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S a u c u o c d a o c h a n h n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , s 6 s a c h b a o n o i v§ O n g N g o - D i n h D i e m , G i a d i n h H o N g o , v a C h e d o V i e t N a m C o n g H o a I n h i g u . C O t h g n o i d e m k h o n g h S t . C a c s a c h b a o n a y d u a n h a u c h i t r i c h , t o c a o , k e t t o i O n g D i e m , a n h e m O n g v a n h i i T L g n g u a i d a v i da t n u a c h a n g h a i p h u c v u V i e t N a m D e N h i i t C o n g H o a . N h i e u t a c g i a c a c s a c h b a o d o d u n g n h Q n g l a i l e h u n g h a n g , d u a r a n h i r x i g I d i c h i t r i c h , t o c a o , b u o c t o i n a n g n e d u a t r e n n h i i " n g d o n d a i v u v a , p h o n g d a i , b i a d a t k h o n g d u g c k i e m t r a c a n n h a c . T r o n g k h i d o , v e p h i a b i c a o , k h o n g c 6 ngu ' c r i l e n t i S n g , v i n h i m g ngu ' c r i b i c a o c h i n h - c a c O n g N g o D i n h D i e m , N g o D i n l i N h u , N g o D i n l i C a n - d a b i g i s t , v a n h i i n g n g u M c 6 q u a n h e v o i C h 6 d o V i e t N a m C o n g H o a I b i n h i i n g g i 6 i t h a m g i a t r u e t i e p h a y g i a n t i e p v a o v i e e l a t d o C h i n h P h u N g o D i n h D i e m — C h i n h q u y 6 n " Q u a n D o i C a c h M a n g " v a n h i i n g p h S n t u : c h S n g C h S d o O n g D i e m — u y hi§p, d e d g a , t 6 g i a c , p h a i i m h o i l a n g t i e n g .

N h i i n g g i 6 i " C a c h m a n g " v a c h o n g d o i t r e n d a y t i n r a n g l a t d o O n g D i e m x o n g , h g s e m a n g l a i a n n i n h , n o a m , h a n l i p h i i c , c h o M i e n N a m . N h u n g d o l a a o t u o T i g . H e q u a e i i a s u l a t d o c h i n h q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m c a n g n g a y c a n g r o r e t : t i n h h i n h M i e n N a m

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V i e t N a m e a n g n g a y e a n g s u y s a p , r o i l o a n ; c a c a n d a n s u c i o n g n h u q u a n sq: c u a M i e n N a m t a n r a , md d u c m g c h o C o n g S a n t u n g h o a n h . N a m 1 9 6 5 , q u a n c p n g d e n s a t S a i G o n ( D o n g X o a i ) , k h i e n T o n g T h 6 n g J o h n s o n p h a i d u a q u a n M y c a n t h i e p 6 a t t r u e t i 8 p v a o V i e t N a m . N h u n g s i r c a n t h i e p n a y l a m c h o M i e n N a m V i e t N a m h o a n t o a n m a t c h i n h n g h i a , v a b a o d a m c h o s u t h a n g t r a n c u a C o n g S a n , b u Q c h a n g t r i e u n g u W M i e n N a m p h a i b o x u c h a y r a n g o a i q u o c t y n a n t r o n g t h M g i a n s a u t h a n g 4 n a m 1 9 7 5 .

N h i i n g n g u W t y n a n — " b o a t p e o p l e " — g 6 m c a n h i i n g n g u M d a u n g h o C h e D o C o n g H o a I I a n n h i i n g n g u M d a u n g h o v a t h a m g i a d a o c h i n h t h a n g 1 1 , 1 9 6 3 . M o t s 6 n g u o i d a o c h i n h k h o n g c h 6 i c a i d u g c t r a c h n h i e m c u a m i n h t r o n g v u g i i i p C o n g s ^ n x a m c h i e m M i e n N a m d a v i e t h o i k y d e b i e n m i n h c h o m i n h , b a n g e a c h t u t a n g b o c m i n h , b o i x a u , h a b e v a d o l o i c h o n g u M k h a c , d a c b i e t l a n h i i n g d 6 n g c h i c u a h o t r o n g c u o c d a o c h i n h t a i h a i c h o n u a c , c h o d a n . T r o n g s i r d 6 t g i b o i x k n n a y , h o k h o n g d o d u b i a d a t , b o p m e o s u t h | t , v u k h o n g , v a d u n g n g o n n g i i r a t h a c a p , t h o b i . T a t n h i e n , h o k h o n g q u e n T o n g T h o n g N g o D i n h D i e m v a C h e d o V i e t N a m C g n g H o a I , m a h g c i i n g d a m o t t h c r i h a n g h a i k h i i m n i i m p h u c v q , d u g c n a n g d 9 c a t n h a c , v a h u o n g n h i e u d a c a n , I g i I g c .

V§ p h i a n h i i n g n g u M t h u o c C o n g H o a V i e t N a m I , s u k i e n M i 6 n N a m b i l o t v a o t a y c g n g s a n d a t h g v a o m o t v i t r i k h a c t r u 6 c 1 9 7 5 : v i t r i c u a n h i i n g n g u W c 6 l y d o c h i n h d a n g d e t o c a o n h i i n g k e d a t o c h i i c v a u n g h g s y l^t d 6 c h 8 d o N g o D i n h D i e m , v i s u t h u c q u a r o r a n g , k h o n g t h e n a o l a m n g a v a c h o i c a i ' d u g c . N h u n g t r o n g n h i i n g n a m d a u h o p h a i l o l a m l a i c u g e d M v i h g d a p h a i b o x i i c h a y r a n g o ^ i q u o c v a i h a i b a n t a y t r a n g n e n h g k h o n g l e n t i e n g d u g c . P h a n k h a c , v a q u a n t r g n g h a n , n h i i n g n g u a i b i e n h g t h u c s u h i i u h i e u c h o O n g N g o D i n h D i g m , g i a d i n h O n g , v a c h e d o V i e t N a m C g n g H o a I k h o n g p h a i l a n h i i n g n g u a i t h u c s u t h a n c a n v a i O n g v a g i a d i n h O n g t r o n g k h i c h i c 6 t i e n g n o i c u a n h i i n g n g u W n h u v a y m 6 i c 6 u y l u c , v i , l a n h a n c h i i n g t r u e t i e p v a t h a n c a n , h g m 6 i b i e t r o v a h i e u r o d u g c n h i i n g g i d a x a y r a .

T a t n h i e n , r a t i t n g u a i h g i d u n h i i n g d i e u k i e n t r e n . S a u 1 9 7 5 , c i i n g C O m o t s o s a c h , b a o b i e n h g c h o O n g D i e m , g i a d i n h , v a c h e d o c u a O n g , n h u n g n h i i n g s a c h b a o n a y k h o n g c 6 t a c d o n g t h u c s u thuy§t p h q c d u g c d g c g i a , v i t a c g i a k h o n g p h a i l a n h a n c h i i n g t r q e t i e p v a l a n h i i n g n g u M c 6 d i i u y t h e d e l a m c h o n g u c r i d o c t i n r a n g

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t i S n g n o i c u a t i g c 6 t l i e c o i n l i u l a t i e n g n o i c u a a n h e m O n g D i e m . C o n m o t d i S u k i e n n i r a , c i i n g k l i o n g k e m p h S n q u a n t r g n g , l a t i S n g n o i c u a h g p h a i d u g c t i n l a t r u n g t h u c , k l r o n g b i a d a t , k l i o n g t h e n d e t , k h o n g t h o i p h o n g , k h o n g x u y e n t a c , v i t i n h c a m h a y a n o a n r i e n g .

C h i t r o n g v a i n a m g a n d a y m o i c 6 v a i t a c p h a m t h u o c l o a i t h a t k h a t i n . N a m v i r a q u a t o i d a d u g c d g c , v a d a g i a i t h i e u c i m g q u y v i h o i l i e Nha Lai Nhimg Ngay O Cgnh Tong Thong Ngo Dinh Diem ( S a n D i e g o , 2 0 0 3 ) c u a D a i T a N g u y e n I - f f i i i D u e , m o t n g u a i d a d u g c m a y m a n n h a n l e n h t r u e t i e p c i i a T o n g T h o n g D i e m frong nhu-Tig g i a c u 6 i c u n g c u a O n g a y . ( B a i g i a i t h i e u d o d a d u g c p h o b i e n t r o n g d i p L e T u o n g N i e m T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m n a m n g o a i ) . C i i n g n a m v u a q u a , m o t t a c p h a m k h a c d o n g l o a i , n h i m g c 6 t a m c o n q u a n t r g n g h a n , c i i n g d u g c r a d a i , n l i i m g t o i k h o n g k i p g i a i t h i e u c u n g q u y v i . D o l a t a c p h a m Ddng ho Ngo Dinh. Vac Ma Chua Dat, h 6 i l i ' c c u a o n g N g u y e n V a n M i n h ,

Hoi Ifc n a y c 6 m o t t a m q u a n frgng r a t 16'n v i o n g M i n h l a m o t n h a n v a t k h a d a c b i e t : o n g l a m o t t r o n g v a i n g u a i c 6 t h e n o i l a t h a n c a n n h i i t c i i a g i a d i n h O n g D i e m c o n s o n g s o t n g a y n a y v a e o k l i a n a n g v i e t l a c h . O n g l a m v i e e b e n c a n h o n g N g o D i n l i C a n t u ' n g a y v a n p h o n g c u a o n g C a n m a i t h a n h l a p ( 1 9 5 6 ) c h o d 6 n k h i n o b i g i a i t a n ( 1 9 6 3 ) . O n g d a ti§p x i i c v o ^ i O n g C a n th n a m 1 9 5 4 v a t a i l u i v o f i g i a d i n h o n g d e n n g a y o n g b i x i i t i i , t h a n g 5 n a m 1 9 6 4 . N g o a i a V a n p h o n g " O n g C 6 V S n C h i D a o " M i S n T r u n g , h a u h i t n l i Q - n g a i r a v a o O n g c a n , d e b a n v i e e g i , d e u p h a i q u a o n g . D o d o , o n g b i e t r o n h i i n g n h a n v a t v a n h i i n g s u v i e e l i e n q u a n d§n O n g C a n , v a t a t n h i e n , v a i c h e d o V i e t N a m C g n g H o a L C o t h e s o o n g v a i o n g V o V a n H a i , C h a n h V a n P h o n g c i i a T o n g T h o n g D i e m , n h u n g o n g H a i d a b i b o m i n h t r o n g l a o t i i C g n g s a n , v a n h u v a y , c 6 t h e n o i r a n g n a y o n g M i n h l a m o t n g u a i r a t h i e m h o i m a t i e n g n o i p h a n a n h t r u n g t h u c n h i i t q u a n d i e m c u a a n l i e m H g N g o .

c a n n h a n m a n h r a n g d i 6 u v u a n e u t r e n d a y l a d i e u d a c b i e t n h i i t v e h o i l i e c u a o n g M i n h . T r o n g " L M n o i d a u " , O n g n o i r a n g s a u e u g e d a o c h a n h n g a y 1 t h a n g 1 1 n a m 1 9 6 3 " n h i e u c a q u a n n g o n l u a n d u a n h a u p h o b i e n n h i i n g t a i l i e u n g u y t a o k i c h d o n g l o n g h a n t h u . . . " V i o n g d u g c b i e t v e " t r u y e n t h o n g , n e n n e p , t i n l i t h a n p h u c v u v a n h i i n g c o n g h i e n c h o da t n u 6 c v a d a n t g c " c i i a a n l i e m H g N g o ,

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v a v i o n g a y " c i i n g d u g c c l i u n g kiBn, n g h e b i S t v e n h i i n g b i S n c h u y g n t a i I V t i S n T r u n g s u 6 t t h M I C g n g H o a v a e a c h d 6 i x t t c i i a c l i i n h q u y e n " c h o n e n o n g c 6 d u d i e u I d e n d e t h a y d u g c " n h i e u c a u c h u y e n , n h i e u b a i v i e t d u g c p l i o b i e n a t r o n g v a n g o a i n u a c v a o t h a i g i a n ky k h o n g d i i n g Su That, t h a m c h i g i a n x a o " . S a u 1 9 7 5 , n h i i n g Su That d a b i x u y e n t a c d o " v i n d u g c m o t s 6 t a c g i a n g u a i V i e t C l i n g n h u n g u a i n g o a i q u o c , v i m u c d i c h r i e n g t u , s i i d u n g t r o n g t a c p h a m c i i a h g n h u n h i i n g Thiec Chimg, b a t k e d e n h a u q u a t a i h a i d e n t i n h t h a n D o a n K e t Q u o c G i a , m o t yhu t 6 quy§t d i n h Su SSng Con c i i a d a n t g c " . H a n h d o n g x u y e n t a c Su That a y l a " n h i i n g v i e e l a m khong hccmg thien, dc doc va bat cong" d o i v a i " n h i i n g n g u a i k h o n g C O k h a n a n g t u v e " [ n g h i a l a a n h e m H g N g o , d a k h u a t ] . O n g M i n l i n o i o n g d a v i S t Hdi Ifc n a y :

" v i t h e o l u o n g t a m t o i , t o i t u t h S y c 6 b o n p h a n p h a i d o n g g o p p h a n m i n h , d u n h o n h o i , v a o c o n g c u o c g i a i t r u n h i i n g l u a d o i d o i v 6 i l i c h su:, v 6 i c a c t h e h e m a i s a u ; h o a g i a i n h i i n g d g c t o v a n c o n t i e p t q c g a m n h a m , t a n p h a t i n h t h a n " D o a n K e t Q u o c G i a c u a d a n t g c " .

T u o n g c a n n h a n m a n h a d a y r i n g t i n h e a c h k h a t i n c u a t a p Hdi Ifc n a y d u g c b a o d a m v i o n g M i n h k h o n g d u g c h u o n g I g i l o c , a n h u e d a c b i e t g i c i i a o n g C a n v a c h e d g t r o n g s u o t 8 n a m t r a i o n g p h u c v u 9 V a n p h o n g o n g C a n . O n g m a n g q u a n h a m d a i l i y n g a y d u g c Q u a n d o i b i e t p h a i l a m V a n p h o n g d o , n g a y 1 - 1 - 1 9 5 6 , v a v a n m a n g q u a n h a m d a i l i y d e n n g a y d a o c h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , v a c h o d§n g i i i a n a m 1 9 6 8 . S u o t t h a i g i a n d o , o n g c u n g k h o n g d u g c b a n t h u a n g h u y c h u o n g h a y a n h u e g i k h a c , t r o n g k h i m o t s 6 sT q u a n c i i n g m a n g q u a n h a m d a i l i y n a m 1 9 5 4 , d e n n a m 1 9 6 3 d a l e n c a p T a h a y c a p T u o n g v a n g i i e m a n g d a y h u y c h u o n g . N g a y 3 0 - 4 - 1 9 7 5 , n g a y M i e n N a m r a i v a o t a y C g n g S a n , o n g c h i . l a T r u n g T a . . . .

C h o n e n , t a c 6 t h e t i n r a n g o n g M i n h k h o n g v i e t Hoi Ifc n a y v i m a n g m a c c a m t o i l o i , h a y v i d e g h i o n a n h e m H g N g o , m a c h i d e t h a y h g , " n h i i n g n g u a i k h o n g e o k h a n a n g t u v ? " , n o i l e n m o t s 6 su: t h a t v e h g v a C h e d o V i e t N a m C o n g H o a I , n h a m g i a i t o a m o t s o n g g n h a n v e h g , v a t h u c h i e n Doan Ket Quoc Gia. T r o n g t i n h t h a n n a y , Hdi tfc k h o n g c h i n h l m t a i l a p s u t h u c v e a n h e m H g N g o , m a l a i l a m o t 1§ v a t d a n g h u o n g h 6 n " C a c V i A n h H u n g , C a c C h i 6 n S T M g i C a p M g i N g a n h D a H y S i n h X u o n g M a n V a M a n g S o n g C h o N S n D o c L a p , T u D o , D a n C h u , C h i i Quy§n C i i a T 6 Q u o c v a D a n

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T o e V i e t N a m " , " T a t C a A i D a n g V a S e T r a n l i Bin Cho M o t V i e t N a m T h i a t S u D o a n kk, D o c L a p , T i r D o D a n C l i i a , P l i u C u o n g " . C u o i c u n g n o c i i n g d u g c v i e t c l i o g i a i t r e , n g a y m a i c u a N u a c V i e t N a m .

C i i n g v i m u c d i c l i c l i i n i i c u a Hdi li'c n a y l a g o p p h a n v a o D o a n K e t Q u o c G i a , o n g M i n h d a t r a n l i v i e t b u ' a , v a h e t s u e t h a n t r g n g v e t r i n h b a y s u k i e n v a x r t d u n g n g o n n g i i , d e t r a n h g a y h i e u l a m . D a c b i e t v§ d i S m n a y , k h a c h S n v 6 i c a c " h 6 i k y " , " h S i l i e " k h a c d a xnk b a n t r o n g q u a k h i i , s a c h d u g c v i S t m o t e a c h b i n h t i n h , k h o n g c 6 n h i i ' n g l a i l e h u n g h a n g , b a t n h a , h a y t u c t i u , t o i b a i , n h i i n g l a i b u g c t o i v u v o C O t i n h e a c h m a l y v u k h o n g , m a t a h a n g t h a y . S a c h n a y vi§t x o n g t i l n a m 1 9 9 3 , n h u n g v i c a c l y d o t r e n , o n g M i n h d a k i e n n h a n s u a d i s u a l a i k h o n g b i e t b a o n h i e u I a n , m a i d e n n a m 2 0 0 3 , 1 0

' n a m s a u , o n g m 6 i c h o i n v a p h a t h a n h . D a y l a i t h e m m o t s u b a o d a m n i i ' a vh tmh e a c h d i i n g d S n , k h a t i n c i i a q u y S n h 6 i l i c n a y .

