Andreas Tietze and Gilbert Lazard Persian Loanwords in Anatolian Turkish 1967

7/27/2019 Andreas Tietze and Gilbert Lazard Persian Loanwords in Anatolian Turkish 1967

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Persian Loanwords in Anatolian Turkish

Author(s): Andreas Tietze and Gilbert LazardSource: Oriens, Vol. 20 (1967), pp. 125-168Published by: BRILLStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1580400

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PERSIAN LOANWORDS IN ANATOLIAN TURKISHby

Andreas TietzeLos Angeles,Calif.

In collaborationwith GilbertLazard,ParisIt is well known that Ottoman Turkishliteraturefrom its very begin-ning to the early part of this century was strongly influenced by theclassical Persian literature. Knowledge of the Persian language andletters was a sine qua non of Ottoman education. No wonder that thedictionaries of Ottoman abound in poetic, but also prosaic, Persianloanwords. The prosaic ones include a large amount of househouldterminology, which markedly differs from the high-level poetic terms

by its stronger assimilation and integration in the Turkish language.These terms for domestic objects and concepts must have been borrowedat an early stage, however difficult it may be to state when. It is alsodifficult to assess the role which was played by erudite snobbery intheir borrowing,although we may assume that it was not large.Less attention has been paid to the Persian loanwords which are notrepresented n the standardlanguage,but arebeingused in the dialects ofAnatolia. With some of these our present study intends to deal. Allmaterials presented here have been extracted from the Soz derlemedergisi (DD, see Works cited in abbrevation, at end of article) whichonly lists those words that can be regardedas completely assimilated.In this, our study follows a number of earlier studies (AndreasTietze:'Griechische Lehnworter im anatolischen Tiirkisch', Oriens, vol. 8,I955, pp. 204-257; 'Slavische Lehnworter n dertiirkischenVolkssprache',Oriens, vol. Io, 1957, pp. 1-47; 'Direkte arabische Entlehnungen im ana-tolischen Tiirkisch', Melanges Jean Deny, Ankara, I958, pp. 255-333;'Einige weitere griechische Lehnwirter im anatolischen Tiirkisch',Nemeth armagans, Ankara, I962, pp. 373-388).The material presented in this article is arrangedin the alphabeticalorderof the etyma. Each entry begins with the ModernPersian etymon,often followed by remarks about is formation, dialectical variants, andthe distribution in geographically significant areas; a colon then leads


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over to the AnatolianTurkishvariants (Designationof languagehas beenomitted both for the etymon and for the borrowingsin the Turkishdialects). If a variant of the term is also represented n StandardOttomanor StandardAzerbaijani,this is indicated separately.A unified system of transliteration has been used in general, but forthe Turkishwords the spelling of the sources has been retained. In thisspelling there is no systematic distinction between d and e, k and q,h and x, and between long and short vowels.The word list is followed by an Index Rerumin which the material ispresented in view of the meanings of the loanwordsin dialectal Turkish.Here the types are arrangednot so much accordingto logical definition,but rather in groups representing various practical fields of humanactivity. In spite of the incompleteness of our material, it is interestingto see the relative importanceof the broad areaof basic economic activi-ties (agriculture, gardening, irrigation, animal husbandry) on the onehand and that of various domestic subjects (cooking, clothing, familylife) on the other hand. The terms representing a higher level of sociallife and culture are mostly suspect of having been introduced throughan earlierlayer of the standardlanguage.Indices of all the words treated and a table forbibliographical eferencewill be found at the end of the article.

PHONOLOGICAL CHANGEVowels:

Although our sources for the Turkish borrowings do not indicatevowel length, we can safely assume that in the dialectal material alllong vowels have become short. This assumptionis corroboratedby thefact that Persian a and i are often representedin our material as e andi, thus by vowels which cannot be lengthened. Persian e and o, whichtoday have become i and u, ordinarily appear as e and o or o, a factwhichestablishesthe early date of these borrowings.The vowel in Persianxwa occurs n our material as a, o, and u, but the examplesare too few tobe significant. As in the borrowings in Standard Ottoman the shortvowels are ordinarilyput into the palatal category, but also words con-taining a or i often appear in this category throughout as can be seenfrom the following examples:a: 6. *afzdr > evcer(siz); I3. dvang > hevenk; I6. dzana > ecene; 32.caryak > erik; 35. cauganc> oggen; 40. ddn > den; 41. ddna > dene;53. gumn > giimen; 59. harifdna > herfene; 69. kdbin > kebin; 76.kaskdv > keskef; Io2. sagbdn > segmen; II4. Sana > sene; 126. ydrdn >yeren.

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u: 54. guina> gdne;58. gfzga> ciice;78 k4ca > kiiFe;I30. zalf > zeli;I3I. zambwrak > zenbildek.In these exampleswe see the effect of the Turkishrule of vowel harmony.Both palatal and labial harmony were effective in the change duirbzn>diilbiin(46.).An example in which both alternatives of palatal harmoni-zation were realized is Persian araqcin (Io.) which appears as arakgtnand as erehcinas well as in several transitional variants.The Persian diphthong au (today pronounced ou, ow) is representedby o in our material: 35. caugan > fogen;71. kausgar> kosker.A frequent feature, also of Standard Ottoman, is the labialization ofthe vowel in the neighborhoodof a labial consonant. Examples of pro-gressive labialization: 2. durez> havruz;86. mzrdu> imrul; I27. ydva> yavu; and possibly 31. carpaddr> alpatur. Examples of regressivelabialization: 26. cambar> omber; o09.sipdra > supara; II2. adbdsfoba; II6. tdbxdna > tovhana; II7. tabxxdna >tokhana; I35. zihgir >ziifkiir.Also delabializationof a rounded after a non-rounded vowel is foundin Standard Ottoman. In our material there are these examples: 7.dxur > axsr; I30. zali > zeli. This phenomenon also occurs after alabial consonant: 4. afsiin > avssn. Delabialization even occurs in firstsyllables: 98. pustavdn > pestivan; iII. sumtirds > santzra.Since Turkish does not have liquids or nasals in initial position, aprothetic vowel may be used to avoid this feature in borrowed words.Ourmaterial includes several examples for this: 80. ldfzan > yslabazan;89. ndtad > anasta; 99. rang > ireng; 0oo. rasta > arasta; IOI. rzsta >eriste. The opposite development, perhaps caused by hypercorrection,is found in o1. araqc'n> ra?qzn.Epenthetic vowels which serve to break up intrasyllabic consonantclusters are common in Standard Ottoman (They are also common insome Persian dialects, notably in the Khorasan). There are also someinstances in our material: 34. catr > fetir; 70. kaf > kevis.There areseveralinstancesfor the droppingof a middle vowel in wordsof three or more syllables: 8. dlica > alfa; 47. firomdnda >fermana;57. yalladdn >kaldan; 59. harffdna> harfene; 85. me-sna > mesne;I07. sdyavdn > sayvan; o09. szpara > sspra. This seems to be a typicalphenomenon, although there are two cases which seem to present theopposite development (39. dahra > tahara, and 80. ldfzan > yzlabazanand StandardOttoman lafazan).There is one unquestionable case of dropping of a final vowel: 50.gazang4 > gezen.There are three cases of aspiration of an initial vowel: 2. abrez>

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havrtz; 13. dvang > hevenk; IOI. ri?ta > eriste > heriste. There is alsoone case in which the initial aspiration was dropped: 59. harifdna >erfane.Consonants:

The only Persian phoneme which is normally not represented inTurkish is z. In our material it only occurs in one type and there isrepresentedby g: I6. daana > acene.The phoneme y in Turkish cannot occur initially. In our materialPersian initial y appearsonly once; in the loanword it is replacedby q:57. yalladdn > kaladan.Initial g in Turkishonly occurs beforefront vowels; before back vowelsit is desonorized to q: 53. gumdn> kuman.Desonorization also normally takes place in Turkish when a voicedconsonant appears in syllable-final (word-final)position or as a seg-mental feature in consonant clusters. In our material the followingcases occur:

Word-final b > p: 38. cob > 9op.Word-final v >f: 76. kaskdv > keskef; II5. Sev > sef.Word-final d > t: 55. gunda > kiint.Syllable-final g or y > k or q: 37. cirdypd > 9zrakpa; 56. gung > kiink;6I. xarsang > hersek; 83. mary > merk; 99. rang > irenk; I29. zdaya >

zak9a; I32. zang > zenk.g > k after unvoiced consonant: 71. kafsgar > kosker; I35. zihgir >*zihkir > zikir.Word-final g > c: 17. bag > pap; III. sumtirds > sunturaf.Apart from these regular features, desonorization also takes place

typically in the initial consonant:Initial b > p: 17. bag > pa; 23. b6y > poy.Initial d > t: 39. dahra > tahra; 41. ddna > tene.Initial z > s: I29. zsayca > sakFa; I3I. zambiirak > sempirek.Initial g > k: 48. ganduma > kendime; 52. girda > kirde; 55. gunda >kiinde; 56. gung > kiink.Other cases of desonorization:b > p: 69. kdbin > kepin; I3I. zambarak > sempirek.v >f: 5. iftava > aftafa; I07. sayavan > sayfan.d > t: 3I. cdrpdddr > Falpatur;49. gazanda > gezente.g > k: 20. barga > berke; 75. kargas > kerkez.y >x: I8. baybdn >bahmant; 37. cirdypa > Fraxpa; 88. mum-

rauyan > mumurxan.

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Sonorization may occur under various circumstances. Our materialpresents the followingcases:p >b: II8: taxtapdo>tahtaboS, probably under folk-etymologicalinfluence.Preconsonantal f > v: 4. afsan > avsun(lamak);6. *aftar > avcar;

70. kaf? > *kavS > kevis.t > d: 43. dastdr> dasdar; 94. pa-taxta >pedahta; IOO. rdsta >arasda; IOI. ri'ta > erisde; 120. taSt > deft.Initial s > z: IO6.sarbdr> zelber;Io9. sipdra > zipra.Final s > z: 28. cap-rdst > fapraz; 75. kargas> kerkez;9I. palas >palaz.Postnasal q > g: zarin-qadah> zerengade.Initial and internal 6 > g: 25. cdh > cag, cak; 26. cambar> cember;29. carb> cerp; 38. o6b cob; 8. dlaza > aluca; Io. araqc-n> arakcun;45. d6c1a> dolca; 66. xwdnca> honca;78. kMia> kiice; IO6. *sarbdr6a> serverce; I29. zdyca > zaca.Spirantizationmay in many cases alreadyhave taken place dialectallyin Persian. The followingcases occur:Internal b >v (f): 50. gazangubin> gezengevi;69. kdbfn> kevin;Io6. *sarbdrca> serverce; I6. tabxdna> tovhana, afana; II7. tabxxdna> tavana,tafana.q > x before unvoiced plosive: IO. araqisn > arahf,n; II9. tdqea >tahca.Despirantizationof x occurs initially and in postconsonantalposition63. xaygina > kaygsna; 66. xwdnca> gonfa; II. daxdna> askana; 30.carx > fark; 96. pe-sxwdn> peskun,pesgun.Initial aspiration and the dropping of initial aspiration has beenmentioned above (see Vowels). The phoneme h in internal and final

position is often dropped; sometimesit is transformed nto anf, a glide,or a y.Dropping of internal h: 39. dahra > tara; I35. zihgir > zikir. In thefirst of these two examples already Persian has a variant without h, butthe Turkish variant may have developed independently. Here belongalso cases of x > h > 0 (II, II6, II7).Droppingof final h: 25. cdh > fa(ltk); 97. pzh > pi; I34. zarsn-qadah>zerengade droppingof final h after long vowel is common in colloquialPersian, too, and the records show that the phenomenonis old).h >f (and x > h >f): 7. axur > afr; 59. harifdna >ferfene; I35.zihgzr> ziifkiir.h > glide: 97. pih > piy; I35. zihgir > zeykir.h >y: 25. cdh > ag..

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A typical Turkish feature is the transformation of intervocalic orsyllable-final g into a glide, and the interchangeablenessof this glide andof y with v.g > glide: 35. caugdn > f6gen; I02. sagbdn > seymen.v > y or glide, and vice versa: I27. ydva > yaga; 35. caugdn > f6ven;I02. sagbdn > sevmen.Nasalization of the labial plosive is frequent; usually it seems to takeplace under the influence of a followingn (a phenomenonfound also inTurkish words in the eastern part of the Ottoman-Azerbaijanidialectarea): I8. bdybdn > bagman; 2I. bl >mel; 37. cirdypd > zrahma,fzrakman; 6o. xarbanda > harmanda; I02. sagbdn > seyman.

