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(An imprint of S. Chand Publishing)
Tense
Adverb
Preposition
AdjectiveNoun
Pronoun
Verb
Learners’English Grammarand Composition
New
Dr N.D.V. PRASADA RAOM.A., D.T.E., Ph.D.
(Revised Wren’s English Grammar Series & Wren & Martin’s High School English Grammar & Composition)
7
TenseTenseTenseTense
PrepositionPreposition
BLACKIE ELT BOOKS(An imprint of S. Chand Publishing)A Division of S. Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)7361, Ram Nagar, Qutab Road, New Delhi-110055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888; Fax: 91-11-23677446www.schandpublishing.com; e-mail : [email protected]
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© 2009, Dr N.D.V. Prasada Rao
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the publisher. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India only.
First published in 2009Revised Edition 2014, 2016
ISBN : 978-93-525-3006-9 Code : 1011E 01078
PRINTED IN INDIABy Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Plot 20/4, Site-IV, Industrial Area Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201010 and Published by S. Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.
PREFACELearners’ English Grammar and Composition is an activity-based series specially designed to meet the needs of pupils in Indian schools today. This graded series, comprising eight books, is intended for classes 1 to 8 and leads up to Learners’ English Grammar and Composition for classes 9 and 10, which has been in use since 1990.
The present series is largely based on a study of the current trends in school syllabi and recent developments in the treatment of English grammar and composition. The main objective of this series is to equip learners with the ability to use English effectively in real-life situations. Special attention has been paid to the points of structure and usage which are usually problematic to non-native speakers of English. The major focus is rightly on the area of verbs, which is the most important aspect of grammar and is evidently the most difficult for Indian learners to master.
The series aims at simplicity of language and simplicity of treatment. The grammatical explanations in particular have been made very clear and easy to understand. The material has been graded with the utmost care. There are various types of exercises, most of which are judiciously geared towards mixed-ability classes. The units on comprehension and writing skills set out to help learners to put their knowledge of grammar to more practical use and widen their communicative ability.
It is hoped that this need-based series, enlivened by full-colour illustrations, will be liked by both pupils and teachers, and found suitable for use in CBSE- and ICSE-affiliated schools as well as State Board schools.
I am indebted to numerous grammarians and writers on methodology, mainly to P.C. Wren, H. Martin, John Eastwood, Michael Swan, Raymond Murphy, Adrian Doff and Penny Ur, whose books have been of great help. I acknowledge the assistance of my sons, Koteswara Rao and Murali Mohana Rao, in organizing the material.
I am inexpressibly grateful to Messrs S.Chand And Company Pvt. Ltd., whose confidence in me has been a stimulus to this kind of projects.
Dr. N.D.V. PRASADA RAO
Disclaimer : The author of this book has made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and has used his skill, expertise and knowledge to the best his capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.
CONTENTS 1. Basic Functions (1) : Greetings, Introductions, etc. 5 2. Basic Functions (2) : Offers, Requests, etc. 11 3. Parts of Speech : Revision 17 4. Sentences 19 5. Object, Complement, Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 21 6. Nouns 26 7. Articles (1) 31 8. Articles (2) 34 9. Present Continuous Tense and Simple Present Tense 37 10. Simple Past Tense and Present Perfect Tense 43 11. Present Perfect Continuous Tense 49 12. Past Continuous Tense and Past Perfect Tense 51 13. Talking about the Future 54 14. Questions 56 15. Question Tags 63 16. So do I / Neither do I 65 17. Uses of Modal Verbs : can, could, may, might, will, etc. 67 18. Active and Passive Voice 73 19. Direct and Reported Speech (1) : Statements 76 20. Direct and Reported Speech (2) : Commands and Requests 80 21. Direct and Reported Speech (3) : Questions 82 22. Pronouns 84 23. Adjectives 89 24. Adverbs 94 25. Prepositions (1) 101 26. Prepositions (2) 107 27. Conjunctions 110 28. Phrasal Verbs 112 29. Punctuation and Capital Letters 121 30. Word Formation 125 31. Spelling Rules 129 32. Words Likely to be Confused 134 33. Synonyms and Antonyms 137 34. Comprehension 140 35. Paragraph Writing 147 36. Letter Writing 150 37. Writing Notices 155 38. Writing a Diary 157 39. Essay Writing 159 40. Making Posters 161 41. Story Writing 165 Appendix : Irregular Verbs 167
Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 7 5
We speak and write with a purpose in mind: for example, to invite someone, to give someone our good wishes, to make a request. These purposes are called FUNCTIONS. This unit and the following one show the commoner ways of expressing some important functions in English.
GREETINGS
When meeting people
Hello! [informal and very usual] Hi! [very informal] Good morning! [said up to 12 noon or lunchtime] Good afternoon, Ashok! [said from 12 noon or lunchtime to about
6 p.m.] Good evening, Mary! [said from about 6 p.m. onwards] (Never say “ Good night” when meeting people. Say “ Good
evening” even when you meet somebody at 11.55 p.m.) Morning!/Afternoon!/Evening! [Leaving out “ good” is less
formal. “ Good” should not be missed out when greeting elders.]
