chain?intermediaries in the food chain?

Why do humans “prefer” animal products Why do humans “prefer” animal products in their diet?in their diet?

Beef IndustryBeef Industry

Seedstock ProducersSeedstock Producers Commercial Cow-Calf ProducersCommercial Cow-Calf Producers Yearling/Stocker OperatorYearling/Stocker Operator

SeedstockSeedstock

Purebred producersPurebred producers Concerned with geneticsConcerned with genetics Concerned with appearance Concerned with appearance

Body compositionBody composition ColorColor

Show cattleShow cattle

Cow-Calf ProductionCow-Calf Production

Involves some 33 million head of beef cows Involves some 33 million head of beef cows distributed throughout the countrydistributed throughout the country

Most are concentrated in areas where Most are concentrated in areas where forage is abundantforage is abundant

16 states have over 700,000 hd each16 states have over 700,000 hd each 75% of the US total75% of the US total

Approx. 60% of the 850,000 beef cattle Approx. 60% of the 850,000 beef cattle operations have less than 50 hd per operations have less than 50 hd per operationoperation

US Beef Cow Operations and US Beef Cow Operations and InventoryInventory

OperationsOperations InventoryInventory

Herd Size (No. Cows)Herd Size (No. Cows) Percent of TotalPercent of Total Percent of TotalPercent of Total

1-491-49 7878 2828

50-9950-99 1212 1919

100-499100-499 99 3838

500+500+ 11 1515

Stocker/Yearling ProductionStocker/Yearling Production

Cattle are fed for growth prior to their Cattle are fed for growth prior to their going into the feedlot for finishinggoing into the feedlot for finishing

Primary basis is to market available Primary basis is to market available forage and high-roughage feedsforage and high-roughage feeds Grass, crop residue, wheat pasture, silageGrass, crop residue, wheat pasture, silage

More desirable for early maturing cattleMore desirable for early maturing cattle Larger framed, later maturing cattle are Larger framed, later maturing cattle are

more efficient and profitable if they go more efficient and profitable if they go directly into the feedlotdirectly into the feedlot

Stocker/Yearling Stocker/Yearling ProductionProduction

Packer

Feedlot

Weaned Cattle Wintered or

Custom Lot

Summer Grazing

Wintered

Summer Grazing

FeedlotFeedlot

Cattle fed in small pens where feed is Cattle fed in small pens where feed is brought to them on a daily basisbrought to them on a daily basis

Approx. 23 million feedlot cattle are fed in Approx. 23 million feedlot cattle are fed in various statesvarious states

Fed a high grain dietFed a high grain diet 95% of feedlot cattle are fed in feedlots 95% of feedlot cattle are fed in feedlots

with over 1000 head capacitywith over 1000 head capacity A few have capacities over 100,000 headA few have capacities over 100,000 head

Beef IndustryBeef Industry

FeedersFeeders PackersPackers RetailersRetailers ConsumersConsumers

Dairy IndustryDairy Industry

Larger Farms DominateLarger Farms Dominate 9% of Dairies produce over 1/2 total milk9% of Dairies produce over 1/2 total milk

70% of the US dairy herd is concentrated in 70% of the US dairy herd is concentrated in large dairies of over 100 cowslarge dairies of over 100 cows

These dairies represent just 20% of all US These dairies represent just 20% of all US dairiesdairies

Movement of dairiesMovement of dairies Specialization of FarmsSpecialization of Farms Feeding systems Feeding systems

Horse IndustryHorse Industry

1997 approximately 6.9 million horses in 1997 approximately 6.9 million horses in USUS

Used primarily as recreation or companion Used primarily as recreation or companion animalanimal 43% recreational activities43% recreational activities 29% show29% show 10% racing10% racing Remainder used for rodeos and work Remainder used for rodeos and work

In 1997, 200,000 Horses slaughter in USIn 1997, 200,000 Horses slaughter in US How many are slaughtered today?How many are slaughtered today?