Substitutions among liquids and nasals are common, especiallylamdacismof the r:r >1: 3I. carpdddr > alpatur; 39. dahra >dehle; 46. dirbbn >diilbiin; 59. harifdna >felfana; 88. mimn-rauyan > mumnlgan; Io6.sarbdr > zelber; I3I. zambirak > zenbildek; I36. zer-zamin > zelzeme.I > n: 25. cal > fan. 82. lauzsna > nevzine.n > 1: 46. diirbin > diildiil.m > n: 2. adnd > asma(lkk); 37. cirdypa > fzrakma > fzrapna; iii.sumtiras > sunturaf; I36. zer-zamin > zerzene.In a few cases a syllable-final half-consonant is replaced by 1: 86.mzrau > imral; I02. sagmdn > seymen > selmen. One case of substi-tution of m for the glide may be based on extraphoneticalreasons: 103.

sdliydn > salman.Within the rangeof the sibilants the changefroms to c occursin threedifferent positions: III. sumtirds > sunturaf; 112. sadbads oba; I20.tast > teft. The opposite development is represented by Io. araqczn>rasqin.In the change s > s in 3. afsar > afsarfolk-etymological nfluencemay have been instrumental.There are a few instances of direct consonantal assimilation: I0.araqctn > araccin, araccun; 37. cirdypd > firappa, 9zrappa.Some consonantalchangesmay be explainedas dissimilation:5. dftdva> aktafa; 33. casma > tesme; 117. tabxxdna > tokhane.We have in our material only a single case of consonantalgemination:53. guman > hiimmen.Consonantal metathesis is frequent: o0. araqcin > arafkzn; 12. dsnd >asnaltk > aslansk; 28. cap-rdst > farpaz; 39. dahra > derhe; 103. sdliydn> saytlan, saylan; 105. sdrvdn > savran; io6. sarbdr > zebler. In twocases the shift takes placebetweena consonant and a vowel: 86. mirdu >imrav; 88. milm-rauyan > mumurgan.Dropping of a consonant usually brings about the simplificationof a

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consonant cluster. This can be said for the droppingof the f in 87. muft> mut, mot, of the t in I20. tast > tes, and probably of the n in 6I.xarsang > hersek,and in 99. rang > irek. But often the dropping of aconsonant in one word is counterbalancedby the insertion of the sameconsonant in another word. E.g., preconsonantal r is dropped in 75.kargas> (ak)kekesand in io6. sarbdr> zeber,but r is inserted in 25.cdh > farh and I02. sagbdn> sermen, probably for hypercorrection.Similarly, a d is dropped in i. dukand > aukan and 47. firomdnda >fermana, but an inorganicd appearsin I3I. zambirak > zenbildek;anda t is droppedin I00. rdsta > arasa and I25. ustun > iisiin, but in a caseresemblingthe first exampleforthe droppingof d, an inorganict is added:I8. bdybdn,bdyvdn> bagvant,bahmant.The droppingof half-consonants,usually in syllable-final position, is not surprising (86. mfrdu > mzra;II6. tabxdna> toxene,tohana;36. cirdy > fira, ~zra;88. mim-rauyan >mumuran; I29. zayca > zaca). Also the development of a b after m(I36. zer-zamfn> zerzembi)an be easily explained.But there is a numberof cases of dropping or insertion which cannot be explained easily onthe phonetical level. In some cases we have to question the correctnessof the recording.

Unexplained cases of consonant dropping:I05. sdrvdn> arvan. Dropping of initial s does not occur otherwise.The entry is based on a single record.It needs verification.II2. sabas > saba. The formis well attested. Droppingof final g needsclarification.136. zer-zamin> erzem. The mutilation of the beginning is perhapsdue to a tendency to shorten and to dissimilation.Unexplained cases of consonantal addition at word end:4I. ddna > denem.This development is explainable on the morpho-

phonemic level.45. dolca > dolcek.Probably, this development, too, can be explainedon the morphophonemic evel.58. guga > ciicen.60. xarbanda> harmandal.The development may be due to folk-etymological influence.II7. tabxxdna > tokanak.i. dbkand,dukand 'any hollow channel excavated by the rushing ofa torrent; a place wherewater collects and stagnates; a pond' (Steingass,s.v.), fromdb,dw,du 'water'and the stem form of kandan'to dig': avkant(Antalya), avgant (Antalya, Konya, Usak), avkan (Rize), avgan (Usak,Kiitahya, Denizli, Balikesir,Aydin, Isparta,Istanbul,Afyon, Kastamonu,

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Ankara) 'channel; underground water pipe; tunnel; water reservoirlined with masonry, cistern' (DD 1.127, I28, AD I.I8).2. dbrez,durez 'a vessel used in baths for pouringwater over the headand body; a bucket; a water-pipe, a spout; a drain, a ditch; a water-closet, privy' (Steingass, s.vv.), fromdb,dw,du 'water'and the stem formof rextan 'to pour': I. abrez(Kars: Aynm urugu) 'watercloset' (DoguIl231); 2. avruz (Izmir: muhacir), havruz (Amasya), havrtz (Gaziantep),hevriik (Kastamonu) 'chamber-pot' (DD I.I30, 723, AD I.I63, AnadAgiz233, GazAgzl 3.396). The second type is widely spreadand is also knownin Istanbul and in the standardlanguage; it occurs as a Turkism n someof the Balkan languages (e.g., Bulgarian, Bosnian).3. afsar 'headstall' (Steingass, s.v.), 'halter; bridle' (Miller, s.v.), inKurdish,often with sonorizationof the first consonant,but only recordedwith initial aspiration: hefsar,hdvsar,h'dvsar(hevsar) halter' (Kurdeov315, Bakaev 413, 424, Farizov s.v. nedouzdok): avsar (Bursa) 'halter'(DD 1.131). The change from s to ? may be due to folk-etymologicalinfluence (influenceof the name of the Avshar tribe).4. afs7n 'an incantation, a fascination, verses used in spells; fraud,deceit' (Steingass, s.v.), ManichaeanMid. Pers. 'pswn "spell, incanta-tion": avszn (Klrsehir,Urfa, Gaziantep) 'the practice of reciting a spelland blowingover a sick person;the practiceof pronouncinga spell over aperson in order to make him immune against animal poison', with theverbalderivatives avsunlamak Icel,Nigde), avsmnnamakUrfa)'to engagein these practices', and avsunlatmak Burdur)'to deceive; to get rid of'(DD I. 131, 4.1618, GazAgzl 3.57, UrfaAgzl 93). Standard Azerbaijanihas the form ovsun (and derivatives), Standard Ottoman afsun.5. dftdba,dftdva"a water-pot; a ewer; traveller's bottle" (Steingass,s.vv.), from db "water" and tdba "pan": aftafa (Kars: Karakoyunlu

urugu), aktafa(Kars) 'water-pot,pitcher, ewer' (DD 1.85, Doguil 3, 231).The first form is identical with Standard Azerbaijani aftafa id. TheIranianloanwordappears n Turkishalreadyin the IIth century (Atalay:Divanii lugat-it-tiirkdizini s.v. aftabl).6. afzdr "a tool, an implement" (Haim, s.v.), with variants avzdr,auzdr"tools; spiceries,hot seasonings"(Steingass,s.v.), "a tool" (Haim,s.v.), and abzdr "a tool; spices, seasoning" (Haim, s.v.), Pahl. afcdr"Instrument, Gerat", with Arm. aucan, aucar "Hilfsmittel, Arznei"(Nyberg,s.v. afcdr):avcar(Seyhan, Diyarbekir,Maras,Gaziantep)'tool;hunting materials like gunpowder, bullets, small shot, cartridges, etc.'(DD 1.126); avcar (Kayseri, Maras, Gaziantep, Seyhan, Nigde, Kars)'spices; spices used in the preparationof dried meat (pastzrma); aste,flavor' (DD 1.126, AD 1.17, KaysS6z 7), with the derivatives avcarlamak

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(Itel) 'to spice (food) in order to prevent corruption' (DD I.I27) andavcarsiz, evcersiz (Nigde) 'rude, unpolished (person), inconsiderate(talker); incoherent (talk)' (DD I.I26 f. s.v. avcar, 127, AnadAgiz 204).The origin of the Turkish forms is not the standard Persian form afzdr,but a dialectal form *afgdr, *afzdr, which may perhaps be recognizedin A?tiyani owzdr "beam (of plough)" (Kiya, Giiyi?i Astiyan io). Therelationbetween the two meanings"tool"and "spices"is not quite clear.7. dxur "a stall for horses"(Steingass,s.v.), "amanger,a stall" (Haim,s.v.), Pahl. dxvar id. cf. Arm. axur, Kurd. axyl (axil), axoi id. (Kurdoev4I, Bakaev 14, Farizov s.v. khlev), but Kurdish has also a variantafyi (afir) 'manger' (Jaba-Justi I3, Kurdoev 39, Bakaev 33, Farizovs.v. yasli), cf. Georg. axori 'hay-rack': axor (Kars), axtr (Gaziantep),ahzr(Mugla),afur (Kastamonu, Giresun,Ordu) 'stall for a horse; stable'(DD 1.79, Dogutl I50, 23I, GazAgzl 3.34, AnadAglz 201, KuzeyDogu43, 305); ahir (Izmir,Bursa: muhacir),afur (Kastamonu,Sinop, Zongul-dak) 'manger' (DD 72, 79). The first type ('stall; stable') was as axor,modern ahir, the Standard Ottoman term, whereas the second type('manger') correspondsto Standard Azerbaijani axur. Because of theinterferenceof the standard word, the listings in dialect dictionariesarequite sketchy. A third semantical type, designatinga drinkingbasin foranimals at a fountain (ahzr, agzr, ahur, DD 74, 79, 80, I604) seems to bea blendingof this wordwith the synonymous axar (ahar,akarDD s.vv.),an aorist derivative of Turk. aq-, ax- 'to flow' (possibly, it is found inPersian as Turkishloanword,see the listing in Steingass).The Iranian loanword is recorded in Turkish in the IIth century(aqur,Atalay: Divanfi lugat-it-tiirk dizini s.v. akur). Ottoman has beena center of diffusion of the word (cf. Arab dxir 'ecurie' DozySuppl I.I;Greek cXo6p,Andriotis 30, HistLex 3.384, I6th c. MoravcsikByzTurc2.83; Bulg. Serb. Lokotsch no. 36, etc.)8. dluica"damson or prunella"(Haim, s.v.), "prunella;mirabelleplum,small plum" (Miller,s.v.), from dli 'plum'with the diminutive suffix -6a:aluf (Elaziz), aluca (Diyarbakir),alfa (Elaziz, Van) 'wild plum; greenplum' (DD 1.94, 4.I6I0, GiineyDogu 262, Anadil 218). Standard Azerbai-jani has alca. The word is not known in Standard Ottoman.9. angusta 'a fork for winnowing grain' (Steingass, s.v.), from angu?t'finger' and the denominal formans -a: engiiste (Tokat) 'tongs' (DD2.538).Io. araqcin 'a handkerchief, napkin, sudary; a little cap' (Steingass,s.v.), from araq (from Arab. 'araq) 'sweat' and fin, the stem form offidan 'to gather': arakf9n(Ankara,Malatya, Tokat, Kiitahya, Manisa),arakcmn (Ankara, Erzurum, Kastamonu, Sivas), arahcm (Kayseri),