S a c h d a i 5 8 6 t r a n g , c h i a l a m 5 c h u o n g , c g n g v o i 6 p h u b a n . H a i c h u o n g n o i v S O n g N g o D i n h Ckn: C h u o n g I n o i v§ " d u y e n t r i n g g " c i i a o n g M i n h v a i O n g C a n , c o n n g u c r i v a v a i t r o c u a O n g C a n t r o n g c o n g c u g e c h o n g C g n g ; C h u o n g I V n o i v e c a i c h e t c i i a O n g C a n v a s u l i e n q u a n c i i a T u o n g N g u y i n K h a n h v 6 i s u k i e n n a y . C h u o n g I I n o i v e " B i e n c 6 cb P h a t G i a o " . C h u o n g I I I n o i v e " C u g e d a o c h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 " , v a v a i t r o c i i a " N g u D a i T r u " - 5 o n g T u o n g d a d o n g v a i t r o c h i i c h o t t r o n g e u g e d a o c h a n h . C h u o n g V n o i v e " C a n L a o N h a n V i C a c h M a n g D a n g " , c o n n g u a i O n g N g o D i n h N h u v a l y t h u y e t " c a n L a o N h a n V i " c i i a O n g .

Hdi TJc g o m c 6 6 p h u b a n :

P h u b a n I : " H o a t D o n g c u a D o a n C o n g T a c D a c B i e t " v a " H i e u Q u a C u a " C h i n h S a c h c a i T a o v a S u D u n g N h u i i g N g u a i K h a n g C h i 6 n C u " .

P h u b a n I I : " B o i p h a n h a y C h a n C h i n h " , d u a r a n h Q n g n h a n x e t v S D C T D B t i l p h i a C g n g S a n .

P h u b a n I I I : " D u s 6 1 0 , 1 9 5 0 " , l i e n q u a n m a t t h i S t d S n v u P h a t G i a o d a u t r a n h n a m 1 9 6 3 .

P h q b a n I V : B a i " M o t t h o f i v a n g b o n g " c u a O n g H a V T n h P h u o n g , c u u D a i s i i V i e t N a m t a i D i l c , v a p h u t a c u a D a i s i l B u n H g i , D a c P h a i V i e n c u a T 6 n g T h 6 n g V i e t N a m b e n c a n h L i e n H i e p

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Q u o c v e v a n d e P h a t G i a o .

P h u b a n V : T h o c u a T h u c m g n g h i sT T h o m a s J . D o d g e l u u y c a c T h u g n g N g h i S T H o a K y v e c a c x u y e n t a c v e v u P h a t G i a o .

P h u b a n V I : " L u g e d 6 c a i t 5 c a c S u x a h g i " t r i c h t u : T a p c h i Xa Hoi, s o r a m a t , n a m 1 9 5 2 .

T a m q u a n t r g n g I j c h s r t c u a c a c P h u B a n t r e n d a y h e t s r rc l o T a : d a y l a n h i i n g t a i l i e u r a t q u a n t r g n g c h o su: n h a n d i n h , p h a n x e t v e c h i n h s a c h v a t h a n h q u a c u a a n h e m H o N g o t r o n g c o n g c u g e t r i i C o n g , b a o v e a n n i n h c h o M i e n N a m t r o n g t h a i g i a n h g c a m q u y e n .

I I . Noi dung

T r o n g t a p H 6 i i T e Ddng Hg Ngo Dinh, Ifac Ma Chica Dat, o n g M i n h n o i v e 3 d e t a i c h i n h : 1 / O n g N g o D i n h C a n , c o n n g u d i , c o n g v i e e , v a c a i c h e t c i i a O n g ; 2 / V u P h a t g i a o v a V u d a o c h i n h n a m 1 9 6 3 ; 3 / O n g N g o D m h N h u v a D a n g C a n L a o N h a n V i C a c h M a n g .

1/Ong Ngo Dinh Can

T r o n g p h S n n o i v S O n g C§n, t a t n h i e n O n g M i n h n h l c d S n b 6 i c a n h g i a d i n h c u a O n g C a n , v a d a c b i e t l a C u N g o D i n h K h a , t h a n p h q c u a O n g . V S d i 6 m n a y , o n g M i n h d a d u a r a m o t s o c h i t i e t p h i i d i n h n h i i n g x u y e n t a c c u a m o t v a i n g u a i , h o a c v i m u o n c h o d u l u a n q u e n r S n g h g d a h S n g b g d & a n h e m H g N g o , h o a c v i c u S n g t i n v S t o n g i a o , m u o n b o i x a u m o t n h a n v a t t h u o c m o t t o n g i a o m i n l i k h o n g u a t h i c h , v S m o t c o n n g u o f i d a n g k i n h .

O n g M i n h d u a r a n h i e u c h i t i e t c h o t a t h a y r a n g C u N g o D i n h K h a l a m o t n g u d i d a d u g c h a p t h u c a v a n h o a D o n g P h u o n g l a n T a y P h u o n g , d a c 6 t a m t h a y r g n g n h c r d u g c r a n g o a i q u 6 c — ^ m g t d i S u ikt h i e m v a o c u o i t h e k y X I X — , v a d o d o , d a h i e u d u g c n h u c a u c a n h t a n x i i sof t r e n c a n b a n k e t h g p D 6 n g - T a y , v a n h a t l a n h u c a u c a i t o n e n g i a o d y e c h o t h i c h h g p v o i t h a i d a i . C u l a n g u M d a d o n g g o p l o f n v a o sq: s a n g l a p T r u o n g Q u o c H g c v a p h o t h o n g h o a m o t c h u o n g t r i n h h g c d u n g c a b a n g o n n g i i H a n , P h a p , V i e t L a - t i n h h o a ( Q u o c n g i i ) . V a C u l a m o t n g u d i c h u n g t h i i y , k h i k h a i : t u y l a n g u a i t h e o D ^ o C o n g G i a o , C u d a c u 9 n g l a i a p l u c c i i a c h i n h q u y S n B a o H g P h a p t u : c h o i k y v a o k i e n n g h i t r u a t p h e V u a T h a n h T h a i , v a d o d o , d a b i t u o c h e t c h i i c h a m v a p h a i s o n g m o t c u g e s o n g c a c q c t r o n g 1 2 n a m t r M . C u d a g i i i d u g c D i i c T r u n g , d i i c tinh c a o c a n h u t c i i a d a o l y c u a t h M d a i d 6 . C u 6 i c u n g , C u d a d a y d§ c o n c a i g i i i d i i n g k h u o n

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p h e p d a o l y K l i 6 n g M a n h , l i e m k h i S t , y e u n u a c , y e u d a n , d o n g t h o i t i e m n h i e m t i n h t h a n d o c l a p , c a n h t a n v a c a i t i e n .

H i n h a n h C u N g o D i n h K h a d u a c o n g M i n l i p h a e h o a d u g g i c h o t a t h S y r S n g c o n c a i m o t n h a n v a t n h u v a y k h o n g t h 6 l a thm t h u o n g , l a m n h i i ' n g v i e e h a i d a n h a i n u a c m a m o t s o n g u a i a c t a m d a g a n c h o h o s a u n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 .

D o d o , c Q r i g k h o n g l a g i n S u h i n l i a n h c u a O n g N g o D i n l i C a n d u g c t r i n h b a y t r o n g Hdi li'c c u a O n g M i n l i c i i n g k h a c v a i h i n h a n h c u a O n g t a d a d u g c p h 6 c a p t r u a c d a y . I t n l i 4 t , n o d u a r a m o t e a c h n h i n k h a c , n S u k h o n g n o i l a m o i , m a a i m u o n h i e u r o n h i i t i g b i e n c h u y i n l i c h s i i ' V i e t N a m t r o n g n h i i T i g n a m t i i 1 9 5 4 d 6 n n a y c a n b i S t d S C O m o t n h a n d i n h c h i n h x a c , c a n b a n g , v a c o n g b a n g h a n . . .

O n g M i n h n h a n x e t r i n g : " S a u c u g e d a o c h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , m o t s 6 n g u a i v a s a c h b a o d a n o i n h i e u d i e u x a u x a , t o i l o i c h o o n g N g o D i n h c a n . N g o a i n h i i ' n g d i e u b i a d a t , m o t v a i d i e u d a d u g c t h o i p h o n g l e n m o t e a c h q u a d a n g , h o a c c o y d i e n d i c h s a i l a c " ( t r . 3 4 )

O n g M i n h t r i c h d i n m o t s 6 t h i d u , d t o g d l u l a c a n c h u y e n c u a T u o ' n g T r l n V a n D o n , m o t n g u ' o i d a t h u o ' n g r a v a o O n g Ckn t t r o n g t h a i t ru 'O 'c 1 9 6 3 , v a d a n g l y r a p h a i b i e t r o v e O n g t a . D o l a c h u y e n O n g D o n v i S t v S " k h u n h a m a t " c u a o n g Ckn a p h i a T a y P h a T a m G i a n g , m a t r o n g h o i k y c u a o n g , Viet Nam Nhan Chung, T u o n g D o n n o i l a k h u n h a n a y a " t r e n bcf b i S n T h u a n A n " .

O n g M i n h n o i : " N h i i ' n g d o a n v a n tu 'o -ng D o n t a d i a d i e m c u a m a y c a n n h a n a y d g c l e n n g h e q u a l a t h a m g n g . N h u ' n g r a t d a n g t i e c d o t o a n l a n h i i n g d i S u s a i s u t h a t . " O n g D o n d a v i 6 t v e c o n " d u a n g r a i n h u a " d a n v a o n h a n a y c 6 " n h i i ' n g h a n g d u a r Q l a " , b e n p h a i c 6 " b a i c a t t r i n g p h a u " , p h i a b e n t r a i c 6 " n u d e b i e n x a n h 6 m l a y c o n d u a n g " . N h u ' n g t h u c r a , n h i i ' n g B g T r u o ' n g , T u o ' n g l a n h d 6 n h a n g t h i i d a n d S n g a p O n g Ckn a t a i k h u n h a n a y d 6 u b i e t r i n g d u a n g v a o xaky c a n n h a ky " l a m o t c o n d u o ' n g c u t , c h i n g c 6 c a y c 6 i g i " , v a d 6 n 1 9 6 0 o n g C a n m a i c h o u a m t r o n g k h o a n g h a n 1 0 g o c d i r a , c u o i n a m 1 9 6 3 , s o dvra n a y c a o c h u a d S n m o t t h u a c ; c o n d u a n g c h i r a i d a , b e n p h a i c h a n g c 6 b a i c a t t r a n g p h a u " m a c h i c 6 c a n h d o n g s i n h l a y " , v a b e n t r a i " c h i c 6 n u a c P h a T a m G i a n g a g i n b a , n u o ' c c a n , 16 r o m a u d e n Icy \b c u a b u n " . . . . ( t r . 3 4 - 3 5 )

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T u o n g D o n n o i o n g p l i a i c l i o l i n l i l a y d a v e x a y m o t w r c m c a y t r e n n u a c , q u a n h n h a c 6 x a y t u c m g b a n g d a b a o b o c c h o c a c g h e thuy§n k h o n g d u g c d S n gkn. T r e n d a y t u o n g d o r a i r a c c a c c h o i c a n h . O n g M i n h n o i n h i i n g d i e u t r e n d a y h o a n t o a n k h o n g d i i n g .

O n g v i e t ;

" N e u q u a t h a t T u o n g D o n d a c h o x a y m o t v u o n c a y t r e n n u o c v a m o t d a y t u o n g b a o q u a n h k h u n h a n a y , t h i d a y t u o n g a y p h a i d a i t 6 i t h i e u t i r h a i d e n b a t r a m t h u d f c . T a i V i e t N a m v a o t h a i k y a y , k h o n g b i S t T u o n g D o n d a d u n g k y t h u a t n a o d e n g a n n u a c m a x a y d u g c m o t v u o n c a y v a d a y t u o n g d u o i d o n g n u 6 c P h a T a m G i a n g " ( t r . 3 5 )

T o i d a t r i c h d a i d o n g t r u o n g h g p t r e n d a y v i n h i i n g c h u y e n t u o n g t u d a d u g c t u n g r a t r e n m a t s a c h b a o t r o n g n h i i n g n a m s a u c u g e d a o c h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , v a d a g 6 p m o t p h l n q u a n t r o n g t r o n g v i e e t a o r a h i n h a n h m o t o n g N g o D i n h C a n " l a n h c h i i a M i e n T r u n g " , h u n g b a o , c 6 x u a , l a m d u n g u y q u y S n x i i d q n g q u a n d g i d S t h o a m a n n h i i n g t h i i c h o i ki§u p h o n g ki§n. N h i i n g c h u y e n n h u v a y d u g c p h o b i e n t r o n g d u l u a n v i n g u o i b i n o i x a u n a y l a " n g u c y i k h o n g C O k h a n a n g t u y e " , b a n b e t h a n h i i u k h o n g h i e u r o t i n h t r a n g , k h o n g C O u y t h e , h o ^ c k h o n g d u t h a m q u y e n d e p h a n b a c . N a y m 6 i C O n g u M , n h u o n g M i n h , d u d i S u k i e n l a m v i e e d o .

O n g M i n h c i i n g c 6 d e c a p d e n m a y v u k h a c c i i n g d a l a m s o i d o n g d u l u a n t h o i d o , v a c h o d e n n a y . D o l a v q k h a m p h a m a n g l u 6 i G i a n d i e p P h a p t a i M i 6 n T r u n g , v a v u T 6 c h i i c D i e p b a o , Q u a n b a o V i e t c g n g t a i c a M i e n T r u n g l a n M i e n N a m . O n g M i n h n o i r a n g T u o n g D§ M a u , t r o n g h 6 i k y Viet Nam Mau Lica Que Hicang Tpi k h a n g d i n h r i n g h a i v u n a y " d a d u g c b a y r a " d S b i t b o ' g i a m c a m , t o n g t i e n n h i i n g n g u W g i a u c 6 . M o t v u n i i a c Q n g l a m s o i n o i d u l u a n h 6 i d o , v a v l n c o n l o n g t h o n g d e n n a y , l a v u " c h i n h a m b i m a t " d e n h 6 t t u n h a n . O n g M i n h d a d u a r a n h i i n g c h i t i e t v S c a c v u n a y . ( X i n x e m c h i t i e t & d o a n s a u )

M o t t r u o n g h g p k h a c l a Hdi Ky Cua Do Tho, t r o n g d o D§ T h o n o i v e s o q u a T e t m a O n g C a n n h a n d u g c : " N a o l a c a u d o i , t r u o n g li§n, q u a n g o n v a t l a d a n g l e n g i a d i n h h g N g o " v a o d i p T e t , " n h i e u d 6 n n§i c h i q u a d p T r u n g u o n g m o i d 6 t r o n g n h a o n g C l n , c o n q u a c u a c a p T i n h , c a p Q u a n v a d i a p h u o n g p h a i d e cy v a n p h o n g C h i D a o . . . " ( t r , 3 6 ) . D o l a n h i i n g d i e u m a D a i l i y D o T h o n o i a n h t a m q c

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k i c h l i i c T o n g T h o n g D i e m r a H u e , o n h a O n g C a n , v a o d i p T e t , s a u g iof g i a o t h u a , l i i c T 6 n g T h S n g d o c l a i n h i i T i g c a u d o i , t r u o n g l i e n d e c o i C O d i i a n a o n o c h o i c h i i v 6 i g i a d i n h o n g k h o n g . ( t r . 3 6 )

O n g M i n h n o i r a n g n h i i ' n g d i e u t r e n d a y , v a n h i e u d i e u k h a c ^ . i i a , d a d u g c g h i t r o n g h o i k y d o , k h o n g d i i n g s u t h a t , v a o n g d a t n g h i v a n v 6 t a c g i a c u a n h i i n g d i S u n a y , v i . h 6 i k y d a d u g c x u a t b a n s a u k h i D a i l i y T h g b i t a i n a n m a y b a y . T h e o o n g , D a i l i y D§ T h g , l a t u y v i e n c u a T 6 n g T h 6 n g , t a t p h a i b i S t r o t i n h t r a n g v a k h o n g t h S p h a m n h i i ' n g s a i ikm n h u v a y d u g c . D a c b i e t l a d e m g i a o t h u ' a T o n g T h S n g k h o n g t h e c 6 m a t a H u e d u g c , v i n g a y m o n g m o t T e t o n g p h a i e o m a t a S a i G o n . dl n h a n l a i c h i i c T§t c i i a C h i n h P h u , Q u 5 c H g i , v a N g o a i G i a o d o a n . O n g M i n h n o i k h o n g c 6 d i p T§t n a o o n g k h o n g c 6 m a t Of Hu§, v a " T o i k h o n g h e t h l y a i d e m b i S u o n g Ckn c a n d o i , t r u ' o f n g l i l n b a o g i a ca . V a t l a n h u h u a u s a o , c a c g p c o n nQ'a , t h i c 6 . . N h u ' n g k h o n g p h a i l a q u a T§t, m a l a k h i m o t c h i n h q u y e n d i a p h u o n g m i § n m i l b S t d u g c n h i i n g l o a i t h u . r i m g ky d e m b i S u o n g . V a t a i V a n P h o n g C h i D a o , n o i c h i i n g t o i l a m v i e e , c h u a h e c h i i a c h a p q u a c a p c u a o n g Ckn, d u c h i m g t v a i m o n " . ( t r . 3 7 )

C o m o t d i e u n i i a p h o c a p t r o n g d u l u a n V i e t N a m t h u o c m g i g i o ' i cka dh c a p d S n k h i n o i v 6 O n g Ckn. N o t o m tit t r o n g mky chu " O n g C 5 T r a u " . N h u ' n g p h i a C g n g s a n l a i c 6 m g t n h a n x e t k h a c . M u o i H u o n g , n g u o ' i c h i h u y m a n g l u ' 6 i T i n h B a o C h i 6 n L u g e c u a H a N g i t a i Mi§n N a m V i e t N a m , M i e n v a L a o , v a l a m g t c a n b g c a o c a p c u a D C S V N , t i i n g l a U y v i e n T r u n g l / o n g D a n g , d a p h e p h a n vh O n g c a n n h u s a u : " C h i i n g t a l a u n a y c i i ' c h e b a i t h i n g Cin, r i n g n o d i g u o c m g e , m i e n g n h a i t r a u b o m b e m . . . c h e n h u v a y k h o n g d i i n g dau . T h i n g c a n g i o i l l m , c 6 m u n t r i l l m " ( t r . 1 3 4 )

N T i i i ' n g d i e u p h a n g i a i c i i a O n g M i n h t r e n d a y l a m g t t i e n g n o i c u a m g t n g u o i c 6 t h l m q u y e n n o i tiiay c h o " n g u o i k h o n g c 6 k h a n a n g t u ' v e " , v a p h a i d u g c g h i n h a n , c i i u x e t , v a c a n n h a c b d i n h i i ' n g a i t u n h a n l a s i i g i a , h a y n h a k h a o c i i - u t h u c s u , d u n g d i n , l u o n g t h i e n .

