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September 2017
Animal Health
in Denmark 2016
© Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark
1st edition, 1st impression, September 2017
ISBN: 978-87-93147-26-3
Publication number: 2017001
Impression: 400 copies
Design by: ESSENSEN®
Photos by: Danish Veterinary and Food administration, Lars Bahl, Colourbox
Printed by: GP-TRYK
September 2017
Animal Health
in Denmark 2016
Preface 3
1. Animal health surveillance and
contingency planning 5
2. Livestock disease status 19
2.1. Multiple species diseases 20
2.2. Cattle diseases 31
2.3. Sheep and goat diseases 38
2.4. Swine diseases 44
2.5. Poultry diseases 51
2.6. Equine diseases 63
2.7. Fur animal diseases 66
2.8. Fish diseases 70
2.9. Mollusc diseases 75
3. Animal by-products 78
4. Livestock statistics 80
5. Index of diseases 84
6. Animal health contacts in Denmark 88
Contents
Preface Animal Health in Denmark 3
Preface Animal Health
It is a pleasure for me to present the 2016 Annual Report on
Animal Health in Denmark on behalf of the Danish Veterinary
and Food Administration (DVFA).
This Annual Report first gives a general presentation of the
Danish animal health surveillance and contingency planning.
The report then reviews developments in 2016 in the field of
animal health in Denmark, the focus being on the OIE-listed
diseases and the animal diseases that are notifiable in Denmark.
The report also provides statistical information and an overview
of surveillance that may be useful for reference purposes.
Furthermore, the report contains statistics on animal by-products
as well as livestock statistics.
I hope that you will find the information in this Annual Report
useful; however, please visit our website at www.dvfa.dk if you
need further details. If you cannot find the information you are
looking for, please do not hesitate to contact my staff or me.
John Larsen
Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer
Head of the Animal Health Division
4 Animal health surveillance & contingency planning Animal Health in Denmark
Disease control program-mes have been developed in parallel with the increase in animal production in order to improve animal health, animal welfare and the production of healthy foods.
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 5
Prevention and control of animal diseases As the competent veterinary authority, the Danish
Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA) is re-
sponsible for the prevention and control of animal
diseases in Denmark.
Denmark has a long history of intensive animal
food production and trade in animals and animal
products. Relative to the size of the country
and compared with other countries, the level of
animal production is quite high, and production
has increased over the past decades. Information
on livestock statistics is given in Chapter 4 of this
report.
Disease eradication and control programmes have
been developed in parallel with the increase in ani-
mal production in order to improve animal health,
animal welfare and the production of healthy foods.
Diseases in animals are controlled due to concerns
of animal welfare to prevent infections in humans
and animals and because of food safety and trade
interests. The extensive trade in Danish animals
and animal products is highly dependent of a high
health status of Danish livestock. For many years,
the number of cloven-hoofed animals imported
to Denmark has been remarkably low, as appears
from Table 26 (Chapter 4). The basis for issuing
export certificates for Danish products is described
in Box 2.
The DVFA constantly aims at adapting the legal
framework of disease control to changes in farming
practices, disease risks, etc. To this end, the con-
tingency plans for disease outbreaks are revised
on a regular basis and operational capabilities are
continuously being improved to provide a prompt
and effective response to every single suspected
case or outbreak of a notifiable infectious livestock
disease.
1. Animal health surveillance and contingency planning
Information on livestock statistics is given in Chapter 4 of this report.
The basis for issuing export certificates for Danish products is described in Box 2 on page 10.
6 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
Improvements are carried out, the emphasis being
on:
• Reduction of the probability of an introduction
of exotic livestock diseases in Denmark.
• Minimisation of the risk that a disease will spread
across the nation by restricting hazardous ani-
mal trade practices and improving biosecurity
measures in peacetime.
• Effective disease surveillance and early detec-
tion of diseases.
• Appropriate and effective actions for the control
of disease outbreaks.
Animal disease preparednessObligation to notify suspicions
The Danish Animal Health Act is the legislative
basis for the current notification procedures. The
Act also lays down the animal diseases notifiable
in Denmark and gives powers to require the
notification of suspected cases of those diseases.
Furthermore, the Act gives powers to carry out
diagnostic and epidemiological investigations,
impose movement restrictions, create protection
and surveillance zones, control movements within
such zones, take samples, slaughter infected and
in-contact animals, pay compensation, destroy
carcasses and potentially infective materials, carry
out cleaning and disinfection and, if necessary,
carry out emergency vaccination.
The notifiable animal diseases listed in Executive
Order No. 1332 of 18 November 2016 are divided
into two groups: list 1 and list 2. Any suspicion of a
disease on list 1 must immediately be notified to the
DVFA, whereas notification of a disease on list 2 is
only mandatory after confirmation of the disease.
The Danish list 1 of notifiable diseases includes
all serious diseases in animals as well as several
zoonotic diseases.
Effective surveillance for clinical diseases is
required for early detection of disease outbreaks.
According to the Animal Health Act, any farmer
is obliged to call a veterinarian right away if he
suspects a notifiable disease. The veterinarian must
immediately notify the local Veterinary Inspection
Unit (VIU) of the DVFA if he suspects a disease on
list 1. A veterinary officer from the VIU will inspect
the herd within a specified number of hours (three
or five hours depending on whether the suspicion
is raised at a slaughterhouse or a farm) and make
a report to the DVFA on the suspected case. If the
veterinary officer cannot rule out the suspicion of a
list 1 disease, official restrictions are imposed on the
herd, and test material is collected and dispatched
to the National Veterinary Institute, Technical
University of Denmark.
According to the Animal Health Act, any farmer is obliged to call a veterinarian right away if he suspects a notifiable disease.
Animal health surveillance & contingency planning Animal Health in Denmark 7
Box 1 Review of contingency planning for the prevention and control of animal diseases in Denmark – 2016 follow-up
In 2012, the Danish Veterinary and Food
Administration (DVFA) launched a project
to evaluate the status of the contingency
planning to obtain an assessment of the
emergency status relative to the current
disease risks and the organisational
changes of both the DVFA and the farm-
ing industry.
The project developed recommendations
on possible adjustments to the contingen-
cy planning and the development of an
economic model for more cost-effective
operational capabilities.
The first result achieved in 2014 was a
model developed to estimate the need
for staff and resources during outbreaks
of animal diseases. The model details the
need for staff with specialised compe-
tences as well as many types of equip-
ment needed in different scenarios during
a large outbreak of a notifiable infectious
livestock disease. The basic assumptions
of the model are tested in simulation
exercises.
The next result of the project, the identifi-
cation of the training needs of DVFA staff,
was achieved in 2015. An upgrade of the
training programme was initiated after
the knowledge needed by staff to take
on specific tasks in case of outbreaks had
been defined.
A report was also made in 2015 of the
results of the economic analysis of the
cost-effectiveness of the operational
capabilities. The direct and indirect costs
for preventing the introduction of
diseases in Denmark, running surveillance
programmes, and maintaining biosecurity
procedures and animal traceability sys-
tems are mainly covered by pig farmers
(DKK 148 million annually) and cattle
farmers (DKK 63 million annually). The
Government (and thus the taxpayers)
mainly defrays the costs for maintaining
operational capabilities, which amount to
DKK 27 million annually. By far the most
expensive activity funded by this amount
is the operation of a high-security labora-
tory for foot and mouth disease virus
with an annual budget of DKK 23 million.
These costs must be weighed against
the expected losses associated with an
outbreak of foot and mouth disease in
Denmark, which would be in the order of
DKK 8-9 billion.
The economic analysis made in 2016
underpinned the importance of early
detection of new outbreaks and the level
of biosecurity in the cattle sector. Further-
more, it showed that increased awareness
of the impact of follow-up on low-risk con-
tact farms during an outbreak will reduce
the duration of an epidemic and thereby
also the magnitude of export losses.
2016The economic analysis made in 2016 underpinned the importance of early detection of new outbreaks and the level of biosecurity in the cattle sector.
8 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
As a second line of defence, official veterinarians
are responsible for inspecting all animals at shows
and assembly centres (whether for production,
slaughter or export). Also ante-mortem inspections
and post-mortem examinations at slaughterhouses
are important elements of the surveillance system.
Handling of suspected cases
The DVFA ensures the uniform handling of all
suspected cases through the application of ‘action
cards’, which have been developed for most of the
notifiable diseases. The action cards available on
the DVFA intranet list all necessary actions to be
taken while handling a suspected case.
Transparency in dealing with suspected cases and outbreaks
All suspected cases of a notifiable disease will
immediately be announced on the website of the
DVFA. This database resource displays informa-
tion on each individual suspicion. This is done
to increase the awareness among farmers and
veterinarians of the potential presence of the
relevant notifiable disease.
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 9
If a suspected case is deemed to be of potential
interest to the general public and/or export mar-
kets, the website announcement will be followed
up by a press release and targeted information to
the embassies of the main export markets. The
database is publicly available on the Internet at
www.fvst.dk (in Danish).
Compensation for losses caused by notifiable diseases
The DVFA offers compensation to animal owners
who suffer a loss due to a notifiable disease. The
offer of compensation is a major contribution
towards compliance with the obligation to notify
listed diseases.
In case of an outbreak of a notifiable disease that
implies the loss of animals and/or eggs and the
destruction of contaminated feed, the DVFA offers
compensation for the value of the animals, eggs
and feed. In most outbreaks, this value is estimated
by a valuation committee. The committee has
three members, one appointed by the herd owner,
one appointed by the DVFA and one being an
employee of the DVFA. The premises are cleaned
and disinfected according to a fixed plan, the
cleaning and disinfection being paid by the DVFA.
Furthermore, the DVFA pays 20% of the estimated
loss of income due to the loss of production. If the
outbreak is in either cattle or pigs, the Pig Levy
Fund or the Cattle Levy Fund covers the remaining
loss of income.
Pathogen-specific surveillance
Denmark has several pathogen-specific surveil-
lance programmes aimed at demonstrating the
absence of diseases that usually cause insignificant
clinical symptoms, or at determining the occur-
rence, prevalence or distribution of diseases or
infections. The surveillance method used depends
on the disease and the purpose of the programme,
and usually a combination of different surveillance
methods is applied. Several Danish surveillance
programmes are mentioned in Chapter 2 of this
report.
The DVFA has special focus on infectious diseases
that have increased in incidence in other countries
and may further spread in the near future and
potentially be introduced into Danish territories.
The DVFA has implemented a rapid and systematic
model for assessing the threat of disease introduc-
The DVFA offers compensation to animal owners who suffer a loss due to a notifiable disease.
Several Danish surveillance programmes are mentioned in Chapter 2 of this report.
The database of suspected cases of notifiable diseases is publicly available at www.fvst.dk
10 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
Box 2 Certification of animal products
According to Regulation (EC) No 178/2002
of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 28 January 2002, Member
States must comply with bilateral agree-
ments with third countries and are
prohibited from exporting products which
do not meet the requirements of the im-
porting third country. Regulation (EC) No
882/2004 regulates official controls that
are performed to ensure the verification
of compliance with feed and food laws,
animal health and animal welfare rules.
The certification of products of animal ori-
gin is based on national legislation (Order
No. 121 of 12 February 2007, which imple-
ments Council Directive 96/93/EC). The
certification must be based on a thorough
investigation of the background for the
certification. Furthermore, the certifying
officer must be impartial and must not
have any commercial interests. Accord-
ing to the rules for issuing certificates in
Denmark, certificates may be issued on
the basis of regular auditing and verifica-
tion procedures in the establishments.
Certificates will be issued based on facts
obtained within the context of monitoring
programmes, officially recognised quality
assurance schemes and epidemiological
surveillance programmes by a person au-
thorised by the competent authority. The
certifying officer must not certify data of
which s/he has no personal knowledge or
which cannot be ascertained. No blank or
incomplete certificates, or certificates for
products which have not been inspected
or are no longer available for inspection,
can be issued.
If an animal disease breaks out, all
Danish certificates of animals and animal
products in which data on disease
status have been certified are immedi-
ately assessed by the DVFA, and no new
certificates will be issued if certified data
no longer apply.
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 11
tion in case of disease outbreaks in other EU Mem-
ber States or certain countries outside the EU. See
more information on the assessment of the threat
of disease introduction in Box 3 in this chapter.
Examples of Danish surveillance programmes for
emerging diseases are given below.