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AndreasTietzearapon Samsun), araccin (Trabzon),rasktn, rasqzn(Ballkesir) 'skullcap,nightcap; skullcap of pink cambric; velvet skullcap with embroiderededges' (DD I.I08, 4.I615, AD 1.12, 2. 117, AnadDial I.I99, TrabFolk260); arakzin (Sivas, ?orum, Izmir, Konya, Denizli, Malatya), arahzsn(Kayseri),araccun(Amasya),arask(Kars; perhapserroneous or araskin,which would be close to the StandardAzerbaijaniform), erehcin(?orum)'highornamentalheadgearwornby the bride at the wedding'(DD 4.I615,AD 1.126, 2.7); arakctn (Afyon) 'richly ornamented scarf worn by thebride' (DD 4.I615); arafkzn (qanakkale) 'loosely woven head scarf'(DD 4.I614); erakcin (Kayseri) 'bridal crown plaited with ears of wheat'(AD 2.54); arak9zn, erakgin (Kayseri) 'bride's wedding dress made ofears of wheat' (KaysSoz 6, 34); arafkzn (Istanbul) 'beret' (DD 4.I614).Standard Ottoman knew the term araqgzn a linen cap worn under aturban' (Redhouse, s.v.), which has become obsolete together with theSache, but Standard Azerbaijani still uses aragein, araSgin 'skullcap'(Hfisejnov,s.vv.).The formation of the Persian word must have been conditioned bythe Arabic term (recordedin the IIth century, cf. DozySuppl., s.v.)'araqiyafor several kinds of headgear.II. dsxdna 'a kitchen, a cook's shop' (Steingass,s.v.), from as 'soup,etc.' and xdna 'house': asana (Ordu),asene (Amasya),askana (Erzincan)'kitchen' (DD 1.122, AD 2.8, KuzeyDogu 307). The word is also used inStandard Ottoman (ashdne)and StandardAzerbaijani (asxdnd).12. asnd 'a friend, companion, comrade, acquaintance', with thederivative asndi 'friendship,acquaintance' and the phrase dsndi dddan'to give signs of recognition,to make oneself known to each other as ac-quaintances,after intercoursehaving been interrupted' (Steingass,s.vv.),Pahl. dsndk:asna (Mus: Terekeme agzl) 'friend, acquaintance' (Anadil220); asmaltk (Maras,Seyhan), aslantk (Urfa) 'joking, plaisanterie' (DD4.1618, AD 2.8). The Persian loanword is found in the two literary langu-ages, Ottoman (dsind)and Azerbaijani(dsnd),and the derived formdsndiis paralleledby the Turkish derivative in -luk, lhg.It is likely that thevariantswith the meaning'joking,plaisanterie'originate romthestandardlanguage;but this can hardly be assumed for the unsuffixed variant.I3. dvang 'a line on which clothes or bunches of grapes are hung upto dry' (Steingass,s.v.), a derivative of the root of avextan"to hang":hevek(Kayseri,Corum,Ankara,Gaziantep),hevenk Gaziantep)'bunchesof grapes, pears, apples, pomegranates, etc., suspended on a rope orstick to keep them for the winter' (DD 2.723, KaysSoz 44, GazAgzi3.400). The variant hevenk is used in Standard Ottoman.Theinitial aspirationmay be due to a blendingof the word with another

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Persian Loanwords n AnatolianTurkishPersianloanword,Pers. hdvan'mortar',from which is derived Ott. havan,but also, with blending,Azerb. hdvdng.

I4. dvdra 'lost, annihilated; ruined; scattered; destitute of name orcharacter; an exile, outcast, vagabond, vagrant' (Steingass,s.v.): avara(Bolu, Samsun, Seyhan, Manisa, Konya, Zonguldak, Izmir, Kars,Kiitahya, Bilecik, Ankara, Nigde, Klrsehir, Kastamonu,Sinop,Malatya,Gaziantep) 'poor,infertilesoil; bad, weak; inactive, idle' (DD 1.126, Gaz-Agzl 3.56). The last meaning, occurringin a saying (cf. GazAgzl2.I24),may be derived from Standard Ottoman. In Standard Azerbaijani(dvdra,dvdra)and in Standard Ottoman (avdre)the word means 'idle;idler, vagabond'.

I5. ayvdn 'a sofa; a portico, open gallery, verandah, balcony on thetop of the house, for the benefit of the prospect and fresh air; a palace'(Steingass, s.v.): ayvan (Erzincan, Diyarbekir, Elaziz, Ankara, Itel,Giresun,Erzurum, ?ankir, Rize, Kocaeli, Balikesir, Kars; Sivas: Kara-papah agzl), eyvan (Malatya,Elaziz, Van, Corum,Bitlis) 'balcony; roofbalcony; flat roof; platform;three-walledhut or room, open on one side;drying loft for fruit, etc.; verandah; hall, military depot' (DD 1.142,2.567, AD 2.56, SivasTokat 219, GiineyDogu 264, AnadIl 237, 238).The term, today obsolete, is recorded in older sources of StandardOttoman.I6. dzana'a tool for notching millstones' (Steingass,s.v.), a derivativeof dSadan, daidan "to prick, pierce, sew": acene (Kayseri), ecene (Sivas,forum, Ankara, Klrsehir, Ordu,Burdur),ecine(Kayseri)'tool for cuttinga hole in wood or metal; tool for cutting a hole in a scythe for insertionofthe handle; tool for punching holes in leather; stonemason's chisel'(DD 1.67, 2.505, AD 1.115, KaysSoz 3, 32).17. bag 'tribute; toll levied by the road-patrol' (Steingass, s.v.),Old Pers. bdfi- "tribute": pa9 (Afyon, Elazlg, Maras, Gaziantep, Seyhan)'tax, tribute; share; capital', with the derivative paFcz (Gaziantep),bacszc(Giimishane, Yozgat) 'collector of tax or tribute' (DD 3.1127,4.1621, GazAgzl 3.546). The term bdc was common in older Ottoman; itis obsolete in the modern Standard Ottoman-Turkish,but still used inStandard Azerbaijani.I8. bdyban, bdyvdn 'a gardener; a vine-dresser' (Steingass, s.vv.),from bdy 'garden; vineyard' and -ban, -vdn 'keeper, guardian': bagvan(Van),bagman Mus:Terekemeagzl; Kars:Ayrm agzl), bagvantKayseri),bahmant (Eskisehir), and, with a Turkish suffix, bagvanci (Van), bagmancs(Kars: Terekeme agzl) 'gardener;keeper of a vineyard; vineyard guard'(DD I.I55, 4.1622, Dogull 1.233, Anadtl 221). The variant bagman(Giresun) 'garden; kitchengarden' (DD 4.1622, KuzeyDogu 307) can be

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explained as derived from the overcharacterizedvariant in -cz. StandardAzerbaijani has bdybdn'gardener'; this form was also used in olderliterary Ottoman.For the development of the final -t in some variants, we can pointto a StandardOttoman parallel:pazvant'watchman',from Pers. pdsbdn,pasvdnid.19. bdrddna largewallet; a cloak-bag,a portmanteau,etc.' (Steingass,s.v.), from bar 'burden, load, baggage, pack' and -ddn 'container of':bardan (Erzurum) 'large sack of goat's hair, for carrying straw' (DD1.165).Standard Azerbaijanibcrddn s glossed as 'large sack for fibrous rawmaterialslike cotton, wool, silk, etc.'20. barga "something suggestive of a leaf", barga i zarddlu, hulii"dried apricots, or peaches, cut in lobes" (Haim, s.v.), from barg"leaf"and the suffix -a: berge Sivas,Afyon, Amasya,Malatya),berke(Erzurum)'apricot; wild apricot (zerdali)' (DD I.I92, I93, SivasTokat 220), withthe compound bergefiri (Sivas) 'dried apricot' (SivasTokat 220); berge(Sivas) 'peach' (DD I.192). Apricots are preserved and marketed indriedform, thus the term for the dry fruit can easily become a Wander-wort. For a parallel, compare Russian orjuk, urjuk 'dried apricot', aTurkic loanword (Kirg. iriik, Uzb. urik, Bashk. orok, KazanTat. orek,etc.), or English raisin, from French raisin 'grape'.

21. bel 'a shovel, spade' (Steingass, s.v.): bel (Kayseri, Gaziantep;Anatolia), bil (Ankara),mel (Ordu) 'spade; gardener'spickaxe; narrowhoe' (DD 3.1048, AD 1.3I, KaysS6z ii, GazAgzl 3.86), with the compoundotbeli(Konya) 'shovel for ashes' (DD 4.1701), the expressionbeldepmek(Gaziantep)'to work over with a spade' (GazAgzl3.86), and the deriva-tive bellemek Gaziantep) 'to dig over with a spade' (GazAgzl 3.88). Thevariant bel is used in Standard Azerbaijaniand Standard Ottoman.22. belca'small shovel, small spade', from bel 'shovel, spade' and thediminutive suffix -ca: belfe(recordedn Antalya, froma native of Kerkiik)'shovel' (DD I.I84).

23. boy 'odour, fragrance, perfume; scent, spice' (Steingass, s.v.), cf.boy-afzdr,bozdr "spice, seasoning" (Steingass, s.v.): boy (Bursa, Icel,Giresun, ;orum, Maras, Isparta, Giimiisane, Kayseri), poy (Tekirdag;Istanbul: muhacir) 'a preparation of ground cumin seeds and otherspices, used as coating for meat preserve (pasttrma);cumin seeds' (DD1.220, 3.162, KaysS6z I3).24. eddar'a tent, pavilion; a mantle, scarf; a veil; a sheet; a shroud,winding-sheet; a table-cloth' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl. cdtur, Astiyanieddera(Kiya 42): fadzr (Malatya, Teke) 'tent', (Malatya, Sivas) 'sheet

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(as woman's outer garment, or bed sheet)', (Edirne, Izmir, Teke) 'um-brella' (DD 4.I640, AD 1.6I, SivasTokat 223), with the compoundsfadzrbezi (Zonguldak) 'cambric', and fadsretegi (Ankara) 'rain cloudcoveringthe whole sky' (DD 4.I640). StandardAzerbaijaniand StandardOttoman have the meaning 'tent'; thereforethe dialect dictionaries donot reflect the full distribution of this meaning.Another type belonging to the same root is attested by StandardAzerbaijaniCadra,Kurd. cadrd(Bakaev437), Russ. cadra,etc., 'woman'souter garment', which is also dialectically recorded in Anatolia: fadira(Manisa) id. (DD 1.29I).25. Cdaha well, pit' (Steingass, s.v.), also Kurd. cah (fah) 'pit; well'(Kurdoev 148): fah (Erzincan, Giimiisane, Samsun, Malatya), faha(Kastamonu), farh (Elazlg, Istanbul), Fag (Konya, Giresun, Elazlg,;anakkale, Kayseri, Ankara, Bursa, Sivas, Afyon, Tokat, Klrsehir,Kastamonu), cag (Nigde, Konya, Zonguldak, Tokat, Canakkale, Ordu,Amasya, Kars, (orum, Bursa, Elazlg), cak (Kayseri), cal (Erzurum),fal (Van), falh (Erzincan), fan (Malatya), with the derivatives fagltk(Amasya, Ankara, Cankin, Eskisehir, Bursa, Giresun, Kastamonu,Samsun), falsk (Bursa), 'kitchen sink with water tap, drain, and seweror cesspool,or any part of this installation; installation forwashinghandsand face; washroom (gusiilhane) with floor drain' (DD 1.244, 245, 29I,292, 293, 296, 30I, 306, 4.I64I, I642, AD 1.49, 6i, 66, KaysS6z I9),also in the compounds fagevi (Nigde), faghlkbucags(?ankin) 'washroom(gusiilhane)'(Ad 1.6I).The washroom for complete ablution (in Turkish gusiil) is requiredin every Muslimhousehold. It is, furthermore,customary to gather thewater fromthe kitchen sink and the water from the toilet in two separatecesspools in order to protect remnants of bread (which is venerated asGod'sgift) against defilement.The variants with I have to be connectedwith Pers. cdl, dala,cdli "pit, hollow" (Haim, s.vv.), Kurd. c'al (cal)'pit' (Kurdoev 148).26. cambar 'a kerchief, collar, necklace' (Steingass, s.v.): ,ember(Trabzon, Gaziantep, Kastamonu, Ankara, Edirne, Seyhan, Sinop,Kocaeli, Konya, Ballkesir, Bilecik, Manisa, 1eel, Istanbul, Amasya,Izmir, Rize), 9omber(Trabzon),cember Isparta, Ordu, ?ankir, Antalya,Kiitahya, ?anakkale, Ankara, Icel, forum), cenber (Ankara, Bolu,Seyhan), felber (Avsar dialect) 'headkerchief, scarf' (DD 1.252, 321,AD I.70,GazAgzl 3.I53, KuzeyDogu 314).Possibly, another type has to be connected with this one: fanpzr(Mugla) headscarf made of white material (hiimayun)' DD 4.I643), withfampzr(Kiitahya), fanpur (Konya), sampszr Sivas) 'cambric'(DD I.30I,