T h e o O n g M i n h , n g o a i n h i i n g t h i e u s o t , s a i M m , c i i a m o t c o n n g u c f i n h u m g i n g u ' o i b i n h t h u a n g , o n g C l n l a m g t n g u c r i " b i n h d i " ; n§p s 6 n g c i i a o n g " g i n g i i i v ^ i h a n g d a n d a h o n l a v 6 i g i o i q u y S n q u y n h u n g u o n g o c c i i a o n g ; o n g l a m g t n g u o i " r a t n a n g d o n g " ; t h i i t i e u k h i e n c u a o n g l a n u o i t h i i v a t , h u o u n a i , c h i m , v a d i c a n ; o n g a n

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m a c r a t sa s a i , k l i i n a o c i i n g m a c a o b a b a b a n g l u a , k h o n g b a o gicr m a c a u p h u c , h i i t t h u 6 c ckm l e , a n t r a u ; d i c h u y e n c h i d u n g x e J e e p , k h o n g h§ n g 6 i x e d u I j c h ; o n g s 6 n g cof i m a , c 6 m o t c a i n h i n r o n g r a i v 8 c u o c s o n g , k h o n g q u a c 6 h u , k h S t k h e n h u n g u a i t a d 6 n d a i . M o t k h i a c a n h n i i a , i t d u g c b i e t , v a d u g c o n g M i n h s o i s a n g , l a O n g C a n , t u y r S n g i t h g c , n h u n g l a i r a t c h u t a m v e v a n d e g i a o d u e v a t h a n h n i e n , v a d a d o n g g o p n h i S u t r o n g v i e e m c r m a n g g i a o d u e v a h o a t d o n g t h a n h n i e n t r o n g v u n g .

N h i i n g d 6 n d a i c i i n g m o t a o n g C a n l a " L a n h C h i i a M i e n T r u n g " , h u n g b a o , t a n a c c o n h a n m g t b a o c h i i a t h W T r u n g C 6 . T h e o g i a i t h i c h c u a o n g M i n h , " m g t y 6 u t 6 q u a n t r g n g d a g o p p h a n c h i n h y S u v a o v i e e t o v e h i n h a n h " n a y " l a m o i o a n t h u t i c h t u t i r n h i i n g v q n h u G i a n d i e p P h a p ; n h i i n g t h a n h q u a m a s a c h l u g e c h 6 n g C g n g c u a c h S d o D e I C g n g H o a , d o o n g d i S u p h o i t a i Mi§n T r u n g , d a t h u l u g m d u g c . V a d a c b i e t l a t i i v q p h a v & h a i m a n g l u 6 i G i a n d i e p v a Q u a n b a o c u a V i e t C g n g h o a t d g n g t a i M i e n N a m V i e t N a m . " ( t r . ^ 3 9 ) T a s e t h a y g i a i t h i c h n a y c 6 l y , k h i t a c i i u x e t v a i t r o v a t h a n h t i c h c u a o n g Ckn t r o n g s q d i e t t r g n m a n g l u 6 i t i n h b a o c i i a C g n g s a n k h o n g n h i i n g a M i e n T r u n g m a c a cr M i 6 n N a m n i i a . N h a d o m a t r o n g n h i i n g n a m s a u H g i n g h i G e n e v e , Mi§n N a m V i e t N a m d a d u g c s 6 n g t r o n g a n t o a n , n o a m , v a t u d o , m g t t q d o k e m x a v a i t u d o a M y , n h i m g r a t r g n g r a i , n S u s o v o f i t i n h t r ^ n g d a n c h i i n g B a c V i e t , d v u n g C g n g s a n .

T r u 6 c k h i d i v a o c h i . t i S t c u a v a n d§ n a y , t u c m g ckn g i a i t o a m g t s o n g o n h a n k h a c , m a t a m m i i c q u a n t r g n g h a n , v i n o l a d e t a i c u a n h i i n g s u b a n t a n s o i n o i t r o n g d u l u a n t h a i d o , v a v i n c o n l a m c h o nhi§ungu6fi t h S c m l c n g a y n a y v i k h o n g t h i y r o v i n d S .

v a n d e t h i i n h i t l a v i n d e I g i d u n g d a n h n g h i a O n g C a n d e h a c h d i c h v a l a m t i S n , g a y t a i t i e n g c h o O n g . T r u o n g h o p d i S n h i n h l a t r u o n g h g p t e n D u y e n , d u g c p h a t g i a c n a m 1 9 6 2 . T h e o O n g M i n h k S

" T a i d i a p h u o n g [ D a N S n g ] c 6 m g t n g u c r i t e n l a D u y e n x u n g l a m a t v u d a c b i e t c u a O n g C 6 V i n . T r o n g n h a y t h i S t t r i m g t b a n t h a T o Q u o c n g a y g i f t a n h a , t r e n b a n t h a c 6 d e a n h O n g C 6 v i n . H i n d a l a m tikn n h i S u n g u o i b a n g n h i S u h i n h t h i i c , d S n c a c C O q u a n x i n t h i n d u t h i i . . . N g h e c a u c h u y e n t o i n g h i n g a y a n h c h a n g n a y c h i l a m g t t e n b i p , n h u n g l a i t u h o i : N e u h i n b i p t h i o n g T h i T r u o n g . . . c 6 t h e g a p O n g C i n b i t c i i l i i c

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n a o d S h o i . R 6 i c o n c a c c o s o d o a n th§ d a n s n , c a c c o q u a n c o n g a n , c a n h s a t d i a p h u o n g I d i o n g a i b i e t h a n h d o n g c u a t e n n a y s a o ? T a i s a o I d i o n g c o q u a n n a o t h a c m a c , b a o c a o ? • H a y h a n l a n g u M c u a o n g C a n t h a t ? " ( t r . 5 7 )

O n g M i n h n o i o n g h o i o n g T r u o - n g T y A n N i n l i Q u a n D o i D a N i n g t e n D u y e n l a m v a y d a l a u c h u a , t h i d u g c t r a l o i : K h a l a u r 6 i , " m a c h a n g a i d a m d u n g t o i h a n . . . . " v i " k h o n g d a m l a m a n " . K h i o n g M i n h h o i O n g Ckn t h i O n g n o i r S n g k h o n g c o c h u y e n d o , v a r a l e n h b a t n g a y t e n b i p . S a u k h i h o i c u n g y t h i d u g c b i e t n h u s a u :

" T e n n a y l a m g t d o a n v i e n P h o n g T r a o C a c h M a n g Q u o c G i a d i a p h u o n g . T r o n g m o t d i p d e n n l i a o n g C h u T i c h , hin d a d a n h c a p d u g c t a m a n h o n g C a n . B a n d a u h a n c h i m u o n d r m g t a m a n h h u c h o t h i e n h a n g a n c h o i t h o i . K h o n g d e , d a n d a m g t s o d a n l a m a n , n h a t l a n h i i ' n g d a n b a n t a y k h o n g d u g c t r o n t r u I S m , d a d g n x i n d u g c nip b o n g hin. T h 4 y c o v e n g o n a n m a l a i " h a c h " n i i ' a , t h e l a h a n l a m t o i l u o n " . ( t r . 5 8 )

O n g M i n h kk l u a n :

" M g t v q I g i d u n g 1 6 n n h u v u t e n D u y e n t r e n d a y , x a y r a n g a y g i i i a m g t t h a n h p h o c h i e a c h H u e c o 1 0 0 c a y s o m a c o n k h o n g d g n d u g c t a i o n g Ckn. T h i v i e e o n g k h o n g d u g c hik d e n n h i i n g v u I g i d q n g d a n h n g h i a o n g 6 n h i i n g n o i x a x o i , n h a t l a t a i t r e n C a o N g u y e n h a y l a t r o n g M i e n N a m , c i i n g l a • c h u y e n d e h i e u .

D o l a h a u q u a c u a t h a i d o " t h u k h a u n h u b r n h " v i s g b i p h i e n p h i i c , o a n t h u , c u a c a c cip c h i n h q u y 8 n , c a n b g c o t r a c h n h i e m t a i d i a p h u o n g . T h a i d o n a y d a c h o t h a y r o t i n h t h a n " e a c h m a n g " c u a m g t s o k h o n g n h o d a n g v i e n C a n L a o c o c h i i c q u y S n h 6 i d o . N o d a l a m t h u i c h g t t h i e n c h i c i i a n h i S u c a n b g c a p t r u n g v a c a p n h o , l a m c h o D a n g C a n L a o , t u : n a m 1 9 6 2 , g a n n h u h o a n t o a n b i t e H e t . " ( t e . 5 9 )

T o i d a t r i c h d a i d o n g v S c a n c h u y e n t e n D u y e n n a y , v i , c i i n g n h u t r u o n g h g p T u o n g D o n x u y e n t a c v e k h u n h a m a t c u a O n g C a n , n o t a o n e n a c c a m teong d u l u a n d 6 i v 6 i O n g Ckn v a , tkt n h i e n , v d f i c h S d o . T h p r a , d a y l a m o t v a n d e m a k h o n g n h i i T i g O n g C a n , m a b a t c i i m g t c h i n h q u y e n n a o k h a c , d e u g a p p h a i . C a c eh§ d o V i e t N a m s a u 1 9 6 3 c o n t e h o n n i i a . V a chB d o C g n g s a n s a u 1 9 7 5 t h i l a i p h a k y

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l i i c . T r o n g b a o c h i h a n g n g a y , t a t h a y g a n d a y c o n h i i T i g v u c 6 n l o f n h o n n i i a x a y r a a N h a t , T r u n g Q u o c , N g a , D u e , P h a p , C a n a d a , H o a K y , g a y k h o k h a n c h o c h i n h p h u c a c q u o c g i a d o , c o k h i d u a d S n s q p d o . R i e n g t o i , t o i c i i n g d a k i n h n g h i e m t r q c t i e p t r u o n g h g p b i k e m u o n d a n h n g h i a O n g C i n d S h u k e I d i a c , k h o n g n h i i n g 6 e a c h H u g 1 0 0 k m , m a c a h o n m u o i n g a n c a y s o , d G e n e v e , T h u y s y ! C o n m g t c h u y g n n i i a v e m g t c h a n g t r e l a y d a n h D i i c C h a T h u c h u t o i l i i c t o i l a m c h a n h scr b a o c h i P h u T 6 n g T h o n g , n h u n g xk t i e c l a o d a y k h o n g C O c h o d e k e , n g o a i trCr s u k i e n l a c a u d a u t i e n m a a n h n o i k h i b u 6 c v a o v a n p h o n g t o i l a : " T o i m 6 i t i t d u o i D i i c C h a l e n d a y " . . . .

N h u o n g M i n h n h a n x e t , t h a i d o s g b i p h i e n p h i i c , o a n t h i i c u a c a c cap c h a n h quy§n, c a n b g c o t r a c h n h i e m t a i d i a p h u o n g d a t a o r a t i n h t r a n g g a y t a i t i e n g c h o c h i n h t h e . T i n h t r a n g n a y l a i c a n g t r a m t r g n g h o n n i i a v a k h o n g n h i r n g c h i c o 6 cap d i a p h u o n g , m a n g a y 6 cap t r u n g u o n g , t i r n a m 1 9 6 1 , l i i c n h a n v i e n C h i n h p h i i K e n n e d y ci S W a s h i n g t o n v a T o a D a i S i i M y d V i g t N a m , c u n g v 6 i m g t s o b a o c h i t h i e n t a M y , b a t d a u x i x 6 r a n g C h i n h p h u M y k h o n g u n g h g C h i n h p h u N g o D i n h D i e m n i i a .

V e v a n d e t h i i h a i , v q a n G i a n d i e p P h a p , o n g M i n h c i i n g d u a r a n h i e u c h i t i e t d o i k h a n g v d i n h i i n g n g u o n t i n t i i c d u g c p h o c a p t r u d f c d a y , n h a t l a n h i i n g t i n t i i c x u i t p h a t tii n h i i n g n h a n v a t d a o c h a n h .

T r o n g v i e e b S t h6, c 6 h a i n g u W k e u o a n . K h i n h i i n g Ibi k e n o a n n a y d S n t a i T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m , O n g d a r a l e n h x e t l a i , v a O n g Ckn c Q n g s o t s a n g tiong v i e e n a y k h i d u g c b i e t n h u v a y . N h u n g s u k i e n P h a p C O g a i m g t t 6 c h i i c g i a n d i e p t r u 6 c k h i n i t d i n a m 1 9 5 7 l a c o t h i e t . V a d i e u n a y c i i n g d e h i e u : l i i c d o b a n g g i a o g i i i a P h a p v a V i e t N a m d a n g c o n c a n g t h a n g . S q k i e n c o m g t v a i v i e n c h i i c h i i u tiach I g i d q n g c h i i c v u l a m t i e n c a c p h a m n h a n c i i n g d i i n g . T r o n g s o v i e n chu te n a y c o m g t n g u c r i " k h a t h a n t i n " c i i a O n g C i n , n h i m g d a b i O n g l o a i b o . O n g M i n h c h o b i e t : " K h i d u g c b i e t m g t n g u o i t h a n c a n c i i a m i n h m u u t i n h dai g i a c h o v i e e x i n c h o o n g [ N g u y e n V a n ] Y e n d u g c t a i n g o a i , O n g C a n d a n h o K h u A n N i n h Q u a n D g i tim e a c h g h i a m c u g e t r a g i a n a y . . . S a u k h i n h a n d u g c c u 6 n b a n g , O n g Chn d a m o i n g u o i c a n d u d e n c h o n g h e , v a t i r d o O n g k h o n g c o n t i n d u n g n g u W a y n i i a . " V S c a c c h i tiSt k h a c , x m d g c Hdi li'c, (tr. 8 0 - 8 7 ) D u s a o t o e h i i e g i a n d i e p P h a p e o t h a t , v a C h i n h P h i i P h a p d a t h i i n h a n s q v i e e b a n g e a c h t h u o n g l u g n g x i n l a n h c a c t o i n h a n v a d u a h g v a g i a d i n h s a n g P h a p .

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V u a n G i a n d i e p P l i a p M i e n T r u n g l i e n h e m a t t h i e t v a i v u " 9 hkm". O n g M i n h n o i r i n g s a u n g a y d a o e h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , m o t s 6 b a o e h i t a i Mihn N a m " d a d u a n h a u m a m p t e h i e n d i e h , k h a i t h a c t h 6 i p h 6 n g d u l u a n c u n g v u a n G i a n d i e p P h a p t a i M i S n T r u n g " v o l n h i i n g c h u y e n r u n g r a n n h u : " h a n g n g a n b a n t a y c u a n h i i T L g n g u ' o i b i b i t g i a m c h e t , c o n n h a y n h q a t a i k h u c h i n h a m " . C o t a i l i e u v i e t v a n h i S u n g u a i n o i 9 c a i h a m n a y d o O n g C a n l a m r a d e g i a m g i i i n h i i ' n g n g u o ' i d o i l a p . " D o l a h o a n t o a n s a i s u t h a t " . O n g M i n h d a d u a r a n h i i n g c h i ti§t d S l a m s a n g t o s u t h a t .