Cattle farmers are offered laboratory examination
of material from abortions (foetus, placenta and
blood sample from the mother cow). Through
post-mortem examinations and microbiological
and histological examinations, the material is
examined for brucellosis, virus diarrhoea and any
new emerging infections.
Blood samples from outdoor poultry are tested
for West Nile fever. See more information on the
surveillance scheme for West Nile virus in Denmark
in Box 5 in section 2.1 of this report.
Carcasses of pigs submitted for post-mortem
examination are tested for classical swine fever and
African swine fever. See more information on the
supplementary surveillance for African swine fever
and classical swine fever in Box 6 in section 2.4 of
this report.
A special surveillance programme for porcine
epidemic diarrhoea was initiated by the DVFA in
2014 and continued in 2016. See more information
on the non-existence of porcine epidemic diar-
rhoea virus in Denmark in Box 7 in section 2.4 of
this report.
Animal identification and registrationDenmark has a comprehensive system for animal
identification and registration (I&R) based on:
• A central database
• Holding registers
• Ear tags
• Movement registrations
• On-the-spot inspections
The Central Husbandry Register
The most important element of the I&R system is
the national database called the Central Husbandry
Register (CHR), which is owned and operated by
the DVFA.
The CHR stores information on all farms with cattle,
pigs, sheep, goats, deer, fur animals, aquaculture
animals and commercial herds of poultry or game
birds. The information recorded on each hold-
ing is its unique holding code, the address and
the geographic coordinates of the holding, data
regarding the owner and keeper of the relevant
herds (name, address and contact details), animal
species, number of animals of all species, allocation
of ear tags and veterinary information (e.g. if official
restrictions are imposed on the herd).
The CHR also stores information on each individual
head of cattle. Information on the individual animal
See more about the assessment of the threat of disease introduction in Box 3 on page 16.
See more about the surveillance scheme for West Nile virus in Denmark in Box 5 on page 29.
See more about the supplementary surveillance for African swine fever and classical swine fever in Box 6 on page 47.
See more about the non-existence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Denmark in Box 7 on page 48.
12 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
includes the unique animal identification code,
date of birth, breed, sex, identification code of the
dam (in case of embryo transfer both the genetic
and surrogate dams are recorded), information on
offspring (only for females), allocation of ear tags,
including replacement tags, all movements of the
animal (date, place and type of movement) and
veterinary events, if any. In 1999, the European
Commission approved the CHR as being a fully
operational database for cattle registration.
Finally, movements of pigs, sheep and goats are
recorded in the CHR. For each batch of animals
moved, the following information is recorded:
Number of animals moved, date of shipment,
identification numbers of the holdings involved
and registration number and country code of the
vehicle used for transportation (only for move-
ments of pigs).
The information in the CHR is publicly available on
the Internet at https://chr.fvst.dk (in Danish).
The use of the CHR to control animal diseases
The CHR is an effective tool for tracing contact
herds to herds suspected of or infected with a
notifiable disease. Furthermore, the CHR helps
control any further spreading of diseases, since the
competent authority will impose movement restric-
tions on holdings and individual animals should a
suspected case arise or a notifiable disease break
out. Restrictions will also be imposed in case of
failure to comply with the provisions on animal
identification and registration. This implies that the
relevant farmer is not allowed to move animals
from his holding, and no accompanying movement
documents will be issued.
Moreover, to ensure the production of safe food,
all slaughterhouses must consult the CHR before
slaughtering cattle to make sure that the individual
animal is correctly recorded in the CHR, and that
the relevant animal or herd is not under restric-
tions. Before slaughtering pigs, sheep and goats,
slaughterhouses must also make sure that the herd
from which the animals are shipped to slaughter is
not under restrictions.
Disease controlContingency plans
Being prepared is an important precautionary
principle to enable a rapid and effective response
to any outbreak of an infectious disease. Almost
every year, outbreaks of diseases occur in nearby
countries with comparable intensive animal
production systems.
Despite a history of few disease outbreaks, the
DVFA has put great efforts into preparing and
revising its contingency plans. These plans include
all necessary actions to be taken when handling
infected herds in order to ensure an efficient
control of a disease outbreak.
The Central Husbandry Register is publicly available at https://chr.fvst.dk
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 13
14 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
The general plan and the disease-specific plans
The Danish contingency plans comprise an overall
eradication strategy, tools for eradication, a crisis
organisation and a crisis communication plan.
The disease-specific manuals include operational
instructions for those involved in managing the
response to the following diseases: foot and mouth
disease, classical swine fever, African swine fever,
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, avian
influenza, Newcastle disease, bluetongue, nine
exotic diseases (swine vesicular disease, lumpy
skin disease, Rift Valley fever, rinderpest, peste des
petits ruminants, sheep pox and goat pox, epizo-
otic haemorrhagic disease, vesicular stomatitis
and African horse sickness), and aquatic diseases.
All contingency plans are publicly available on the
Internet at www.fvst.dk (in Danish).
The following types of specific information are
included in the disease-specific contingency plans:
characteristics and epidemiology of the disease,
sampling procedures, disease-specific cleaning and
disinfection procedures, restriction zones, instruc-
tions for screening, and emergency vaccination.
All contingency plans are regularly updated to
be in line with the experiences gained in other
European countries. Updates are also based on
experience gained from simulation exercises and
from handling actual outbreaks, changes in farm-
ing practices, revisions to EU legislation and new
knowledge.
Vaccination policy
The methods for disease control in the Danish con-
tingency plans are quarantining of farms suspected
of housing infected animals, culling of infected
animals, cleaning and disinfection, and zoning.
In general, preventive vaccination is banned.
However, following an epidemiological analysis of
the disease situation, the DVFA may use emer-
gency vaccination to control an outbreak. However,
emergency vaccination requires an approval by
the European Commission.
Disease control and eradication
– ‘the Danish Model’
Denmark has a long tradition of eradicating animal
diseases. By the mid-1900s, tuberculosis and
brucellosis had been eradicated from domestic
livestock in Denmark as the result of the close
collaboration between the veterinary research
laboratory, the veterinary administration authority
and the industry since the end of the 1800s.
Initially, the animal farming industry launched a
voluntary initiative to control the occurrence of
infections. This initiative gained broad support from
all farmers, and effective eradication measures
were subsequently supported by legislation.
Several animal diseases besides tuberculosis and
brucellosis have been eradicated in Denmark due
to the efficient ‘Danish model’, e.g. enzootic bovine
All contingency plans are publicly available at www.fvst.dk
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 15
leukosis, Aujeszky’s disease, infectious bovine
rhinotracheitis, bluetongue and viral haemorrhagic
septicaemia.
The disease control organisationDanish legal powers, financial provisions and the
direct chain of command facilitate the response
of the public administration to an outbreak of a
notifiable disease. Plans are in place for the opera-
tion of the National Disease Control Centre (NDCC)
and the establishment of a Local Disease Control
Centre (LDCC).
In the event of an outbreak, the NDCC is first
staffed by employees of the central offices of the
DVFA, and the LDCC by employees of the Veteri-
nary Inspection Unit (VIU). The DVFA has three
VIUs with veterinary officers especially trained in
managing suspected cases and outbreaks of notifi-
able animal diseases.
Training
The veterinarians of the DVFA, including veterinar-
ians of the VIUs, plan and prepare training in practi-
cal issues related to the contingency plans and
train field staff through seminars, targeted courses
and the participation in simulation exercises.
Veterinary officers from the DVFA maintain their
expertise in recognising the symptoms of specific
notifiable diseases at the National Veterinary
Institute, Technical University of Denmark. At the
Institute, the veterinary officers are given the op-
portunity to observe the development of diseases
in research experiments, e.g. calves that have been
artificially infected with foot and mouth disease
or pigs artificially infected with classical or African
swine fever.
Simulation exercises
Simulation exercises constitute an important tool
for testing contingency plans, but are also used
for the education and training of DVFA staff and
different stakeholders in emergency situations.
All contingency plans are publicly available on the Internet at www.fvst.dk (in Danish).
16 Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning
Box 3 Assessment of the threat of disease introduction
The Danish Veterinary and Food Admin-
istration (DVFA) monitors outbreaks of
high-impact animal diseases in the EU, the
Nordic countries and countries neigh-
bouring the EU.
The increase in global mobility, trade in
live animals and animal products, and
interaction with livestock production
systems in other countries, e.g. through
transport vehicles, pose the risk that for-
eign infectious diseases will be introduced
into Denmark.
The DVFA has implemented a rapid and
systematic model for qualitative assess-
ments of the threat of disease introduc-
tion in case of disease outbreaks in other
EU Member States or certain countries
outside the EU.
In 2016, specific threat assessments were
made for avian influenza and African
swine fever due to outbreaks in the EU
and countries neighbouring the EU.
Such assessments include an evaluation
of the risk that the disease will be intro-
duced into Danish territories, the risk of
exposure to Danish herds and the conse-
quences of a potential introduction of the
disease in the livestock population. If the
overall estimation shows that the threat is
non-negligible, the DVFA will consider the
initiation of risk mitigation actions.
Results of the assessments are made
publicly available on the website of the
DVFA at www.fvst.dk (in Danish). If neces-
sary, important risk mitigation actions to
be taken are suggested in these reports,
e.g. tracing of imports, increased aware-
ness of vehicles for international transport
of animals, testing of recently imported
live animals and specific information to
relevant groups of the public.
Animal Health in Denmark 1. Animal health surveillance & contingency planning 17
Furthermore, exercises may be used for testing
new equipment and procedures.
The general idea of the concept was to focus on
one specific disease for a two-year period in order
to cover all important aspects of that disease. A
new disease will be chosen each year for a new
exercise programme. Exercises from all categories
will be carried out each year, and the experi-
ence gained from the exercises in year 1 of the
programme relating to a specific disease will be
implemented in the exercises carried out in year 2
of that particular exercise programme.
The following categories of exercises are imple-
mented in the Danish training programme:
• Procedure exercises: Training in disease-
handling procedures.
• Dilemma exercises: Desktop exercises to
simulate a specific dilemma or train the use of
new software.
• Crisis management exercises: Exercises with
a broader scope, such as the assessment of
resources, setting up of crisis centres, actions
to control outbreaks, communication, and
collaboration between national or international
partners as either local training or full-scale
national simulation training.
• Evaluation seminars: Each year, the lessons
learned from all exercises are evaluated. The
learning obtained is used for updating contin-
gency plans and internal procedures and is
incorporated into the exercises the following
year to create a multiplier effect.
Simulation exercises are conducted at regional
level, at national level and, due to the co-operation
among the Nordic and the Baltic countries (the
Nordic-Baltic Veterinary Contingency Group), also
as cross-border exercises at international level.
Full-scale exercises are conducted at an interval of
some years, and extensive contingency exercises
are carried out regularly for all eight Nordic and
Baltic countries.
The exercises may involve other stakeholders, such
as the reference laboratory, the Danish Emergency
Management Agency, the National Police, agricul-
tural organisations, slaughterhouses and rendering
plants.
A new concept of two-year exercise programmes was putin place by the DVFA in 2015 andcontinued through 2016 with exercises according to plan.
18 Animal Health in Denmark 2. Livestock disease status
Animal Health in Denmark 2. Livestock disease status 19
2. Livestock disease status
Denmark is recognised as a country with a negli-
gible risk of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) by the OIE. Comprehensive BSE testing has
been conducted for more than a decade, and the
last case of BSE in Denmark occurred in 2009 in
a 14-year old cow. No cattle born after the most
recent tightening of the feed ban in January 2001
have acquired BSE.
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8
epidemic started in November 2016 in Denmark.
In line with several other European countries, dead
wild birds were diagnosed as infected with HPAI
H5N8. However, only one backyard poultry flock
was infected with HPAI H5N8.
An overview of the animal health status in Den-
mark for OIE-listed diseases is given at the end of
each section for the relevant animal category.
Information on the Danish strategies for the prevention and control of animal diseases is given in Chapter 1 and on the website of the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration at https://dvfa.dk
20 Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases
Aujeszky’s disease Denmark is recognised as officially free from
Aujeszky’s disease by the European Commission
(Commission Decision 2008/185/EC). The disease
has not occurred in Denmark since 1991.