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dirhems; 50 dirhems' (DD 4.I646). The 'quarter', Standard Azerb.6drdk, Standard Ottoman Geyrek, s a general loanword applying tovarious matters.33. aslma a fountain, source, spring', from caSm'eye' and the suffix-a, with the Kurdish variant &eSma,esme) 'toilet, privy' (Kurdoev I65):fesme(Gaziantep)'toilet, privy' (GazAgzl3.I56); tesme(Izmir) 'fountain,spring' (DD 3.1348). The form with initial t-, perhapsto be explained asdissimilation,is also found in Syrian Arabic tasme 'latrines' (Barthelemy85), where it is a loanwordfrom Turkish.34. 6atr 'an umbrella,parasol',Sanskrit chattra- parasol',with Kurd.Cdtyr(fetir) id. (Kurdoev 162): getir (Kars: Terekeme agzl) 'umbrella'(DD 1.329, DoguIl 239). The variant belongs to the area of StandardAzerbaijanicditir d.35. caugdn "a stick with one end bent, used in a game at ball; thegame of polo or horse-shinty; a crookeddrum-stick; a stick having oneend arched, to which is suspended an iron or steel ball, carried as anensign of royalty" (Steingass, s.v.), with an arabicized variant gaukdn(Steingass), Pahl. C6pakdn"polo-stick; the game of polo", a derivativeof cob "wood; stick", with Kurd. cidwgan9ewgan),cogan (Fogan) stick;crutch; the game of polo' (Kurdoev 162, 172) and Armenian googan'stick, crook': cogen((orum), ,ogen (Urfa), o-gen Kastamonu, Antalya,Diyarbaklr, Konya, Urfa, Erzincan, Ankara, Malatya, Gaziantep,Giimiisane), 0oggenKonya), oiven (Gaziantep) 'stick, cane, shepherd'scrook; hooked stick for bending down high branches; yoke for carryingwater pails' (DD 1.285, 375, AD 1.83, GazAgzl 3.I75, UrfaAgzi I03).The Persian loanword is found as fevgdn in older literary Ottomansources as the term for 'polo-stick'.36. cirdy 'a lamp; light; the wick of a candle' (Steingass, s.v.), withKurd. c'yra (9ira), c'yray (Firax) 'lamp' (Kurdoev I69, Bakaev 451):fzrag (Denizli), ,ira (Bahkesir),p,ra (Gaziantep, Kayseri, Klrsehir, An-kara, Seyhan, Konya, Kastamonu) 'oil or kerosene lamp; light' (DD1.340, KaysSoz 23, AnadDial I.I60, I6I, GazAgzl 3.I61), with the com-pound foban tzrasz Istanbul) 'asparagus',(Tokat) 'a certain plant usedas firewood' (DD 4.1650) and the derivatives 9iralk (Konya) 'lamp-stand', (;orum) 'small metal kerosenelamp' (DD 4.1648) and ,zralamak(Izmir) 'to light (a fire)' (DD 4.I648). Standard Azerbaijanihas cirdg'lamp', whereas Standard Ottoman 9trahas the meaning 'resinous woodfor kindlinga fire'. The Standard Ottoman doublet 9zrakmeans 'appren-tice'.

37. cirdypd 'foot of a lamp; portable lamp; candle-stick' (Steingass,s.v.), from cirdy 'lamp'and pd 'foot', with Kurd. c'yrap'e(firape) 'lamp-

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stand' (Kurdoev I69): Fzrakpa (Bitlis), szrappa (Klrsehir), fzrakma(Ankara,Kayseri, KlrSehir,?anakkale, Nigde, Bolu, Gaziantep),firahma(Klrsehir,Nigde, Bolu), zarakmanBursa,Bolu, Nigde, Ankara, Giresun,Sivas, Bilecik, Mugla, Kocaeli, Yozgat, Samsun) 'lampstand; candle-stick' (DD 4.1647, 1648, AD 1.75, GazAgzl 3.161; ilustrations in Alaca-Hoyiik, pl. VII no. 38, pl. IX no. 64); firappa (Konya), fzraxpa (Van),zarapna Izmir), ztrakma t9el, Konya, Manisa, Klrsehir, Aydin, Izmir,Kayseri), szrakla(Yozgat), zsrakman Kayseri, Balikesir) 'small oil orkerosene lamp' (DD 1.340, 357, 4.1647, 1648, AD 2.34, KaysSoz 23,Anadtl 229); firakma (Istanbul: muhacir), ,zrakman (Edirne), 9zrak(Isparta) 'saddler'sor tanner's tripod; tripod for shoeing oxen or water-buffaloes' (DD 1.340, 4.1648); frakma (Istanbul?) 'minaret' (DD 4.1647);qzrakman(?anakkale, Edirne) 'pile of sesame sheaves' (DD 4.1648);zsrakman (Ankara) 'waterfall' (DD 1.340, 4.1648); zarahba(Giimiisane),Vtrahma(Klrsehir), fzrakman (tIel; Istanbul: muhacir) 'boys' gameconsistingof landinga spoolin a holeby hitting it with sticks' (DD 1.340);zrakman (Ankara)'apprentice'(AD 1.75 f.).The last-mentioned variant has to be associated with Standard Otto-man 9zrak apprentice',which derives from Persian cirdy 'client, depen-dent'. The semantical development underlying the types designating'waterfall' and the boys' gameis not clear.Amongthe fishermenof Istan-bul, the termfzrakmans used for 'beacon ighted to attract fish by night'.A problemis posed by the widely distributed variant ending in -n: Arewe here confronted with an internal Turkish development? Or do theseetyma go back to another Persian etymon? Standard Azerbaijanihascrdaybdnillunlination',obviously a loanwordfrom Persian (fromwhichword?), but semantically remote. Persian cirdybdna lamp-stand;candlestick' fits semantically, but not in form.(The isolated variant ;zrabana'fire-place', from Istanbul: muhacir, quoted in DD 1.340, can hardlybe connected with it). It, therefore, seems safer to assume a Turkishdevelopment.38. cob 'a log; wood; a tree; a staff, rod, baton, stick; a drum-stick,etc.' (Steingass,s.v.): oopIzmir),cop (Anatolia),cob(SouthernAnatolia,Bolu, Afyon, Ankara, Klrsehir) 'thick stick with knob' (DD 1.283, 369,AD I.58); cop (?anakkale)'woodenpeg which holds the parts of a wheel'sfelloe together' (DD 1.285); cobdikmek(Southern Anatolia) 'a game inwhich sticks are thrust into soft groundor mud' (AD I.59).Modern Standard Ottoman has cop 'truncheon, policeman's baton'.The voicednessof the majorityof variantsrequiresclarification.Perhaps,an intermediary language has to be assumed for the borrowing, e.g.,Armenian t'sub 'stick'.

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39. dahra, ddra 'scythe, sickle; reaping-sickle; a pruning-hook; afarrier'sinstrument for paring horses' hoofs; a small two-edged, sickle-formed,sharp dagger' (Steingass,s.vv.), with Kurd. dehre spade' (Jaba-Justi, s.v.): dehre Amasya,Karak6se,Giresun,ElAzig,Malatya,Giimiisa-ne, Van, Urfa), derhe(Malatya),dehle(Ankara),dahra(Konya, Ankara,Kayseri, Nigde, Corum, Amasya, gankin, Tokat, Gaziantep, Maras,Kirsehir),darha(Ankara),tahra(Ankara,Denizli, Tokat, Konya, Aydin,Izmir, Tekirdag, Trabzon, Bursa, Kiitahya, Kastamonu, Zonguldak,I9el, Afyon, Eskisehir, Istanbul, Rize, Bilecik, ?oruh, Isparta; Manisa:muhacir; Bahkesir: muhacir), tahara (Trabzon), tara (Aydin, Balkesir,?anakkale, Izmir, Manisa, Mugla; Istanbul: muhacir) 'sicklelike toolwith handle, used for pruning trees or vines, cutting fire-wood, etc.'(DD 1.394, 404, 412, 420, 3.I300, 1315, AD 1.89, 364, AnadDial 1.205,GiineyDogu 272, GazAgzl 3.181, TrabFolk 294, UrfaAgzi I05); tahra(Zonguldak) 'reaping-sickle' (DD 3.I300, AD 1.364); dehre (Erzincan,Sivas), dahra (Ankara, Gaziantep, Malatya), tahra (Konya, Ankara)'butcher's knife; iron tool for breaking bones; tool for pounding meat'(DD 1.394, 412, 3.I300); tare (Eskisehir) 'stone-mason's tool shaped likea butcher's knife' (AnadIl 279).

Standard Azerbaijanihas ddhrd'chopping-knife,cleaver'. In modernStandard Ottoman the type does not exist, but it is recordedas dahra,tahra 'pruning-sickle' in sources of the XVI-XVIIIth centuries (cf.TTS, vols. 2-4, s.vv.).40. ddn 'grain', also Kurd. dan 'grain' (collectively) (Jaba-Justi 172,Kurdoev I80): den (Siirt) 'wheat cleaned of the bran', (Erzincan) 'seedsof vetch', (Karak6se)'grains (of maize, pomegranate, etc.)', (Giimiisane)'bread crumbs, remnants of food' (DD 1.416). Standard Azerbaijanihas dan 'grain'; in Standard Ottoman the type is missing.4I. ddna 'grain; a berry; stone of fruit, seed of grain or fruit', (Stein-

gass, s.v.), also "piece (counting word)", from ddn 'grain' and -a: ddnd(Balikesir, Isparta, Afyon), dene (Giimiisane, Sinop, Gaziantep, Ankara,Konya), ddni (Denizli), tdnd (Manisa), tene (Gaziantep, i9el, Urfa;Southern Anatolia), denem (Mugla) 'grain, seed; berry; piece (countingword)' (DD 1.416, 3I.339, AD 1.376, AnadDial I.I63, GazAgzl 3.663,UrfaAgzl 136, GiineyBatl I07, 122), with many derivatives and com-pounds. The distribution of this general loanwordis not fully reflectedin the dialect dictionaries(StandardAzerbaijaniddnd,StandardOttomanddne,tdne).42. darz 'a joint, the joining of the skull, a suture, a seam; a rent in agarmentwhich has been sewed up' (Steingass,s.v.), "a crevice, an inter-stice" (Haim, s.v.), also Kurd. ddrz (derz) 'split, rift, flaw; scratch;

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scar, seam' (Kurdoev 197): derz (Kayseri) 'crevice between two rocks',(Konya) 'fissure between bricks, etc.', (Tokat) 'layer of mortar betweenstones or bricks' (DD 1.421).43. dastdr 'the sash of fine muslin cloth wrapped round the turban;a handkerchief,napkin; a towel; an apron' (Steingass,s.v.), with Kurd.ddstar (destar) white scarf wound around the head by men' (KurdoevI93): dastar (Tokat, Giresun, Sivas, Erzurum, Samsun, Kars, Denizli,Konya, Aydin, Amasya) 'head scarf; table napkin; napkin for coveringfood or dough; thin woolen rug, blanket, or curtain' (DD 1.405, 4.I653),with the compounds dasdar kilim (Giresun)'kind of rug' (KuzeyDogu314) and bas dastarz (Isparta) 'woman's head scarf' (DD 4.1625).

44. ddya 'a nurse, foster-mother; a midwife' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl.ddyak: taya (Sivas) 'wet-nurse' (DD 1.1325 f.), with the derivativetayada? (Ankara, Giimiisane, Maras, Konya, Itel, Klrsehir, Kayseri,Sivas, Urfa, Bahkesir, Adana) 'coetaneous,coeval, equal, peer, compa-nion' (DD 1.1326).Standard Azerbaijani has taya 'wet-nurse'. In Ottoman, the termddye is restricted to the older literary language. The voiceless initial isfound in some north-western Iranian dialects, Gilaki tdye (Sootoodeh,Farhang i gilaki 49), Astiyani tdyya (Kiya, Gfiyisi Astiyan 26).45. dolca 'a leathern bucket' (Steingass, s.v.), from dol (from Syr.daula) and the diminutive suffix -ca: dolca (Kars, Bursa, ?ankin),dulFe (Erzurum) 'scoop, dipper; drinking-mug' (DD 1.455, 472); dolcek'well-bucket' (DD 1.464). Standard Azerbaijani has dolca 'jug; largemilk-pail'.Cf. Georg.tolca'pitcher, jug'.

46. dirbin 'far-sighted; a telescope', from dir 'far' and the verbalelement -bin 'seeing':diilbiin(Sivas), diildiil(Antalya,Malatya;SouthernAnatolia; Ankara: Tiirkmenler)'telescope' (DD 1.482, AD 1.112, Sivas-Tokat 229). Older Ottoman and Standard Azerbaijani have the formdirbin, modern Standard Ottoman diirbiin.In the meaning 'farsighted',the Persian word is old: as a term for 'telescope'it may be an Ottomancreation; it occurs in Ottoman sources of the I7th century. Since themodern term is of common usage, the dialect dictionaries do not reflectthe distribution of the type.

47. firomdnda 'broken, weak, fatigued, tired, dejected, depressed,oppressed; helpless; without relief; bewildered, amazed; defective'(Steingass, s.v.), from firo 'down, downward'and mdnda, participle ofthe verb mdndan 'to remain; to be fatigued': fermana (Sivas) 'weak'(DD 2.574). The immediate source is probably literary Ottoman fiiry-mdnde'exhausted'.

