Animal production and animal science worldwideeningen Academic b l
i s h e r s
Animal production and
animal science worldwide
World Association for Animal Production
Animal production and animal science worldwide
Project and Co-ordination: A. Rosati
Authors: Acar J.F., Appleby M.C., Beretta V., Birthal P.S., Blasco
A., Borghese A., Burger D., Casas E., Casey N.H., Dimitriadou A.,
Euclides Filho K.,
Gandini G., Halberg N., Hansen P.J., Hausberger M., Hermansen J.E.,
Hernández P., Hoffmann I., Huerta Bravo M., Jianlin H., Karrow
N.A.,
Kartverishvili T., Kim J.G., Kristensen T., Kyssa I., Langlois B.,
Lasagna E., Maglaras G., Mäki K., Martin-Rosset W., Masters D.G.,
Mathias E., Mondal M., Nonneman D.J., Ollivier L., Otte J., Panella
F., Pascual J.-J., Petrocelli H.J., Rosati A., Rosell J., Salvador
J., Sarti F., Scherf B., Schudel A., Siebrits F.K., Simeone A.,
Squires E.J., Svitojus A., Tamminga S., Taneja V.K., Toro
M.A.,
Upton M., Vallat B., Vatzias G., Webb E.C., Whang K.-Y., Wright
A.-F.G., Zjalic M.
WAAP, Via Tomassetti n. 3, 00161 Rome, Italy
[email protected]
Animal production and
animal science worldwide
A Review on Developments and Research in Livestock Systems
Edited by A. Rosati, A. Tewolde and C. Mosconi
World Association for Animal Production
Wageningen AcademicWageningen Academic P u b l i s h e r ssseessbP
u b l i s h e r sP u b l i s h e r sP u b l i s h e r s
Subject headings: Livestock systems
ISBN: 978-90-76998-67-1 e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-564-2
© Wageningen Academic Publishers The-Netherlands, 2005
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this
publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised
system or published in any form or in any manner, including
electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior
written permission from the publisher, Wageningen Academic
Publishers, P.O. Box 220, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands,
www.WageningenAcademic.com
The individual contributions in this publication and any
liabilities arising from them remain the responsibility of the
authors.
The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which could
be a result of content derived from this publication.
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2004). All of these societal trends, and in some cases,
demands, pose challenges and opportunities for the
producer and new research issues for the scientist.
New challenges in dairy cattle management have
also arisen from the very successes wrought by
technological advance. Data in Figure 1 illustrate some
of the historical trends affecting dairy cattle production.
While milk yield per cow continues to increase in many
regions of the world, this increase has been accompanied
by an increase in inbreeding (Thompson et al., 2000;
Kearney et al., 2004), a decline in reproductive function
(Royal et al., 2000, Washburn et al., 2002; López-Gatius,
2003) and an increase in the incidence of stillborn
calves (Meyer el al., 2001). Indeed, high milk yield has
been correlated with reduced reproductive function and
increased incidence of metabolic diseases (Rauw et al.,
1998). The increase in milk yield has also made cows
more susceptible to heat stress (Al-Katanani et al.,
1999) so that summer declines in fertility are observed
as far north as Wisconsin (Sartori et al., 2002). The
prospects for global warming (Kerr, 2005) as well as the
predicted increase in production of dairy cattle in the
tropical or subtropical regions of the world (Delgado,
2003) also makes heat stress a more important issue
now than it was heretofore.
The tools available for developing new technologies
for the dairy industry have become more numerous.
Molecular biology, for example, is having a major impact
on our understanding of basic biological processes
controlling the dairy cow and is leading to new
technologies for manipulation of the cow to enhance
efficiency of production. Advances in computer science
are leading to applications for dairy production involving
remote sensing and robotics.
to biotechnology, will be dependent upon public
acceptance of the technology. There is not yet a
worldwide consensus regarding the acceptability of
biotechnologies that result in genetically-modified food,
cloned animals and use of drugs to regulate animal
function. As has been shown for the case of
genetically-modified foods, there is a great deal of
variation between countries in public acceptance of
these technologies (Finucane and Hollup, 2005) and a
plethora of determinants, including perceptions of risks
and benefits as well as cultural issues, that determine
national support for biotechnology (Gaskell et al., 2004;
Frewer et al., 2004; Finucane and Hollup, 2005). For
biotechnology to gain acceptance, it will be necessary for
Figure 1. Recent historical trends in some features of dairy cattle
production including: A) the annual milk yield per
cow in the United States (www.nass.usda.gov), B) the inbreeding
coefficient among Holsteins in the United Kingdom
(Kearney et al., 2004), C) pregnancy rate at first insemination
after calving for Holstein cows in northeastern Spain
(López-Gatius, 2003), and D) incidence of stillbirths in the United
States Holstein population (D) (Meyer et al., 2001).
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