Under the Danish Aujeszky’s disease surveillance
programme, blood samples from 2% of all sows
with a live weight of more than 140 kg are tested
before slaughter or trade. The current surveillance
programme was initiated in 2012. In addition, all
boars at semen collection centres are regularly
tested in accordance with the provisions of Council
Directive 90/429/EEC. Moreover, breeding pigs
intended for export to certain countries outside
the EU are tested for Aujeszky’s disease. Due to an
increase in trade, the number of samples tested
has risen during the period under review.
No suspected cases of Aujeszky’s disease were
notified to the Danish Veterinary and Food Admin-
istration (DVFA) in 2016.
The number of blood samples examined during
the period 2014-2016 is given in Table 1.
2.1 Multiple species diseasesFor decades, Denmark has experienced no outbreaks of Aujeszky’s disease, brucellosis in bovine herds, foot and mouth disease, sylvatic rabies or trichi nellosis. Brucellosis has not been detected in Danish pig herds since 1999.
Furthermore, Denmark is free from disease caused by Brucella melitensis, which has never been recorded in Denmark.
Table 1Blood samples examined under the Danish Au jeszky’s disease surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Samples
2014 31,968
2015 36,819
2016 48,051
Source: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, and other official laboratories in the EU.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases 21
22 Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases
BluetongueAs from 1 January 2011, Denmark has been
recognised as free from bluetongue according to
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1266/2007.
In 2007 and 2008, not only Denmark, but also
most North and Central European countries,
experienced outbreaks of bluetongue caused by
virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in herds of sheep and
cattle. The last outbreak of bluetongue (BTV-8) in
Denmark occurred in November 2008.
In 2008, a vaccination campaign against BTV-8
was initiated both in Denmark and in several other
EU Member States to control outbreaks of the
disease. However, vaccination against bluetongue
has been banned altogether in Denmark since 1
January 2011.
The DVFA was notified of seven suspected cases
of bluetongue in 2016: five in cattle, one in a sheep
and one in a goat. Four cases were reported due to
clinical symptoms, and three cases due to seroposi-
tive animals. Official restrictions were imposed on
the herds under suspicion while laboratory testing
was conducted. The virological tests of samples
from all herds under suspicion proved negative.
A surveillance programme for bluetongue has
been implemented in Denmark according to Com-
mission Regulation (EC) No 1266/2007. Serological
tests were performed on blood samples collected
from 60 cattle herds in 2016. In total, 600 blood
samples were tested. All tested negative for
bluetongue.
Vector surveillance activities have been carried out
in Denmark since the first outbreak of bluetongue.
For further details on the vector surveillance, see
Box 4.
BrucellosisDenmark has been recognised as officially free
from brucellosis in bovine herds since 1979
(Commission Decision 2003/467/EC). The official
Danish eradication programme for brucellosis in
bovine herds began in 1948, and all cattle herds
were identified as free from brucellosis in 1959.
Brucellosis has not occurred in cattle in Denmark
since 1962. All bulls at semen collection centres are
regularly tested in accordance with the provisions
of Council Directive 88/407/EEC. Cattle intended
for export to certain countries outside the EU are
also tested. In 2016, 81 aborted foetuses from cattle
underwent laboratory testing for brucellosis. All
tested negative.
Brucellosis has not been detected in pigs since
1999, when Brucella suis biovar 2 was diagnosed
in a herd of free-range pigs. The source of the
infection was never found, but it is suspected
that B. suis biovar 2 had been transmitted from
European brown hares in the area. B. suis biovar 2
has not been detected in hares since 2002, when
The last outbreak of bluetongue (BTV-8) in Denmark occurred in November 2008.
For further details on the vector surveillance, see Box 4 on page 23.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases 23
Box 4 Surveillance for Culicoides, mosquitoes and tick-borne pathogens in Denmark in 2016
Since 2012, the Danish Veterinary and
Food Administration (DVFA) and the
National Veterinary Institute, Technical
University of Denmark, have carried out
systematic surveillance of mosquito and
biting midge abundance. Vectors have
been collected on a weekly basis using
octenol and CO2-baited suction traps in
private gardens and light traps at cattle
farms. National average abundance
estimates have been published weekly at
www.myggetal.dk (in Danish). Additional
traps have been operated permanently at
Copenhagen Airport to monitor potential
introductions of exotic mosquito spe-
cies. Mosquito larvae have also been
collected from water-filled containers in
private gardens in southern Jutland near
the border to Germany to detect the
invasive mosquito Aedes japonicus. No
non- European species have ever been
detected in any of the traps.
The summer of 2016 was an average
mosquito year. In 2016, a new hot spot
was discovered for Culex modestus, the
potential bridge vector for the West Nile
virus, in a nature protection area just
outside of Copenhagen and near the
airport.
The prevalence of biting midges was
monitored by surveillance traps at three
cattle farms in 2016. This year, abundance
peaked at an unusually high level in late
July and early August, followed by a
smaller, but longer lasting peak, ending in
October. In September, the long autumn
peak combined with unusually high
autumn temperatures created a transmis-
sion potential for biting midge-transmitted
viral infections that was more than twice
as high as that of previous years (accord-
ing to the levels estimated by the Techni-
cal University of Denmark using a disease
transmission model). The high potential
for the spread of the disease lasted well
into October.
Ticks collected from urban and suburban
parks and other green areas in and
around Copenhagen were analysed for
the presence of zoonotic pathogens.
While the tick abundance was low in
Copen hagen compared with nearby
forests, the risk of tick bites and Borrelia
infections in urban and especially in sub-
urban Copenhagen was non-negligible.
In 2016, samples of migrating birds were
screened for ticks during both the spring
and autumn migrations. Migrating birds
introduced a substantial number of ticks
into Danish territory in both the spring
and the autumn. These high tick infection
rates in birds combined with the large
number of birds migrating through Den-
mark each year cause a potential risk that
new pathogens will be introduced as will
also new tick species that are presently
exotic to Denmark.
24 Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases
it was diagnosed in two wild hares found dead. All
boars at semen collection centres are regularly
tested in accordance with the provisions of Council
Directive 90/429/EEC. Also breeding pigs intended
for export to certain countries outside the EU are
tested for brucellosis. Due to an increase in trade,
the number of samples tested has risen during the
period under review.
B. melitensis has never been reported in Denmark,
and Denmark has been recognised as being of-
ficially free from B. melitensis since 1995 (Commis-
sion Decision 94/877/EC). A serological surveillance
programme for B. melitensis is carried out by test-
ing blood samples collected through the voluntary
lentivirus control programme managed by SEGES
(formerly the Knowledge Centre for Agriculture).
In 2016, 12 suspected cases of brucellosis were
notified to the DVFA, 11 in pigs and one in a sheep.
One suspected case in a pig was notified to the
DVFA due to clinical signs. However, the case was
rejected by the Veterinary Inspection Unit (VIU)
after a thorough assessment of anamnesis. Eleven
cases were notified because seropositive animals
had been identified in surveillance analyses or
following contact with seropositive animals. Official
restrictions were imposed on all herds under
suspicion while confirmatory laboratory testing was
conducted. Samples of all suspected cases tested
negative at the laboratory.
The number of blood samples examined for bru-
cellosis during the period 2014-2016 is presented in
Table 2.
Table 2Blood samples examined under the Danish brucellosis surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Cattle: Pigs: Sheep and goats: Blood samples Blood samples Blood samples
2014 1,643 29,853 2,089
2015 1,650 26,557 2,448
2016 2,352 40,929 2,329
Source: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, and other official laboratories in the EU.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases 25
Foot and mouth diseaseDenmark is recognised by the OIE as a country
free from foot and mouth disease (FMD). Vaccina-
tion is prohibited, and FMD has not occurred in
Denmark since 1983.
RabiesThe rabies virus (classical rabies virus) has not
been reported in domestic animals in Denmark
since 1982. In wild animals, the last occurrence was
in 1981.
Bat rabies, the European bat lyssavirus, was
diagnosed for the first time in Denmark in 1985.
The occurrence of bat rabies has been monitored
since then. The last case of bat rabies in Danish
domestic animals was diagnosed in sheep in 2002
and in Danish bats in 2009.
The monitoring of rabies is based on the testing
of animals suspected of being infected with rabies
and of bats which have been in contact with other
animals or humans. In 2016, five bats were tested,
and all tested negative. Five other animals (three
cats, one dog and one cow) were submitted for
examination. However, all animals tested negative.
In addition, active surveillance for rabies among
bats was conducted in 2016. Saliva samples were
collected from 161 bats living at three different loca-
tions in Denmark. All saliva samples tested negative
for European bat lyssavirus (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2).
1982Classical rabies virus has not been reported in domestic animals in Denmark since 1982.
26 Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases
TrichinellosisInfections with Trichinella spp. have not been
reported in domestic animals in Denmark since
1930.
For more than 80 years, targeted tests have
been performed in Denmark without finding any
Trichinella spp. in pork or horse meat, and Den-
mark was classified as a region with a negligible
risk of trichinellosis in herds of domestic pigs in
2007 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 2075/2005).
Although the designations of status and categories
were changed in 2014 due to an amendment to
the EU legislation (Commission Regulation (EC)
No 216/2014), Denmark was allowed to maintain
its surveillance programme for infections with
Trichinella spp.
The Danish surveillance programme for demon-
strating the absence of Trichinella spp. infections
distinguishes between pigs kept indoors and pigs
having access to outdoor facilities; the latter being
considered a high-risk subpopulation. Older pigs,
such as breeding animals, are also considered a
high-risk subpopulation.
Slaughtered fattening pigs, boars and sows reared
under controlled housing conditions in integrated
production systems do not have to be tested for
Trichinella spp. However, the Danish pig-rearing
industry has maintained a practice of testing
all slaughtered fattening pigs as not all trading
partners accept this testing regime. Therefore,
supplementary testing is performed. All animals of
susceptible species that are slaughtered at Danish
slaughterhouses are examined in accordance with
the methods prescribed in Commission Imple-
menting Regulation (EC) No 2015/1375.
The number of animals from each category of
slaughtered animals examined under the Danish
trichinellosis surveillance programme during the
period 2014-2016 is shown in Table 3.
1930Infections with Trichinella spp. have not been reported in domestic animals in Denmark since 1930.
The number of animals from each category of slaughte-red animals examined under the Danish trichinellosis surveillance programme during the period 2014-2016 is shown in Table 3.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases 27
Table 3Animals examined under the Danish trichinellosis surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Pigs (incl. boars and sows) Farmed wild boars Horses
2014 18,789,608 482 1,346
2015 18,694,043 414 1,520
2016 18,774,085 594 1,542
Source: Danish Veterinary and Food Administration Laboratory Division and other laboratories accredited to test for Trichinella.
28 Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases
Table 4 Last occurrence of OIE-listed multiple species diseases in Denmark
Anthrax 1988
Aujeszky’s disease 1991
Bluetongue 2008
Brucellosis Cattle: 1962 Pigs: 1999 Sheep and goats: Never reported
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever* Never reported
Echinococcus granulosus Not reported1
Echinococcus multilocularis 20152
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease Never reported
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern) Never reported
Foot and mouth disease 1983
Heartwater* Never reported
Japanese encephalitis Never reported
New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)* Never reported
Old World screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana)* Never reported
Paratuberculosis* Disease present3
Q fever Suspected, but not confirmed
Rabies 19824
Rift Valley fever Never reported
Rinderpest 1782
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi)* Never reported
Trichinellosis 1930
Tularemia 20165
West Nile fever Never reported
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.1 Year of last outbreak not known.2 Detected in wildlife (foxes).3 The disease is not officially controlled in Denmark; however, the cattle industry conducts a voluntary control programme.4 Infection with classical rabies virus in domestic animals.5 Detected in wildlife (rabbit).
Animal Health in Denmark 2.1 Multiple species diseases 29
Box 5 Active surveillance for West Nile virus in Denmark
During the past few years, several
outbreaks of infection with West Nile
virus (WNV) have occurred in southern
and central Europe, which indicates that
this infection is becoming established in
Europe. As WNV may spread further north
with migratory birds from endemic areas,
surveillance activities were set up to deter-
mine whether the infection had reached
Danish territories. In 2016, the Danish Vet-
erinary and Food Administration (DVFA),
the National Veterinary Institute (Technical
University of Denmark) and the Natural
History Museum of Denmark (University
of Copenhagen) continued the ongoing
surveillance for WNV in Denmark.