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48. ganduma'a kind of grain deprived of the husk' (Steingass, s.v.),"gruaude froment ou semoule" (Desmaisons,s.v.), from gandum'wheat'and the individualizingsuffix -a: kendime Kars) 'brokengrainsof poun-ded wheat (bulgur)' DD 4.1686).49. gazanda 'biting, stinging; injurious, hurtful; venomous, noxious;a venomous reptile or reptiles' (Steingass, s.v.), 'a biting creature, astinger' (Haim, s.v.), active participle of the verb gazzdan'to bite; tosting': gezente(Edirne, Ankara; Southern Anatolia), gezenti (Tekirdag;Edirne: muhacir), kezenti(Denizli) 'pest, an insect infesting vegetables,melon plants, and in particularbroad-beans;person who moves aroundtoo much' (DD 2.624, 893, AD I.I44). The last-mentioned meaning is afolk-etymologicalinterpretation associating the word with the Turkishverb stem gez- 'to wander around'.50. gazangubzn and gazangu, Steingass, Vullers) "manna", from gaz"tamarisk" and angubin "honey": I. gezengevi Elazig, Diyarbaklr,Mar-din)', II. gezengi(Elazig),gezen(tIel) 'manna'(DD 2.624).5I. girau 'a wager, stake, bet; a pledge, pawn, deposit, earnest; acontract' (Steingass,s.v.), Pahl. grav, cf. girau dddan"to put in pledge,to pawn" (Miller,s.v.), with Kurd. gyrav (girav), gyrev (girev) 'pawn'(Kurdoev 282, 283, Bakaev io6): girav (Malatya) in the expressiongiravavermek to pawn, to mortgage' (DD 2.638).StandardAzerbaijanihas girov 'pawn'.

52. girda 'a kind of round cake, but not thin' (Steingass, s.v.), also"a loaf" (Haim, s.v.), from gird 'round; circle' and the suffix of concre-tization -a: girde (Konya), kirde (Kiitahya) 'a kind of bread; a kind ofbread; a kind of unleavenedcake with poppy-seedsor cheese' (DD 2.638,4. I692).Standard Azerbaijani has girda 'round', but the term for 'kind ofround cake' is found in Anatolian literary sources of the I4th-I8th cen-turies (cf. TTS, vols. I-4, s.v. kirde).53. guman 'doubt, suspicion, surmise; opinion, fancy, supposition,imagination; conceit, pride, haughtiness' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl. guman,with Kurd. goman, gumnan hope, faith; opinion; thought; doubt'(Kurdoev 292, Bakaev Ioo): guman (Ankara, Zonguldak, Klrsehir,Kayseri, Trabzon), guman (Trabzon, Ankara), giiman (Adana, Mara,,Van; Eastern Anatolian nomads), giimen (Seyhan, Ankara, Denizli,ICel,Antalya, Urfa, Sivas; Eastern Anatolian nomads), kuman (Ordu),iimmen (Manisa)'hope, illusion; thought, opinion, guess; surmise, sus-picion' (DD 2.685, 759, AD I.I53, 2.65, 66, SivasTokat 240, OrtaAnad 242,GiineyDogu 287, DoguIl 255, KuzeyDogu 333, AnadIl 250, TrabFolk62, 272). The type, which in the form giimdnoccursin the two standard

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AndreasTietzelanguages, is not very common in Standard Ottoman, for which reasonit is not overlookedby the dialect dictionaries.

54. gina 'colour; species; form, figure, external appearance, mode,manner, kind' (Steingass, s.v.), from gun 'colour, form manner, etc.'and -a: gone (Tekirdag?)'color;kind, quality' (DD 2.659).55. gunda "a lump of dough" (Steingass,s.v.), with a variant yundaid., Pahl. gund(ak) d., Arm. gund, gundak"sphere,ball", Avest. gunda-"Mehlteig, Teigballen" (Bartholomae, Altir. Worterbuch 525): kiinde(Afyon, Kars, Kerkiik), kiint (Van, Erzurum, Erzincan, Bitlis, Kayseri,Ankara, Kars) 'lump of dough ready to be baked into one loaf; potter'sclay' (DD 2.1008, IOIO, AD 1.259, KaysSoz 63, Dogutl 264); kunt(Giimiisane,Erzurum) 'lump of dough for the preparationof flat bread'(DD 2.993). To this belongs Standard Azerbaijani kiindd 'lump of dough'.56. gung 'dumb; one who conversesby signs; stupid' (Steingass, s.v.),Pahl. gung, with Kurd. kung 'mute' (JabaJusti 344): kiink (Denizli)'tongue-tied;having a poor memory, unintelligent (child)' (DD 2.oo009).57. yalladdn'a granary', from yalla, borrowed from Arabic, 'corn,grain' and the element -dan 'container of': kaladan (Samsun, Sinop),kaldan (Samsun) 'small storage unit within a granary' (DD 2.815, 4.1672,AD I.I96, I97).58. gugia'a chicken, a poult' (Steingass, s.v.): ciice (Samsun, Sivas,?orum) 'chicken'(DD 4.I639). To this type, possibly, also belongs ciicen(Giresun, Ordu) 'chick' (DD 4.1639). Standard Azerbaijani has giidg'chick'.

59. harifdna'in a companionablemanner',from harzf,borrowed fromArabic, 'associate, companion, mess-mate' and the suffix -ana, anaction modifier: harfene (Gaziantep), herfene(Kars, Erzurum, Isparta,Kayseri, Sivas), halfene(Gaziantep), erfene (Karak6se,?anki, Ankara,Kayseri), felfana (Nigde), erfane ((ankir), erfene(Tiirkmenagzl), dlfdnd(Antalya, Isparta) 'a feast or picnic where each participant contributeshis share' (DD 4.I665, AD I.I35, 2.54, 70, KaysS6z 35, GazAgzl 3.384,390, AnadDial 1.167, 2.146, OrtaAnad 236).The Literary Ottoman term is herifdne,but already Meninski (I680,vol. 2, p. 3198) lists variants: 'drifdne, zrfdne, refene 'Zech, Urte, einemjeden seine Portion'. The modernstandardform is drifdne.The loanwordseems to have entered Anatolian Turkish through Standard Ottoman.60. xarbanda 'an ass-owner, muleteer' (Steingass, s.v.): harmanda(Seyhan, Gaziantep, Maras), harmandal (Adana) 'servant who looksafter someone's pack-animals; caravan-leader's assistant; servant,groom' (DD 2.706, GazAgZi 3.39I).6I. xarsang 'a large rough stone; heaps of gravel (renderinga road

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disagreeable to travel on); obstacle, stumbling-block' (Steingass, s.v.),fromxar 'ass' and sang 'stone': hersek(?anakkale) 'stony country, stonyfield' (DD 2.722). The Turkish recordis isolated, thereforethe etymologyhas to be regarded as tentative in spite of the good phonological andsemantical agreement.62. xdcdk 'chips, leaves, sprigs, shoots, suckers, young grass, smallbits of wood, shavings, parings, or refuse of any kind; also dust, motes,straws, or anything similar which gets into the eye or liquors; rubbish,siftings' (Steingass,s.v.), a derivative of xds 'rubbish,chips, etc.': hasak(Bursa: muhacir) 'rubbish, chips, crumbs, filth mixed with dirt anddust' (DD 2.707).There is only this single record for the Anatolian variant, and we arenot told where the immigrant (muhacir)had come from.63. xaygina, xagina 'a fried egg' (Steingass, s.v.), 'scrambled eggs,also omelet' (Haim, s.v.), a derivative of xdya "egg": kaygmnaDenizli),kaygana (Adana,Izmir; Tiirkmenagzl; Avsar agzl), gaygana(Gaziantep)'dessert consisting of a kind of bread or cake soaked in syrup' (DD

2.856, AD 1.212, GazAgzi 3.309), with the diminutive derivative kay-ganaczk(Sivas) 'a kind of beets' (DD 4.I683).The variants with -a- as second vowel are widely spread; the variantkaygana is known in Istanbul as 'omelette'. Standard Azerbaijani hasgayyanag 'friedeggs'.64. xist 'a javelin, dart, spear, halberd, pole-axe' (Steingass, s.v.),Old. Pers. arsti-, with Kurd. xyst (xist) 'wedge,blade; bayonet; javelin;mace' (Kurdoev 373), Georg. xigti 'bayonet': xzst (Malatya), hzst (Er-zincan, Kars), hist (Erzincan) 'dagger; iron rod with sharp point (espe-cially, the kind used by dervishesfor self-infliction of wounds); fishing-spear' (DD 2.733, 737, AD I.I70).

65. xiStak"a gusset" (Steingass,s.v.), also "seat (of trousers)"(Haim,s.v.), from xist "brick" and the diminutive suffix -ak, compare xigti"shaped like a brick or lozenge; diamond-shaped"(Haim, s.v.): hzstek(Malatya, Kars), histek (Elazlg, Urfa) 'gusset, triangularpiece sewn inthe armpit of a garment; arm-pit; field of trapezoidalshape' (DD 2.733,737).66. xwdnca, xunca "a small table, like a tea-board; a tray; meatssent from a marriagefeast to an absent friend" (Steingass, s.v. xunca)from xwdn "a table, covered table, and the meat upon it; a spacioustray" (Steingass,s.v.) and the diminutive suffix -ca; with Kurd. xunc'd(xunfe) 'cup, bowl; tray' (Kurdoev 381), Georg.xonca 'wooden tray':honfa (Samsun, Bursa, Tokat, ?orum, Bitlis, Yozgat, Klrsehir,Kayseri,Konya, Ankara), hanfa (Kayseri), hunfa (Kars, Van), gonfa (Isparta),

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honca(Kayseri) 'food sent as a gift to the house of the bride; weddingpresents brought by those invited; food sent as gift from the bride'shouseto the groom'shouse; tidbits offeredto bride and groom; ceremonyof betrothal; things secretly sent by the wife to her mother's house;present, award; award given for good tidings; food or present given bythe owner to the shepherd when he announces the birth of a lamb orother animal' (DD 2.644, 700, 742, 757, KaysSoz 46); hon9a (Malatya)'dried fruits', (Klrsehir, Nigde) 'round table used for the preparationof dough, and occasionally for eating', (Istanbul) 'a dish consisting ofroasted chicken and bread' (DD 2.742, AD 2.72).67. ispanddn, sipanddn "the seed of the wild rue; mustard; nastur-tium" (Steingass,s.vv.), with variants asbatdn, stabdn"seed of the wildrue" (Steingass,s.vv.), ispatdn "grainede moutarde"(Desmaisons,s.v.),istibdn "semence de rue sauvage" (Desmaisons,s.v., after Johnson andSu'iri), a derivative of ispand "wildrue"; the variants asbatdn, stabdn,etc., seem to be turkicized forms of ispanddn: ispatan (Denizli),zspatan(Maras, Hatay, Seyhan), zstapan (Qankmr) the wild mustard plant;wild cress' (DD 2.776, 798).68. iskina 'bread crumbled into broth' (Steingass, s.v.), ManichaeanMid. Pers. 'skng: iskene (Diyarbaklr, Elazlg) 'broth; bread soaked inbroth', with the derivative iskeneli (Elazlg) 'containing much broth orgravy (food)' (DD 2.799).69. kdbin'matrimony,or rather the ratification of it beforethe judge;a marriage-portionor settlement which a husbandis obligedto pay to hiswife if he divorces her without sufficient cause' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl.kdpen,with Kurd. kdbin (JabaJusti, s.v.) and Georg.k'ebini 'marriage-money': kebin (Gaziantep), kepin (Mus), kevin (Kayseri) 'weddingceremony' (DD 2.863, 879, OrtaAnad249).Standard Azerbaijani has kdbin 'wedding ceremony'; in LiteraryOttomankdbin s 'bride-money'(recordsof kebin'bride-money;marriageceremony'from sources of the I4th to I6th centuries are found in TTS1.440, 3.429).70. kafs 'a shoe, sandal, slipper, high-heeled and shod with iron'(Steingass, s.v.), Pahl. kafs, with Kurd. k'dws(kews) d. (Kurdoev435):kevis (I1el) 'boot, shoe' (DD 4.I690). Perhaps, the Kurdish variant is theimmediatesource of the Turkishvariant.