S u t h a t l a : 9 c a i h a m n o i t r e n d o n g u a i N h a t x a y c i t d§ c h i i a d a n , a t r e n m o t c a i d 6 i g i n D a n N a m G i a o . M § i h i m c a o 2 t h u d c , r o n g k h o a n g 4 t h u a c , s a u c h u n g 6 t h u a c . K h u d o i n a y s a u m o t n g u c r i T a u m u a , r o i b a n l a i c h o . O n g C a n . O n g c h o s r r a l a i d e n u o i h u a u . " S a u n a y c o m a y c a n b o c a o c a p c i i a c o n g s a n b i b a t . . . v i p h a i g i i i b i m a t v i e e h o d a b i b i t , n e n h o d u g c g i a m t r o n g m i y h i m n a y " , ( t r . 8 9 - 9 1 )

i S I b i i ' n g v i e e t r e n d a y d i n h l i e n v a i D o a n C o n g T a c D a c B i e t M i 6 n T r u n g ( D C T D B M T ) . 6 d a y c o m g t d i S u l a k y e i n d u g c n h a n m a n l i v a g i a i t h i c h l a t r o n g k h i , v e p h i a C o n g s a n , n h i i n g g i o i c a o d p c u a D a n g t h i i n h a n r i n g d a y l a m g t t 6 c h i i c " k y d i e u " t h i , v e p h i a Q u o c G i a , t o c h i i c n a y d u g c m o t a n h u l a " m g t t o c h i i c d u g c o n g N g o D i n h C a n l a p r a d e c h u y e n t h e o d o i , b i t e o c , t h u t i e u d o i l a p v a t S n g t i g n n h i i n g n g u c r i g i a u c o " .

K h u n g c a n h h a n c h e c u a b a i n a y k h o n g c h o p h e p d i v a o c h i t i e t . T o i c h i n e u l e n m g t s 6 d i 6 m q u a n t r g n g n h i t g i i i p t a h i e u r o h o n t a i s a o p h e t a b i d a n h b a i t r o n g k h i n h i i n g n h a n v i e n d a c t r a c h v S a n n i n h d a t d u g c n h u n g t h a n h q u a p h i t h u c m g , m a p h e c g n g s a n p h a i c h o l a " k y d i e u " . C a c c h i t i S t k h a c , m a a i c i i n g n e n b i S t , v i n o s o i s a n g n h i e u k h i a c a n h q u a n t r g n g c u a l i c h s r t V i e t N a m k h o n g n h i i n g v e g i a i d o a n 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 6 3 , m a v§ m l y c h q c n a m s a u d o , v a d S n n g a y n a y , d a c b i e t l a d e t r a l a i c a u h o i : " T a i s a o t a l a i p h a i s o n g t h a h u O n g t h e n a y ? " d u g c t r i n h b a y d a y d u t r o n g c a c P h u b a n I v a I I , v a n h i i n g t r i c h d i n k h a d l y d u c u a O n g M i n h d n h i i n g t r a n g 8 7 - 1 3 4 .

T r g n g t a m c u a v a n d e l a D o a n C o n g T a c D a c B i e t M i e n T r u n g ( D C T D B M T ) , h a y l a D o a n C o n g T a c D a c B i e t ( D C T D B ) , d o o n g C a n s a n g l a p , v a o n g D u o n g V a n H i e u c h i h u y . T o c h i i c n a y r a t i t n g u ' o i b i e t d e n . T o i t h i i t h u c l a c h i n h t o i c i i n g k h o n g h e b i e t d e n n o .

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N h u n h i e u n g u a i I d i a c , t o i e h i n g h e n o i d e n " T o c h i i c M a t v u c u a O n g C a n " h a y " N h o m m a t v u D u a n g V a n H i S u " , k e m t h e o n h i i n g p h e p h a n k h o n g d u g c t 6 t d e p . T u y l a r a v a o D i n h D g c L a p , v a g a p T o n g T h o n g D i e m h o a c O n g C o V a n N g o D i n h N h u m o i n g a y , t o i k h o n g h e n g h e b a n d e n t o e h i i c n a y , h a y c a v e O n g C a n . C h i m g t lan m g t , t o i d u g c n g h e T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m b a n v S O n g Ckn, n h u s a u : " O n g c a n l a n g u a i c o c o n g : o n g d a l a m c h o M i S n T r u n g s a c h h i t C g n g s a n " . T o i n g h e T o n g T h o n g n o i t h i c i i n g d e b u n g , n h u n g t h a t r a t o i v a n k h o n g h i e u n h i e u v e O n g C a n . C h o d e n l i i c d u g c d g c Hdi li'c c i i a O n g M i n h t o i m a i t h i y r o m 6 i h e n h e g i i i a O n g Ckn v a v i n d e t r a l a i d i i t k h o a t c a n h o i n e u a d o a n t r e n , n h a n h i i n g t h i i n h a n c u a c a n b g c a o c i p p h e C o n g s a n s a u n a m 1 9 6 3 v a s a u n a m 1 9 7 5 , n g h i a l a s a u v u d a o c h a n h 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , v a s a u n g a y h g chi§m d o n g S a i G o n n g a y 3 0 t h a n g 4 , n a m 1 9 7 5 , v e t i n h t r a n g d i e u d i i n g c u a h g d o D C T D B g a y r a t r o n g n h i i n g n a m 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 6 3 .

D C T D B l a c o n d e c u a O n g Ckn. N o d u g c t h a n h l a p v a i s u c h a p t h u a n c u a T o n g T h S n g D i e m n a m 1 9 5 7 d e t h u c h i e n m g t c h i n h s a c h c h i e u h o i d a c b i e t d o O n g d S x u o n g . C h i n h s a c h n a y l a " C h i e u M o ' i v a S u ' D u n g N h i i n g N g u W K h a n g C h i S n C Q " . D a n h ' t i r " C h i e u m a i " s a u d u g c d o i l a " C a i t a o " , t h e o d e n g h i c i i a n h i i n g n g u M C g n g s a n b i b a t . D o a n n a y d u g c d a t d u a l q u y S n c h i h u y c i i a o n g D u o n g V a n Hi§u, m g t n h a n v i e n t h u o c N h a C o n g A n C a n h S a t T r u n g P h i n . T r e n c a n b a n , d a y l a m g t t 6 c h u c a n - n i n h , t r n h b a o e h S n g C g n g , n h u n g , O n g H i 6 u g i a i t h i c h , n o a p d u n g " m o t p h u o n g p h a p k h a i t h a c , m o t c h e d o n h a t u d a c b i e t : m g t k y t h u a t k h a i t h a c g i a m g i i i ' d a c b i e t , k h o n g g i a m g i i i t r o n g c a c n h a l a o , k h o n g c u m , k h o n g c o n g " . N o k h a i t h a c c a c c a n b g C o n g s a n b i b a t " b a n g p h u o n g p h a p m a n d a m , t r a o d o i , t r a n h l u a n , k h a i t h o n g t u t u o n g , c a i m a " n h l m t h u y e t p h u c h g " d i i t b o c a i d u o i C g n g s a n " d a b i n g u c r i t a l i r a b i p r a p v o c h o h g , r o i c u n g n h a u x a y d u n g m g t d a t n u o ' c t h u c s u D g c L a p , T u D o , D a n C h u . M g t x a h g i t h u c s u c o n g b S n g , h a n h p h i i c , i m n o c h o c h i n h m i n h , v g c o n , x o m l a n g , d a n t g c m i n h t h u h u o n g " , n h u c h i n h O n g C i n n o i v a i h g t r o n g m g t d i p t i S p x i i e v 6 i h g . ( t r . l O l ) N g a y c a o n g N g o D i n h N h u c i i n g d a c o r a Hu§ t h a m d u d 6 i t h o a i n h u v a y v 6 i c a n b o C g n g s a n c a o c i p b i b i t . M u c d i c h , n h u c h i n h O n g c i n n o i v a i c a n b g b i b a t , " k h o n g p h a i l a l u n g s u e d§ b i t c a n b g C g n g s a n . m a l a p h a t h i e n , p h a t g i a c , r 6 i c h i e u m a i c a c a n h e m i y v S h g p t a c , c u n g v 6 i m i n h x a y d p n g d i t n u ' 6 e , c a i t a o c a i x a h g i l a c h a u ,

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hkt c o n g n a y " ( t r . 1 0 3 ) . T h u c s u , m u c d i c h l a l a m c h o h o " c h u y e n h u o n g " , n h u n g m o t k h i d a c h u y e n h u o n g , h o d u g c t r a c a p b a c v a s u d u n g t r o n g n h i i n g c h i i c v u t u o n g d u o n g , v a n g a y c a t r o n g D C T D B . ( V 6 c h i t i S t x i n x e m d o a n " A - Y& c h i n h s a c h C a i t a o v a S i i d i m g n h i i n g n g u M k h a n g c h i e n c i i v a D o a n C o n g T a c D a c B i e t " , c ac t r a n g 1 0 4 v a k g t i g p , v a P h u b a n I , t r . 4 4 8 v k t . ) .

V g t h a n h q u a , t h i n h u O n g H i g u n o i , p h u o n g p h a p k h a i t h a c n a y " t o r a h i e u n g h i e m d e m l a i k g t q u a t o t d e p " . P h a n x e t n a y k h o n g p h a i l a m g t p h a n x e t c h u q u a n , t h u o c l o a i t i t t a n g b o c , k h o a c l a c . K h o n g n h u n g p h i a c g n g s a n d a x a c n h a n n h u v a y , m a h g e o n d i x a h o n n i i a . C h i i n g t a m a y min d u g c O n g M i n l i c u n g ckp c h o n h i i n g t a i l i e u d o c h i n h p h i a C g n g s a n s o a n . T r o n g d o c o h a i t a i l i e u c o m g t g i a t r i l i c h s i l r a t I o n , v i n o p h a n b a c l a i n h i i n g n g u o n t i n x u a t p h a t t i r t r o n g h a n g n g i i Q u 6 c G i a n h l m b o i I g c h g d o V i e t N a m C g n g H o a I , n h u n g t h a t r a l a c o t a c d g n g g o p p h a n v a o s i r s u p d o M i g n N a m V i e t N a m . N h t t n g t a i h e n q u a n t r g n g n h i i t t r o n g s 6 t a i h e u d u g c o n g M i n h n o i d g n l a : Doan Mat Vu Ngo Dinh Can ( D M V N D C ) , m g t t a i h e u h g c t a p n g i b g , v a Boi Phan Hay Chan Chinh ( B P C C ) , c u a n h o m T i n h B a o C h i g n L u g e , Q u a n B a o v a c a c n g a n h k h a c c i i a V i e t C g n g t i m g b i D C T D B bat , m a t a p b i e n l a m g t c a n b o k y c q n c u a n g a n h T i n h B a o C h i e n L u g e V i e t C g n g , D u V a n C h i t , d a b i D C T D B b i t .

D u 6 i d a y l a m g t s o p h g b i n h c u a p h e C g n g s a n v g D C T D B :

P h e C g n g s a n c o n g n h | n D C T D B l a " m g t e o q u a n a n n i n h d i e h t h u c " , m o t " C o q u a n m a t v q c o m o t k h o n g h a i " v a , v g m a t n g h i e p v u v a h i e u q u a , " k y d i e u " . T r o n g B P C C , h g v i g t :

" T h a n h t i c h c h S n g C g n g c i i a M a t V q N g o D i n l i C i n - D u o n g V a n H i g u t h a t dieu ky.

C h i i n g d a n h t h a n g v a o c o q u a n d a u n a o c u a c a e D a n g b g m i g n T r u n g n h u L i g n K h u U y N a m , T m h u y T h i r a T h i g n , T h a n h l i y H u g r o i D a N i n g . T i g n x u 6 n g p h i a N a m , c h i i n g t i n c o n g c o s o D a c K h u S a i G o n C h g L o n , T h u B i g n , C i n T h o . Ndi bat nhdt Id Mat vu.miin Trung danh bat gon cac luai Tinh Bao Chien Ltcgc ciia ta trai suot tu Ben Hai din Sai Gon trong vdng chi co mot nam " (BPCC, tr. 2) (ta:. 1 2 4 )

M g t d o a n k h a c , c a n l a m c h o n h i i n g n g u o i d a c h i i t r u ' o n g , u n g h g

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v a t a n t h a n h s n l a t d o c h e d o V i e t N a m C o n g H o a I s u y n g a m , l a :

" P h a i e o n g n h a n b o n m a t v u N g o D i n h Ckn e o g i o i t h a t . . . T ^ i s a o m i n h k h o n g d a m n o i l a d i c h g i o i — ^ n e u t h i r c n o g i o i - — • m a c u p h a i n o i v o n g q u a n h c h o i c h i j : d e h a t h a p n o x u o n g v a t i m e a c h c h e d a y , t q t o n m i n h l e n ? N o n a m v i i n g minJhi t i t t o c h i i c , p h u o n g c h a m c o n g t a c , q u y l u a t h o a t d g n g t 6 i t a m l y v a q u y l u a t t u t u o n g . N o r a n h c a e a c h D a n g t a x i i l y c a n b g b i b a t v a s a u k h i r a t u . M i n h d a n h g i a d i c h q u a t h a p , c h i v i b a o t h i i , g i a o d i e u , m g t c h i e u , c h i v i b a t d g n g t r o n g k h i d i c h t h i t h i e n b i e n v a n h o a - d a c b i e t l a v e n g a n h a n n i n h , t i n h b a o , c o n g a n " ( B P C C , t r . 1 1 3 ) .

M g t d i e u c a n d u g c g h i , d e l a m s a n g t o t r a c h n h i e m v e t h a t b a i c u a M i e n N a m V i e t N a m n l m d a u , l a v i e e dka t i e n m a c a c t u 6 n g l a n h d a o c h a n h l a m l a bat giam tat ca nhan vien DCTDB v a tra tu do cho tat ca cac can bo tinh bao Chien Lupv va Quan Bao VC dang bi giam giu: ( t r . 1 2 6 , 1 1 5 , 4 6 0 ) i S l h i i n g t e n t i n h b a o n a y trey l a i h o a t d g n g , x a m n h a p c a c c o q u a n c h i n h p h u M i S n N a m , k S c a P h u T 6 n g T h o n g , v a n a m 1 9 7 5 h g d a n d a u c a c d o a n q u a n V i e t C g n g x a m n h a p t i n c o n g S a i G o n . , . .

N e u c a c t u o n g l a n h d a o c h i n h d o i x r t t a n t e v o i D C T D B , l a n h i i n g n g u c r i c o c o n g r a t 1 6 n t r o n g c o n g c u g e c h o n g C g n g , t h i t a k h o n g n e n n g a c n h i e n g i v e v i e e h g g i e t o n g C a n , n h a t l a s a u k h i h g d a g i e t h a i o n g D i e m v a N h u . D o l a t a k h o n g n o i d S n t h a i d o c i i a D a i s i i C a b o t L o d g e v a C h i n h p h i i K e i m e d y . T u y n h i e n c o m g t k h i a c a n h k h a d a c b i e t c i i a v a n d e n a y l a v a i t r o c i i a T u o n g N g u y e n K h a n h t r o n g v i e e n a y .