Various material (avian blood and mosqui-
toes) was collected for surveillance:
Serum from outdoor poultry (396
individuals) and migratory birds (288
individuals) was included in the serologi-
cal surveillance programme and tested
for WNV-specific antibodies. Altogether
684 samples were examined, and four
samples of serum from migratory birds
(medium/long distance migratory species)
were found positive for WNV antibodies.
This indicates that at least four of the
migratory birds that stayed in or passed
through Denmark in 2016 had been
exposed to WNV at some point in their
lives, probably during the winter stay in
Africa.
Further, mosquitoes collected through
the insect vector surveillance programme
mentioned in Box 4 (51 pools, or a total
of 527 mosquitoes) were examined for
WNV. All samples tested negative. This
means that no viral RNA was found in the
material collected.
In conclusion, data from the 2016 surveil-
lance programme indicates that there is
not yet an active ongoing WNV infection
in the Danish bird and mosquito popula-
tions. However, there is no doubt that
migratory birds provide a link between
WNV-endemic areas and Denmark.
Selected material collected under this
programme was further tested for the
Usutu virus (USUV) and corresponding
antibodies: Mosquitoes were tested for
USUV, and selected serum samples from
migratory birds were tested for USUV-
specific antibodies. All tests were negative.
30 Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases
Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases 31
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)Denmark became recognised as a country with
a ‘negligible BSE risk’ in 2011. Even before 2011,
Denmark was generally considered a country with
a low risk of BSE due to the very few cases of the
disease. The status as a country with a negligible
risk was granted on the basis of a comprehensive
application documenting Danish compliance with
the OIE requirements, which include:
• Risk assessment identifying historical and
existing risks and showing that appropriate
measures have been taken to manage each
identified risk.
• The feed ban which has been in place in
Denmark since 1990 (ruminant-to-ruminant feed
ban).
• The most recent tightening of the feed ban in
January 2001 when processed animal proteins
were banned in feed for production animals.
• No BSE cases in cattle born after the most
recent tightening of the feed ban in January
2001.
• The comprehensive Danish BSE testing
programme with more than 2.7 million tests
performed since the beginning of 2001.
• The long period of 18 years that has passed
since the birth of the youngest Danish case of
BSE.
No cases of BSE have been found in Denmark
since 2009. In the period 2000-2009, a total of
18 cases of BSE were detected. The youngest
Danish case of BSE was a cow born in 1999. No
BSE-positive animals have been born after the
implementation of the total feed ban in 2001. This
fact highlights the importance and effectiveness of
the total feed ban.
2.2 Cattle diseases Denmark is recognised by the OIE as a country having a ‘negligible BSE risk’. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has not been detected in Denmark since 2009.
Denmark is recognised as officially free from bovine tuberculosis, enzootic bovine leukosis and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR).
32 Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases
Surveillance for BSEIn 1990, a passive surveillance programme for BSE
was introduced in Denmark, and BSE was simulta-
neously made a notifiable disease.
As BSE is a notifiable disease, anyone discovering
symptoms of BSE in an animal must notify a veteri-
nary practitioner and, hence, the Danish Veterinary
and Food Administration (DVFA). BSE is suspected
in animals showing clinical signs compatible with
BSE or in case of a positive or inconclusive result
of a rapid test performed under the surveillance
programme on slaughtered animals. The National
Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Den-
mark, subsequently performs confirmatory testing
of material from the relevant animal. Meanwhile,
the herd of origin is placed under movement
restrictions; at least until the birth cohort of the
suspected animal has been determined. Animals of
the birth cohort are then placed under movement
restrictions, both animals in the herd of origin and
animals moved to other herds.
Additionally, if a rapid test of a slaughtered animal
is positive, all parts of the animal are destroyed
as specified risk material (SRM) irrespective of the
result of the confirmatory test. At the slaughter
line, the carcasses next to the test-positive animal
are also destroyed as SRM (one carcass upstream
– two carcasses downstream) if the final result is
positive.
The current Danish BSE surveillance programme
implements the most recent European TSE legisla-
tion laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No
999/2001 as amended and Commission Decision
2009/719/EC as amended. It follows from the
amendment to Decision 2009/719/EC that certain
Member States are authorised to make revisions to
their BSE surveillance programmes.
Active surveillance was implemented in October
2000, and from 2001 to 2009 the surveillance
programme generally comprised the testing of:
• All clinical suspects (no age limit).
• All fallen stock, emergency-slaughtered animals
and animals older than 24 months in which
neurological problems had been observed
during the ante-mortem inspection at slaughter
(AM animals).
• All healthy slaughter animals older than 30
months at slaughter.
BSEIn 1990, a passive surveillance programme for BSE was introduced in Denmark, and BSE was simultan eously made a notifiable disease.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases 33
The surveillance programme has been revised a
few times since 2009 due to amendments to EU
legislation. The latest revision was made in July
2013 when the testing of healthy slaughter animals
was discontinued. As from 4 July 2013, the surveil-
lance testing regime for animals born in Denmark
has comprised:
• All clinical suspects (no age limit).
• All fallen stock older than 48 months,
emergency- slaughtered animals older than
48 months and animals older than 48 months
in which neurological problems have been
observed during the ante-mortem inspection
at slaughter (AM animals).
Moreover, a more stringent testing regime has been
in place for several years for animals from other EU
Member States without a revised monitoring pro-
gramme or from countries outside the EU which
have a controlled or undetermined risk of BSE.
In 2016, two suspected cases of BSE were notified
to the DVFA. One case was rejected by the Veteri-
nary Inspection Unit (VIU) after an assessment of
anamnesis and clinical symptoms. Results of the
laboratory tests of samples from the second case
were negative.
An overview of the amendments to the Danish BSE
surveillance programme is provided in Table 5.
The results of the Danish BSE surveillance pro-
gramme in the period 2014-2016 are shown in
Table 6.
Table 5Amendments to the Danish BSE surveillance programme, 2001-2013
BSE testing in Denmark Clinically suspected Risk animals tested: Healthy slaughter (periods) cases tested emergency-slaughtered animals tested animals, fallen stock and AM animals
1 July 2001 - 31 Dec. 2008
1 Jan. 2009 - 30 June 2011
1 July 2011 - 31 Dec. 2012
1 Jan. 2013 - 3 July 2013
4 July 2013 -
All (no age limit)
All > 24 months
All > 48 months
All > 30 months
All > 48 months
All > 72 months
Random samples > 72 months
No testing
The results of the Danish BSE surveillance programme in the period 2014-2016 are shown in Table 6.
34 Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases
Bovine tuberculosisDenmark has been recognised as officially free
from tuberculosis in bovine herds since 1980 (Com-
mission Decision 2003/467/EC).
The eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Denmark
was initiated in 1893. In 1959, the eradication
programme was replaced by a surveillance
programme because only few outbreaks were
diagnosed each year.
The Danish surveillance programme demonstrat-
ing the absence of tuberculosis in cattle comprises
post-mortem examination of all slaughtered ani-
mals as part of the meat inspection programme at
the slaughterhouses. Furthermore, bulls at semen
collection centres are regularly tuberculin-tested in
accordance with the provisions of Council Directive
88/407/EEC. Cattle intended for export to certain
countries outside the EU are also tested. Approxi-
mately 2,324 animals were tested in 2016.
Table 6Results of the Danish BSE surveillance programme, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Category Animals Positive Animals Positive Animals Positive tested animals tested animals tested animals
Fallen stock 20,392 0 18,366 0 19,367 0
Emergency-slaughtered animals 1,122 0 1,112 0 1,307 0
AM animals 0 0 0 0 0 0
Healthy slaughter animals 43 0 33 0 21 0
Clinical suspects 2 0 3 0 1 0
Total 21,559 0 19,514 0 20,696 0
Source: The EU TSE database.
Denmark has been recognised as officially free from tuberculosis in bovine herds since 1980.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases 35
The last outbreak of tuberculosis in cattle occurred
in 1988, the infection being of human origin. How-
ever, bovine tuberculosis was also diagnosed in
farmed deer in 1988. A surveillance programme for
bovine tuberculosis comprising all Danish herds of
farmed deer was initiated in 1989. The last outbreak
of tuberculosis in Danish farmed deer occurred in
1994.
Bovine virus diarrhoea Bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) was diagnosed in
two Danish cattle herds in 2016. Official restrictions
were imposed on the infected herds.
A voluntary control and eradication programme
for BVD was implemented in Denmark in 1994.
The voluntary programme was replaced in 1996
by a compulsory surveillance programme carried
out jointly by the DVFA and SEGES (formerly the
Knowledge Centre for Agriculture). The legislation
has been amended regularly to reflect the progress
in the BVD eradication programme.
In 2006, the eradication programme had almost
reached the end, and all herds were considered
free unless proved otherwise. The remaining
infected herds were kept under movement
restrictions. Since 2006, BVD has reoccurred in
few Danish herds every year.
The Danish BVD surveillance programme includes
testing of bulk milk samples from dairy herds and
blood samples from beef herds for antibodies
against BVD. Furthermore, bulls at semen col-
lection centres are regularly tested according to
the test regime required in accordance with the
provisions of Council Directive 88/407/EEC.
The number of bulk milk samples and blood
samples examined during the period 2014-2016 is
given in Table 7.
Enzootic bovine leukosisEnzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) has not occurred in
Denmark since 1990, and Denmark was declared
officially free from EBL in 1991 (Commission Deci-
sion 2003/467/EC).
Table 7Bulk milk samples and blood samples examined under the Danish bovine virus diar-rhoea surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Herds testedby bulk milk samples Blood samples
2014 3,547 23,407
2015 3,419 24,318
2016 3,269 21,828
Source: SEGES.
36 Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases
In 2016, the DVFA was notified of eight suspected
cases of EBL. Three cases were notified due to
clinical symptoms. One of these cases was rejected
by the Veterinary Inspection Unit (VIU) of the DVFA
based on an evaluation of the clinical symptoms.
Four cases and one contact herd were suspected
due to pathological findings at post-mortem
examinations of slaughtered animals. Official
restrictions were imposed on the herds of origin
while laboratory testing was being conducted. All
suspected cases tested negative.
EBL has been notifiable since 1959, and a surveil-
lance programme was initiated the same year. For
several years, the absence of EBL was demonstrat-
ed by tests of bulk milk samples every three years
and by regular tests of blood samples collected at
slaughter.
Since 2011, the Danish surveillance programme
demonstrating the absence of EBL in cattle
has comprised post-mortem examination of all
slaughtered animals as part of the meat inspection
programme at the slaughterhouses. Furthermore,
bulls at semen collection centres are regularly
tested in accordance with the provisions of Council
Directive 88/407/EEC. Cattle intended for export to
certain countries outside the EU are also tested. In
2016, a total of 2,242 animals were tested.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/ infectious pustular vulvovaginitis Denmark was recognised as free from infectious
bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in 1992 (Commission
Decision 2004/558/EC).
IBR has occasionally reoccurred in Denmark.
However, the official disease-free status has not
been lost. The most recent case of IBR in Denmark
was in a single animal diagnosed in 2005.
The number of bulk milk samples and blood samples examined for IBR during the period 2014-2016 is given in Table 8.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed cattle diseases is given in Table 9.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.2 Cattle diseases 37
In 2016, the DVFA was notified of three suspected
cases of IBR. One case was notified due to clinical
symptoms, but rejected by the Veterinary Inspec-
tion Unit (VIU) of the DVFA based on an evaluation
of the clinical symptoms. Two cases were notified
because of seropositive test results. The results of
the virological tests for IBR on samples from the
herds under suspicion were negative.
The national serological surveillance programme
intended to demonstrate the absence of IBR was
implemented in April 1984. The surveillance pro-
gramme includes testing for IBR antibodies in bulk
milk samples from dairy herds and blood samples
from beef herds. The sampling strategy is based on
an epidemiological assessment of the results from
the surveillance programme. Furthermore, bulls
at semen collection centres are regularly tested in
accordance with the provisions of Council Directive
88/407/EEC. Cattle intended for export to certain
countries outside the EU are also tested. Due to
fluctuations in trade, the number of samples has
changed during the period under review.
The number of bulk milk samples and blood sam-
ples examined for IBR during the period 2014-2016
is given in Table 8.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed cattle
diseases is given in Table 9.