7I. kafsgar,kausgar shoemaker', romkaf?'boot' and -gar 'makerof':kosker Antalya, Amasya, Isparta,Kayseri,Ankara, Nigde,Afyon, Maras,Seyhan, Qankirl,Klrsehir,Izmir,Konya, Gaziantep,Tokat, Sivat) 'shoe-maker, cobbler',with the derivatives k6skerceMaras) a shoe resemblinga slipper' and, with over-characterization,koskiircii(Burdur) 'cobbler',

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and the compounds kosker gnesi (Maras)'shoemaker'sawl' and kosker(or kosiger)avass 'a cold dish made of creamed yoghurt, bread, garlic,and mint powder' (DD 4.I697, AD 1.25I, 2.97, KaysSoz 62, GiineyDogu294, GazAgzl 3.465).72. kag, kaz 'coarse silk of little value' (Steingass, s.vv.), Pahl. kaGwith Kurd. kaz (kej) 'raw silk' (Kurdoev 424); also, Pers. kag' 'raw silkfrom the cones' (Steingass, s.v.), with Kurd. kdzi 'band, ribbon' (Jaba-Justi 333): keci (Erzurum,Urfa, Konya) 'silk; silk shirting' (DD 2.862,UrfaAgzl II6); kec (Van), keci (Manisa,Ankara) 'thread, yarn; string'(DD 2.863, AD 1.215); kec (Malatya),keci (Gaziantep,Hatay; SouthernAnatolia) 'silkworm; cocoon' (DD 2.863, AD 1.215, GazAgzl 3.440 f.).

73. kagaba,kagava,kazdba,kazdva'a camel-litter for women' (Stein-gass, s.vv.), with Kurd. kdzavd(kejave)d. (Kurdoev424): kecaba(Kars),kejova(Kars: Terekemeagzl), kejava(Sivas: Terekemeagzl) 'litter; litterin which the bride is carried to her husband's house' (DD 2.863, Dogull28, 263, SivasTokat 249).74. kapca, kabca, kafca 'a ladle, skimmer' (Steingass, s.vv.), fromkafc id. and -a, Pahl. kapcak,cf. Kurd. kdvc'i (kev9i),kdfc'i (keffi) id.(Kurdoev 423, 432, Bakaev I89): kepFe (Bursa, Istanbul, Ballkesir,Edirne, Bolu, Canakkale) 'share-beam(of a plough)'; (Ankara) 'a partof the mill-wheel', (Maras; Southern Anatolia) 'concave gold coin asbridal ornament worn on the temples', (Afyon) 'shovel for the fire-place'(DD 4.1687, AD 1.221, 2.88), with the compounds eyrikepfe (Kars)'tadpole' (DD 4.1658), kepfegaga Nigde) 'a kind of duck' (AD 2.88), etc.Since Standard Ottoman has kep;e 'ladle, skimmer', the dialect dic-tionariesdo not reflect the distribution of this type.75. kargas 'a vulture' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl. karkds: kerkez (Kars:Terekeme agzl) 'kind of bird' (Doguil 262), with the compound akkekes(Konya) 'a kind of falcon with white head and black wing tips' (DD4.I606). Standard Ottoman kerkenez hawk; kind of vulture' with theAnatolian variants kelkerezKayseri, Elazlg), kelkenez Kayseri),kelkekez(Gaziantep),and kerkenekrecordnot located) id. (DD 4.1686, AD 1.223,2.87, GazAgzi3.444) seem to go back to another variant of the Persianetymon. StandardAzerbaijanikdrkingdk smallhawk', to which belongsthe Anatolian variant kerkencik(Bilecik) 'a kind of hawk' (DD 2.883),possibly can be related to the same type.76. kaskdb,ka?kdv,'barley-water, barley-broth; a ptisan' (Steingass,s.v.), from ka?k 'barley' etc., (see the following paragraph), and db'water': keskef(Klrsehir)'a dish made of pounded wheat, baked in theoven' (DD 2.889 f.).77. kaskak 'barley or wheat, especially boiled whole with meat till

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it has becomesoft' (Steingass,s.v.), from kaSk sourmilk dried; a kind ofthick pottage made of wheaten flour orbarleymeal with sheep's-milk,towhich is added flesh or wheat; barley; barley-water'and the diminutivesuffix -ak: keskek, kdskdk (Klrsehir, Bursa, Samsun, Sinop, Ordu,Kiitahya, Kayseri,Ankara,Bilecik, Konya, Bahkesir,Corum,Urfa) 'dishmade of poundedwheat and meat' (DD 2.890, AnadDial I.I86, AnadAgiz239, UrfaAgzl II7).78. kica 'a narrowstreet; a lane, slum, row, passage; a street, square,market-place' (Steingass, s.v.), from ki 'a broad street, square, market-place; a narrow street, an alley' and the diminutive suffix -ca, withKurd. k'ucd' (kFe) 'street; alley' (Kurdoev 455): kii9e (Diyarbakir,Urfa), kiice (Diyarbakir) 'street; blind alley' (DD 4.I699, AD 2.99).Probably connected with this one is the type hiikfe, hokfe (Diyarbaklr)'street' (DD 2.75I, 758). Standard Azerbaijanihas kiicd'street'.79. kura, kira 'a smith's forge' (Steingass, s.v.), Manichaean Mid.Pers. qwrg,with Kurd. k'urd (kure)(Kurdoev 455, Bakaev 216), Georg.k'ura 'hearth': kire (Kastamonu, ?orum, Yozgat, Klrsehir, Ankara)'stove for the preparation of grapejuice molasses (pekmez)',(Malatya)'bellows' (DD 2.1012, AD 1.260).

StandardAzerbaijanihas kiird'hearth,forge'.The term kiire 'furnace'is attested in Ottoman sources of the I4th-I8th centuries (TTS, vols.1-2, S.V.).80. ldfzan 'a boaster, braggart' (Steingass, s.v.), from ldf 'praise;bragging' and the verbal element -zan 'striking, casting', stem form ofzadan'to strike, to cast': yslabazan Bolu)'alert,agile,quick' (DD 3.1524).Standard Ottoman has ldfazan 'great talker, boaster', which has tobe regardedas the immediate source of the Anatolian variant.8I. langari 'provisions distributed to the poor; a kind of drinking-glass' (Steingass, s.v.), "akind of tray or largeplate properto the langar"(Farhang i Anandarag, s.v.), with Tajik tabaqi langari 'large plate,platter, dish', from langar "alms-house" (Steingass, s.v.), "a placewhere food is given to people every day; monastery" (Burhani Qati',Farhang i Anandarag, s.v.) and the adjectival suffix -I, also Kurd.Idngdri(lengeri) copperbowl, copper plate' (Kurdoev495, Bakaev 227),Arm. langeris glossed as 'cremaillere'(Ohannesian,s.v.): lengeri(Nigde)'large copper platter for rice, etc.' (AD 1.264); lenger(Kayseri, ?ankiri,Afyon) 'large copper plate' (AD 1.264). Standard Ottoman has lenger'large copper plate'.82. lauzina "a confection of almonds; any food in which almondsform a part" (Steingass,s.v.), from lauz "almond" and the suffix -na,Pahl. lauzenak: nevzine (Klrsehir,Kayseri, Ankara) 'a sweet confection

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made of flour, butter, and sugar' (DD 3.I078, AD 2.I07, KaysSoz 68,OrtaAnad 252).83. mary 'a species of grass of which animals are exceedingly fond'(Steingass,s.v.), also "meadow"(Haim, s.v.), Avest. maraya-"meadow",with Arm. margid., Kurd. merg (merg) d. (Kurdoev 533, Bakaev 236),cf. also Georg.margi 'bed, plot': merk(Erzincan)'bed, plot in a garden'

(DD 3.Io54).84. mdya 'the female of any animal, a female camel in particular'(Steingass, s.v.), variant of mdda id., Pahl. mdtak: maya (Antalya,Izmir, Ankara, Itel, Diyarbaklr, Amasya, Canakkale, Mugla, Konya,Klrsehir, Denizli, Qorum,Manisa,Isparta, Hatay, Seyhan, Ordu,Gazian-tep, Antalya, Yozgat, Aydin, Erzurum,Urfa;WesternAnatolia) 'femalecamel of good quality (being a crossingof a male Bactrian and a femaleArabian camel), with light-colored long fur, regardedas the best pack-animal' (DD 3.I043, AD 1.273, 2.I04, AnadDial I.I89, DoguIl 266,GazAgzl3.489, UrfaAgzl126); maya (Qorum,Ankara, Kayseri, Klrsehir,Yozgat, Nigde, Qankmi) 'she-ass' (DD 3.I043, AD 1.273, KaysS6z 66).In the meaning 'she-camel' the term is found in Standard Azerbaijaniand Standard Ottoman, and its use is attested in literary sourcesof theI4th-I8th centuries (TTS, vols. 1-2, s.v.).85. meszna 'a flock of sheep' (Steingass, s.v.), from mes "sheep" andthe suffix -na: mesne (Elazlg) 'sheep' (DD 3.I055).86. mirab,mirdu'the superintendentof a riverorotherpublicreservoirfor watering fields (whenwater is allowed to run through a certain ope-ning for a time specified)' (Steingass,s.v.), from mir 'prince,lord, chief'(fromArab. amir) and db, du 'water', with Kurd. mirab (mirab),mirav(mirav) 'supervisor of irrigation waters' (Kurdoev 53I, 532, Bakaev 246):mirav (Erzurum, Konya), mzra (Nigde), merav (Konya), imrav, imral(Kayseri), imrul (Tavulsun [vilayet ?]) 'supervisorof irrigation waters'(DD 3.1065, AD I.I86, 279, 28I, 2.76, I04, KaysSoz 48).In StandardAzerbaijanithe term is mirab.87. muft 'gratuitously, without payment, gratis' (Steingass, s.v.),with Kurd. moft (muft) id. (Kurdoev 550): mut (Zonguldak, Afyon,Ankara),mot (Seyhan) 'gratis' (DD 3.I068, AD 1.284).Standard Azerbaijanihas miiftd 'gratis', the ending being the Turkishdative suffix (compare Pers. ba muft "gratis"). This form is also foundin Ottoman in older literary sources (records for the I7th century:mifte satzlmak,TTS 4.582; miiftegitmek,Meninski,s.v. miift).88. mim-rauyan 'wax and oil mixed, used for polishing furniture'(Steingass,s.v.), from mom, mum 'wax' and rauyan 'oil, butter, fat':mumurgan (Diyarbaklr), mumurhan, mumurxan (Gaziantep, Malatya,

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Afyon, Isparta), momurhan(Malatya),mumzrhan Gaziantep),mumuran(Konya), mumhgan (Denizli) 'a concoction of wax, olive oil, almondoil, lemonjuice, etc., used as an ointment forchappedhands' (DD 3.I07I,AD 1.270, 283, 2.io6, GazAgzl 3.500).89. ndstd 'hungry, having an empty stomach; fasting' (Steingass,s.v.): anasta (Kerkiik)'empty-stomached n the morning' (AD I.Io).go. nava 'a grandchild' (Steingass, s.v.), cf. Old Pers. napd id., withKurd. ndvi (nevi) id. (Kurdoev 567, Bakaev 260): neve (Bitlis, Van)'grandchild' (DD 3.I077, AnadIl 266), and, with a diminutive suffix,nevcik (Bitlis) 'great-grandchild' (DD 3.I077).StandardAzerbaijanihas ndvd'grandchild'.

9I. palds 'coarse woolen cloth worn by dervishes; a woolen carpet;sackcloth' (Steingass, s.v.), variant paldh (Jud.-Pers.), with Kurd.p'alas (palas) 'old rug; rag' (Kurdoev585, Bakaev 298): palas (Kayseri,Giresun, Afyon, Gaziantep, Elazlg, Giimiisane,Ankara, Klrsehir, Sam-sun), palaz (Erzurum, Klrsehir, Malatya, ?ankir, Kayseri, Giimiiuane,Kars, Konya, Erzincan, Giresun,Adana, Izmir, Maras,Gaziantep),pala(Bitlis, Klrsehir, Eskisehir,Ankara,Afyon, Edirne, Bursa) 'rug; old rug;coarse rug; goat-hairrug of solid color; narrow woven rug' (DD 3.II28,II29, AD 1.306, 307, GazAgzl 3.547); palaz (Zonguldak, Klrsehir), pala(?ankir, Kocaeli, Konya, Yozgat, Bursa, Zonguldak, Bolu, Edirne,Ankara, Eskisehir,Kirsehir,Bahkesir,Kiitahya, Istanbul, Seyhan) 'rag;dish rag' (DD 3.1128, II29 f., AD I.3o6, AnadDial I.I95); palaz (Manisa)'loincloth, bath-towel', (Zonguldak, Izmir) 'old, worn, patched' (DD3.II29 f.); pala (Izmir) 'napkin, handkerchief', (Seyhan, Bolu, Ankara,Bilecik) 'beddings' (DD 3.II29).StandardAzerbaijanihas palaz 'a kind of rug'.