O n g K h a n h l a n g u o i n a m q u y e n n a m 1 9 6 4 , v a l a n g u M d a l a p T o a a n " C a c h M ^ n g " ( k i 6 u T o a a n C a i e a c h r u g n g d i t c u a C g n g s a n ) d e l e n a n v a x i i t i i O n g C a n . M g t l y d o l a t r o n g t r n h t r a n g s o i n o i n a m 1 9 6 4 , o n g K h a n h l a y s i n h m a n g c u a O n g C a n d e t r a n h t i e n g " d u d a n g C a n L a o d a n a m l a i q u y e n " ( t r . 3 8 0 ) . M g t l y d o k h a c , t h e o s u t i S t I g c i i a O n g B a T r i n T r u n g D u n g , l a o n g K l i a n h t u o n g r i n g O n g C a n c o d a u m g t s o M y k i m l o n ( 6 t r i e u ) , v a h i i a s e m a t d u a O n g C a n r a n g o a i q u o c n e u O n g C a n g i a o s o t i e n a y c h o o n g . O n g M i n h d a t h u a t l a i r i t c h i t i S t v q n a y , m a o n g d a d u g c n g h e c h i n h o n g D u n g k 6 t r o n g m g t d i p g a p o n g d W e s t m i n s t e r , ( t r . 3 8 )

V e d i e m t r e n d a y , t o i x i n b o t i i c l a c h i n h t o i c i i n g d u g c n g h e o n g D u n g k 6 c h u y e n n a y l i i c t o i g a p o n g t r o n g m g t b i i a c o m of n h a c q n

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D a i S i i N g u y i n D u y T o a n a H u n g t i n g t o n B e a c l i , c o m a t c a c o n g D a n g ; V a n S u n g , C a o X u a n V y , v a v a i n g u o i k h a c . O n g D u n g t o r a r 4 t t u c g i a n v e o n g K h a n h , v a m o i l a n n o i d e n t e n o n g n a y , l a o n g l o T i t i e n g n o i l i e n t i e p 3 - 4 ihn: " T h i n g k l r S n n a n ! " . T h a i d o c u a o n g D u n g c i i n g d e h i e u k h i t a b i e t t r o n g n h i i n g n a m t r u o e n g a y d a o c h a n h o n g K h a n h d a c o t h a i d p q y y l u y d 6 i v 6 i O n g Ckn. ( V 6 c h i t i g t , x i n x e m 6 d o a n d u 6 i , t r . 1 5 )

2/ Bien co «C6' Phat Giao" \h Vu Dao chanh 1-11-1963

H a i v u n a y q u a n h e m a t t h i e t v o i n h a u . T h a t r a , n o c h i l a m o t : C h i n h p h i i K e n n e d y d a n g a m n g a m g a y k h u a y d o n g d e t a o d i e u k i e n l a t d o C h i n h p h i i N g o D i n h D i e m , v a c a c T u o n g l a n h V i e t N a m d a a m m u T i v o l D a i s u M y C a b o t L o d g e d e l a m v i e e d o . C a c k h i a c a n h c u a n h i i n g bi§n d o n g d u a d e n c u o c d a o c h i n h n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 d a d u g c m g t s o h g c g i a n h u g i a o s u H o a n g N g g c T h a n h , G i a o s u F r a n c i s X a v i e r W i n t e r s , h o a c P h a i D o a n L i e n H i e p Q u o c N g h i e n C i i u v§ V q D a n A p P h a t G i a o , l a m s a n g t o v o i k h a n h i 6 u c h i t i g t t r o n g n h i m g n a m q u a . O n g M i n h c Q n g d a n h n g u y e n m g t c h u o n g , d a i 1 1 6 t r u o n g ( 1 3 5 - 2 5 1 ) d e s o i s a n g v u m a o n g g o i l a " B i e n C o P h a t G i a o " . N h u T L g c h u y e n b i e n d o d u g c o n g M i n h t h u a t l a i rkt t u o n g t a n , n l i u n g t u c m g k h o i c a n l a p l a i o d a y . D u o i d a y t o i c h i g h i m g t s o d i i k i e n i t , h a y c h u a d u g c hik, d a c b i e t l a v§ 3 k h i a c a n h : 1 / t a i l i e u c h i i n g m i n h r o r a n g r a n g T o n g T h o n g N g o D i n h D i e m khong he co chinh sach ky thi, ^^n dp Phat giao; 21 v a i t r o q u y e t d i n h c i i a O n g T h i c h T r i Q u a n g t r o n g c a c v u x a o t r g n d u a d e n v u d a o c h a n h ; 3 / t u e a c h c u a m g t s 6 t u o n g l a n h , m a o n g g g i l a " N g i i D a i T r q " .

V e d i e m 1 , o n g M i n h d a d u a r a r a t n h i e u b a n g c h i i n g c h o t h a y r o r i n g T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m k h o n g n h i i n g d a k h o n g d 6 i x v t t e v 6 i P h a t G i a o , m a t r a i l a i , O n g d a c o n h i S u err c h i v a h a n h d g n g g i i i p d o t o n g i a o n a y : d e d a i h a n h c h a n h t r o n g v i e e x a y c h u a ( C h i i a V T n h N g h i e m ) , m a n g a y c a y e m t r g t a i c h a n h ( C h u a X a L g i ) , g i i i p dof c a c t a n g n i d i d u h o c , d u h g i n g h i P h a t G i a o q u o c t e v a , c h u y e n I t n g u o i b i e t , d a t r u e t i e p c a n t h i e p d e x i i c t i e n v i e e t h a n h l a p H g i P h a t G i a o T h 6 n g N h l t . R i e n g O n g C l n t h i d a g i i i p d o P h a t G i a o v u n g H u 8 r I t m a n h : c u n g c a p t a i c h a n h , v a t l i e u , d u n g c u d e x a y c a t t h e m c o s o , t u b o l a i C O s o b i h u h a i c i i a C h u a T i r D a m , m a d a i d i e n l a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g ; c a n t h i e p v ^ i q u a n d o i d e c a p v o d a n d i i c c h u o n g , c h o m u g n x e n h a b i n h d e c h u y e n chcr t r o n g c a c d i p l i , v . v . . . ( t r . 1 4 5 - 1 5 5 )

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D i i n g d a n n h u n g s u k i e n l o n l i e n q u a n d e n v q P h a t G i a o l a c o n g d i e n t i r P h u T o n g T h o n g c h o c a c T i n h v e v u t r e o c o , v a D q s o 1 0 , n a m 1 9 5 0 . V S c o n g d i e n , O n g M i n h d a c h e p l a i n g u y e n v a n b a n c o n g d i e n m a , t h e o e h i t h i c u a T o n g T h o n g , o n g Q u a c h T o n g D i i c , D o n g L y V a n P h o n g P h u T o n g T h o n g d a g a i c h o . c a c t i n h . Cong dien nay hoan toan khong de cap gi den van de cam Phat Giao treo ca ca, v a r o r a n g c h i n h l c t a t c a c a c t o n g i a o v e e a c h t h i i c t r e o c a q u o c g i a . ( X i n x e m n g u y e n v a n b a n c o n g d i e n n a y os t r a n g 1 6 4 ) . M o t d i e u t o i q u a n t r o n g l a o n g D i i e d u g c e h i t h i n a y c u a T o n g T h o n g t r r t h a n g 3 , n a m 1 9 6 3 , n h u n g d S n n g a y 5 - 5 - 1 9 6 3 , c h i h a i n g a y t r u 6 c L S P h a t D a n o n g m 6 i c h u y e n d i . N h u n g t r o n g h a i n g a y 5 - 7 , n h i i n g x o n x a o t r o n g g i o i P h a t G i a o d a d u g c c h i n h o n g T o n g T r u o n g N g i V u B i i i V a n L u o n g d i c h t h a n b a y r a H u S d S g i a i t t i i c h c h o c a c c h i i c s i c P h a t G i a o , t r o n g d o c o T h i c h T r i Q u a n g , r o r a n g q u y e t d i n l i n a y s e k h o n g t h i h a n h t r o n g d i p P h ^ t D a n . C a c g i 6 i c h i i ' c s o t a i , t r o n g d o c o O n g c a n , c i i n g l a m n h u v a y , v a c a c c h i i c s S c P h a t G i a o , t r o n g d o e o T h i c h T r i Q u a n g , d a n o i r a n g h g h i e u n h u v a y , v a l a y l a m b a n g l o n g .

V e D q s o 1 0 , n o l a m g t q u y e t d i n h c i i a c h i n h q u y e n B a o \ D a i , d u g c b a n r a v a o t h a n g 8 , n a m 1 9 5 0 . N o hoan toan khong de cap gi den Phat Giao ca. N 6 q u y d i n h the le lap hoi. O n g M i n h d a g i i i p t a t h a y r o v a n d e b a n g e a c h d a n g l a i t o a n v a n c u a D u n a y . ( x i n x e m P h u b a n I I I , t r u o n g 4 9 0 v k t ) . T u y D u n a y c o t i r n a m 1 9 5 0 , n h u n g t r u a c n g a y 7 - 5 - 1 9 6 3 , n g a y T h i c h T r i Q u a n g p h a t d g n g e u g e P h a t G i a o d a u t r a n h c h o n g c h i n h s a c h k y t h i P h a t G i a o c u a T o n g T h o n g N g o D i n h D i e m , k h o n g c 6 s u k e u c a n a o c i i a c a c g i a i P h a t G i a o v e D u n a y c a . N l i u n g , n h u t a b i S t , s a u k h i v u d S u t r a n h d u g c p h a t d g n g , D u n a y c i i d u g c n h a c d i n h a c l a i l a b a n g c h u n g c i i a c h i n h s a c h k y t h i , v a g o p p h a n g a y h o a n g m a n g t r o n g n h i e u g i 6 i .

N h i i n g n g u c r i n h S c d i n h l c l a i D q n a y , d i m g v i e e b a i b o n o d i l a m m g t de t a i , v a k h a u h i e u , t r a n h d a u , l a n h o m l a n h d a o c u g e t r a n h d a u , m a d u n g d a u l a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g .

O n g n a y d u g c n h a c n h a d e n n h i S u t r o n g c a c t a c p h i m t r o n g mky c h u c n a m q u a , v a v a i t r o c i i a o n g v a n h o m c i i a o n g c i i n g d u g c p h a n x e t m g t e a c h d u t k h o a t t r o n g T h a c i i a T h u g n g n g h i sT T h o m a s J . D o d g e g a i c h o o n g C h i i T i c h U y B a n N g i V u c i i a T h u o n g V i e n , v a P h i i c t r i n h c i i a P h a i d o a n d i e u t r a c u a L i e n H i e p Q u o c ( x i n x e m P h u b a n V , t r . 5 1 4 v k t . ) , n e n t u o n g k l i o n g c a n n h a c l a i 6 day , t r i r m g t d i e m .

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C a c b i n h l u a n v e T h i c h T r i Q u a n g p h a n n h i e u n h a n m a n h k h i a c a n h " d S u t r a n h c h 6 n g k y t h i t o n g i a o " c u a c u o c d i u t r a n h m a o n g t a c h u m u u v a d i e u k h i e n . K h i a c a n h d a o l y i t d u g c d e c a p d e n . N h u n g v i o n g l a m g t n h a t u h a n h , m a l a i t h u o c v 6 m g t t o n g i a o m a dao . l y c h u t r u o n g "tCr b i " , " t h i e n t a m " , " t r g n g s u t h u c " , n e n t a c o q u y S n d a t c a u h o i v e k h i a c a n h d a o d u e c u a c o n n g u M n a y , n h u t l a t r o n g c a e c u g e ti§p x u c v a i c a c g i 6 i c h i i c c h i n h q u y e n t r o n g n h i i n g n g a y t r u o ' c k h i v u p h a t d g n g d a u t r a n h d e m 7 - 5 - 1 9 6 3 , v a s a u d o , o n g t a d a b a t c h i p c a c I M m a o n g d a h i i a v a c a m d o a n v o i c a c o n g B i i i V a n L u o n g , N g o D i n h C a n , v a t r o n g c u g e t r a n h d a u o n g v a n h o m o n g d a d u n g n h i e u t h u d o a n m a k h o n g e o t o n g i a o n a o c h a p r i h a n c a , v i d o l a n h i i n g t h i i d o a n m a g i a o m a t a q u e n t h i y C g n g s a n t h u o n g d u n g .

C o m g t d i e u i t d u g c d u l u a n b i e t d e n m g t e a c h r o r a n g l a : p h o n g t r a o P h a t G i a o c h 6 n g T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m c o b a n t a y c i i a H a N g i d i n h v a o , v a d a d u g c sap d a t t r r n a m 1 9 6 1 . O n g M i n h d a l a m s a n g t o d i i m n a y , v o i b l n g c h i i n g c q thk T 6 t n a m d o T h i c h T r i D o t i r H a N o i g a i c h o T h i c h T r i Q u a n g m g t b u c t h a c h i t h i p h a i t i m e a c h t o c h i i c m g t p h o n g t r a o P h a t G i a o c h 6 n g T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m . D i e u n a y d a d u g c o n g H o a n g H i i u K h a c , t h u k y H g i P h a t G i a o T h 6 n g N h S t T h u a T h i e n t i e t 16 vdi m g t n g u ' o i b a n , n h a n d i p o n g M i n h d e n c h i i c T g t n g u a i b a n n a y , l a C u L T n g T r a o , m g t n h a n v a t x i i Hu§. ( t r . 2 0 5 ) N h u n g , o n g M i n h n h a n x e t , v i D u e C h a N g o D i n h T h u c d a c o " p h a n l i n g q u a n o n g n a y t r o n g Ibi n o i k h i p h a t b i S u v e m g t v a i v i l a n h d a o p h o n g t r a o t r a n h d a u " v a " m g t s o h a n h d g n g d o i k h a n g p h o n g t r a o t r a n h d S u n a y " , ( t r . 1 6 0 - 1 6 2 ) h a n h d g n g c i i a o n g d a r o i v a o b i y " t h a m d g c " c i i a n h o m t r a n h d a u q u a k h i c h d o T h i c h T r i Q u a n g c a m d i u . D u l u a n q u 6 c t 6 , c h i d u g c t h S y k h i a c a n h t o n g i a o c h a k h o n g d u g c t h a y k h i a c a n h c h i n h t r i — ^ k h i a c a n h c h i n h — c i i a e u g e d a u t r a n h m a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g p h a t d o n g c h o n g C h i n h Q u y e n N g o D i n h D i e m . N o i m g t e a c h k h a c , T 6 n g T h S n g D i e m d a b i d 6 n v a o c a i t h 8 m a t i e n g M y t h u o n g g g i l a " a g o o d c a u s e , b u t a b a d c a s e " , m a t a c o t h e d i c h l a : " t r n h n g a y , n h u n g l y g i a n " .

O n g M i n h c h o r a n g a m m u u c i i a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g l a m g t a m m u n " t h a m d o c " , ( t r . 1 9 8 ) D a y l a m g t t i n h tu.' b i n h t h u o n g k h o n g d i d o i v 6 i c a c n h a t u h a n h . N h u n g a d a y , n o r a t t h i c h h g p v6i t h u c t a i .

N h u n g m u 6 n t r a n h c h i t r i c h r i n g p h a n x e t c u a m g t n g u o i k h o n g p h a i P h a t G i a o d o k h o n g c o g i a h i l a m , o n g M i n h d a t r i c h m o t l a i p h a n x e t n h u s a u c u a m g t n g u c r i c o t h l m q u y g n h o n . O n g M i n h g h i

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r a n g t r o n g s a c h Our Vietnam Nightmare, t a c g i a M a r g u e r i t e H i g g i n s t h u a t l a i l o i n o i c u a m o t c a o t a n g t h u o c C h u a X a L g i v e " s u I g n g h a n h " c u a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g n h u s a u : " C h u n g t o i c a m thky o n g t a d a p h a n b g i P h a t G i a o . . . D u e P h a t d a y c h o n g l a i h a n t h i i . . . N h r m g T h i c h T r i Q u a n g d a n g l a m c o n g v i e e k h a i d g n g h a n t h u l e n . . . C h i e n d i e h h a n t h i i c u a T r i Q u a n g c h o n g l a i g i 6 i l u a t c u a D i i c T h i c h C a . . . D u e T h i c h C a c i i n g d a y r a n g : S u t h a t l a d i i c t i n h c a o q u y n l r a t . N h u n g T r i Q u a n g t r u y e n b a su: p h i b a n g c i i n g r g n g r a i n h u t r u y e n b a h a n t h u . " ( t r . 2 2 7 - 2 2 8 )

O n g M i n h c i i n g t r i c h m g t Ibi t u y e n b o c u a H o a T h u g n g T h i c h T a m C h a u v e s u " r o r a n g n h u t h a n h t h i e n b a c h n h a t " s u k i e n " n l i o m A n Q u a n g d u g c s u h 6 t r g c u a C g n g S a n n S m v u n g " , v a n g a y 3 0 - 4 -1 9 7 5 , " b g m a t t h a n C o n g s a n " c u a h g " d a 16 r o n g u y e n h i n h , k h 6 n g c o n a i m a k h 6 n g r o " ( t r . 2 3 0 - 2 3 1 ) . H o a T h u g n g n o i n h o m A n Q u a n g [ m a l a n h t q l a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g ] l a m g t n h o m " V i t a d a n h t r 6 n g , v i t a a n c u 6 p , v r t a a n c u o p v r t a l a l a n g . C a y d o n g , l a y t h i t d e n g u c r i , m a c s i i c v u k h 6 n g , t h a o t i i n g k h o n g c o i n h a n q u a l a c h i c a . " ( t r . 1 3 0 - 1 3 1 ) " P h a n b g i P h a t G i a o " "tmyhn b a h a n t h u " , " p h i b a n g " " c h 6 n g l a i gi6i l u a t c i i a D i i c T h i c h C a " , " v u k h 6 n g " , " a n cix&p": n h i i n g t i n h tit k h o n g d i d o i t y n a o c a v d i m g t n h a t u h a n h c h a n c h i n h .