Table 8Bulk milk samples and blood samples examined for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis as part of the Danish surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Herds tested Blood by bulk milk samples samples
2014 3,547 9,282
2015 3,419 15,012
2016 3,270 15,878
Source: SEGES, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, and other official laboratories in the EU.
Table 9Last occurrence of OIE-listed cattle diseases in Denmark
Bovine anaplasmosis* Never reported
Bovine babesiosis* Suspected, but not confirmed
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis* 1995
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 2009
Bovine tuberculosis 1994
Bovine virus diarrhoea 2016
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia 1886
Enzootic bovine leukosis 1990
Haemorrhagic septicaemia* Never reported
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)/ Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) 2005
Lumpy skin disease Never reported
Theileriosis* Never reported
Trichomonosis* 1990
Trypanosomosis* Never reported
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.
38 Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis Caprine arthritis/encephalitis is an enzootic infec-
tion most often recorded on the basis of serologi-
cal findings. The disease is present in Danish goats.
A voluntary control programme for the lentivirus
causing arthritis/encephalitis in goats was initiated
in 1979 and is being managed by SEGES (formerly
the Knowledge Centre for Agriculture). Herds
included in this programme must be tested every
three years to maintain the disease-free status
because a herd’s disease status has implications for
the sale of live animals from that herd.
In 2016, two of 719 goats tested under the control
programme were serologically positive (source:
National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of
Denmark).
Maedi-visnaThe disease is present in Danish sheep. A voluntary
programme for the lentivirus causing Maedi-visna
in sheep was initiated in 1979 and is managed by
SEGES. The control programme for Maedi-visna
is similar to the programme for caprine arthritis/
encephalitis.
In 2016, 2,268 sheep were tested; four tested posi-
tive (source: National Veterinary Institute, Technical
University of Denmark).
2.3 Sheep and goat diseases Classical scrapie has never been reported in Denmark.
In 2016, one case of atypical scrapie was diagnosed in a sheep in Denmark. In general, Denmark saw a few examples of other sheep and goat diseases listed by the OIE in 2016, such as Maedi-visna in sheep and caprine arthritis/ encephalitis in goats. Maedi-visna and caprine arthritis/encephalitis are included in the voluntary control and surveillance programme for lentivirus.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases 39
40 Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Denmark has never reported any cases of clas-
sical scrapie, despite the comprehensive Danish
surveillance programme for transmissible spongi-
form encephalopathy (TSE). Since 2002, more
than 65,000 animals have been tested, which is
quite a large number considering that the Danish
population of sheep and goats is rather small (for
population data see Chapter 4).
A passive surveillance programme was initiated in
Denmark in 1988, and active surveillance began
in 2002. From 1995 to 2002, a number of animals
were tested in the voluntary scheme.
Atypical scrapie was first detected in Denmark in
2006. In 2016, one case of atypical scrapie was
diagnosed in a seven-years old sheep after five
years without any cases. However, cases of atypical
scrapie are not surprising as this disease can ap-
pear spontaneously in old animals.
TSE is suspected in case of a clinically suspected
animal or a positive/inconclusive result of a rapid
test, and the National Veterinary Institute investi-
gates the test material from the animal. Meanwhile,
official restrictions are imposed on the herd of
origin and/or other herds in which the animal may
have been exposed to TSE.
Since 2002, more than 65,000 animals have been tested, which is quite a large number considering that the Danish population of sheep and goats is rather small (for population data see Chapter 4).
Denmark has never reported any cases of classical scrapie, despite the comprehensive Danish surveillance programme for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases 41
Table 10Results of the Danish surveillance programme for TSEs in sheep, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Category Animals Positive Animals Positive Animals Positive tested animals tested animals tested animals
Fallen stock 568 0 661 0 680 1
Healthy slaughter animals 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cases of clinically suspected TSE 1 0 1 0 0 0
Total 569 0 662 0 680 1
Source: The EU TSE database.
Table 11Results of the Danish surveillance programme for TSEs in goats, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Category Animals Positive Animals Positive Animals Positive tested animals tested animals tested animals
Fallen stock 133 0 109 0 132 0
Healthy slaughter animals 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cases of clinically suspected TSE 1 0 0 0 0 0
Total 134 0 109 0 132 0
Source: The EU TSE database.
42 Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases
The Danish TSE surveillance programme imple-
ments the European TSE legislation as laid down
in Commission Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. In
2003, Denmark initiated an extended surveillance
programme according to the rules of Commission
Regulation (EC) No 1874/2003, as amended by
Commission Regulation (EC) No 546/2006. Ac-
cording to the Danish surveillance programme, all
fallen sheep and goats older than 18 months were
tested, and Denmark has, therefore, been granted
additional guarantees regarding stringent import
rules. At the beginning of 2012, Denmark was al-
lowed to amend the extended Danish surveillance
programme and to test only random samples of
fallen sheep and goats each year. The amendment
was allowed due to the substantial number of TSE
tests performed without finding any cases of classi-
cal scrapie. The sample size is now determined by
the size of the population and the rules laid down
in the TSE Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No
999/2001) as amended (Annex III).
The results of the surveillan-ce programmes for TSEs in sheep and goats in Denmark in the period 2014-2016 are shown in Tables 10 and 11.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.3 Sheep and goat diseases 43
Table 12Last occurrence of OIE-listed sheep and goat diseases in Denmark
Caprine arthritis/encephalitis Disease present
Contagious agalactia* Never reported
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia* Never reported
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis)* Never reported
Maedi-visna Disease present
Nairobi sheep disease* Never reported
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis) Never reported
Peste des petits ruminants Never reported
Salmonellosis (Salmonella abortusovis) Never reported
Sheep pox and goat pox 1879
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (classical scrapie) Never reported
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.
A major amendment to the TSE Regulation
concerning imports was made in 2013 in order to
approximate EU legislation and the OIE Terrestrial
Animal Health Code. This amendment also re-
pealed Commission Regulation (EC) No 1874/2003.
Denmark has maintained the status of a country
with an extended Danish surveillance programme,
even though the TSE Regulation now refers to the
programme as a national control programme for
classical scrapie. For countries with a national con-
trol programme for classical scrapie as Denmark,
the most stringent EU rules on imports still apply.
The results of the surveillance programmes for
TSEs in sheep and goats in Denmark in the period
2014-2016 are shown in Tables 10 and 11.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed diseases in
sheep and goats is given in Table 12.
44 Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases
African swine feverAfrican swine fever (ASF) has never been reported
in Denmark.
If any animals of a herd show clinical symptoms
which give rise to the suspicion of ASF, the herd will
be placed under official restrictions while labora-
tory testing and epidemiological investigations are
conducted. As an extra precaution in Denmark, all
animals suspected of infection with classical swine
fever (CSF) are also routinely considered to be
suspected of having ASF.
In 2016, 17 suspected cases of ASF (or CSF) were
notified to the Danish veterinary authorities. Official
movement restrictions were imposed on the herds
under suspicion while epidemiological investigation
and laboratory testing were conducted. However,
all samples tested free from ASF and CSF. Further
details on the suspected cases are given under the
heading of classical swine fever.
Denmark performed a baseline study of the pres-
ence of ASF in the Danish pig population in 2011.
Blood samples from 3,511 animals were tested for
antibodies against ASF. All tested negative. In the au-
tumn of 2013, Denmark initiated a new surveillance
programme for ASF. The samples included in this
programme were originally collected for other
purposes. The testing was performed both on sam-
ples selected randomly from the available pool of
samples and on targeted samples from the same
pool of samples. All samples tested negative for ASF.
2.4 Swine diseases The Danish pig production is characterised by large, industrialised pig farms. Approximately 90% of the production is exported either as live piglets for fattening or as meat or meat products.1
African swine fever has never been reported in Denmark, and classical swine fever has not been reported in Denmark since 1933.
1 Source: Danish Agriculture & Food Council.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases 45
46 Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases
In 2013, ASF was approaching the borders of the
EU from east, as two outbreaks were reported in
Belarus in June. In July, the EU implemented new
legislation with the aim of reducing the risk of ASF
spreading to the EU by transport vehicles entering
the EU after having delivered live pigs to farms
infected with ASF in countries along the eastern
borders of the EU. The risk mitigating measures
include the washing and disinfection of vehicles
when they enter EU territory.
ASF reached the eastern territories of the EU in
2014. To prevent the disease from spreading any
further, risk mitigating measures have been put in
place in the affected countries. So far, no further
spread of the disease has been recorded in the
eastern part of the EU.
In 2016, 287 samples were tested under the Danish
surveillance programme for ASF; all samples tested
negative. For more information on this surveillance
programme, see Box 6.
Classical swine fever The last outbreak of classical swine fever (CSF) in
Denmark was in 1933.
In 2016, 17 suspected cases of CSF (or ASF) were
notified to the Danish Veterinary and Food Admin-
istration (DVFA). Nine of them were contact herds
of suspected herds. Three cases were suspected
due to clinical signs in a pig at the ante-mortem
or post-mortem inspection in a slaughterhouse,
and five cases were reported due to clinical
As a supplement to the serological surveillance, pig carcasses submitted for post-mortem examination are tested for CSF and ASF. Further details are given in Box 6 on page 47.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases 47
Box 6 Supplementary surveillance for African swine fever and classical swine fever
Material from carcasses of swine submit-
ted for post-mortem examination is
included in the surveillance programme
for African swine fever (ASF) and classical
swine fever (CSF) as a supplement to
serological surveillance.
Carcasses are selected on the basis of
anamnesis, and relevant organ material
is collected for the testing for ASF and
CSF. If a sample tests positive, the result is
immediately reported to the Danish Veteri-
nary and Food Administration (DVFA) as a
suspected case of ASF or CSF.
On an annual basis, samples from approxi-
mately 240 carcasses of swine are tested
for ASF and CSF under this programme.
In 2016, 287 carcasses were tested; all
tested free from ASF and CSF.
symptoms in animals in herds. Two of these cases
were rejected by the Veterinary Inspection Unit
(VIU) of the DVFA after a thorough assessment
of anamnesis, and another case was rejected by
the VIU after the post-mortem examination and a
thorough clinical examination of pigs in the herd of
origin. As regards the last two suspected cases, the
herds of origin were subjected to thorough clinical
examination and laboratory testing. Official restric-
tions were imposed on the herds under suspicion
while epidemiological investigation and laboratory
testing were conducted. All samples tested free
from CSF and ASF.
48 Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases
Box 7 No porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus in Denmark
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) has
never been recorded in Denmark or in
any other Scandinavian country despite
the wide distribution of PED in central and
southern Europe since the 1990s.
PED is not a notifiable disease in Denmark.
The symptoms are similar to those of
transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), which
is a notifiable disease that has never
been reported in Denmark. This means
that even though PED is not notifiable in
Denmark, potential cases of PED most
likely would have been detected because
of the obligation to report suspected
cases of TGE.
Due to the increased focus on PED in
northern America in 2013, a serological
screening of blood samples from sows for
PED was initiated by the Danish Veterinary
and Food Administration (DVFA) in 2014,
using samples collected under the surveil-
lance programmes for Aujeszky’s disease
and classical swine fever.
From October to December 2014, approxi-
mately 2,000 blood samples were tested
in a PED ELISA developed by the National
Veterinary Institute, Technical University
of Denmark. The ELISA was developed to
detect both the original European and the
Asian/American strains. All samples tested
negative. The samples originated from
1,352 sow herds. In statistical terms, it was
concluded with 92% certainty that the
prevalence of PED virus in Denmark was
less than 1% at the end of 2014.
In 2015, the pig farming industry took over
the surveillance. In 2016, 718 blood sam-
ples were subjected to serological testing
and 179 samples to virological testing. All
samples tested negative.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.4 Swine diseases 49
Table 14The last occurrence of OIE-listed swine diseases in Denmark
African swine fever Never reported
Classical swine fever 1933
Nipah virus encephalitis Never reported
Porcine cysticercosis Not reported1
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) Known to be present2
Transmissible gastroenteritis Never reported
A serological surveillance programme is applied
to demonstrate the absence of CSF in the Danish
pig population. The surveillance programme was
revised in 2012 on the basis of a comprehensive
risk assessment. Since the serological surveillance
programme was revised, the following three com-
ponents have been included in the programme:
• Random sampling of a maximum of 2% of sows
at slaughter.
• Targeted testing of boars at semen collection
centres in accordance with Council Directive
90/429/EEC.