92. par 'a wing; a feather; a leaf; the sails or paddlesof a mill' (Stein-gass, s.v.), with Kurd. p'ar (per)'feather;wing; blade (of an oar); paddle(of a paddle-wheel)' (Kurdoev 595, Bakaev 298): per (Adana, Seyhan,Giresun, ?anakkale, Malatya, Gaziantep), peri (Malatya, Sivas, Sinop,Seyhan) 'paddle-wheelof a mill or steamer;paddlesor spokes of a paddle-wheel' (DD 3.II43, II44, AD I.3o0, GazAgzl 3.552); per (Erzurum)'iron device put between millstonesto prevent them fromtouching eachother' (DD 3.II43). Standard Azerbaijani has par 'wing; wings of awind-mill, etc.'.93. parctn 'curved, crooked,bent; nails driven through anything andthen clenched at the points; a hedge of briars;thorns placedon a wall asa fence; a shed; a hovel constructed of sticks, leaves, etc.' (Steingass,s.v.),with Kurd. p'drPin (pergin) 'rivet, clinch, cramp' (Kurdoev596): perfin(Malatya, Urfa) 'hedge; wall' (DD 3.II43).

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Standard Ottoman perfin and Standard Azerbaijanipdreimhave themeaning 'rivet'.94. pd-taxta 'a shoe of undressed leather; the treadle of a weaver'sloom' (Steingass, s.v.), from pa 'foot' and taxta 'board,plank': pedahta(Izmir) 'pedalof a hand-loom'(DD 3.II39).95. p?a 'art, skill; work, craft, trade', Pahl. pesak "social class;

profession", with Kurd. p'eSd (pese) 'art, craft, trade' (Kurdoev 6II,Bakaev 296): pese (Malatya) 'ruse, a lie invented to cover up guilt orshame' (DD 3.II46).StandardAzerbaijanihas pesdatrade, craft, profession'.96. pjgxwdn "counter" (Haim, Miller, s.v.), from palxwdn 'a gift;a table', pisxi7n 'a table, a bench' (Steingass, s.v.), from pRe'before,front' and xwdn 'a dinner-table', with Kurd. peSxun (pesxutn) dinner-table' (Kurdoev 6II, Bakaev 284):pesgin, peskin (Kars),pegiin (Malat-ya), pi4gon (Nigde), peskiin (Erzincan, Erzurum), peskun (Kayseri,Edirne, Kars, Erzincan) 'low wooden dinner-table; dough-boardwithlegs, which can be used as dinner-table;round metal tray used as dinner-table; wooden support which carries the dinner-table top' (DD 3.II46,AD 1.3I4); pe,gun,pesgiin(Giresun) largeplatteron which food is served'peqkiin(Izmir) 'school-bench',(Istanbul: muhacir) 'counter in a shop',pesgiin,peskiin (Sinop) 'installationfor washingup' (DD 3.II46).97. pih 'fat, grease, tallow' (Steingass, s.v.): pig (Kars), piy (Van),pi (Sivas) 'tallow' (DD 3.1152, 1158, AD 2.II5).StandardAzerbaijanihas piy 'fat, tallow'.98. puStbd n,uutvd n ,utibn, ustvdn 'a prop; a buttress; the barof a door' (Steingass,s.vv.), from pu?t 'the back' (or a derivative of it)and -bdn 'protectorof', Mid. Pers. pu?tik-pdn,cf. Kurd. pystdvan (pi4te-van) 'protector,defender' (also the Persian variants have this meaning)(Kurdoev 620): pustuvan, pestivan (Isparta) 'a kind of rafter' (DD3.II47, II70).99. rang 'stratagem,fraud, imposture;insincerity,perfidy, disloyalty;playfulness, innocent delusion or frolic, ridicule' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl.rang 'color': ireng (Konya), irek (Itel) 'ruse, stratagem' (DD 2.794);ireng (Mugla, Isparta), irenk (Konya, Burdur, Manisa, Isparta, Izmir),irek (Seyhan), ilenk (Denizli) 'ill-treatment, torture, oppression', withthe expressions ireng etmek(Mugla, Isparta), irenk etmek(Denizli), ireketmek(Seyhan) 'to ill-treat, torment, oppress' (DD 2.794, 795, 4. I669).Standard Azerbaijani (rang) and Standard Ottoman (renk) haveborrowed the Persian word in the meaning 'color'.oo00. dsta 'a market-place; a level road' (Steingass, s.v.), "a row; aseries of shops; a section or part of the market-place"(Haim, s.v.), cf.

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Kurd. arase 'corn-market'(recordedn JabaJusti281) (however, his wordseems to be borrowed from Turkish): arasta (Bahkesir,Konya, Samsun,Trabzon),arasda(Trabzon) bazaarquarter;street in the bazaardevotedto one trade' (DD 4.I615, AnadDial I.I49, KuzeyDogu 306, TrabFolk260); arasa (Diyarbaklr,Maras,Gaziantep) 'bazaar for the corn and fruittrade; name of Gaziantep's largest bazaar' (DD 4.I6I5, GazAgzl 3.46,GfineyDogu 262).In the formarasta,the term was also used in earlierStandardOttoman.IOI. rista 'thread,anything twisted, as a match, candle-wick,linstock;slices of paste put in soup, macaroni' (Steingass,s.v.), past participleofthe verb ristan, rYstan to spin, to twist", with Kurd. iyStd (riste) 'thread;string; noodles, macaroni' (Kurdoev 643): eriste,dristd(Konya,Ankara,Istanbul, Manisa, Klrsehir, Kayseri, Kiitahya, Icel, ?oruh, Bahkesir,Nigde, Maras),erisde(Elazig),heriste(Kerkiik) 'hand-madethin noodles'(DD 2.545 f., AD I.I66, AnadDial I.I68, AnadAglz 220, GiineyDogu 277,278); eriste (?anakkale, Izmir) 'sea-weed' (DD 2.545 f.). In the firstmeaning,the term is foundin StandardAzerbaijani(arista)and StandardOttoman (eriste); t is recordedin the I6th century (Meninski,s.v.) andhas been borrowedby Serbo-Croatas jIeriste noodles'. In the meaning'seaweed', the term is recorded,without the prothetic vowel, in a I7thcentury Ottoman text (quotedin LFL, bottom of page 392).

102. sagbdn 'a dog-keeper' (Steingass, s.v.), from sag 'dog' and -bdn'keeper of', with Kurd. sdgman (segman)'hunter; warrior; footsoldier,infantryman' (Kurdoev 655): seyman (Urfa), seymen (Bolu; Bursa:muhacir) 'watchman, guard' (DD 3.1213); seyman (Balikesir, Aydm,Mugla, Manisa, Eskisehir), seyman, seymen (Kiitahya, Afyon, Antalya,Gaziantep;SouthernAnatolia), seymen(Gaziantep,Klrsehir,Canakkale,Kayseri, Manisa,Bursa, Bahkesir, Bolu, Maras,Konya), segmen(forum,Seyhan, Konya; Anatolia), sevmen (Malatya), selmen, selmen, semen,sermen (Gaziantep), semen(Seyhan, Nigde, Ankara, Antalya), seymene,saymana(Manisa) at a wedding, armedyoung men ridingon horse-back,who go and bring the bride in a processionto the groom'shouse; bridalcortege; the leader of the bridal cortege; groom's companion at thewedding' (DD 3.I203, I204, 1212, 1213, 4.1702, AD 1.33I, 336, 2.121,KaysAgzl 77, AnadAglz 252, GazAgzi 3.586); seymen (Gaziantep)'groupof horsemenwho would meet the pilgrims returningfrom Meccaand would lead them into the town in solemnprocession'(AD 1.336).In the Ottoman military organization before the Igth century, thesegbdnswere one of the subgroups of the Janissary corps.103. sdliydn 'annual;an annualpension' (Steingass,s.v.), a derivativeof sdl 'year', with Kurd. sdlydn (recordedin JabaJusti 233), saylan

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(Kurdoev 653) 'tax, capitation tax'; Pers. sdliydna 'annual; an annualpension' (Steingass,s.v.): salyan (Giresun,9oruh, Kars, Erzincan,Tokat,Sivas, Hatay, Nigde, Giimiisane, Amasya, Kastamonu, Gaziantep),saylan (Seyhan), sayzlan (Kayseri), salyana ((ankir) 'tax; amount oftax alloted to an individual by the local authority in order to raise thetotal which is levied on the community', with the derivative salyancs(Giresun, Ordu, Kars, Malatya, Kayseri, Kastamonu, Gaziantep) 'taxcollector' (DD 3.II86, II97, AD 1.325, KaysAgzi 76, AnadAgiz 252,GazAgzl3.576); salyan (Gaziantep),salman (Isparta; Western Anatolia)'alms collected by certain itinerant dervishes through the chanting ofhymns; also, this manner of collecting alms', with the expressionsalmanetmek(SouthernAnatolia) 'to mendicatewith the chanting of hymns, asa dervish' (AD 1.325, 2.119, GazAgzl 3.576).The terms sdliydn, sdliydne 'tax levied on a community' were usedin Standard Ottoman. An equivalent to this term, which might be re-garded as a folk-etymological adaptation of it, is derived from theverb sal- 'to cast; to impose, to levy': salgin (Burdur,qorum, Ankara)'tax levied on a community', with salgzncs (Seyhan, Bolu, Amasya,Konya, Ankara, Samsun, Isparta, ?orum, Burdur; Western Anatolia)'tax-collector' (DD 3.II83, AD 1.324, 2.II9, AnadDial 1.200).The secondmeaningof the Anatolian variants seems to have developedfrom the first; however, the development is not sufficiently clear, andthe possibility remains that the two types should be separatedfrom oneanother.The Kurdishvariant saylan may be borrowed from Turkish.I04. sang'a a balance, scales; a weight' (Steingass,s.v.), from the stemform of saxtan, sangzdan to weigh' and the suffix -a: szncz(Giimiisane)'sensitive scales' (DD 3.I230).

I05. sdrbdn,sdrvdn'a camel-driver',from sdr 'head' and -bdn 'keeperof': savran (Denizli, Mugla, Maras, Kayseri, Aydin), arvan (Ankara),and the compoundsavranbasz(Maras) camel-driver;eader of a caravan'(DD I.II8, 4.I702, AD 1.329, 2.120, KaysSoz 76, AnadDial 1.20I).Standard Azerbaijanihas sarban, sarvan 'camel-driver'.The variantwithout initial s, a hapax, may be an erroneousrecording.io6. sarbdr a bundle on the top of a load; a load carriedon the head'(Steingass,s.v.), also 'a surcharge;an overcharge'(Haim, s.v.), variantssarbar,sarvar (Desmaisons,both after Su'uri), from sar 'head' and bar'load', with Kurd. sdrbar (serbar) 'supplementary load' (Kurdoev 66I):zelber (Gaziantep, Ankara, Klrsehir, Antalya), zelber,zebler (SouthernAnatolia, EasternAnatolia), zeber(?iftelerk6yii [vilayet ?]) 'a load whichis put over the two bales carried by a pack-animal; extra load; excessive

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load' (DD 3.I569, 1570, AD 1.434, GazAgzl 3.78I); zelber (Kayseri,I9el, Gaziantep, Seyhan, Klrsehir, Nigde) 'burden, annoyance, discom-fort' (DD 3.I570, AD 1.434); zelber Fuvals (Ankara) 'large sack to becarriedby an animal without pack-saddle'(DD 3.I570). A Persian word*sarbdrca, sarbarca, diminutive form in -ca of sarbdr, arbar, s attestedby the followingAnatolian Turkishtype: serverce(Mugla),selverce(Izmir,Mugla, Antalya), zelverce(Tekirdag)'felt blanket, pad, or cushion, putunder the wooden frame (hamut)on a pack-camel's back, in order toprevent rubbing; the pack-camel's wooden frame (hamut)itself; ropeconnecting the camel's pack-frame with the girth' (DD 3.1204, I2II,I570).