T h i c h T r i Q u a n g d a h a n h d g n g tiai v 6 i d a o l y P h a t G i a o , m g t d a o l y c 6 t r u y e n c i i a V i e t N a m . N h i m g tiong v u d a o c h i n h l a i c o n m g t s o n g u o i c i i n g h a n h d o n g t r a i v o i m g t d a o l y c 6 t r u y S n k h a c c u a V i e t N a m , d a o l y K h 6 n g G i a o . D o l a n h o m m a o n g M i n h g g i l a " N g i i D a i T r q " . O n g M i n h d i m g d a n h tii " N g i i D a i T r q " ( 5 c g t t r q l o n ) d e e h i 5 n h a n v a t d a d o n g v a i c h i n h tiong v u d a o c h a n h n g a y 1 t h a n g 1 1 n a m 1 9 6 3 : c a c T u o n g T r a n V a n D 6 n , T r a n T h i e n K h i e m , T 6 n T h a t D i n h , N g u y e n K h a n h , v a D 6 M a u . O n g M m h d a ti6t 16 m g t s u k i e n m a I t n g u o ' i d u g c b i e t : 4 6 n g D 6 n , K h i e m , D i n h , M a n l a d a n g v i e n D a n g C S n L a o , m a C i n L a o h a n g n a n g c a n . C a e o n g D i n h , M a n d a " h u y e t t h e " t r u n g t h a n h v o l O n g N g 6 D i n h D i e m v a D a n g C a n L a o N h a n V i . H g d a d u g c O n g D i e m t i n n h i e m , c a t n h a c , v a b a n c h o xkt n h i g u a n h u e . N h u n g h o d a n u 6 t l o i t h 6 , p h a n b g i . C l i n g n h a u a m m u u l a t d 6 O n g v a s a t h a i O n g . P h a n k h a c , s a u c u g e d a o c h i n h , t r o n g t h c r i g i a n h g c a m q u y e n , r a t n l i i e u n g u M v i r a s i i c p h q c v q x i i s d d u o i c h i n h q u y 6 n N g 6 D i n h D i e m , d a b i b i t h6, g i a m c a m , u y h i 6 p , s a t h a i , t r u n g p h a t v i d u g c c o i n h u l a " C S n L a o a c o n " , " t a y s a i c u a i S f h u - D i e m " . T r o n g v a n h o a V i e t N a m v a A D 6 n g ,

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" h u y S t t h e " l a m o t c i i c h i t h i e n g l i e n g . N h u n g d o i v o l h o , d a n h t i r n a y k h o n g c o n g h i a l y g i ca .

O n g M i n h d a d u a r a n h i e u e h i t i e t c h o t a thiy t u e a c h c u a n l i i r n g n g u o i k g t r g n . R i g n g v g T u o T i g N g u y i n K h a n l i , t u y k h o n g t h u o c D a n g C a n L a o , n h u n g v g l y l i c h v a h a n h v i , c i i n g n h u m a y o n g k i a , n g n d u g c o n g M i n h l i e t v a o n h o m ' T S I g i i D a i T m " .

Q u a n h i i i - i g t i g t I g c i i a o n g M i n h , t a m 6 i b i g t r i n g T u o n g D o n d a t u y g n t h e g i a n h a p D a n g C a n L a o v a o d a u n a m 1 9 6 1 d u o i s u c h i i . t r i c i i a O n g C l n ; T u o n g D i n h t h a n g 9 n a m 1 9 5 6 ; T u o n g K l i i g m l a i s o m h o n : g i i i a n a m 1 9 5 5 ; v a T u o n g M a n c o n s o m h o n n i i a : n a m 1 9 5 4 . M o t d i g u r a t c a n d u g c g h i d d a y l a t a i D a i H g i D a n g t o a n Q u a n t o c h i i c t a i N h a T r a n g c u o i n a m 1 9 5 5 , t i t c a c a c d a n g v i e n d u D a i H g i , d a " h u y g t t h e " " t u y e t d 6 i t r u n g t h a n h " v o i D a n g v a L a n h T u N g o D i n h D i e m , d u 6 i s u c h i i n g k i e n c u a O n g N g o D i n h N h u . ( t r . 4 3 0 , 4 3 6 - 4 3 7 )

M g t d i e u k h a c c a n g h i l a c a c o n g " N g i i D a i T r u " d a c o n h i i n g c i i c h i / h a n h v i r o r a n g l a d e d u g c u u a i c i i a a n h e m H o N g o . O n g D o n x i n d u g c d a y d a o v a rita t g i , n h u n g l i n h m u c d u o n g n h i e m , l i n h m u c D o B a A i , G i a m D o c T u y g n U y C o n g G i a o Q u a n K h u I I , t i i c h o i , k l i u y g n o n g ky " k h o n g n e n h i p t i p q u a " ( t r . 3 3 5 ) . O n g K h i g r n c i i n g C O l a n x i n d u g c h g c v a t h e o d a o C o n g G i a o n h u n g b i k h o n g a i k h a c l a O n g N g o D i n h N h u n g a n c a n , v i " n g u o i c u e l u c c h o n g c a c v i g n c h i i c c a o c a p t r o n g c h i n h q u y g n v a q u a n d g i t h o i b a y gicr x i n v a o C o n g G i a o " l a i c h i n h l a o n g ! ( t r . 3 5 5 )

O n g D i n h l a n g u M d a t u y e n b o " h e t s i i c v i o h d u " d u g c h u o n g d a n d o a n d a i b i i u D a n g C i n L a o t a i C a o N g u y g n v g d u D a i H g i D a n g T o a n Q u a n t o c h i i e t a i N h a T r a n g n a m 1 9 5 5 . L i i c d o o n g m o i l a m g t d a n g v i g n d q b i . ( t r . 4 3 6 ) . T a i D a i H g i n a y o n g l a m g t t r o n g n h u t g n g u o i d a " h u y g t t h e " t r u n g t h a n h t u y e t d 6 i v o i D a n g v a l a n h t u N g o D i n h D i e m . N a m s a u , o n g d u g c o n g C a n d a c e a c h c h o n h a p D a n g , v a n h a n l a m c h u b u o i l e t u y g n t h e c u a o n g i y . V a O n g C a n c i i n g l a n g u o i x i a T 6 n g T h 6 n g D i e m c h o o n g d u g c t h a n g h a m T u o n g .

V g o n g D o M a n t h i t i r l a l i n h k h o x a n h t r o n g q u a n d o i P h a p , o n g d a t u n g d u g c c a t n h a c l e n d e n q u a n h a m D a i T a , v a G i a m D o c N h a A n N i n h Q u a n D o i . O n g l a n g u c r i d a m a n g d a n h h i e u " D 5 M a n " v i n a m 1 9 5 4 , t r o n g t h o i g i a n o n g d u g c O n g D i e m ( l i i c d o c o n l a T h u

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T u o n g ) g i a o c l i o c h i i c C h i h u y t r u c m g P h a n k h u D u y e n H a i , d a ap d u n g " m o t d u c m g l o i q u a c i i n g r a n vcA n h i i n g d a n g p h a i , l u c l u g n g , c h 6 n g l a i T h u T u c i n g D i e m l i i c b a y g i o " . ( t r . 3 6 2 ) O n g d a d g c m g t b a i d i e n v a n c o c a u k e t : " K h i t h i e n g s o n g n i i i d a h u n d i i c n e n c o n n g u o ' i N g o D i n h D i e m " ( t r . 3 6 3 ) . T r o n g t h o i g i a n o n g l a m G i a m d o c N h a A n N i n h Q u a n D g i , o n g d a b u g c n h a n v i e n d u 6 i q u y e n o n g t r o n g m g i p h i i c t r i n h l e n T o n g T h o n g p h a i e o c a n : k i n h x i n T 6 n g T h 6 n g n h a n n o i d a y " l o n g t r i a n v a s u t r u n g t h a n h t u y e t d 6 i c i i a N h a c h u n g t o i " . ( t r . 3 6 6 )

R i e n g v S o n g K h a n h , t h i t u y o n g t a d u g c l i e t v a o d a m " N g i i D a i T r u " , o n g k h o n g p h a i l a d a n g v i e n D a n g C a n L a o , n h u n g h a n h v i c u a o n g k h o n g k h a c g i h a n h v i " v u i v e , k i n h c a n " c u a mky o n g k i a . O n g M i o h t h u a t r a n g n a m 1 9 5 6 , k h i o n g d u g c b o n h i e m l a m T u L e n h S u d o a n I B g B i n h , o n g x i n v a o c h a o O n g C a n , n h u n g k h o n g d u g c o n g n a y t i S p .

" t t r h o r n s a u , m o i b u o i s a n g , d S u g i o l a m v i e e , vdtqnm p h q c c h i n h t S , o n g t q l a i x e d§n d a u n g a y t r u o e n h a O n g C a n . S a u k h i y e n c a u n h a n v i e n g a c c o n g t r i n h o n g C a n x i n c h o o n g g a p , o n g t r o v a o n g o i t r o n g x e d g i h a n g t i e n g d o n g h o . K h o n g d u g c g ^ p , s a n g h o m s a u o n g l a i d e n . V a c i i n h u v a y b a b 6 n b u o i s a n g h§n." ( t r . 3 5 6 )

M g t c u c h i k h a c : n g a y 3 0 - 1 0 - 1 9 6 3 , h a i n g a y t r u o e d a o c h a n h , o n g t u l a i m a y b a y t i t C a o N g u y e n r a H u e , m a n g m g t b o h o a , d e c h i i c m u n g s i n h n h q t c u a O n g C a n , h g i h g p r a t v u i v e v o i o n g n a y , v a d u g c o n g t a n g m g t c h a i s a m b a n h v6i t r e d e n h a u v o i T u o n g T r i .

N h u n g n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 " N g i i D a i T r u " d a x i i t r i t h e n a o v 6 i a n h e m H g N g o , l a c h u y e n d u g c m g i n g u o ' i d e u b i e t . V a d o i v o i n h i i n g v i e n c h i i c , q u a n n h a n d a r a n g s i i c p h u c v u D e N h i i t C g n g H o a , t h i h o l a i t o c a o l a " C a n L a o a c o n " , " g i a n o c u a H g N g o " , v a b a t b 6 , g i a m c a m , t u t g i , t r u n g p h a t . M a c h i n h T u o n g K h a n h d a k y m g t s i c l e n h h a c a p b a c , g i a i n h i e m , c a e c o n g c h i i c " d a d u g c t h a n g t h u c m g q u a l a m t r o n g t h W N g o Txiku" ( t r . 3 5 9 ) , v a n S u k h o n g c o B a c sT N g u y e n L u r u V i e n c a n n g a n , o n g d a k y s a c l e n h d a t D a n g C a n L a o n g o a i v o n g p h a p l u a t , ( t r . 2 2 5 ) m a h a u q u a l a l a m t a n r a n g a y b g m a y h a n h c h a n h v a q u a n s q c u a M i e n N a m V i e t N a m , v i r a t n h i e u s i q u a n , c o n g c h i i c d a g i a n h a p C a n L a o t r u o e n a m 1 9 6 3 . V e e a c h c u x i i t r o n g v u x i i t u O n g Ckn thi d a n o i c h i ti§t 6 t r e n . ( x e m t r . 1 1 )

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T v r e a c h v a e a c h c u x i i c i i a " N g Q D a i T r u " , v a m o t s o t u o n g l a n l i k h a c n i r a d a n g d u g c l i e t v a o l o a i n a y , d a d u g c o n g M i n h p h e p h a n d u 6 i k h i a c a n h v o " l i e m sV\ t r o n g " d a n h d u " ( t r . 3 6 1 ) . O n g Trkn V a n H u o n g d a p h e p h a n g o n g a n g h o n n i i ' a v o i m a y c h i i ' : " h g b a t t a i , k h o n g C O d a o d i i c " . ( t r . 3 4 5 )

3/ Ong Ngo Dinh Nhu yh Dang Can Lao Nhan Vi

T r o n g Hoi Ifc o n g M i n h d a d a n h m g t c h u o n g d e n o i v e C a n L a o N h a n V i C a c h M a n g D a n g . C h u o n g n a y ( C h u o n g V ) g 6 m 2 p h S n : P h a n 1 n o i v e l y l i c h c u a O n g N g o D i n h N h u v a t u t u o n g c u a O n g . P h a n 2 n o i v e t 6 c h i i c v a t h u c t r a n g c i i a D a n g C a n L a o N l i a n V i C a c h M a n g . N g o a i r a , a P h u b a n V I ( t r . 5 2 1 ) , o n g d a d a n g l a i n g u y e n v a n m g t b a i c i i a O n g N h u n o i v§ " l u g e d 6 " c a i t 6 x a h g i m a O n g d e x u o n g . D a y l a m g t t a i l i e u r a t q u y , v i r a t h i e m . S a n g k i e n c u a o n g M i n l i d a g i i i p s o i s a n g m g t k l i i a c a n l i xk i t d u g c b i 6 t d i n , v a n h a t l a i t d u g c h i e u r o ; t r i e t l y c a n b a n v a n h i i n g u o ' c m o c i i a a n l i e m H g N g o .

T r o n g n h i i n g n a m O n g D i e m ckm q u y i n v a s a u v u d a o c h i n h 1 9 6 3 , " C a n L a o " l a m g t d a n h t u m a h a u h e t a i 6 M i e n N a m c i i n g c o n g h e n o i d e n , v o i n h i i n g h a m y k h o n g t o t d e p . " C a n L a o " t h u o n g d u g c h i i u n h u l a m g t D a n g b i m a t c i i a a n h e m O n g D i e m l a p r a d i t h i h a n h " g i a d i n h t r i " • — - l i i n g d o a n b o m a y Q u o c G i a , n h a t l a Q u a n D g i , v a k e m k e p u y h i e p d o i l a p — . " C a c h M a n g " r a t I t k h i d u g c n h S c d i n . C o n " N h a n V i " t h i t n y d u g c n g h e n o i d i n t h u o n g h o n , n h u n g r a t i t n g u o i t h u c s y h i e u n o m u o n n o i g i . T h e m n i i a , s u t h a n h l a p c u a m g t t r u n g t a m N h a n V i 6 V m h L o n g , g i a o p h a n c u a D i i c C h a . T h u c , l a i g a y n g g n h a n r a n g N h a n V i l a m g t p h u o n g t h i i c t u y e n t r u y i n t r a h i n h c u a C o n g G i a o .

T r o n g s 6 n h i i n g n g u o i k h o n g h i i u r o v i N h a n V i c o c h i n h t o i . TxSxxg c o n g v i e e h a n g n g a y t o i g a p d a n h t i i ' " N h a n V i " n a y r a t t h u c m g , n h u n g m o i l a n p h d i d i c h n o r a t i e n g A n h l a t o i l i i n g t i i n g , L y d o l a c a c d i e n v a n c u a T o n g T h o n g D i e m v a t r a l o i c a u h o i c i i a k y g i a n g o a i q u o c p h o n g v a n O n g d e u d o O n g N h u t h a o . N h u n g O n g N h u t h u o n g v i e t b a n g t i e n g P h a p , v a t o i c o n h i e m v q d i c h r a t i e n g A o l i . O n g N h u d u n g c h u : P h a p " P e r s o n n a l i s m e " . D i c h r a t i i n g V i e t t h i k h o n g c o v a n d e , v i d a n h t i r " N h a n V i " d a e o s a n . N h u n g d i c h r a t i i n g A n h tibii t h a t l a l o i t h o i , v i t i i n g A n h " P e r s o n a l " c o n g h i a l a " R i e n g / T u " v a n h u v a y " P e r s o n a l i s m " l a " C h u n g h i a r i e n g t u " , v o i

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h a m y l a l a y r i e n g , t u l a m t r o n g ! C h o n e n t o i b a t b u Q C p h a i d i m g c u m t i r " T h e d o c t r i n e o f t h e r e s p e c t f o r h u m a n v a l u e s " . D i c h n h u v a y s a t n g h i a " N h a n V i " h e m , n h u n g n o l o n g t h o n g , v a k h o n g d u n g h a n .

N a y , d o c n h i i n g v a n b a n c i i a n h i i n g b a i t h u y e t t r i n h c u a O n g N h u v S " C a n L a o N h a n V i " m a o n g M i n h d a d a n g r a t r o n g Hdi Ifc, t o i m a i t h a y r o r a n g l a O n g N h u m u o n g i . M a c a i m a O n g a y m u o n v u a c a o c a v a t h a m t h i i y , v u a t h i e t t h u c v a h o p t h a i , d a n g p h u c , d a n g k i n h .

K h u n g c a n h g i 6 i b a n c u a b a i n a y k h o n g c h o p h e p b a n d e n t a t c a n h U n g k h i a c a n h c u a t u t u o n g v a c h u t r u o n g c u a O n g N h u . d d a y t o i c h i d§ c a p d 6 n m o t s 6 k h i a c a n h i t d u c r c b i 6 t d 6 n : c a n b a n c u a t u t u o n g c u a O n g N h u , n h i m g m r i c t i e u Icm — u o c m o — c i i a O n g , n h i i n g c h u o o i g n g a i m a o n g g a p p h a i .