• Sampling of animals intended for export to
certain countries outside the EU.
1 Year of last outbreak is not known.2 PRRS is endemic in Denmark.
As a supplement to the serological surveillance, pig
carcasses submitted for post-mortem examination
are tested for CSF and ASF. Further details are
given in Box 6.
Due to fluctuations in trade, the number of samples
tested for CSF changed significantly during the
period under review. The number of samples
examined in 2014-2016 is given in Table 13.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed diseases in
pigs is given in Table 14.
As a supplement to the serological surveillance, pig carcasses submitted for post-mortem examination are tested for CSF and ASF. Further details are given in Box 6 on page 47.
Table 13Serum samples from pigs examined under the Danish classical swine fever surveillance programme, 2014-2016
Year Samples
2014 30,844
2015 28,399
2016 41,842
Source: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, and other official laboratories in the EU.
50 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 51
Avian influenzaHighly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8
Wild birds
Several dead wild birds with HPAI H5N8 were
detected in Denmark in November and December
2016. The epidemic was not unexpected as the
disease had already been diagnosed in wild birds
and poultry in Hungary, Germany and other
countries in the weeks prior to the occurrence of
the disease in Denmark. Restrictions were imme-
diately imposed on all poultry holdings, including
backyard flocks and other captured birds to avoid
contact with wild birds. Poultry had to be kept
inside or fenced under roof. Game birds could,
however, be kept in net-covered enclosures. Due to
considerations of animal welfare, ducks, geese and
ostriches could be kept outside, but should be fed
and watered under roof. All fairs, markets, shows
and other gatherings of poultry or other captive
birds were prohibited.
Due to the epidemic of HPAI H5N8, the passive sur-
veillance in wild birds was expanded significantly
at the end of 2016. A total of 204 dead wild birds
were submitted for laboratory examination in 2016,
most of them in November and December. The
2.5 Poultry diseasesThe EU-coordinated surveillance programme for avian influenza (AI) in poultry as revised in 2015 continued in 2016.
A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 epidemic started at the end of 2016. A total of 65 dead wild birds were diagnosed with HPAI H5N8 in 2016. Furthermore, a backyard poultry flock was infected with HPAI H5N8 in November 2016. The presence of low pathogenic avian influenza was also detected in two herds with game birds for restocking in the summer of 2016.2
2 Source: In February 2017, Denmark regained its status as a country free from notifiable avian influenza according to Article 10.4.3 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
52 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA)
used the media to increase the awareness among
the general public of the essence of reporting dead
wild birds. The Danish Emergency Management
Agency assisted with the collection and submission
of dead birds based on reports from the public.
Sequence analyses revealed that the HPAI H5N8
virus detected in Denmark was similar to the virus
found in other European countries.
The monitoring of dead wild birds covered the
whole country, and a total of 65 wild dead birds
were detected with HPAI H5N8 (see Figure 1). Most
infected birds were tufted ducks (43%), great black-
backed gulls (14%), swans (14%) and birds of prey
(14%) (see Table 15).
Backyard flock of poultry
A backyard flock situated in Aalsgaarde, in the
municipality of Helsingør in the north eastern part
of Zealand suffering from clinical disease and in-
creased mortality was diagnosed with HPAI H5N8
on 21 November 2016. This was the first outbreak
of HPAI recorded in Denmark since 2006.
The flock comprised 69 animals: 35 ducks, 16
geese, 5 turkeys and 13 hens. Only the ducks
revealed clinical symptoms of avian influenza.
Except for the ducks, the poultry were kept under
roof. The source of infection was probably direct
or indirect contact with wild birds from a nearby
wetland area or from the sea. Movement restric-
tions were immediately imposed on the infected
holding, and the disease had been stamped out
at the location by 21 November 2016. On 22
Novem ber 2016, the local Veterinary Inspection
Unit approved the preliminary cleaning and disin-
fection of the facilities.
Table 15HPAI H5N8 in dead wild birds by species in 2016
Species Positive birds
Accipitridae 9
Common buzzard 5
Northern goshawk 1
White-tailed eagle 3
Anatidae 38
Common eider 1
Mute swan 8
Tufted duck 28
Whooper swan 1
Corvidae 1
Common raven 1
Laridae 17
Black-headed gull 1
Great black-backed gull 9
Herring gull 4
Mew gull 3
Total 65
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 53
Figure 1Dead wild birds tested for avian influenza in 2016
Note that dead birds found in close geographical and temporal proximity of each other are only represented on the map by one dot.
H5N8 positive birds.
H5N8 negative birds.
A dead wild bird diagnosed with influenza type A other than H5 or H7 (near the city of Aalborg)
54 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
A 3 km protection zone and a 10 km surveillance
zone around the holding were put in place in ac-
cordance with Council Directive 2005/94/EC.
All restrictions were lifted on 22 December 2016
following extensive screening of poultry within
the two zones. This outbreak did not cause any
secondary outbreaks.
Low pathogenic avian influenzaLow pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI H5N2 and
LPAI H7N7) was diagnosed in two herds with
game birds for restocking (mallard ducklings) in
July and August 2016. The mallard ducklings were
tested in accordance with the Danish surveillance
programme for avian influenza in poultry and
game birds for restocking by routine sampling
of offspring from mallards. All birds in the two
flocks were killed, and the farms were cleaned and
disinfected.
A 1 km restriction zone around each holding was
put in place immediately when the ducklings had
tested positive to take the necessary measures in
accordance with Council Directive 2005/94/EC.
In both cases, the most likely infection route was
direct or indirect contact with wild birds.
The surveillance programme for avian influenza in poultry and game birds for restockingThe Danish surveillance programme for AI in poul-
try and game birds for restocking was established
to find and eradicate any AI virus of subtype H5
or H7 circulating in the poultry population by
culling all birds of infected holdings. Surveillance for
AI has been in place throughout the whole country
since 2006. Initially, the surveillance programme
comprised two levels: a standard level of testing all
over the country and an intensified level of testing
in an area extending 3 km inland from the coastline
and from the shore of all large lakes.
Low pathogenic avian influenza was diagnosed in two herds with game birds for restocking in July and August 2016.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 55
Box 8 Early warning scheme – a supplement to the surveillance of avian influenza
EU surveillance programmes for avian in-
fluenza (AI) in poultry and wild birds have
been in place in Denmark since 2003. As
a supplement to these programmes, a
special programme for early warning of AI
in commercial poultry and hobby poultry
has been in place since 2005.
All samples tested due to an early warning
of AI are also tested for New castle disease
(ND) as a differential diagnosis.
The AI early warning parameters requiring
the owner of the animals to notify are:
• Drop in feed and water intake by more
than 20% in 24 hours.
• Drop in egg production by more than
5% for more than two con secutive
days.
• Mortality rate higher than 3% in any
unit during a three-day period.
Early warnings are notified to the Dan-
ish Veterinary and Food Admini stration
(DVFA), and samples are collected from
ten birds of the flock for virological
examination.
Twenty early warnings of AI were notified
to the DVFA in 2016. All samples tested
free from AI and ND.
All samples tested due to an early warning of AI are also tested for New castle disease (ND) as a differen-tial diagnosis.
56 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
The surveillance programme was revised in 2015
following a risk assessment. Subsequently, the
surveillance level has been the same all over the
country without any specific risk areas defined. All
commercial holdings in the target group having
more than 100 animals are included in the pro-
gramme. Breeder hens (central rearing flocks) and
pullets are tested before release to egg production,
outdoor layers four times a year and outdoor
slaughter poultry (broilers, ducks and geese) before
slaughter. In addition, fattening turkeys are tested
before slaughter. Breeder ducks and geese are
required to be tested once a year.
Farmed game birds for restocking (gallinaceous
birds and waterfowl) are tested four times during
the production season from February to August.
Breeding animals undergo serological testing, and
their offspring virological testing.
When traded, poultry and game birds have to be
accompanied by a certificate stating that the flock
has been tested within the preceding three months
in case of poultry, and two months in case of game
birds.
The surveillance programme is mainly based on se-
rology. PCR testing is used only for offspring from
gamebirds. Additionally, PCR testing is used in case
of a positive serological result to confirm whether
the relevant flock is infected by a virus.
In total, eight holdings/flocks tested positive in
a serological test in 2016. However, PCR testing
showed no circulation of virus in the poultry.
As mentioned above, two flocks of game birds for
restocking (mallard ducklings) tested positive for
LPAI under the virological surveillance programme.
Results from the serological surveillance pro-
gramme are shown in Table 16.
If poultry show clinical signs of AI, official restric-
tions are imposed on the farm while an epidemio-
logical investigation of the flock is carried out and
laboratory testing is conducted. Sixteen clinical
cases were notified to the Danish Veterinary and
Results from the serological surveillance programme are shown in Table 16.
Farmed game birds for restocking (gallinaceous birds and waterfowl) are tested four times during the production season from February to August. Breeding animals undergo serological testing, and their offspring virological testing.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 57
58 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
Table 16Results of the Danish serological surveillance programme for avian influenza in poultry and game birds for restocking, 2016
Poultry category
Fattening turkeys 59 (h) 12 (f)2 0 0 0 0 –
Chicken breeders 153 (f) 111 (f)2 0 0 0 0 –
Free-range laying hens 141 (f) 124 (f)2 13 2 0 0 0
Free-range broilers 21 (h) 11 (h)2 0 0 0 – –
Breeder ducks 0 (h) 0 (h) 0 0 0 – –
Breeder geese 0 (h) 0 (h) 0 0 0 – –
Fattening geese 8 (h) 1 (h)2 0 0 0 – –
Fattening ducks 73 (h) 17 (h)2 0 0 0 – –
Mallards bred for restocking of game birds 19 (h)
- Breeding animals 8 (h) 4 1 0 – –
Pheasants, partridges, rock partridges and red-legged partridges 64 (h)
- Breeding animals 26 (h) 0 0 0 – –
Total positives 5 3 0 0 0
Source: The Poultry Database of the Danish Agriculture & Food Council, 2017.
Virologically positive
holdings/flocks
H5 H7 H5 and H7 H5 H7
Holdings (h)/ flocks (f)
tested
Holdings (h)/ flocks (f)
in Denmark1
Serologically positive holdings/flocks (H5, H7)
1 The holdings/flocks do not necessarily have active production throughout the year.2 Some flocks/holdings were tested more than once a year; the figures only include one annual testing per flock/holding.3 The same flock reacted serologically positive three times in 2016.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 59
Food Administration (DVFA) in 2016. One tested
positive for HPAI H5N8 (see "Backyard flock of
poultry" on page 52).
The surveillance programme for avian influenza in wild birdsSince January 2011, the surveillance programme
for avian influenza in wild birds has been divided
into an EU-coordinated passive surveillance
programme for HPAI in wild birds found dead or
sick and national active surveillance for AI in live
birds with an increased risk of exposure to AI and
hunted game birds. Birds sourced from passive
surveillance are tested individually, and birds
sourced from active surveillance are tested by cloa-
cal swabs in pools taken from up to five birds of
the same species at the same time and location. As
mentioned above, the passive surveillance of dead
wild birds was expanded significantly at the end of
2016 due to the epidemic of HPAI H5N8. In total,
241 samples from 204 birds were tested under
the passive surveillance programme; 65 dead wild
birds were positive for HPAI H5N8. During the
period of active surveillance for AI in wild birds, 243
pools of cloacal swabs were analysed; none of the
live wild birds were positive for HPAI H5N8. Results
are displayed in Table 17.
None of the live wild birds were positive for HPAI H5N8. Results are displayed in Table 17.
241In total, 241 samples from 204 birds were tested under the passive sur-veillance programme; 65 dead wild birds were positive for HPAI H5N8.
60 Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry Diseases
Newcastle disease The last outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in
Denmark occurred in October 2005.
Prophylactic vaccination against ND is compulsory
for hens and turkeys in both breeding and layer
flocks. Vaccination is also compulsory for flocks of
broilers kept free-range or slaughtered when older
than ten weeks and for turkeys for commercial
production. Also poultry brought to gatherings,
exhibitions and markets and wintering game birds
for breeding the following spring must be vac-
cinated against ND.
If poultry show clinical symptoms of ND, official
restrictions are imposed on the farm while an
epidemiological investigation of the flock is carried
out and laboratory testing is conducted. In 2016,
16 suspected cases of clinical avian influenza were
notified to the DVFA. The laboratory testing of
the suspected cases also included a test for ND.