When leaving people
Goodbye! Bye! Bye-bye! [often used to and by children] See you. See you soon/later/tomorrow/next week/etc. So long! [used when you don’t expect to meet someone again
for a long time] Good night! [used when parting for the night or before
going to bed]
INTRODUCTIONS
Introducing people
Julie, do you know Mary? Mary, this is my friend Julie. Gopal, I don’t think you’ve met Abdul.
1 Basic Functions (1) :Greetings, Introductions, etc.
Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 7 6
Rekha, meet Mary. David, have you met John?/Do you know John? Can/May I introduce Ramesh, Mohan? [formal]
Note: Short forms like ‘ ve (= have), ‘ m (= am) and ‘ s(= is/has) are often used in conversation.
Introducing yourself
I don’t think we’ve met before. I’m Bhaskar Verma. Excuse me, my name’s Ashok Mehta.
Answering an introduction
Gopi : Kishore, do you know Rahim? Rahim, this is mybrother Kishore.
Kishore : How do you do? Rahim : How do you do? [“ How do you do?” is answered with
the same words.]
Mary : Usha, meet Grace. Usha : Hello/Hi, Grace. Grace : Hello/Hi, Usha. [“ Hello/Hi” is very informal.] Suresh : Look, here’s Anil. Anil, meet Vinod. Vinod : Pleased to meet you. Anil : The pleasure is mine.
STARTING A CONVERSATION WITH A STRANGER
Excuse me, is there a post office near here, please?
Excuse me asking, but haven’t we met somewhere before?
(I’m) sorry to trouble you, but could you tell me the way to the station?
ASKING HOW SOMEONE IS AND SAYING HOW YOU ARE
When you meet somebody you know, it would be courteous to ask him how he is.
1. A : Hello, Arun! B : Hello! A : How are you? B : Fine, thank you/thanks. And you? 2. A : Good to see you again. How are you? B : Very well, thank you. And you? A : OK.
Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 7 7
3. A : How are you feeling (today/these days)?/Are you better? [said when B is in poor health.]
B : So-so/Not too bad.
THANKS
Thanking someone
Thank you very much.
Thank you.
Thanks a lot.
Many thanks.
Replies to thanks
Not at all. That’s OK/all right. You’re welcome.
Note: British people do not usually answer when they are thanked for small things.
GOOD WISHES
Giving someone your general good wishes
Good luck./Best of luck.
Good luck in your exam.
All the best.
Every success in your new job!
I hope everything goes well.
Possible replies:
Thanks./Thank you (very much).
Many thanks.
Giving someone good wishes on a special occasion
Happy Christmas!/Merry Christmas!
Happy Diwali!
Happy Ramzan!
Happy New Year!
Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 7 8
A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!
Happy birthday/Many happy returns of the day.
Have a happy journey/trip.
Have a good time.
Possible replies:
Thanks./Thank you (very much).
“ Happy New Year.” — “ (Thank you.) Same to you” .
Good wishes to a third person
(Please) Give my best wishes to Robert.
(Please) Give my regards/greetings to your parents.
(Please) Remember me to Aziz.
Give my love to the children.
INVITATIONS
Inviting someone
Would you like to have lunch with us tomorrow?
Will you have/Won’t you have tea with me?
Come to lunch with us. [very informal — only to close friends]
Accepting an invitation
(Thank you.) I’d like to.
With pleasure.
I’d love to.
Declining an invitation
Thank you (very much), but I’m sorry I won’t be here tomorrow.
That’s very kind of you, but I’m afraid I can’t.
Exercise I...Work in pairs. Fill in the blank spaces and then role-play the conversations.
1. (A and B are introduced to each other.)
Learners’ English Grammar and Composition – 7 9
A : How do you do? B : ________________________________________________________________ 2. A : Pleased to meet you. B : ________________________________________________________________ 3. A : Happy New Year! B : ________________________________________________________________ 4. A : ________________________________________________________________ B : Fine, thank you. 5. A : How are you feeling? B : ________________________________________________________________ 6. A : ________________________________________________________________ B : You’re welcome. 7. A : Good luck! B : ________________________________________________________________ 8. A : Would you like to come to the party? [B accepts.] B : ________________________________________________________________ 9. A : Won’t you have tea with us? [B declines.] B : ________________________________________________________________ 10. A : Good afternoon, Mr Hussain! B : ________________________________________________________________ 11. A : How are you? B : ________________________________________________________________
Exercise II...What would you say in these situations?
1. You see your friend Vijay at 7.00 p.m. It is the first time you have seen him today. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. You have talked to the friend (referred to above) for a few minutes. You leave him at 7.10 p.m. Good _______________________________!/ _______________________________________ 3. You want to introduce Mohan and David to each other. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. It is Dussehra. You want to greet your friend. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. You want to invite your friend to dinner next Sunday. ______________________________________________________________________________
continue
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