T e n t u o i O n g N h u d i n h h e n v o i d a n h x u n g " C a n L a o " , h a y d u n g h o n , " D a n g C a n L a o " , n h u n g n h i i n g b a i d i e n t h u y e t d a l a m c h o O n g n 6 i t i S n g t r o n g n h i i n g n a m o n g b a t dka xak h i e n t r e n s a n k h a u c h i n l i t r i V i e t N a m , 1 9 4 9 - 1 9 5 0 , c h o t h a y r a n g , v e c a n b a n , t u t u o n g c u a o n g l a m o t t u t u o n g x a h o i c h u n g h i a , n h u n g k h o n g p h a i l o a i M a c -L e , m a l a l o a i n h a n b a n . T r o n g h a i b a i d i e n t h u y S t c u a O n g , n§u b a i d a u m a n g t i t l a " C h i i N g h T a N h a n V i " , t h i b a i t h i i h a i m a n g t i t r a t r o r a n g l a " H o c T h u y e t X a H o i C h i i N g h T a N h a n B a n " . P h S n k h a c , m 6 i u u t u l o n c u a O n g v 6 x a h o i l a c a c l o p l a o d o n g v a n o n g d a n . N o b i e u 16 t r o n g s i r k i e n d a n g m a O n g l a p t r o n g g i a i d o a n d a u m a n g d a n h l a " D a n g C o n g N o n g " . D a n h t i r n a y s a u d u g c d 5 i t h a n h " D a n g C a n L a o " d e t r a n h l a m l a n v o i C g n g s a n , v i " D a n g C o n g N o n g " c Q n g l a t e n s o k h o i c u a C g n g S a n X 6 V i e t " . N h u s e t h S y ci d o a n s a u , u n t u v e n o n g d a n s e t h e h i e n t r o n g k h a i n i e m A p C h i e n L u g e t r o n g t h a p n i e n 1 9 6 0 . P h a n k h a c , t o b a o m a o n g l a p r a n a m 1 9 5 2 d e p h o b i S n t u t u o n g c i i a o n g m a n g t e n la. Xa Hoi, v a O n g l a n g u o ' i s a n g l a p r a L i e n D o a n L a o C o n g .

T r o n g n h i i n g n a m T 5 n g T h 6 n g D i e m n l m c h i n h q u y S n d a n h t i r " N h a n V i " d i r g e d i m g t h u o n g t r o n g k h i d a n h t i l " X a H g i " k h o n g d u g c d e c a p d e n , c o t h e l a d e t r a n h n g g n h a n t i r p h i a n g u c r i M y , n h u n g t o i v i n n g h T r i n g t u t u o n g c u a O n g N h u l a m g t t u t u o n g x a h g i c h i i n g h i a . T o i d u g c b a n g c h i i n g v e d i e m n a y t r o n g h a i t h a n g c u o i c i m g c i i a c h e d o . L i i c d o , O n g N h u r a t b a n r g n v i p h a i d u o n g

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dhu v a i n h i i n g r o i l o a n l i e n q u a n v 6 i v q " t r a n h d a u " e u a P h a t G i a o , v i r a p h a i l o d e p h o n g v e d a o c h a n h , n e n k h o n g c o t h i g i a t h a o t r a l a i p h o n g v S n c u a b a o c h i c h o T o n g T h 6 n g , n e n O n g g i a o v i e e d o c h o t o i . V a n g a y c a p h o n g v a n c u a c h i n h O n g n i i a . T r o n g m o t p h o n g v a n n a y , v e n o i d u n g , c i i n g n h u n g o n n g Q , t o i d i i n g h a n v e q u a n d i e m x a h o i c h i i n g h i a , n h u n g O n g k h o n g s u a d o i , k h o n g p h e b i n h g i ca , h a b i i t k y c h a p n h a n n g u y e n v a n b a n t h a o c u a t o i .

V e n h i i n g m u c t i e u 1 6 n c u a O n g — ^ n h i i n g u 6 c m o m a a n h e m H p N g o h i n g n u o i d u a n g , tibieo l a i c a n d a n c u a C u N g o D i n h K h a , t h a n p h q h o — • t h i d a d u g c t r i n h b a y t r o n g h a i b a i t h u y e t g i a n g c i i a o n g t r o n g b u o i s i n h h o a t v e A p C h i e n L u g e k h o a V I H d a n h c h o c a c g i a o s u d a i h g c v a t r u n g h g c n g a y 8 - 1 - 1 9 6 3 t a i T h i N g h e , v a c u g e n o i c h u y e n v a i c a n b g x a y d q n g A p C h i e n L u g e t a i m g t t i n h m i e n T r u n g v a o dhx n a m 1 9 6 3 . N g u y e n v a n c u a n h i i n g g i a i t h i c h n a y d u g c o n g i V I i n h g h i l a i d a y d u ( x i n x e m c a c t r a n g 4 1 9 v a k t ) .

V S p h S n t r i S t l y , n h i i n g u 6 c m a t r e n d a y n h i m t i m r a m o t Y t h i i c h e d e d o i c h o i l a i v 6 i Y t h i i c h e C o n g s a n . O n g N h u p h a i m a t 2 0 n a m — 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 5 0 — m a i t i m d u g c m g t Y t h i i c h e t h i c h h g p . N o l a m g t Y t h i i c h e T o a n d i e n ; b a o g o m c a d a i s o n g N g i t a i , d M s o n g C g n g d o n g , v a dcr i s o n g S i e u n h i e n d e h u o n g d e n T o a n C h a n , T o a n T h i e n , T o a n M y .

V e p h a n x a y d u n g x a h g i , t h u y e t N h a n V i c u a O n g n h a m x a y d u n g m g t x a h g i d u a t r e n b a n g u y e n t S e " T a m T i i c " ( b a t u t i i c ) : 1 / T u t i i c t r o n g t a t c a c a c l a n h v u c c h i n h t r i , x a h g i , q u a n s u , t i n h t h a n v a t u t u o n g . . . 2 / T u t l i e v S T 6 c h i i c v a T i e p h e u d i k h o i b i l e t h u o c ; 3 / T u t i c v i k y t h u a t d i p h a t h u y k h a n a n g c h i i n d i n , n h a n I q c s i n c o .

B a T u t l i e t r e n d i d o i v 6 i b a T u g i a c : 1 / C a n h g i a c v i S i i c k h o e ( t h i x a c ) ; 2 / C a n h g i a c v i D a o d i i c v a T a c p h o n g d a o d i i c ; 3 / C a n h g i a c v e T r i t u e , p h a t h u y t o i d a 6 c s a n g t a o , s a n g t a c , k h a n a n g c h i e n d a u c u a n h a n v a t l u c s a n c o .

T a m G i a c v a T a m T i i c t r e n d a y h g p l a i t h a n h m g t c h u n g h i a , T a m N h a n C h u N g h T a . ( D a n h t t r n a y l a m t a n h a d i n T a m D a n C h u N g h T a c u a l a n h t q e a c h m a n g T r u n g Q u 6 c d a n h t i e n g , T 6 n D a t T i e n ) . T r o n g c h i i n g h T a T a m N h a n n a y , b a t h u c t a i c u a c o n n g u 6 i d e u d u g c c h i i t a m : B i s a u ( t u d o , t r a c h n h i e m , s u y l u a n , t i n h t h u a n g ) ; B e R g n g ( l i e n d o i v o i n g u o i k h a c t r o n g c g n g d 6 n g ) ; B e c a o ( p h i n t u o n g l i n g v6i t h i e n g l i e n g ) .

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V§ p h u ' c m g d i e n t h u e t i l n , d a i s 6 n g h a n g n g a y , e h u n g h T a T a m N h a n b i i u 16 t r o n g k h 4 u h i e u : " N h a n V i , C o n g D 6 n g , D 6 n g Ti§n". O d a y c a n n h a n m a n h r a n g q u a n n i e m T a m N h a n n a y l a t r i e t l y d a d u q c ' c u t h e h o a t r o n g k h a i n i e m A p C h i e n L u g e v a ap d u n g r g n g r a i k h i A p C h i i n L u g e d u g c c o i n h u l a Q u 6 c S a c h , m g t c h i i n l u g e q u y m 6 d i n g a n c h a n l a n s o n g C g n g S a n .

V e c h u 6 n g n g a i n g a n c a n s q a p d q n g c u a Y t h i i c H e N h a n V i , t h i c h i n h O n g N h u e 6 n g n h a n l a v a i c a n b a n t r i e t l y m a O n g c h u t r u o n g :

" k h 6 n g i t t h i n h i i u c i i n g c o v a c h a m v a o c a c t 6 n g i a o , t i n n g u o n g C O t r u y e n c i i a x i i s 6 . i S I h u n g c h u y e n p h a i d i i t k h o a t v 6 i m g t s 6 t h a i d o , t h a i d o t r i e t 1 ^ , t i n n g u o n g h a y c a m t i n h c 6 t r u y e n l a m g t e u g e e a c h m a n g p h a i l a m , k h 6 n g l a m k h o n g d u g c . . . m i n h k h o n g d i s a u v a o d a o g i a o n a o , n h u n g c o m g t s 6 t h a i d o p h a n t i e n b g t h i m i n h p h a i b i e n d6j [ . . . D o l a n h i e m v q d i i v 6 i d a n t g c , m i n h k h 6 n g t h i d a o n g i i , k h 6 n g t h i t r i n t r a n h . . . "

K h i n o i v e D a n g C a n L a o , i t n g u d i k e m t h e o h a i c h u : " N h a n V i " , n h u n g l a i i t n g u ' o i h o n n u ' a d i y h a i c h i i " C a c h M a n g " v a k h 6 n g t h i y r i n g t e n c i i a D a n g d o l a " C i n L a o N h a n V i C a c h M a n g D a n g " . N h u d a g h i 6 t r e n , O n g N h u n h a n m a n h n h u c a u p h a i l a m m g t c u g e C a c h M a n g . O n g g i a i t h i c h n h u s a u :

" C h i i n g t a p h a i n h i n n h a n r a n g c o m g t s 6 t h a i d o c 6 t r u y e n k h 6 n g t h e t 6 n t a i , v i n o c h a n b u o f c t i e n c u a d a n t g c . T u t s q n h i n n h a n i y , t a y t h i i c d u g c n h u c a u t h a n h t o a n b a n g e a c h n a y h a y e a c h k h a c , m g t s 6 t h a i d o l a m c a n t r a b u 6 c t i e n c u a d a n t g c , b u a c t i e n n h a m p h u c v q c o n n g u 6 i t r o n g x a h g i "

" M u 6 n p h q c v q c o n n g u ' c r i t r o n g x a h g i t h i c o n n g u c r i d o p h a i t i i n , x a h g i d o p h a i t i i n . N h u n g x a h g i c h i c o t h i t i e n d u g c v 6 i n h i i n g c o n n g u o ' i c o y t h i l c n h i e m v q . C h o n e n , t r e n n g u y e n t a c , c h i i n g t a p h a i n h i n n h a n r a n g p h a i c o m g t y t h i i c h g t i i n b 6 " ( t r . 4 2 1 )

H o n n i i a t h i k y t r u a c , O n g N h u d a d a t n g o n t a y l e n m g t v i n d e m a g a n d a y , m g t s 6 n g u a i V i e t , c a n g n g a y c a n g d o n g , titiugc n h i e u g i o ' i •—-nhan v a t c h i n h t r i , h g c g i a t h u o c v e c a e n g a n h c h i n h t r i h g c , x a h g i h g c , k i n h t i h g c , s u h g c . . . — s u q t i m , n g h i e n c i i u v i c a n

80

n g u y e n c u a t i n h t r a n g n g h e o n a n c h a m t i e n c u a V i e t N a m , v a g i a i p h a p d e t h o a t k h o i t i n h t r a n g n a y , d i d e n m o t s i r d o n g t h u a n r o n g r a i . M u 6 n c h o V i e t N a m p h a t t r i e n v a t i e n l e n t h i p h a i c a i t a o x a h o i , m a c a i t a o x a h o i t h u c s u p h a i c o n h i i n g t h a y d o i l o n , m o t c u o c C a c h M a n g , v e v a n h o a : t h a y d o i n h i i n g g i a t r i , n e t t a t c o t r u y S n n g a n c h a n b u o c t i e n c u a d a n t o e

N h i i n g c a i t o c a n t h i e t t r e n d a y c h i c o t h e t h u c h i e n d u g c t r o n g d i S u k i e n h o a b i n h v a o n d i n h . d M i e n N a m V i e t N a m , t r o n g n h i i n g n a m s a u h i e p d i n h G e n e v e , t r o n g t h d i g i a n O n g D i e m n a m c h i n h q u y e n , c a c d i e u k i e n t r e n k h o n g c o . C h i n h p h u O n g D i e m p h a i d o n h & u h e t t h i g i a t a m t r i , t a i n g u y e n v a o v i e e c h o n g p h a h o a i , r 6 i x a m l a n g C g n g s a n . O n g M i n h n o i a n h e m o n g D i e m d a l a n a n n h a n c i i a h a i t h e l u c s i e u c u c m g : h g " b i h g n g s u n g t i t c a h a i p h i a n h a m b i n " ( t r . 4 4 2 ) . T h a t r a , t h i h g l a n a n n h a n c u a 3 l u c l u g n g . T r o n g n h i i n g n a m c u o i h g l a i p h a i d u a n g d a u t h e m v 6 i m g t l u c l u g n g m a i : n h i i n g p h a n t i i p h o n g k i e n V i e t N a m l i e n k e t v d f i n h i i n g p h a n t i t t h q c d a n M y . T r o n g t h a i g i a n g i n n g a y b i s a t h a i , O n g N h u tirucmg n o i d e n v i e e c h i n h p h i i p h a i d o i d a u v 6 i b a lu :c l u g n g — ^ p h o n g k i e n , c g n g s a n , v a t h i r c d a n — • v a o n g d a d u a r a k h a u h i e u : " p h a n p h o n g , p h a n t h q c , p h a n c g n g " d e t a c u g e d a u t r a n h m a c h i n h p h u d a n g p h a i l a m . N h u n g , c u o i c i i n g , t r o n g k h i h g p h a i d u o n g d a u v d f i h a i l u c l u g n g t h u c d a n v a C g n g s a n , t h i h g b i l u c l u g n g p h o n g k i e n d a m s a u l u n g .

O n g M i n h l a m s a n g t o m g t s u k i e n k h d c , k h o n g k e m p h i n q u a n t r g n g , t r o n g P h a n 2 c u a C h u o n g V , k h i o n g n o i v e thq:c t r a n g c i i a D a n g C a n L a o N h a n V i . N h u o n g n h a n m a n h . D a n g d u g c s a n g l a p n a m 1 9 5 0 , n h u n g d i u n a m 1 9 5 4 D a n g m 6 i b i t d i u p h a t t r i i n m a n h . D i e u n a y d e h i e u : l i i c d 6 c o t i n . r a n g O n g N g o D i n h D i e m s a p c h a p c h i n h . T r o n g n h i i n g n a m d i u , 1 9 5 6 - 1 9 6 0 , D a n g s i n h h o a t d S u d a n n g i d u n g s i n h h o a t c o c h i t l u g n g . N h i m g t i r n a m 1 9 6 1 s i n h h o a t c u a D a n g m 6 i n g a y m 6 i l o n g l e o , v i l a n h d a o q u a b a n r g n v e v i e e p h a i d o i p h o v o l n h i i n g k h o k h a n d o t h o f i c u o c g a y r a . H a u q u a l a v i p c k e t n a p d a n g v i e n t h i i u t h a n t r g n g , t a o c o h g i c h o b g n " t h o f i c o c h u n g h i a " I g t v a o D a n g , l g i d u n g d a n h n g h i a D a n g , m u u l g i c a n h a n , g a y b i t m a n v 6 i c h i d o .

O t r e n d a c o n o i d e n t n i c m g h g p t e n D u y e n , cr M i e n T r u n g , d i m g d a n h n g h i a c u a O n g C i n d i l a m n h i i n g d i i u g a y t i i n g x i u c h o D a n g . O n g M i n h d e c|.p d e n t r u c m g h g p c i i a t e n P h a n N g g c C a c , c l i n g l g i

81

d u n g d a n h n g h T a O n g C i n , x u n g l a d a i d i e n c u a O n g , l a m n l i i i u v i e e g a y t a i t i e n g c h o O n g v a c h o c h e d o d M i e n N a m . ( t r . 4 3 3 )

T r e n d a y c h i l a n h i i n g t r u c m g h g p g a y c h a n d g n g , n h u n g c h a e c h i n l a c o n r i t n h i e u t r u c m g h g p k h a c , k h o n g d u g c d u a r a a n h s a n g , v i c a c n a n n h a n m u 6 n t r a n h r i y r a , n e n g i i i i m l a n g . R i e n g t o i , n h u d a n o i o t r e n , c i i n g d a h i k e d u n g t e n c a c O n g C a n h a y D u e C h a T h u c d e h u . ( x i n x e m t r a n g 8 ) .

O n g M i n h c h o b i e t r i n g n a m 1 9 6 1 , v i t i n h t r a n g t r e n , O n g N h u m u o n t o c h i l e l a i D a n g . N h u n g t i n h h i n h c h u y e n b i e n q u a m a u , k e h o a c h k h o n g t h u c h i e n d u g c . T u c m g n e n n h a c ci d a y r a n g n a m 1 9 6 1 l a n a m H a N g i c o n g k h a i v a d a y m a n h c u o c x a m n h a p t a n c o n g M i S n N a m s a u k h i C h i n h P h u K e n n e d y q u y e t d i n h d e p b o H i e p iSdc P h o n g T h u D o n g N a m A , v a c h i p n h a n H i e p D i n h v§ L a o , m o c i t a t u n g c h o q u a n d g i B a c V i e t t q d o a o a t x u a q u a n v a o M i e n N a m . H g l a i b i m a t t h a m d o x e m H a N g i c o c h a p n h a n c h o M i e n N a m m g t g i a i p h a p t u o n g t q v6[ g i a i p h a p L a o k h o n g . N h u v a y , h g d a g i a n ti§p b i n t i n c h o H a N g i b i e t l a M y s e k h o n g d o c t o a n l u c g i U M i e n N a m V i e t N a m , g i a n t i e p t h u c H a N g i d i y m a n h c u g e x a m l a n g c u a h o . D 6 n g t h c r i , v i e n c h u c M y x i x 6 r i n g h g k h o n g u n g h g c h i n h p h u N g o D i n h D i g m n i i a , n g h i a l a c h o h g b i e t r a n g c h u o n g n g a i l o n n h a t c u a s u x a m c h i e m m i e n N a m s e k h o n g c o n n i i a .