However, all samples collected from the suspected
flocks tested free from both AI and ND.
All 20 early warnings for avian influenza in 2016
were also tested for ND. All samples tested free
from ND.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed poultry
diseases is given in Tables 18 and 19.
Table 17Results of the Danish surveillance programme for avian influenza in wild birds, 2016
Passive surveillance (dead or sick wild birds) Active surveillance (live wild birds)
Birds sampled 204 921
Samples/pools 241 samples 243 pools*
Influenza A-positive birds 66 50 pools*
LPAI H5-positive birds 0 12 pools*
LPAI H7-positive birds 0 1 pool*
HPAI H5/H7-positive birds 65 0
Source: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2017.
* Pools of cloacal swabs taken from up to five birds of the same species at the same time and location. The actual number of positive birds is not known, but at least one positive bird will give a positive pool.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed poultry diseases is given in Tables 18 and 19.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.5 Poultry diseases 61
The year of the last occurrence is stated in brackets if there were no outbreaks of the disease in the relevant year.* Occurrence mainly in ornamental, hobby and backyard birds.
Table 18Outbreaks of poultry diseases listed by the OIE and notifiable in Denmark, 2014-2016
Poultry disease 2014 2015 2016
Avian chlamydiosis* 8 34 11
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis* 5 13 9
Avian influenza (highly pathogenic) (2006) (2006) 1
Avian influenza (low pathogenic) 1 (2013) 2
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) (1967) (1967) (1967)
Fowl typhoid (2002) (2002) (2002)
Newcastle disease (2005) (2005) (2005)
Pullorum disease* (2010) (2010) (2010)
Table 19Table 19: Last occurrence of other OIE-listed poultry diseases not notifiable in Denmark
Avian infectious bronchitis Suspected, but not confirmed
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma synoviae) Not reported1
Duck virus hepatitis Suspected, but not confirmed
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) 2015
Turkey rhinotracheitis 2007
1 Year of last outbreak is not known.
62 Animal Health in Denmark 2.6 Equine diseases
Animal Health in Denmark 2.6 Equine diseases 63
Contagious equine metritis Taylorella equigenitalis, which causes contagious
equine metritis (CEM), has not been reported in
Denmark since 2009. Microbiological examinations
are performed in connection with international
trade in horses and horse semen.
Dourine Dourine, which is caused by the protozoan parasite
Trypanosoma equiperdum, has never been
reported in Denmark. Serological examinations are
performed in connection with international trade
in horses and horse semen. The Danish Veterinary
and Food Administration was notified of one
suspected case of dourine in 2016. The case was
reported due to clinical signs in two horses. Official
restrictions were imposed on the herd under
suspicion while laboratory testing was conducted;
however, the samples tested negative for dourine.
2.6 Equine diseases Few of the OIE-listed equine diseases are known to be present in Denmark; however, equine viral arteritis is notifiable and suspected to be present in Denmark, but the infection has not been confirmed.
64 Animal Health in Denmark 2.6 Equine diseases
Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) has not been reported in Denmark since 1928.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.6 Equine diseases 65
Table 20Last occurrence of OIE-listed equine diseases in Denmark
African horse sickness Never reported
Contagious equine metritis 2009
Dourine Never reported
Equine encephalomyelitis (Western) Never reported
Equine infectious anaemia 1928
Equine influenza* Suspected, but not confirmed1
Equine piroplasmosis* Not reported2
Equine viral arteritis Suspected, but not confirmed
Glanders 1928
Infection with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1)* 2013
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis Never reported
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.1 Due to widespread vaccination of competition horses and racehorses, incidents among those horses are rare and of a mild nature.2 Year of last outbreak is not known.
Equine infectious anaemia Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) has not been
reported in Denmark since 1928. Serological
examinations are performed in connection with
international trade in horses and horse semen.
The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration
was notified of one suspected case of EIA in 2016.
The case was reported due to clinical signs in two
horses. Official restrictions were imposed on the
herd under suspicion while laboratory testing was
conducted. Both samples tested negative for EIA.
Glanders Glanders, which is caused by an infection with
the Burkholderia mallei bacterium, has not been
reported in Denmark since 1928. Serological
examinations are performed in connection with
international trade in horses and horse semen.
Information pertaining to equine diseases is
given in Table 20.
66 Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fur animal diseases
2.7 Fur animal diseases In 2016, 1,528 mink farms were registered in Denmark, the annual production of skins exceeding 15 million.
During the past years, consumer demand for animal welfare in modern Danish farming has increased. The industry has therefore collaborated with animal welfare experts to prepare guidelines for fur animal welfare, which formed the basis for national legislation enacted in 2007.
All Danish mink farms undergo annual, mandatory inspections by an authorised veterinarian as set out in legislation. The inspections (4-5 each year) are routine inspections to identify potential health or welfare issues on the farm. Mink farms are also regularly inspected by veterinary officers from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA).
In addition to the production of mink, Denmark also has a very small commercial production of rabbits; however, most rabbits are held as pets. The populations of wild rabbits are assumed to be limited in number and only in restricted areas.
In total, Denmark exported more than 250,000 fur animals in 2016.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fur animal diseases 67
68 Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fur animal diseases
MyxomatosisUntil 2007, myxomatosis in rabbits occurred
sporadically in Denmark, both in wild and in pet
rabbits. In wild rabbits, myxomatosis occurred
only in the southern part of Jutland and on some
isolated islands. In 2007, many outbreaks of
myxomatosis occurred in Danish pet rabbits, most
cases being on Zealand.
Vaccination against myxomatosis has been allowed
in Denmark since 2008. In 2010, myxomatosis was
de-listed and made a non-notifiable disease.
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease In 2016, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was
diagnosed on five Danish rabbit farms where
several rabbits had died. RHD was also reported in
wild rabbits at two different locations in Denmark.
The wild population is considered a reservoir for
the disease.
RHD in rabbits is a notifiable disease in Denmark.
In 2016, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) was diagnosed on five Danish rabbit farms where several rabbits had died.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fur animal diseases 69
Box 9 Disease control in mink farms
The Danish mink farming industry has
implemented control and eradication
programmes for infectious diseases that
previously caused heavy losses to the
farms. Infections with distemper virus
and Aleutian disease virus are notifiable
in Denmark, and national legislation has
been put in place to support the pro-
gramme for the prevention of future virus
infections.
Infection with distemper virus
Distemper occurs sporadically on Danish
mink farms, and all farms are comprised
by a national distemper control pro-
gramme. Distemper virus has been found
many times in wildlife species that are
considered to be the reservoir. Many mink
farmers vaccinate against distemper to
prevent infection.
Aleutian disease (mink plasmacytosis)
The Danish control programme for
Aleutian disease set up by the Danish Fur
Breeders’ Association divides the country
into two zones. A restricted zone has
been put in place in the northern part of
Jutland north of the Limfjord, in which
frequent outbreaks occur.
Only a small number of outbreaks oc-
curred outside the restricted zone in 2016.
As set out in the control programme, the
infected herds were culled, and the farms
were cleaned and disinfected.
(Source: Kopenhagen Fur (owned by the
Danish Fur Breeders’ Association))
Many mink farmers vaccinate againstdistemper to prevent infection.
70 Animal Health in Denmark 2.8 Fish diseases
The Danish aquaculture surveillance programmeSince 1970, Denmark has had an official disease
surveillance programme comprising all fish farms
in the country. Common EU legislation on animal
health conditions governing the placing on the
market of aquaculture animals was introduced
by Council Directive 2006/88/EC. Since then, the
surveillance programme has been conducted ac-
cording to the provisions laid down in this Directive.
The aquatic animal health surveillance in Denmark
consists of the following components: the obliga-
tion to notify suspicions of animal diseases, the
obligation to notify increased mortality, routine
inspections and laboratory examination of surveil-
lance samples.
In 2016, the Danish Veterinary and Food Adminis-
tration (DVFA) carried out 196 inspections of fish
farms. The number of surveillance samples (includ-
ing export samples) tested in 2016 is presented in
Table 21.
Each sample tested is a pooled sample of up to ten
fish. The species tested are mainly rainbow trout,
which constitute approximately 99% of the produc-
tion of salmonids in Danish fish farms. Brown
trout (Salmo trutta) and brook trout (Salvelinus
fontinalis) are also produced in some freshwater
fish farms. These species are therefore also tested
under the surveillance programme. Samples from
wild salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (Salmo
trutta) are also collected for testing under the
surveillance programme. A few aquaculture farms
produce species such as zander, turbot and eel.
Those species are also sampled and tested for
viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) virus and
infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) virus. The
tissues sampled and the testing methods are also
specified in Table 21.
2.8 Fish diseases In 2016, 237 aquaculture production businesses (APBs) producing salmonids were registered in Denmark. The majority were freshwater fish farms, but 22 of the 237 APBs were marine fish farms producing rainbow trout in net cages, and nine APBs produced salmonids in saltwater tanks/raceways. The marine fish farms are located in the Belt Sea, south and west of Zealand, along the eastern coast of Jutland and near the island of Samsø.
The number of surveillance samples tested in 2016 is presented in Table 21.
The tissues sampled and the testing methods are also specified in Table 21.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fish diseases 71
72 Animal Health in Denmark 2.8 Fish diseases
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) has never
been reported in Denmark, and the whole territory
is approved free from IHN by the European Union
(Commission Decision 2009/177/EC).
Infectious salmon anaemiaInfection with infectious salmon anaemia (ISA)
virus has never been reported in Denmark, and the
whole territory is approved free from ISA by the
European Union (Commission Decision 2009/177/
EC).
* Each sample tested is a pooled sample of up to ten fish per sample 1 1: Kidney, spleen and heart (and in some cases brain). 2: Same tissues as in sample type 1 + gills.2 A: Cultivation in cell culture followed by observation of cytopathic effect. B: PCR test.
Table 21Number of surveillance samples (including export samples) tested under the Danish agricultural surveillance programme in 2016
Type of Testing Number ofDisease tissue sampled1 method2 samples tested in 2016*
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis disease 1 A 105
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis 1 A 633
Infection with HPR-deleted or HPR0 infectious salmon anaemia virus 2 B 234
Infection with salmonid alphavirus 1 A 226
Spring viraemia of carp 1 A 108
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia 1 A 633
In 2010, ISA virus HPR0 (type 2) was detected in a
RT-PCR analysis of one sample of Atlantic salmon
smolt from a facility with mixed fish species and
year classes under water recirculation conditions.
All samples include gill material to enhance the
possibility of identifying HPR0 ISA virus. There was
no suspicion or clinical signs of ISA at the facility. As
no clinical signs of ISA were found, the detection
did not meet the case definition under EU legisla-
tion, which is identical with the case definition of the
OIE. The European Commission was consulted and
agreed with the DVFA that the presence of ISA in
Denmark had not been confirmed. The facility was
sanitised, and no virus has been detected since.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.7 Fish diseases 73
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed fish diseases is given in Table 22.
Koi herpesvirus disease Koi herpesvirus disease (KHV) has never been
reported in Danish carp farms, but has occasionally
been detected in imported ornamental koi carp
and in garden ponds with koi carp.
In August 2016, KHV was detected in a private
garden pond located near the town of Høng in the
municipality of Kalundborg on Zealand.
Spring viraemia of carpThe last occurrence of spring viraemia of carp
(SVC) in Denmark was in 2003. Denmark (whole
territory) is approved free from SVC by the
European Union (Commission Decision 2010/221/
EU). SVC has never been reported in any Danish
carp farms, but has occasionally been detected
in imported ornamental carp with no access to
natural waters.
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia The last outbreak of viral haemorrhagic septicae-
mia (VHS) in Denmark was confirmed in January
2009, and the whole continental territory of
Denmark was approved as VHS-free by the Euro-
pean Union in 2013 (Commission Implementing
Decision 2013/706/EU). The Danish programme for
the eradication of VHS began in 2009 and ended
in November 2013. The programme has been
approved by the European Commission and was
co-financed by the European Fisheries Fund. All
freshwater trout farms are approved free from VHS
(category I).