107. sdyabdn, sdyavdn 'a canopy, umbrella,parasol; a shade formedby foliage or by any other projection;a tent, pavilion' (Steingass,s.vv.),fromsdya 'shade,shadow' and -ban 'keeperof': sayvan (Amasya,Oorum,Bolu, Bilecik, Kastamonu; SouthernAnatolia), sayvant (Seyhan, Afyon,Isparta, Istanbul, Itel, ?anakkale, Denizli, Burdur, Yozgat, Ankara,Bursa, Samsun), sayfan (Giresun,Ordu)'watchman'shut on a field or ina vineyard; hut for dryingraisins;coveredplace with open sides; sheep-fold; trellis with vine; hall in a house; loft, attic; storage room' (DD3.II97, 4.I702, AD 1.330, 2.120, AnadAgiz 252). Records of the use ofsayvan 'canopy, parasol' in Ottoman sources of the I4th-I5th centuriesare found in TTS, vols. I-4, s.v.o08. seldb 'an inundation, current, flood' (Steingass, s.v.), from sel'flood, torrent' (borrowedfrom Arab. sail) and db 'water', with Kurd.selaf (selaf), selav (selav) 'torrent; downpour; inundation' (Kurdoev677, Bakaev 326), Tajik sel "torrentialrain", selob"torrent formed byrain": selav (Kars) 'depressed ground' (DD 3.1202).I09. szpara,sipara 'one portion of the thirty into which the Qur'anhas been divided' (Steingass, s.vv.), from s{ 'thirty' and para 'piece':sipara (Maras), supara (Giresun, Trabzon), szpra (Anatolia), zspra(Manisa) 'section of the Koran; case or pocket in which the Koransection is carried to school; first reading book', with the compoundszptr kesesi (Izmir) 'book-case made of cloth' (DD 3.I218, 1578, 4.I702,1703, AD 2.122, TrabFolk292).In Standard Ottoman the term was usually supara.IIo. sozanak gonorrhea',with Kurd. suzenek d. (recordedn JabaJusti247): siizenek (Kars) 'gonorrhea' (DD 3.I269).The Eastern Anatolian variant correspondsto Standard Azerbaijanisiizdndk d.

III. sumtirds an instrument for paringhorses' hoofs' (Steingass,s.v.),from sum 'hoof' and -tarda 'shaving; paring', with Kurd. symt'diaS,

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symt'dras (simteraf) 'farrier' (Kurdoev 68i, Bakaev 343): suntura9(Edirne, (anakkale, Klrsehir,Afyon, Izmir), suntureF Isparta), santtraf(Corum) knife for paringhoofs' (DD 3.I256, AD 2.II9).112. sdbds 'bravo! excellent!; money thrown about at marriages orgiven to singers' (Steingass,s.v.), from sad bd?! 'be joyful!', with Kurd.?aba?(sabaf), sava? (savas) 'exclamation with which bride and groomare honored at the wedding; the ceremony of scattering money overbride and groom; money given to the musicians at a wedding' (Kurdoev692, 693, Bakaev 462): saba (Maras,Gaziantep),Foba Seyhan) 'moneycollected by the musicians' (DD 1.364, 3.I270, GazAzil 3.63I), with thederivative sabalamak(Seyhan) 'for a musician,to play in front of a personin order to receive a present from him' (DD 3.I270). The followingnotations may be inaccuraterenderings:saba (Maras) eulogist', sababas(Maras) presentgiven to a eulogist' (GiineyDogu306).II3. ?ahr,sar 'a town', with Kurd. sar (sar) 'town; land' (Kurdoev694): sar (?orum, Kayseri; Southern Anatolia) 'town' (DD 3.I276,AD 1.358, KaysSoz 8I).StandardAzerbaijanihas sdhdr,StandardOttoman sehir,but the formsar is frequently found in older sources (forrecords from the I4th to theI7th centuries, see TTS, vols. 1-4, s.v.) and in Anatolian place-names.II4. Sana 'a comb; a hay or corn fork', sana 'a corn-forkwith fiveprongs for winnowing' (Steingass, s.vv.), with Kurd. gand (sane), ?dnd(sene) 'comb; corn-fork; winnowing-fork' (Kurdoev 694, 700, Bakaev466): sana (Kars;Agri: muhacir),sene (Van, Bitlis) 'pitchfork; winnow-ing-fork' (DD 3.1274, 1281).Standard Azerbaijanihas Sana 'pitchfork'.I5. sev, seb, ?ib 'a descent, declivity; wet ground made uneven andrugged by the trampling of men, and afterwards hardened by the in-fluence of the sun' (Steingass, s.vv.): sev (Tokat, Kayseri, Afyon), sef(Aydin) 'slant, slope, declivity; trapezoidal piece of land; crooked,contorted tree' (DD 3.I279, 1282, KaysSiz 8I).Standard Ottoman has sev 'slope; bevel'.II6. tdbxdna a hot-house; a winter habitation; a warmbath; summerquarters; a house entirely glazed' (Steingass, s.v.), from tab 'heat' andxdna 'house': tafana (Klrsehir,Kayseri, Konya; Izmir: muhacir),toxene(Sivas), tohana (Gaziantep, Kayseri), tovhana (Tekirdag) 'winter room,room which contains a warming arrangement (tandzr)consisting of abrazier surrounded by seats; hall, large room' (DD 3.1298, I37I, I388,SivasTokat 265).In olderliterary Ottoman, the term tdbhdnedesignateda commonkindof charitableinstitution functioningas a hostel, poor-house,orinfirmary.

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II7. tabxxdna 'a cook's shop; a kitchen' (Steingass, s.v.), from tabx'a cooking' (borrowedfrom Arab. tabx id.) and xdna 'house': tafana(Konya, Klrsehir), tavana (Nigde), tokhane, tokana (Kayseri), takana(Kayseri, Ankara), tokanak (Istanbul) 'kitchen; kitchen and pantry;pantry' (DD 3.I298, 1302, 1324, I373, AD 1.37I). In literary Ottoman,the term tabhhdnewas used to designate the kitchen buildings of theimperial seraglio (tabhhdne-i mire).II8. taxtapo? stage, wooden floor' (Steingass,s.v.), fromtaxta 'board,plank' and -pos 'covering, dressing': tahtabos(Kiitahya, Nigde, Konya)'balcony; small room' (DD 3.I300). Standard Azerbaijanihas taxtapfs'shutter, wooden cover'. In Standard Ottoman tahtabos raisedplatformon a roof', the second element is folk-etymologically connected withTurk. bos 'empty, hollow'.II9. tdqca'a little window; a niche' (Steingass, s.v.), from tdq 'arch,vault, window' (borrowedfrom Arab. tdq, which itself goes back toPahlavi tdk)and the diminutive suffix -ca, cf. Georg.t'axca 'recesswithshelves, niche': takfa (Nigde) 'small window' (DD 3.I302, AD 1.365);tahFa Kars: muhacir) 'small niche in the wall' (DD 3.I299).StandardAzerbaijanihas taxca 'niche, shelf'.120. tast 'a basin, a salver; a ewer-stand'(Steingass,s.v.), tast "a largebasin, ewer, cup, bowl" (Steingass,s.v.), Pahl. ta?t,with Kurd. t'd?t(teSt)'tub, basin; manger' (Kurdoev 746, Bakaev 368), cf. Arm. dasd, Arab.(Syria) tdst 'basin': test (Maras, (orum, Kayseri, Erzurum, Tunceli,Klrsehir, Gaziantep), testi (Erzurum, ?oruh), tesd (Malatya), dest, kesk(Kayseri), te9t (I~el), tes (Sinop, Seyhan), teF(Eskisehir,Erzurum, ?an-kin, Afyon, Kayseri,Kastamonu,Itel, Ankara,Denizli, Izmir,Giimiisane,Isparta, Konya, 9orum), tec (Kastamonu) 'largecopperbasin, wash-tub,dough-trough; cauldron for boiling molasses (pekmez);milk-pot; a cornmeasure' (DD 3.1328, I329, 1347, I348, AD 1.379, 383, 2.43, KaysSoz28, 56, Dogull 280, GiineyDogu 309, GazAgzi 3.667).

I2I. tez 'sharp, cutting; acute, pointed; bold, impetuous, vehement;swift, prompt; tart, acrid' (Steingass, s.v.), with Kurd. tiz (ttz) 'shrill;swift' (Kurdoev 755): tez (Isparta) 'rancid; acidity of butter or cheese'(DD 3.I35I, AD 1.379), with the expression tez yaki (Denizli) 'an upsetstomach' (DD 3.I353); tez (Gaziantep) 'fast, swift' (GazAgzi 3.668),with the derivatives tezce(Izmir) 'a cattle disease which kills fast', tezle-mek (Tekirdag:muhacir) 'to hurry', tezlik(Istanbul) 'hurry'(DD 3.I352,I353), and the compounds tezbasan (Ankara) 'early (crop)', tezpisen(Konya, Afyon; Tokat: muhacir) 'a kind of sweet dessert (literally,fast-cooking)' (DD 3.I35I, I353).In the meaning 'swift', tez is a common loanword in both Standard

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Azerbaijani and Standard Ottoman; therefore, the dialect dictionariesdo not indicate its distribution in Anatolia. Standard Ottoman has alsotz "high-pitched'.122. tola 'a hound that hunts by the scent; a whelp' (Steingass,s.v.),with Kurd. t'old (tole), 'uld (tile) 'pup' (Kurdoev766, 770): tola (Ankara),tula (Kars, Van, Erzincan, Bitlis, Agn; Kars: Terekeme agzl; Amasya:yabancl) 'pup; small dog; strong, fearless dog; hound' (DD 3.I375,I395, AD 1.39I, 2.132, Dogull 25, 282). The hapax tale (Bursa: muhacir)'pup' (DD 3.I307) may be an erroneous recording.Standard Azerbaijanihas tula 'dog'.

123. tin 'the stove of a bath' (Steingass, s.v.), Pahl. tin with Kurd.t'un (tOn)'cave; stove, oven; furnace' (Kurdoev 770), cf. Georg. t'uni'kiln': tun (Afyon) 'the openingof an oven; the surface,upperpart of anoven' (DD 3I.397 f.).

I24. turg, turus 'acid, tart, sour; morose, stern, cynical' (Steingass,s.v.), Pahl. turus,with Kurd.tyrS(tirs)'sour'(Kurdoev763, Bakaev 356):tiri (Kars) 'sour' (DD 3.1368).Standard Azerbaijani has tur? 'sour'. The vowels of the Anatolianvariant correspondto the vowel of the Kurdishvariant.I25. ustun, ustun 'a column, prop, beam, mast' (Steingass, s.vv.),by addition of a protheticvowel from an olderstun, Pahl. stun, cf. Kurd.stun (stun) 'column, pillar; beam, rafter' (Kurdoev 690, Bakaev 341):ustun (Bursa, Ankara, Ordu, Balikesir, Eskisehir, Kocaeli, Cankin,Hatay, Samsun, Istanbul, Edirne),iistiin (Bolu),iisin (?anakkale)'beam;floor or ceiling beam; rafter; tie-beam, ridge-pole, or king-post (?) ofthe roof; board supporting the roof-tiles; ceiling; shelf' (DD 3.1421 f.,

1438, AD 1.404).Standard Azerbaijani and Standard Ottoman have siitin 'column',pillar', borrowedfrom the Persian variant sutun with epenthetic vowel.126. yadrn 'a friend; a polite, well-spoken man; a jovial, agreeablecompanion'(Steingass,s.v.), a derivative of ydr 'friend':yaren (Kiitahya,Ankara,Afyon), yeren(Urfa, Gaziantep; Kars: muhacir) 'friend,compa-nion' (DD 3.I517, AD 1.416, AnadDial 1.2II, Dogull 286, GiineyDogu313, OrtaAnad 262, GazAgZ13.752), with the derivative yarenlik, yarenlik(Malatya, Afyon, Burdur), yerenlik(Urfa, Gaziantep), yerennik(Gazian-tep) 'friendly conversation, joking chat; (Burdur only) 'weekly socialevenings' (DD 3.I5I7, AD 1.416, 2.I40, GazAgzl 3.752), often in theexpression yarenlik etmek (Erzurum, Kars, Tokat, Klrsehir, Elazlg,Sivas, Giimiisane,Diyarbaklr,Nigde, Giresun, Kayseri, Samsun, Izmir,Ankara,Zonguldak, 19el,Canakkale,Denizli, Bilecik, Balikesir,?orum),yarenniketmek(Erzurum) 'to be friends with; to have a friendly chat;

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to engage in light conversation;to play jokes on someone' (DD 3.I483),and with the compounds ydrenkilidi (Konya) 'a certain design of dyingthe hands with henna, used by women', yaren otu (Balkesir: muhacir)'tobacco' (DD 3.I483). Although the term ydren 'friends, companion'is obsoletein modern StandardOttoman, the derivativeydrenlik friendlychat, j

Documents

Andreas Tietze and Gilbert Lazard Persian Loanwords in Anatolian Turkish 1967