V 6 v i e e O n g N h u c o m g t k S h o a c h d i m g n g u c r i g o m h a i g i a i d o a n t h i O n g c o t i e t I g n h u v a y . T r o n g Hoi li'c, o n g M i n h k g c h u y e n m o t o n g b a n d u a c h o d g c H o i K y c u a o n g D o M a n . O n g h o i o n g b a n d g c c h u a , t h i d u g c t r a I c r i : D g c r S i . K h i d u g c h o i l a i : T h i y t h e n a o ? O n g i y n o i : o n g D i e m c o m g t t g i l o n n h i t m a k h o n g d u g c o n g M a n n o i t 6 i : D o l a " t g i d a d i m g v a t i n n h i i n g n g u o i n h u o n g D o M a n . . . " ( t r . 3 6 4 ) . T h a t r a t h i n 6 k h o n g n h u v a y , i t n h i t l a v e p h i n O n g N h u . D i S u n a y t o i d u g c b i e t v i m g t h o m , v a o k h o a n g g i i i a t h a n g 9 , 1 9 6 3 , k h i t o i v a o t r i n h v i e e , n g h e O n g N h u c i n n h i n g i d o v§ o n g M a n . T o i h o i : v a y t a i s a o O n g l a i d u n g n h i i n g n g u ' c r i n h u v a y ? O n g t r a l o i : " t r o n g g i a i d o a n d i u [ n g h T a l a 1 9 5 4 - 1 9 5 6 ] , a i c i i n g s g , k h o n g d a m x o n g p h a . C o n h i i n g n g u c r i n h u v a y , l a l 6 i , l a m c h o m g i n g u c r i b d t s g , p h a i d i m g h g . N h u n g n a y d e n g i a i d o a n k h a c , c a n n h i i n g n g u o i n h u t o a " ( O n g d i m g c h u P h a p " t o i " = a n h ) . N h u n g O n g N h u d a g a p n a n n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 , v a g i a i d o a n t h u : h a i , g i a i d o a n s i p x 6 p l a i n h a n s u v a t 6 c h i l e dh x a y d u n g v a t h u c h i e n u o c m o c a i t a o x a h g i t h e o c h u t r u o n g N h a n V i c u a O n g d a k h o n g t h u c h i e n d u g c .

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D o l a m g t su mk m a t l o n c h o V i e t N a m . N h a n x e t n a y , n g a y n a y , a i n g h i e n curu v a n d e m o t e a c h k h a c h q u a n c Q n g p h a i c o n g n h a n , v i n h i i n g d i e n b i e n q u o c t e v a V i e t N a m , v a n h i i n g t i e t I g c a n g n g a y c a n g n h i i u , t u : n h i i u p h i a , v i g i a i d o a n V i e t N a m C g n g H o a I , d a l a m s a n g t o c a c v a n d e v a b u g c p h a i d i d e n m g t k e t l u a n n h u v a y .

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H a u q u a c u a c a c b i e n e o k e t r e n l a s a u d a o c h i n h t i n h h i n h M i e n N a m r o i l o a n . V i n h i e u n g u y e n d o ; 1 / t u o n g l a n h d a o c h a n h t r a n h d a n h n h a u q u y e n c h i i c l a m t e l i e t b g m a y Q u o c G i a , n h i i t l a c a e e o q u a n a n n i n h v a q u a n d g i ; 2 / n h o m " t r a n h d a u " c u a T h i c h T r i Q u a n g t i i p t q e k h u i y d g n g P h a t T i t d i g a y ap l u c v d f i c h i n h q u y i n ; 3 / C g n g s a n r a n h t a y k h a i t h a c t o i d a t i n h h i n h d e k h u a y d g n g t h e m r o i l o a n n h S m g a y x u n g d o t g i i i a c a c t o n g i a o d i t a o m g t t i n h t r a n g c a n g r i i l o a n h o n n i i a .

N h i i n g h a u q u a t r e n d a y d a d u g c T o n g T h o n g D i e m t i e n d o a n r o r a n g . D a i s i i H a V T n h P h u o n g 6 D i i c l a m g t n h a n c h i i n g v i d i i u n a y . O n g k e v e m g t b u o i h g i k i e n v d i T o n g T h o n g D i e m , t r o n g d i p d u g c g g i v i S a i G o n d i n h a n c h i t b i i T 6 n g T h o n g t r u o e k h i h g i n h a p P h a i d o a n V i e t N a m 6f L i e n H i e p Q u o c d o G i a o s u B H u H g i c a m d a u . O n g n o i n h u s a u :

" T r o n g d e m t h a n h v a n g , t i t D i n h D g c L a p n h i n x u o n g c o n d u Q f n g T h i n g N h i t r i t y e n t i n h - t u y S a i G o n l i i c i y x o n x a o v e n h i e u t i n d a o c h i n h . N g u W n g o i d o , t r a m l a n g t r e n g h e x i c h d u , n o i v 6 i t o i n g i i b e n c a n h ; . . . A n l i b i i t k h o n g , t u i c o n n g o i d a y t h i y e n t r n l i n h u n i a d o . T u i m a k h o n g c o n d a y n i i a t h i n u 6 c m m h r i i h i t h a m h g a t h a p n h i s i i q u a n " ( X i n x e m P h u b a n I V , t r . 5 0 7 )

O n g N h u c i i n g c o l o i c a n h b a o t u o n g t u , k h i d u g c h o i v e c u g e t r a n h d i u c u a P h a t G i a o , farong d i p n o i c h u y e n v o i c a n b g A p C h i i n L u g e t a i S u 6 i L 5 6 n g a y 2 3 - 7 - 1 9 6 3 ;

" T h e o y t o i t h i c a i C h i n h p h u n a y , c a i C h i n h p h u c i t n h i t n a y , l a C h i n h p h u d u y n h i t bo t h i b a o d a m sq: s i n h t i n v a t h i n g n h a t c u a T o n g H g i P h a t G i a o . C h i n h p h u n a y l a C h i n h p h u m a T 6 n g H g i P h a t G i a o r m g l a t d i , c h i n h C h i n h p h u n a y m o f i b a o d a m s u s i n g e o n c h o a n h e m 6 b e n T 6 n g H g i P h a t G i a o .

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N e u C h i n h p h u n a y m a t m a C h i n h p h u k h a c l e n t h i k h o n g b i g t s e x a y r a c h u y e n g i d S i v 6 i P h a t G i a o . " ( t r . 1 6 0 )

N h u T L g n l i i r n g q u a n d i e m . t i ' e n d a y l a q u a n d i e m c u a n g u o i n a n n h a n c o t h e b i c h o r a n g c h u q u a n , k h o n g c o t i n h e a c h t h u y e t p h q c b a n g q u a n d i e m c u a d i c h n l i a n — ^ p l i e C o n g s a n — h a y c h i n h c u a n h i m g t a c n h a n — c a c t t r o n g l a n l i d a o c h i n h — .

V e t u y e n b o c u a c a c l a n h t q C q n g s a n V i e t N a m t h i c o d i p t t r c m g t h u a t c i i n g n h a n d i p n g a y l e n a y e a c h d a y h a i n a m ( 2 0 0 2 ) , t u c m g k h o i c a n n o i l a i h e t . T o i c h i t r i c h d a n l o i c u a H o C h i M i n h v a N g u y S n H i i x i T h o . P I 6 C h i M i n h t u y e n b 6 " k h o n g ngcr t u i M y n g u d e n t h e " , v a N g u y e n H i r i i T h o t u y e n b o s u l a t d o O n g N g o D i n h D i e m l a " m o t m o n q u a t r e n T r o i r o t x u 6 n g m a c h u n g t o i k h o n g t h S t u o n g t u o n g . " ( X i n x e m b a i : " P h e C o n g S a n n o i g i v e T o n g T h o n g N g o D i n h D i e m " 2 0 0 2 )

V S p h i n n l i i i n g n g u o i d a o c h i n h , o n g M i n h d a g h i l a i d u g c n h i i n g l o i t h u n h a n c u a c a c " N g i i D a i T r q " :

T u o n g T o n T h i t D i n l i d a t h u n l i a n ( t r o n g t u t r u y e n 20 Nam Binh NghiSp, 1 9 9 8 ) r i n g c u g e " h a n h q u a n 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 " l a " m o t t h a m b a i l o n l a o d 6 i v 6 i l i c h s i r . . . " a i c i i n g d S u t h i t b a i k S c a H o a K y l a n u 6 c d o n g m i n h , k h i k e t h u t t r q u o c t e d e n q u o c n g i b a t d a u v o t a y c h o t u o n g l a i c l i i S n t h i n g c u a c h u n g h i a C g n g s a n " ( t r . 3 4 3 ) . I t n h i t l a o n g D i n h d a h i e u r a n g o n g d a t u d a o c h i n h o n g !

V e T u o n g D o M a u t h i o n g M i n l i k e r a n g t r o n g m g t d i p d i c o i b o i , n a m 1 9 6 4 , c h i m g t n a m s a u c u g e d a o c h a n h , o n g g a p o n g i y , v a d u g c n g h e o n g a y t d o t r a l o i s a u d a y : " M o a v i i a d a i d i e n C h i n h P h u d u I S P h a t D a n n g o a i b S n B a c h D i n g v S . C h a n q u a d i ! D a k h o n g h o n m a c o n t h u a n g a y t r u 6 c n i i a ! B i S t n h u r i t h i m o a u o n g c o n g l a y t h i n g D i n h h a i l a y d S m i n d a ^ c h a n h m i n c h i ! " ( t r . 3 6 5 ) . R i t d i i n g . n S u o n g M a n c o d u m i n h m a n d e " b i S t n h u r i " t h i o n g s e e o n n g o i 6 c h i i c r i t q u a n h g n g d a i d a i , l a c h i i c G i a m D 6 C A n N i n h Q u a n D g i , t h a y v i p h a i l a m m g t k e l u u v o n g k h o n g c h i i c , k h o n g q u y S n . K h o n g b i S t o n g t h i y b o i c o n o i n h u v a y v o l o n g k h o n g .

N h u n g c a n c h u y e n e o y n g h i a n h i t d u g c o n g M i n h g h i l a i l a c h u y e n c u a T r u n g T a N . d a l a m v i S c d u o i q u y S n D a i T a D u o n g H i S u N g h T a . L i i c b i t u cr m o t t r a i h g c t a p c g n g s a n , o n g d u g c dgc ' m g t q u y S n s a c h c i i a C g n g s a n n o i l e n s u k i n h n g a c c u a h g v S c h i n h s a c h

84

c h 6 n g c o n g h u m h i e u c u a M i e n N a m . S a u k h i d o c s a c h d o , o n g t a ( l u c l a m v i e e v o l D a i T a N g h T a l a T r u n g l i y ) d e n g a p D a i T a N g h T a d a n g b i g i a m c i m g t r a i . V a s a u d a y l a c u g e d o i d a p g i i i a h a i n g u c r i :

- T h u a o n g t h a y , n h i e u n g u c r i n o i o n g t h a y c o n h u n g t a y v a o v i e e g i e t T o n g T h o n g D i e m v a o n g N h u , c h u y e n a y c 6 d u n g k h o n g ?

- K h o n g d u n g . T o i k h o n g c o n h i i n g t a y v a o v i e e n a y .

- V a y a i gik c a c o n g a y o n g t h a y c o bi§t k h o n g ?

- T o i b i e t , n l i u n g l u c n a y c h u a n o i r a duc rc .

- D e n b a o gicr o n g t h a y m 6 i n o i r a d u g c ?

- C o n g a y t o i se n o i c h o m o i n g u c r i b i e t .

- X i n l o i o n g t h a y , a n h g i a c u o n s a c h l e n , c h e d o c a c o n g a y c h o n g C g n g h i i u h i e u n h u v l y m a g i S t n g u c r i t a d i , d§ b a y gicr v o n g o i t i l c a d a m n h u t h e n a y . T a t c a n h i i n g d i i a d i n h v a o v u n a y , t i r t h a n g D u a n g V a n M i n h trcr x u o n g , t o i g g i b a n g " t h a n g " h 6 t ! " ( t r . 9 3 - 9 4 )

L c r i t h i i n l i a n t r e n s e d a y d u h a n n e u c u m t u " n g o i t u c a d a m " d u g c t h a y t h S hkag c u m t i t " n g 6 i t u v a v o n g Q u 6 c c a d a m " .

C a n c h u y e n t r e n c o t h e c o i n h u t o m l u g e v e v u d a o c h u i h n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 v a s u s a t h a i a n h e m H g N g o . V u s a t h a i d o d a l a m c h o l / o c M a c i i a H g — i T d c M a x a y d i m g m g t V i e t N a m X a H g i C h u N g h T a N h a n B a n c h o d a n t g c V i e t N a m ^ — • , k h o n g d a t d u g c . D o n g t h a i n o d a &ky h a n g v a n n g u c r i v a o t r a i t a p t r u n g C g n g s a n , v a h a n g t r i e u n g u a i c h a y r a n g o a i q u o c m a n g m a c c a m " v o n g Q u o c " . T r o n g s o n a y c o c a n h i i n g T u 6 n g v a n h a n v a t , c h i n h k h a c h c h u t r u o n g , t h a m d u , v a h o a n h o d a o c h i n h n g a y 1 - 1 1 - 1 9 6 3 .

l / o c m o m a a n h e m H o N g o c h u a d a t c o t h e t h a u t o m t r o n g " L u g e d o " v e c a i t o x a h g i m a O n g N h u d a t r i n h b a y n g a y t i r n a m 1 9 5 2 , t r o n g s 5 r a mk c i i a T a p C h i Xa Hoi. T r o n g " L u g e d o " n a y , O n g N h u n o i r o c a n b a n l y t h u y e t x a h o i n h a n v i m a o n g d e x u 6 n g l a : " T o n t r o n g n h a n e a c h yk t h i e t l a p i c h c h u n g " . O n g g i a i t h i c h :

" H a i n g u y e n t a c k h o n g t h e t a c h b i e t n a y , c h i n h c i i n g l a n l i i i n g n g u y e n t a c t u n h i e n , d i s a n x u a c u a n h a n l o a i . D i e u h o a d u g c t u d o c 6 t y 6 u c i i a c o n n g u o i v 6 i q u y S n l g i c i i a d o a n t h e t h i s e g i a i q u y e t d u g c v S n d e x a h g i . H a i n g u y e n t a c a y t h u c h i e n h o n g l i c h s i r k h o n g d u g c q u a n b i n h , m g t p h a n l o n

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d o q u a n n i e m t u y e t d o i e u a p l i a i t u d o t u b a n v a p h a i t a p s a n d o i v o i q u y e n s o h i J u . C a n p h a i e a i h o a q u a n n i e m a y d e n h a n c a e h d u q e t o n t r o n g , d o n g t h M h a n h p h i i c c l i u n g d u g c t h a n h t i j u . M g t k h i q u a n n i e m v§ q u y i n sd h u m d a d u g c c a i t o t h i C O c a u c u a c a m g t n e n v a n m i n h s e p h a i b i e n h o a t h e o . " ( X i n x e m P h q b a n V I , t r . 5 2 1 v k t . )

T r o n g h o n m g t t h e k y q u a , k h o n g b i e t b a o n h i e u n g u o i V i e t m i t u v i d a n t g c d a r a s i i c t i m h i i u t h i g i 6 i q u a n h h g , t h u c t r a n g c u a V i e t N a m , v a v a c h r a m g t c o n d u o n g t h i c h h g p d e d u a d a n t g c V i e t N a m r a k h o i c a n h n g h e o k h o , ap b i i c . D a n d a n , v a t r o n g n h u n g t h a p n i e n gkn d a y , g i i i a n h i i n g n g u c r i t r e n d a y e o m g t s u d o n g t h u a n c a n g n g a y c a n g r g n g , v e c a n n g u y e n c i i a t i n h t r a n g c h a m t i e n v a t h i e u t u d o c i i a d a n V i e t , v a g i a i p h a p t h i c h h g p d e r a k h o i t i n h t r a n g n a y . D u o i n h i i n g d a n h x u n g , k h i u h i e u v a t r i n h b a y k h a c n h a u , n h i i n g g i a i p h a p h g d i n g h i c a n b a n v i n l a x a y d u n g m g t x a h g i "Ton tr9ng nhan cdch vk thiet lap loi fch chung". D o l a u o c m o e u a a n h e m H g N g o . V i h g t h a y r o d o l a u 6 e m o c h u n g c u a d a n V i e t N a m .

O t t a w a ,

T h a n g 1 0 , 2 0 0 4

V i e t v a o d i p L e T u o n g N i e m

T i n g T h i n g N g o D i n h D i e m

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