Table 22Last occurrence of OIE-listed fish diseases in Denmark
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis disease Never reported
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans (epizootic ulcerative syndrome) Never reported
Infection with Gyrodactylus salaris* Suspected, but not confirmed
Infection with salmonid alphavirus* Never reported
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis Never reported
Infection with HPR-deleted or HPR0 infectious salmon anaemia virus Never reported
Koi herpesvirus disease 20161
Red sea bream iridoviral disease* Never reported
Spring viraemia of carp 20031
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia 2009
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.1 The infection was detected in a private garden pond.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed fish
diseases is given in Table 22.
74 Animal Health in Denmark 2.9 Mollusc diseases
Animal Health in Denmark 2.9 Mollusc diseases 75
Infection with Bonamia ostreaeIn March 2015, B. ostreae was detected in surveil-
lance samples collected in November 2014. Infec-
tion with B. ostreae was also detected in samples
collected in June and October-November 2015.
In 2016, B. ostreae continued to be detected in
samples from the affected areas. In samples
collected in December 2016 due to increased
mortality, the prevalence of B. ostreae in the
samples was 5%.
The source of the infection is unknown. Flat oysters
have not been officially imported to the area since
1980. The people engaged in oyster and mussel
fishery in the Limfjord area are normally fully aware
of all activities – both official and unofficial – and
interviews of those persons do not suggest any
illegal import of flat oysters for relay.
In July 2016, it was decided to discontinue the
surveillance in the Limfjord as it is unlikely that the
area will regain the disease-free status once its
population has become infected. The surveillance
is continued in Nissum Bredning, the most western
part of the Limfjord, because B. ostreae has not yet
been detected in this area.
2.9 Mollusc diseases Denmark has intensive fisheries of natural mussel stocks (Mytilus edulis). Natural stocks of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) only exist in the Limfjord. The Danish oyster production is mainly based on the utilisation of natural stock. Only at one site are mussels reared under experimental aquaculture conditions. During the past more than 15 years, a number of marine aquaculture facilities producing mussels on ropes in the water column (in contrast to natural production on the sea bed) have been established in Denmark. At the moment, there are 47 plants with a total annual production of approximately 1,800 tonnes of mussels.
76 Animal Health in Denmark 2.9 Mollusc diseases
Infection with Marteilia refringensInfection with M. refringens has never been
detected in Denmark.
In July 2016, it was decided to discontinue the
surveillance for M. refringens in southwestern
Kattegat, the Belt Sea, the Isefjord and most of
the Limfjord. This decision was based on a cost-
effectiveness analysis. These areas have therefore
shifted disease categories from being ‘disease-free’
to ‘undetermined’ as set out in EU legislation.
The surveillance for M. refringens is continued in
Nissum Bredning, the most western part of the
Limfjord. A declaration of the Danish disease-free
status (category I) for M. refringens in Nissum
Bredning was submitted to the EU in September
2016.
Information pertaining to the OIE-listed mollusc
diseases is given in Table 23.
Table 23Last occurrence of OIE-listed mollusc diseases in Denmark
Infection with abalone herpesvirus*1 Not reported2
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa1 Never reported
Infection with Bonamia ostreae Disease present
Infection with Marteilia refringens Never reported
Infection with Perkinsus marinus Never reported
Infection with Perkinsus olseni Never reported
Infection with Xenohaliotis californiensis*1 Never reported
* The disease is not notifiable in Denmark.1 Host is not present in Denmark.2 Year of last outbreak is not known.
A declaration of the Danish disease-free status (category I) for Marteilia refringens in Nissum Bredning was submitted to the EU in September 2016.
Animal Health in Denmark 2.9 Mollusc diseases 77
78 Animal Health in Denmark 3.0 Animal by-products
Animal by-products are divided into three catego-
ries depending on the risks associated with each
type of product.
• Category 1 includes animals suspected of being
infected with TSEs, specified risk material (SRM)
from cattle or small ruminants, experimental
animals, pet animals, zoo animals and circus
animals.
• Category 2 includes manure and by-products
presenting a risk of being infected with conta-
gious animal diseases.
• Category 3 includes parts of animals slaugh-
tered for human consumption, raw milk, fish,
former foodstuffs of animal origin, blood, hides
and skins, hooves, feathers, wool, horns, hair
and fur.
Table 24 shows a breakdown of the ABPs produced
in Denmark in 2016.
3. Animal by-productsAnimal by-products (ABPs) are products of animal origin not intended for human consumption. They arise mainly during the slaughter of animals for human consumption, during the production of products of animal origin such as dairy products, and in the course of the disposal of dead animals. ABPs are categorised, collected, transported, processed, used, stored and disposed of according to EU legislation.3
3 Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal By-products Regulation), and Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 of 25 February 2011 imple-menting Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and implementing Council Directive 97/78/EC as regards certain samples and items exempt from veterinary checks at the border under that Directive.
Table 24 shows a breakdown of the ABPs produced in Denmark in 2016.
Animal Health in Denmark Animal by-products 79
Table 24Animal by-products produced in Denmark in 2016
Source Category 1 (tonnes) Category 2 (tonnes) Category 3 (tonnes)
Slaughterhouses/cutting plants 33,554 132,001 340,158
Fallen stock 21,346 103,534 None
Source: The Danish Agriculture & Food Council, 2017.
80 Animal Health in Denmark 4. Livestock statistics
4. Livestock statistics
Table 25Livestock population. Herds/flocks and animals in Denmark, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Cattle Animals 1,556,307 1,560,289 1,567,213
Herds 19,460 18,002 17,576
Sheep Animals 142,926 142,354 148,226
Herds 7,010 6,861 6,687
Goats Animals 20,828 20,600 20,082
Herds 3,144 3,071 2,997
Horses Animals 200,000* 170,000* 170,000*
Herds No data No data No data
Farmed deer Animals 14,925 14,983 14,852
Herds 539 514 502
Pigs Animals 13,279,122 13,390,751 13,384,992
Herds 8,917 8,675 8,707
Poultry Animals 27,904,213 29,570,001 33,817,550
Flocks 1,046 1,239 1,320
Source: Central Husbandry Register, with the exception of horses.
* Estimate based on the number of horse passports issued.
Animal Health in Denmark 4. Livestock statistics 81
82 Animal Health in Denmark 4. Livestock statistics
Table 26Animals imported from the EU and third countries to Denmark, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Horses1 2,170 2,645 3,351
Cattle2 350 165 137
Pigs 93 6754 3305
Sheep/goats 151 249 4,2156
Poultry3 3,030,025 3,852,016 6,788,2627
Source: Based on the Trade Control and Expert System of the European Commission (TRACES).
Table 27Animals exported from Denmark to the EU and third countries, 2014-2016
2014 2015 2016
Horses1 1,338 1,078 730
Cattle2 83,596 62,722 57,113
Pigs 11,270,253 12,463,855 13,421,804
Sheep/goats 1,857 1,710 1,413
Poultry3 49,494,644 55,087,210 57,457,138
Source: Based partly on the Trade Control and Expert System of the European Commission (TRACES).
1 Horses, asses, mules and hinnies.2 Bovine animals.3 Fowls of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, ducks, geese, turkeys and guinea fowls. 4 Import of two full herds, extraordinary event.5 Import, extraordinary event.6 Import of sheep intended for slaughter.7 Increased import of day-old chicken.
1 Horses, asses, mules and hinnies. 2 Bovine animals.3 Fowls of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, ducks, geese, turkeys and guinea fowls.
Animal Health in Denmark 4. Livestock statistics 83
84 Animal Health in Denmark 5. Index of diseases
AAfrican horse sickness, 14, 65
African swine fever, 11, 14, 15, 16, 44-47, 49
Aleutian disease (mink plasmacytosis), 69
Anthrax, 28
Aujeszky’s disease, 15, 20, 28, 48
Avian chlamydiosis, 61
Avian infectious bronchitis, 61
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, 61
Avian influenza, 14, 16
Avian influenza (highly pathogenic), 19, 51-54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61
Avian influenza (low pathogenic), 51, 54-59, 61
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum), 61
Avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma synoviae), 61
B Bluetongue, 14, 15, 22, 28
Bovine anaplasmosis, 37
Bovine babesiosis, 37
Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, 37
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 14, 19, 31-33, 34, 37
Bovine tuberculosis, 31, 34-35, 37
Bovine virus diarrhoea, 35, 37
Brucellosis, 11, 14, 20, 22, 24, 28
CCaprine arthritis/encephalitis, 38, 43
Classical swine fever, 11, 14, 44, 46-49
Contagious agalactia, 43
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, 37
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, 43
Contagious equine metritis, 63, 65
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, 28
D Dourine, 63, 65
Duck virus hepatitis, 61
EEchinococcus granulosus, 28
Echinococcus multilocularis, 28
Enzootic abortion of ewes (ovine chlamydiosis), 43
Enzootic bovine leucosis, 14, 31, 35, 37
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis disease, 72, 73
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease, 14, 28
Equine encephalomyelitis (Eastern), 28
Equine encephalomyelitis (Western), 65
Equine infectious anaemia, 64, 65
Equine influenza, 65
Equine piroplasmosis, 65
Equine viral arteritis, 63, 65
5. Index of diseases
Animal Health in Denmark 5. Index of diseases 85
F Foot and mouth disease, 7, 14, 15, 20, 25, 28
Fowl typhoid, 61
G Glanders, 65
H Haemorrhagic septicaemia, 37
Heartwater, 28
IInfection with abalone herpesvirus, 76
Infection with Aphanomyces invadans (epizootic ulcerative
syndrome), 73
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, 76
Infection with Bonamia ostreae, 75, 76
Infection with distemper virus, 69
Infection with equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), 65
Infection with Gyrodactylus salaris, 73
Infection with HPR-deleted or HPR0 infectious
salmon anaemia virus, 72, 73
Infection with Marteilia refringens, 76
Infection with Perkinsus marinus, 76
Infection with Perkinsus olseni, 76
Infection with salmonid alphavirus, 72, 73
Infection with Xenohaliotis californiensis, 76
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)/Infectious pustular
vulvovaginitis (IPV), 15, 31, 36-37
Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease), 61
Infectious haematopoietic necrosis, 70, 72, 73
JJapanese encephalitis, 28
K Koi herpesvirus disease, 73
LLumpy skin disease, 14, 37
MMaedi-visna, 38, 43
Myxomatosis, 68
N Nairobi sheep disease, 43
New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax), 28
Newcastle disease, 14, 55, 60, 61
Nipah virus encephalitis, 49
86 Animal Health in Denmark 5. Index of diseases
OOld World screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana), 28
Ovine epididymitis (Brucella ovis), 43
P Paratuberculosis, 28
Peste des petits ruminants, 14, 43
Porcine cysticercosis, 49
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) virus, 11, 48
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS), 49
Pullorum disease, 61
Q Q fever, 28
RRabbit haemorrhagic disease, 68
Rabies, 20, 25, 28
Red sea bream iridoviral disease, 73
Rift Valley fever, 14, 28
Rinderpest, 14, 28
S Salmonellosis (Salmonella abortusovis), 43
Sheep pox and goat pox, 14, 43
Spring viraemia of carp, 72, 73
Surra (Trypanosoma evansi), 28
T Theileriosis, 37
Transmissible gastroenteritis, 48, 49
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
(classical scrapie), 40-43
Trichinellosis, 20, 26-27, 28
Trichomonosis, 37
Trypanosomosis, 37
Tularemia, 28
Turkey rhinotracheitis, 61
V Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 65
Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia, 15, 70, 72, 73
W West Nile fever, 11, 23, 28, 29
Animal Health in Denmark 5. Index of diseases 87
Danish Veterinaryand Food Administration
Dr. Per Henriksen,
Chief Veterinary Officer
Stationsparken 31-33
DK-2600 Glostrup
Phone: (+45) 72 27 69 00
Fax: (+45) 72 27 65 01
www.dvfa.dk/contact
Dr. John Larsen,
Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer
Stationsparken 31-33
DK-2600 Glostrup
Phone: (+45) 72 27 69 00
Fax: (+45) 72 27 65 01
www.dvfa.dk/contact
National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark
Dr. Niels Tækker Foged,
Head of Department
Henrik Dams Allé,
Building 205B
DK-2800 Lyngby
Phone: (+45) 35 88 60 00
Email: [email protected]
6. Animal Health Contacts in Denmark
88 Animal Health in Denmark 6. Animal Health Contacts in Denmark
Danish Veterinary and Food AdministrationStationsparken 31-33DK-2600 GlostrupPhone: (+45) 72 27 69 00
www.dvfa.dk