Poultry IndustryPoultry Industry

Dramatic changes in 60’s and 70’sDramatic changes in 60’s and 70’s IntegrationIntegration Corporate owned operationsCorporate owned operations Control of all segments of the growing and Control of all segments of the growing and

processing is by one companyprocessing is by one company

Broiler ProductionBroiler Production

Most are contract grown for a companyMost are contract grown for a company ConAgraConAgra TysonTyson PilgrimsPilgrims

Operator owns houses, equipment and Operator owns houses, equipment and furnishes laborfurnishes labor

Contractor furnishes, birds, feed, field Contractor furnishes, birds, feed, field service, dressing and marketingservice, dressing and marketing

Broiler ProductionBroiler Production

Payment is made in relation to a group of Payment is made in relation to a group of producers assigned as a contemporary producers assigned as a contemporary groupgroup

The better the operation does in relation The better the operation does in relation to its contemporaries the higher the to its contemporaries the higher the bonusesbonuses

Sheep and Goat IndustrySheep and Goat Industry

Versatile and efficient, especially in Versatile and efficient, especially in developing countriesdeveloping countries

Tend to be more well adapted to arid Tend to be more well adapted to arid tropical climates than cattletropical climates than cattle

Often grazed in tandem with cattle Often grazed in tandem with cattle because they utilize different forage because they utilize different forage sourcessources


Goats tend to be more efficient browsersGoats tend to be more efficient browsers Sheep prefer short grasses and some Sheep prefer short grasses and some

broadleaf weeds and other plantsbroadleaf weeds and other plants World sheep numbers in 1999 were the World sheep numbers in 1999 were the

highest on recordhighest on record Primarily in China, Australia, India, Iran Primarily in China, Australia, India, Iran

and New Zealandand New Zealand


Purebred breedersPurebred breeders Commercial market lamb producersCommercial market lamb producers Commercial feedlotsCommercial feedlots

Swine IndustrySwine Industry

Beginning to go the direction of the Beginning to go the direction of the poultry industrypoultry industry Corporate contracted growingCorporate contracted growing

China is far and away the leader in swine China is far and away the leader in swine numbersnumbers

As in dairy industry farm number is As in dairy industry farm number is declining while production increasesdeclining while production increases

Swine IndustrySwine Industry

Four major swine operationsFour major swine operations Feeder pig productionFeeder pig production Feeder pig finishingFeeder pig finishing Farrow to finishFarrow to finish Seedstock producerSeedstock producer

Other Significant Animal Other Significant Animal IndustriesIndustries

AquacultureAquaculture BisonBison ElkElk WildlifeWildlife

AdaptationAdaptation

Adaptation – the sum of the adjustments that Adaptation – the sum of the adjustments that occur in an organism that promotes its welfare occur in an organism that promotes its welfare and survival in a specific environmentand survival in a specific environment

Agricultural animals must have the ability to Agricultural animals must have the ability to adapt to both the natural and man made adapt to both the natural and man made environmentsenvironments

The symbiotic relationship is key in The symbiotic relationship is key in domestication of animalsdomestication of animals

5 Classes of Stresses5 Classes of Stresses

ClimaticClimatic NutritionalNutritional InternalInternal GeographicalGeographical SocialSocial

3 Ways to Change or 3 Ways to Change or React to StressorsReact to Stressors

Morphological or anatomical changesMorphological or anatomical changes Physiological changesPhysiological changes Behavioral changesBehavioral changes

Biotechnology and New Biotechnology and New AdvancementsAdvancements

Bovine Somatotropin (bST)Bovine Somatotropin (bST) Sexed SemenSexed Semen Gene Splicing - DNA manipulationGene Splicing - DNA manipulation Embryo Transfer, splitting, freezingEmbryo Transfer, splitting, freezing Bypass nutrientsBypass nutrients Enzyme feedingEnzyme feeding Taste alterations by feedstuffsTaste alterations by feedstuffs

Animal Science Animal Science DisciplinesDisciplines

NutritionNutrition Reproductive PhysiologyReproductive Physiology Animal HealthAnimal Health Environmental PhysiologyEnvironmental Physiology GeneticsGenetics Environmental SciencesEnvironmental Sciences Food Science and TechnologyFood Science and Technology

Jobs in Animal ScienceJobs in Animal Science

College ProfessorCollege Professor VeterinarianVeterinarian Consulting NutritionistConsulting Nutritionist Meat InspectorMeat Inspector Feed Company Sales/NutritionFeed Company Sales/Nutrition Animal Health Sales/R&DAnimal Health Sales/R&D Allied Industry Sales/R&DAllied Industry Sales/R&D

Jobs in Animal ScienceJobs in Animal Science

Graduate SchoolGraduate School Extension ServiceExtension Service Ag TeacherAg Teacher USDA USDA State Chemist DepartmentsState Chemist Departments Natural Resources ManagementNatural Resources Management

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Animal Science Industry